Norepinephrine ka Cortex e Bohareng ba Pele e Thusa Likarabo tsa Shell ea Accumbens ho Lijo Tse Ncha Tse Tloaelehang Lijong Tse Khaotsitsoeng Lijo feela (2018)

. 2018; 12: 7.

E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2018 Jan 26. doi:  10.3389 / fnbeh.2018.00007

PMCID: PMC5790961

inahaneloang

Liphuputso tse fetileng tsa laboratori ena li bontša: (1) hore lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa lithethefatsi tse lemalang li hloka phetisetso e sa nepahaleng ea norepinephrine (NE) moeeng pele ho Frontal Cortex (mpFC) ho khothalletsa sebaka sa sebaka seo ho khetholloang ho sona le ho eketsa molumo oa dopamine (DA) nucleus accumbens shell (NAC Shell); (2) hore litoeba feela tse thibeloang lijo li hloka hore ho be le phetisetso e tiileng ho mpFC ho hlahisa khetho ea boemo bo botle bakeng sa moelelo o amanang le chokolete ea lebese; le (3) hore litoeba tse thibeloang lijo li bontša hore keketseho e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea mpFC ha e hlahisoe ke mahala ho fepa litoeba ha li e-na le lijo tse monate ka lekhetlo la pele. Phuputsong ea hona joale re ile ra leka khopolo-taba ea hore ke feela maemo a phahameng a cortical pele a fumanoang ke moputso oa tlhaho meleng e thibeloang ke lijo e susumetsang ho fetisetsoa ha DA. Sepheo sa rona re ile ra batlisisa bokhoni ba phihlelo ea pele ka tsokolate ea lebese ho eketsa ho tsoa ha DA ho senya Shell le c-fos polelong libakeng tse hlaselang le tsa majoe tsa lijo tse thibetsoeng ad-libitum litoeba tse fepehileng. Ho feta moo, re ile ra leka liphello tsa ho khetholla ha cortical frontal le ka likarabo tse peli ho sehlopha sa fepa. Ke feela lijo-thollo tse khethiloeng tsa lik'hokate tsa lebese tse entseng hore ho eketseha ha DA ho feta ka mokhoa oa motheo ho Shell accums Shell le polelo ea c-fos e khōloanyane ho feta e khothalletsoang ke ntho e ncha e sa fumaneheng nucleus accumbens. Ho feta moo, ho senyeha ha cortical frontal ha hoa ka ha thibela ho eketseha ha DA ho tsoa le ponahalo e kholo ea c-fos e khothalletsoang ke tsokolate ea lebese ka NAC Shell ea litoeba tse thibeloang lijo. Liphuputso tsena li tšehetsa sephetho sa hore litlhapi tse thibeloang lijo e le lijo tse natefatsang li nolofalletsa potoloho e susumetsang e sebelisoang ke lithethefatsi tse lithethefatsang le ts'ehetso ea ntshetsopele ea meriana ea phekolo ea meriana ea khatello ea tšusumetso.

Keywords: lithethefatsi, ts'ehetso ea ts'usumetso, ts'ebetso e ncha, liphallelo tse susumetsang, khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo

Selelekela

Tshebetso e sa sebetsweng ea ts'ebetso e susumetsang e susumelletsehileng e entsoe e le phantotype ea ho hlahloba boitšoaro ba litlokotsi tsa boitšoaro (Robinson le Berridge, ;; Kapur et al., ;; Sinha le Jastreboff, ;; Winton-Brown et al., ;; Nusslock le Alloy, ). Ka hona, ho sibolla mekhoa ea methapo ea pelo ea tšusumetso e sa sebetsaneng ho emela phephetso e kholo ea lipatlisiso tsa mantlha.

Le hoja phetoho ea dopamine (DA) ho Nucleus Accumbens Shell (NAC Shell) e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho susumetsa (Di Chiara le Bassareo, ;; Cabib le Puglisi-Allegra, ;; Berridge le Kringelbach, ), ts'oaetso e matla ea phetisetso ea NAC DA ha e thibele tsoelo-pele kapa polelo ea likarabo tse susumetsang (Nader et al., ). Ho feta moo, ho thibela litlhapi tsa litsebi tsa DA ho Shec Shell ho ferekanya polelo ea likarabo tse khotsofatsang kapa tse qoba ho susumelletseha tlhaho tse khothalletsoang ke ho hanyetsa li-receptor tsa libaka tsa naha, empa eseng tse khothalletsoang ke ho susumetsoa ke phetoho ea GABAergic (Faure et al., ;; Richard et al., ). Qetellong, DA le li-opioids li itšetlehile ka ho itšunya-tšunya lijong tse itšetlehileng ka boemo ba 'mele (Bechara le van der Kooy, ;; Baldo et al., ;; Masimo le Margolis, ). Liphuputso tsena li tšehetsa ho ameha ha lipotoloho tse fapaneng tsa boko ka ts'ehetso le ho fana ka tlhahiso ea maikutlo a hore tšusumetso e sa sebetsang e ka amahanngoa le ho kopanela ho potolohileng boko bo itseng.

Ts'ebetso ea NAC ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ehetso e laoloa ke pele ho Frontal Cortex (mpFC; Richard le Berridge, ;; Fiore et al., ;; Pujara et al., ;; Quiroz et al., ) le frontal cortical norepinephrine (NE) le phetoho ea DA e etsa hore DA e lokolloe NAC Shell ka litsela tse fapaneng. Ka lebaka lena, ho fetisetsoa ha DA matsatsing a thibelo ea mpFC ho hlokomoloha DA ho lokolloa ke khatello ea kelello le lijo tse natefisang (Deutch et al., ;; Doherty le Gratton, ;; Pascucci le al., ;; Bimpisidis et al., ), ha phetisetso ea HIV e ntlafetseng e ikarabella bakeng sa keketseho ea DA ho NAC Shell e khothalletsoang ke lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa lithethefatsi tse lemalang le ka phephetso e matla ea khatello ea kelello (Darracq et al., ;; Ventura et al., , , ;; Nicniocaill le Gratton, ;; Pascucci le al., ). Tlhokomeliso ea hore mpFC ha e itšetlehe ka ts'ebetso ea 'mele ea ts'oaetso ea DA e bontša hore boko bo arabela likokoana-hloko tse peli tse tsejoang, e leng, khatello ea meriana le lithethefatsi tse lemalang, e fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebeliso ea potoloho ena e ka eketsa kotsi ea ts'ebetso e sa sebetseng. Tumellanong le pono ena, mpFC e senyang e sa thibele ho eketseha ha DA ho tsoa NAC le nts'etsopele ea maemo a khetholloang a bakoang ke lithethefatsi tse lemalang (Ventura et al., , , ).

Ho ntlafatsa ts'oaetso ea DA ho lokolloa ke khatello e matla ea khatello ea kelello (Nicniocaill le Gratton, ) kapa tsamaiso ea amphetamine (Darracq et al., ) e thibetsoe ka mokhoa o thibelang ho thibela likamano tse fokolang tsa alpha1 adrenergic receptors tse sebelisoang ke likhahla tse phahameng tsa cortical NE (Ramos le Arnsten, ). Liphuputso tsena li tšehetsa maikutlo a hore lithethefatsi tse lemalloang le khatello ea khatello ea kelello li kenyeletsa DA ho lokolloa ka ho phahamisa keketseho e kholo ea NE ka mpFC. Bopaki ba morao-rao bo bontša hore litoeba tse thibeloang lijo li arabela ketsahalong ea pele ea lijo tse monate (tsokolate ea lebese) ka keketseho e khōloanyane ea mpFC ad libitum litoeba tse fepehileng. Ho feta moo, le hoja bobeli ba lijo bo thibeloa le litoeba tse sa fuoeng mahala ho hlahisa khetho ea maemo bakeng sa moelelo o kopantsoeng le tsokolate ea lebese, ke feela ba nang le boikutlo boo karabelo ena e hloka hore e sebetsane ka ho toba le cortical transmission (Ventura et al., ). Liphuputso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore lijo tse thibelang lijo tse nang le phihlelo ea lijo tse natefisang libuka li susumetsa lipotoloho tse susumelletsoang ka tloaelo liphoofolong tse hlasetsoeng ke lithethefatsi tse lemalang. Ho leka tlhahlobo ena lits'ebetso tse latelang li ile tsa hlahlojoa: (1) hore na chocolate ea lebese e na le phetoho ea DA ea mpFC eo e sa itšetleheng ka eona ho NAC Shell ea litoeba tse thibelang lijo; le (2) hore na phihlelo ea pele ea tsokolate ea lebese e khothalletsa mokhoa o fapaneng oa c-fos ho bua libakeng tse sa tšoaneng le tsa bokooa ad libitum litoeba tse feptjoang le tse fuoang lijo.

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

Liphoofolo le Matlo

Litoeba tsa banna tsa bothata ba C57BL / 6JIco (Charles River, Como, Italy), libeke tsa 8-9 lilemong tsa liteko, li ne li lula moo ho hlalositsoeng le ho bolokiloe ka 12 h / 12 h khanyetsa / leseli (leseli pakeng tsa 07.00 le 07.00 thapama). Sehlopha se seng le se seng sa liteko se ne se e-na le liphoofolo tsa 5-8. Liphoofolo tsohle li ne li tšoaroa ho latela melao-motheo e hlalositsoeng ka Phatlalatso ea Helsinki. Liteko tsohle li ne li etsoa ho latela molao oa naha oa Italy (DL 116 / 92 le DL 26 / 2014) ho sebelisoa ha liphoofolo bakeng sa lipatlisiso tse thehiloeng ho European Communities Council Directives (86 / 609 / EEC le 2010 / 63 / UE), le ho amoheloa ke komiti ea boitsoaro ea Lefapha la Bophelo la Italy (lengolo la tumello / tumello ea #: 10 / 2011-B le 42 / 2015-PR).

Litoeba li ne li lula le ho fuoa mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea phepo, tse kang ho fumana lijo ad libitum (FF) kapa a behoa ka molao-thibelo oa lijo (FR). Litoeba tsa FR li fumane lijo hang ka letsatsi (07.00 pm) ka bongata bo fetotsoeng ho etsa hore tahlehelo ea 15% ea boima ba 'mele ba pele bo be teng. Boemong ba FF, lijo li ne li fanoa hanngoe letsatsi le leng le le leng (07.00 pm) ka bongata bo fetotsoeng ho feta ho sebelisoa letsatsi le leng le le leng (17 g; Ventura le Puglisi-Allegra, ;; Ventura et al., ). Melao e fapaneng ea phepo e qalile matsatsi a 4 pele liteko.

lithethefatsi

Zoletil 100, Virbac, Milano, Italy (tiletamine HCl 50 mg / ml + HCl XLUMX mg / ml) le Rompun 50, Bayer SpA Milano, Italy (xylazine 20 mg / ml), e rekisoang, e ne e sebelisoa e le anesthetics, 20- hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) le GBR 6 (GBR), li ile tsa rekoa ho Sigma (Sigma Aldrich, Milan, Italy). Zoletil (12909 mg / kg), Rompun (30 mg / kg) le GBR (12 mg / Kg) li ile tsa qhibiliha ka saline (15% NaCl) 'me tsa kenngoa intraperitoneally (ip) ka molumo oa 0.9 ml / kg. 10-OHDA e ne e qhibilihisoa ka saline e nang le Na-metabisulfite (6 M).

E hlohlelletsa

Motsoako oa lebese tsokolate (1 g, Milka ©: Fat = 29.5%; Carbs 58.5%; Liprotheine 6.6%) e ne e sebelisoa e le lijo tse monate ho liteko tsohle (MC). Sekoti sa Lego © sa boholo bo lekanang se ne se sebelisetsoa ho laola lits'oants'o tsa ts'ebeliso litsong tsa fos le sebakeng se khethiloeng sa sebaka (CPP; OBJ). Li-FF li ne li ja 0.1 ± 0.05 g ea MC le FR litho tsa 0.7 ± 0.1 (p <0.01, t-test) ho 40 min ea ho pepesa, ho sa tsotellehe boemo ba liteko.

NE Depletion ka mpFC

Liphoofolo li ne li sa ts'oaroe ke Zoletil le Rompun, ebe li kenngoa ka seterateng sa stereotaxic (David Kopf Instruments, Tujunga, CA, USA) se nang le sepakapaka sa mouse. Litoeba li ne li kenngoa ka GBR (15 mg / Kg, ip) metsotsoana ea 30 pele ho entsoeng ka micro-injection ea 6-OHDA e le ho sireletsa li-neurone tsa dopaminergic. Injection e kopanetsoeng ea 6-OHDA (1.5 μg / 0.1 ml / 2 min ka lehlakore le leng le le leng) e entsoe ka mpFC (likopano: + 2.52 AP; ± 0.6 L; -2.0 V mabapi le bregma (Franklin le Paxinos, ), ka sesebelisoa sa tšepe (0.15 mm ka ntle, UNIMED, Switzerland), se kopantsoeng le sering ea 1 μl ka pipe ea polyethylene e tsamaisoang ke pompe ea CMA / 100 (NE e qhetsoeng ke sehlopha). Sefuba se setse sebakeng sa 2 min e eketsehileng ka mor'a hore ho kenngoa mali. Liphoofolo tsa Sham li ne li tšoaroa ka tsela e le 'ngoe, empa li ile tsa fuoa koloi ea interebral. Hlokomela hore litsing tse fetileng re ne re sa bone phapang e khōlō pakeng tsa liphoofolo tsa Sham-treated le tsa naïve ka tlhaselo ea basal kapa ea tlhaho ea tlhaho ea tlhaho ea tlhaho ea tlhaho kapa ea tlhaho ea tlhaho kapa ea tlhaho ea DA kapa ea CPP kapa tlhahlobo ea boemo bo hlakileng (CPA) (Ventura et al., , ;; Pascucci le al., ), kahoo e laola ketso ea GBR ka liphello tse bontšang liteko tsa hona joale.

Litsing tsohle tsa liphoofolo liphoofolo li ne li sebelisoa matsatsi a 7 ka mor'a ho buuoa.

NE le maqhubu a linama tsa lefapha la mpFC li ile tsa hlahlojoa, joalokaha ho hlalositsoe pele (Ventura et al., , , ), ho hlahloba tekanyo ea ho felisoa. Litekong tsa microdialysis litoeba li bolailoe ke ho fokotseha ha likhohlo ho bokella lisele tse tsoang ho mpFC ha maemo a DA a NAC Shell a khutlela setsing sa motheo (120 min ka mor'a sampling ea pele). Tabeng ea liteko tsa c-fos, palesa e ka pele e ne e khaphatseha kapele pele boko bo qoelisoa ka formalin (sheba "karolo ea" Immunostaining and Analysis Image "). Qetellong, lihlopha tse peli (li-sham-depleted le NE-li felisitsoe) tsa litoeba tse sa sebetsoeng li ne li nyeheloa matsatsi a 10 ka mor'a ho buuoa ho hlahloba litekanyo tsa NE le tsa maqhubu a lefapha la mpFC le NAC Shell. Sehlopha sa ho qetela sa litoeba se ile sa kenngoa ho hlophisa tšilafalo e fokolang holim'a neurotoxin.

Microdialysis

Anesthesia le setho sa ho buoa se tšoana le se hlalositsoeng bakeng sa ho senyeha ha NE. Li-mouse li ne li kenngoa ka ntle ho lihlahisoa ka mokelikeli oa tataiso (tšepe e sa hloekeng, mochini oa OD 0.38 mm, Metalant AB, Stockholm, Sweden) ka NAC Shell (Ventura et al., , , ). Tsela ea tataiso ea 4.5 mm-long e ne e fanoe ka sekhomaretsi sa epoxy; samente ea meno e ile ea eketsoa bakeng sa botsitso bo matla. Li-coordinate tse tsoang bregma (e lekantsoeng ho latela Franklin le Paxinos, ) e ne e le: + 1.60 anteroposterior le 0.6 hamorao. Probe (dialysis membrane bolelele 1 mm, ea 0.24 mm, MAB 4 cuprophane microdialysis probe, Metalant AB) e ile ea hlahisoa 24 h pele liteko tsa microdialysis. Liphoofolo li ne li sa tsitsisehe habonolo ho thusa ho kenya mananeo a microdialysis ka har'a mochini oa tataiso 'me ba khutlisetsoa matlong a bona a koaletsoeng. Tšepe ea ho etsa lipatlisiso le ho kenngoa ka hare e ne e sirelelitsoe ke parafilm ea sebakeng seo. Lera le ne le lekoa a vitro ho hlaphoheloa ha DA (phomolo e amanang le (%): 10.7 ± 0.82%) letsatsing le pele ho sebelisoa e le ho netefatsa hore na o fola joang.

Sesebelisoa sa microdialysis se ne se kopantsoe le pompe ea CMA / 100 (Carnegie Medicine Stockholm, Sweden) ka PE-20 tubing le mochine o monyenyane oa motlakase o lekanang le mochine o motlakase (Model 375 / D / 22QM, Instech Laboratories, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA) ho lumella ho tsamaea ha mahala. CSF ea maiketsetso (NaCl 147 mM, 1 mM MgCl, 1.2 mM CaCl2 le KCl XMUMX mM KCl) e ile ea phunyeletsoa ka probe ea dialysis ka tekanyo ea phallo ea 4 μl / min. Liteko li ile tsa etsoa 2-22 h ka mor'a hore ho behoe lipatlisiso. Phoofolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ne e kenngoa karolong e chitja e nang le thepa ea microdialysis (Instech Laboratories, Inc.) le ka liphahlo tsa lehae fatše. Mokelikeli oa dialysis o qalile 24 h hamorao, ka nako eo litoeba li setseng li sa sireletseha bakeng sa hoo e batlang e le 1 pele li-sampuli tsa motheo li bokelloa. Mokhoa o boima oa mehlala e meraro e bokelitsoeng hang-hang pele ho etsoa tlhahlobo (e ka tlaase ho 2%) e nkoa e le mohopolo oa basal.

Kapelenyana ka mor'a hore pokello ea lintlheng tsa motheo tse tharo e sese karolo ea tsokolate (MC) e ile ea hlahisoa ka cage. Dialysate e bokelitsoe ka makhetlo a mabeli ho feta tlhahlobo ea 40 e le hore e be le phihlelo ka nako ea thuto ea CPP. Ke data feela e tsoang ho litoeba tse nang le tokoloho e behiloeng hantle. Litlhakiso li ile tsa ahloloa ka litšepe tse entsoeng ke methylene. Li-microliters tse mashome a mabeli tsa dialysate li-samples li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka ho sebelisoa ho phahameng ha chromatography ea metsi (HPLC). 20 μl e setseng e ne e bolokiloe bakeng sa tlhahlobo e latelang. Maikutlo (pg / 20 μl) ha aa ka a lokisoa bakeng sa ho hlaphoheloa ha probe. Lenaneo la HPLC le ne le e-na le mokhatlo oa Alliance (Mokhatlo oa Metsi, Milford, MA, USA) le mochine oa liphallelo (ESA Model 5200A Coulochem II) e fanoeng ka seleng ea boemo bo botle (M 5021) le cell analytical (M 5011). Sele ea boemo bo ne bo behiloe 400 mV, electrode 1 ho 200 mV le electrode 2 ho -150 mV. Lenane la Nova-Pack C18 (3.9 × 150 mm, Metsi) e bolokiloeng ka 30 ° C e ne e sebelisoa. Palo ea phallo e ne e le 1.1 ml / min. Karolo ea mobile e ne e tšoana le e hlalositsoeng (Ventura et al., , ). Moeli oa ho hlahloba liteko ke 0.1 pg.

Ho hlophisoa ha 'mele le ho hlahisa litšoantšo

Li-mouse tsa FF le FR, tse kang Sham kapa NE-li felile, ka bomong li ne li pepesoa ka mokotong o se nang letho, tse tšoanang le ntlo ea lehae empa ntle le lijo kapa metsi, 1 letsatsi le leng le le leng bakeng sa matsatsi a mane a latellanang ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso e khothalletsoang ke tikoloho e ncha. Letsatsing la 5th mochine oa libuka (MC kapa OBJ, bona karolo ea "Stimuli" bakeng sa lintlha tse qaqileng) o ile oa kenngoa kahare ea teko pele ho mouse. Litoeba li setse ka ts'ebetso ea 40 min, ho bapisa nako ea lithupelo tsa CPP le tsa pokello ea dialysate, joale li tlosoa 'me li siuoa matlong a tsona a koaletsoeng bakeng sa metsotsoana e latelang ea 20 pele e bolaoa ka ho senyeha. Ts'ebetso ena e ile ea amoheloa ka lebaka la lintlha tse fetileng le tsa pele tse bontšang hore litsong tsa 60 min tse hlokahalang bakeng sa ho bokella li-protein tsa c-fos (conversi et al., ;; Colelli et al., , ).

Ka mor'a hore ho tlosoe palo e ka pele, e tla sebelisoa bakeng sa ho hlahlojoa ha NE, ho sebelisoa boko ba 10% ho se nke lehlakore bukaneng ea formalin le ho bolokoa bosiu bo bong le bo bong ebe bo kenngoa ka har'a 30% sucrose tharollo ho 4 ° C bakeng sa 48 h (Conversi et al., ;; Paolone et al., ;; Colelli et al., , ). Likarolo tse nang le limela tse nang le majoe a ferekaneng (40 μm thickness) li ne li fokotsoa ka boko bo feletseng ka microtome e tsamaeang ebe e e-na le immunolabeled le immunoperoxidase mokhoa oo pele o hlalositsoeng (Conversi et al., ;; Colelli et al., , ). Lefu la anti-c-fos (1 / 20,000; Scientific Oncogene) le ne le sebelisoa e le setsi sa pele sa anti-antibody le sa immunodetection sa bobeli se neng se etsoa ka anti-biochemical (1: 1000 poli anti-rabbit, Vector Laboratories Inc., Burlingame, CA, USA). Tlhahlobo ea peroxidase e fumanoe ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho etsa li-acidin-biotin (Vectastain ABC elite kit, Vector Laboratories, 1 e hloekisitsoeng: 500) le ts'ebetso ea chromogenic e entsoe ka ho kenya likarolo tse nang le DAB (Vector Laboratories) tse matlafatsang. Litlhahlobo tsa immunohistochemical tsa mesifa ea lisele tse fumanehang ho FF le FR litoeba li ne li etsoa ka lihlopha tse sa tšoaneng.

Likarolo li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka microscope ea Nikon Eclipse 80i e nang le kamera ea Nikon DS-5M CCD e hlalositsoeng pele (Conversi et al., ;; Colelli et al., , ). Li-specimens li ne li etsoa ka tlhahlobo ea setšoantšo sa setšoantšo se sebelisa sesebelisoa sa tlhahlobo ea setšoantšo sa setšoantšo sa sechaba IMAGEJ 1.38 g bakeng sa Linux (Abramoff et al., ). K'hemik'hale e sa sebetseng e sa lekanyetsoang e ne e lekantsoe mme e hlalosoa e le palo ea nuclei / 0.1 mm2.

Beha Sebaka

Liteko tsa boitšoaro li ne li etsoa ho sebelisoa lisebelisoa tsa maemo a sebaka (Cabib et al., ;; Ventura et al., , ). Lisebelisoa li na le likamore tse peli tse bohlooho tsa Plexiglas (15.6 × 15.6 × 20 cm) le karolo e bohareng (15.6 × 5.6 × 20 cm). Tse peli tsa menyako e nang le mamati (4.6 × 20 cm) li kopantsoe ho ea ka likamoreng. Kamoreng e 'ngoe le e' ngoe tse peli tse tharo tse tharo parallelepipeds (5.6 × 5.6 × 20 cm) tse entsoeng ka li-Plexiglas tse ntšo 'me li hlophisitsoe ka mekhoa e sa tšoaneng (kamehla li koahela bokaholimo) li ne li sebelisoa e le tšusumetso e tloaelehileng. Tsela ea koetliso ea boemo ba sebaka se hlalositsoe pele (Cabib et al., ;; Ventura et al., , ). Ka bokhutšoanyane, ka letsatsi la 1 (pretest), litoeba li ne li lokolohile ho hlahloba lisebelisoa tsohle tsa 20 min. Nakong ea matsatsi a latelang a 8 (likarolo tsa boemo ba boemo bo botle) ​​li ne li kenngoa letsatsi le leng le le leng bakeng sa minara ea 40 ho e 'ngoe ea likamore tse peli. Bakeng sa halofo ea liphoofolo (ho tloha ho FR le FF) sehlopha se seng se ne se kopantsoe ka MC (1 g) 'me se seng se e-na le lijo tse tloaelehileng (mefuta e tloaelehileng ea lijo tsa mouse) 1 g); hobane karolo e 'ngoe ea halofo e ne e kopantsoe ka MC (1 g)' me e 'ngoe e e-na le OBJ.

Lipalo-palo li

Lihlopha tse 'nè tsa litoeba li ne li sebelisoa bakeng sa liteko tsa microdialysis: FF sham, n = 7; FF e felile, n = 5; FR sham, n = 6; FR e felile, n = 6. Dintlha (DA output: pg / 20 μl) li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka li-ANOVA tse peli ka hare ho ntlha (metsotsoana e seng mekae ka mor'a ho pepesa MC) le ntho e ikemetseng: kalafo (6-OHDA ea ho felisoa kapa Sham ea ho senya). Phello e bonolo ea tekanyo e pheta-phetoang (ho fapana ha nako ho itšetlehile ka maemo a DA) hape e ile ea hlahlojoa ka har'a sehlopha ka seng.

Lihlopha tse tšeletseng tsa litoeba li ne li sebelisetsoa liteko tsa fos (n = 5 ka mong). Boitsebiso bo bongata ba c-fos immunostained nuclei bo ne bo hlahlojoa ka li-ANOVA tse peli tse nang le mefuta e 'meli e ikemetseng: li-stimulus romana (MC kapa OBJ) le kalafo (6-OHDA ea ho felisa kapa ea ho senya Sham). Post hoc ho hlahlojoa (khalemelo ea Tukey) ho ne ho etsoa neng kapa neng ha ho sebelisana ho bohlokoa pakeng tsa lintlha tse senotsoeng.

Lihlopha tse 'nè tsa litoeba li ile tsa sebelisoa bakeng sa liteko tsa CPP: sehlopha sa 1 sa FF le 1 sehlopha sa litoeba tsa FR (n = 8 e mong le e mong) o ile a koetlisetsoa ho khetholla kamoreng e nang le MC le e 'ngoe e nang le sejo se tloaelehileng sa lijo le sehlopha se seng sa FF (n = 8) le FR (n = 7) litoeba li ile tsa koetlisetsoa ho khetholla kamore e nang le MC le e 'ngoe e nang le ntho e sa khonehang. Boitsebiso ba boitšoaro (metsotsoana e sebelisitsoeng ka kamoreng) bo ile ba hlahlojoa ka li-ANOVA tse peli ka hare ho ntlha (likarolo) le se ikemetseng (ho fepa boemo: FF, FR). Sepheo se ka hare-sehlopha sa kamoreng se ile sa hlahlojoa ka hare ho sehlopha ka seng ha ho sebelisana haholo pakeng tsa lintlha.

Results

Liphello tsa 6-OHDA Infusion ho mpFC ea Tissue Catecholamines Content

Maemong a litlhaku a DA le a NE maqebeng a Sham le a NE-a fokolang ho tloha litsing tse fapaneng a tlalehoa ka Letlapa Lethathamo1.1. Maemong 'ohle, tlhahiso ea 6-OHDA ea sebaka sa tlase tlas'a tšireletso ea GBR e fokotsehile haholo NE empa ha ea ama maemong a DA mpFC. Methati ea NE le DA ho NAc Shell le eona e ile ea hlahlojoa ka lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa litoeba (Unhandled) ho leka ho aroloa ha neurotoxin sebakeng sena sa boko. Liphello ha li bontše liphello tsa mpFC NE ho felisoa ke DA kapa NE ho NAc Shell.

Lethathamo 1  

Matšoao a linama tsa norepinephrine (NE) le dopamine (DA) ho litoeba tse tšoaroang Sham le 6OHDA.

Hlahloba 1: Phallo ea DA ho NAC Shell ea Mantsoe a Bontšitsoeng ho MC ka Nako ea Pele

Litholoana tsa phihlelo ea 40 ea min le MC ka ts'ebetso ea DA ho NAc Shell li tlalehoa ka Setšoantšo Figure1.1. Tlhaloso ea lintlha tsa data e bokelitsoeng ho litoeba tsa FF ha ea ka ea senola tšusumetso leha e le efe e kholo kapa likamano tse kholo pakeng tsa lintlha; ha e le hantle, ha ho khoneha hore ho be le MC ho hang kapa mpFC NE ha e le hantle ho ne ho susumelletseha ho tsoa ha DAC Shell (Figure (Figure1,1, ho le letšehali). Ho e-na le hoo, ho sebelisana ho hoholo pakeng tsa lintlha ho ne ho senoloa bakeng sa boitsebiso bo bokelloa litoeeng tsa FRF(2,20) = 11.19; p <0.001), ka lebaka la keketseho e tsoelang pele ea phallo ea DA ha e bapisoa le mantlha ea motheo (0) ho liphoofolo tse sebelisoang ke lihlong tse felisitsoeng ke mpFC NE depletion (Setšoantšo (Figure1,1, ho le letona).

Setšoantšo sa 1  

Phello ea khetho ea pele ea Frontal cortex (mpFC) ea norepinephrine (NE) e senyeha ka phallo ea dopamine (DA) (bolela pg / 20 μl ± SEM) nucleus accumbens shell (NAC Shell) ea mahala ho feptjoa (FF) le thibelo ea lijo ( FR) litoeba. * Hoa bohlokoa ...

Hlahloba 2: C-fos Ho itokisetsa ho itšireletsa ka metsing e hlalositsoeng ho MC kapa ho Nete e sa Lebelloang ea Nako ea Pele

Liphello tsa 40 metsotsoana ea MC kapa ea OBJ ka polelo ea c-fos e bontšoa ho Setšoantšo Figure2.2. Litšoantšo tsa moemeli oa NAc c-fos tse buang ka lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa liteko li bontšoa ho Setšoantšo Figure3.3. Ho lokela ho boleloa hore, ka lebaka la litebelisoa tse phahameng tsa lisele tsa maiketsetso tse sebelisitsoeng litsing tsena, lisele tse bokeletsoeng ka litoeba tsa FF le FR li ile tsa sebelisoa ka lihlopha tse fapaneng, kahoo ho bapisoa ho totobetseng pakeng tsa liphello tse fumanoang lihlopheng tsena tse peli ha ho na moelelo.

Setšoantšo sa 2  

Mantsoe a C-fos (boikutlo bo boima ba '± SEM) bo susumelitsoe ke ho hlahlojoa ha ntlha ea polasetiki e nyenyane (OBJ) kapa sengoathoana sa tsokolate ea lebese (MC) maemong a fapaneng a liteko. #Phello e kholo ea ts'ebetso ea libuka (OBJ vs. MC; bona mongolo bakeng sa lintlha tse qaqileng). ...
Setšoantšo sa 3  

Litšoantšo tsa litšoantšo tsa immunostained ho NAc Core le Shell ea mahala fepa (FF, ka holimo) le lijo-thibelo (FR, tlaase) litoeba. (A) Litoeba tsa Sham-tse senyehileng tse pepesitsoeng ho MC, (B) sham-pleted pice e hlahisitsoeng ho OBJ, (C) NE-e fokotsehileng e pepesoeng ho MC, (D) NE-e felile ...

Lipatlisiso tsa statistical tse entsoeng ka boitsebiso bo bokelitsoeng ho litoeba tsa FF li senoletse bohlokoa bo ka sehloohong ba ts'oaetso ea motsoako (MC vs. OBJ) ho Amygdala e Bohareng (CeA; F(1,28) = 7.35; p <0.05), ka lebaka la polelo e phahameng ea c-fos ho litoeba tse pepeselitsoeng MC ntle le kalafo (Setšoantšo (Figure2,2, ka tlaase ka letsohong le letšehali), le ka Dorsomedial Striatum (DMS; F(1,28) = 14.44; p <0.001) ka lebaka la polelo e phahameng ea c-fos ho litoeba tse pepeselitsoeng ho OBJ ho sa tsotelehe kalafo (Setšoantšo (Figure2,2, holimo ka ho le letšehali). Ha ho na phello ea ho felisoa ke NE kapa ho sebelisana ho hoholo pakeng tsa lits'ebeletso le ts'oaetso tse senotsoeng ke litlhaloso tsa lintlha tse bokelitsoeng ho litoeba tsa FF, e leng se bontšang hore mpFC HA e ne e sa sebetse ka ho feletseng meleng ea FF.

Mabapi le boitsebiso bo bokelitsoeng ho litoeba tsa FR (Setšoantšo (Figure2,2, ka ho lekaneng) litlhahlobo tsa lipalo-palo li senola likarohano tse kholo pakeng tsa lits'ebetso tse matla (OBJ vs. MC) le phekolo (Sham le NE-e felile) DMS (F(1,24) = 11.5; p <0.005), NAc Core (F(1,24) = 12.28; p <0.005), le NAc Shell (F(1,24) = 16.28; p <0.001). Ho litoeba tse sebetsanang le sham MC e khothalelitse keketseho e kholo ea c-fos immunostained nuclei ebe OBJ ho NAc Core le Shell (Figure (Figure2,2, ho le letona). Phello ena e ne e sa hlokomeloe phoofolo e senyehileng ea NE ka lebaka la ho fokotseha ha polelo ea MC-induced c-fos ho NAc Shell le ho eketseha ha polelo ea c-fos e entsoeng ke OBJ ho NAc Core. DMS ea li-souris tsa FR tse sebelisitsoeng hampe (OB) li ne li sitoa ho ntšetsa pele polelo ea c-fos e phahameng ho feta e khothalletsoang ke MC (setšoantšo (Figure2,2, holimo ka ho le letona). Cortical e ka pele HA ho senyeha ho eketsa ka ho eketsehileng c-fos polelo e khothalletsoang ke OBJ ho DMS, ka tsela eo e lokisa mokhoa oa c-fos activation o fumanoang ho FF litoeba.

Ho CeA ea FR litoebo tsa litlhahlobo tse hlalosang li senola feela phello e kholo ea ts'ebetso ea motsoako (MC vs. OBJ; F(1,24) = 24.93; p <0.0001) ka lebaka la polelo e phahameng ea c-fos ho litoeba tse pepeselitsoeng MC ntle le kalafo (Setšoantšo (Figure2,2, ka ho le letona).

Hlahloba 3: E behiloe Ntho ea Khethollo ea MC-paired

Setšoantšong Figure44 li tlalehoa boitsebiso bo tsoang litsing tsa CPP. E ka 'na eaba FR kapa FF litoeba li ne li rata haholo karolong ea likamore e nang le MC ha e' ngoe e ne e kopane le lijo tse tloaelehileng tsa lijo (e leng se ka sehloohong sa ho paha ho sa tsotellehe boemo ba ho fepa F(1,13) = 12.36; p <0.005; Setšoantšo Figure4A) .4A). Ho e-na le hoo, ha kamore e 'ngoe e kopane le OBJ (Setšoantšo (Figure4B), 4B), ke litoeba tse ling tsa FR feela tse bontšang bohlokoa bo khethehileng ba bobeli ba MC-bobeli (bohlokoa bo amanang pakeng tsa ho palama le ho fepa: F(1,13) = 5.382; p <0.05).

Setšoantšo sa 4  

Liphello tsa ho fepa ka mokhoa o thibelitsoeng (FR) ka khetho ea maemo (metsotsoana e sebelisitsoeng ka likarolo ± SEM) bakeng sa moelelo o kopantsoeng le tsokolate ea lebese (MC) maemong a fapaneng a liteko. (A) Ho khethoa ha kamore ea MC-paired vs. kamore ...

Puisano

Liphuputso tse kholo tsa thuto ena ke: (1) litoeba tse nang le lithethefatsi tsa FR feela li bontšitse ho eketseha ha DA ho tsoa ka NAC Shell nakong ea phihlelo ea pele le MC; (2) litoeba tsa motsoako oa FR feela tse nang le mahlomola li bontšitse polelo ea MC-induced c-fos polelo e kholo ea NAc Shell e kholo ho feta e hlalositsoeng ke ntho e ncha e sa fumaneheng; (3) ho DMS ea FF litoeba le mpFC NE-e senyehileng litoeba tsa FR e ncha ea inedible ntho e khothalletsa polelo ea c-fos e kholo ho feta e khothalletsoang ke lijo tse thabisang; le (4) le hoja litoeba tse peli tsa FF le FR li hlahisitse khetho ea boemo ba MC-lipakeng ha e 'ngoe e amahanngoa le lijo tse tloaelehileng, litoeba tsa FR ke tsona feela tse khethiloeng bakeng sa lijo tse hlakileng ha tse ling li amahanngoa le ntho e ncha.

Lijo li thibetsoe empa ha li joalo ad libitum Mantsoe a Chelete a Bontšitsoeng a Ntšetsoeng ka Potlako ea Nako ea NAc Shell Ha a e-na le Chokete ea Lebese ka lekhetlo la pele le Karabo ena e thibeloa ke ho tlosoa ha Frontal Cortical NE

Sehlopha sa pele sa liteko se bontšitse hore boiphihlelo ba pele le MC bo khothalletsa ho eketseha ha DA ho tsoa NAC Shell ea FR empa ha ho FF litoeba. Ke habohlokoa ho bontša phapang pakeng tsa liphello tsa hona joale le tse fetileng tse fumanehang ka likhoto (Bassareo le Di Chiara, ), e ka hlalosoang habonolo ke mefuta ea liphatsa tsa lefutso hammoho le ho fapana ha mofuta oa tsokolate ea lebese e sebelisoang (chocolate e tšoeu thupelong e fetileng: bona Ventura et al., bakeng sa lintlha).

Litaba tsa rona li boetse li bontša hore ho fokotsa ho arabela ha DA ho lijo tse natefisitsoeng tse natefetsoeng ke litoeba tsa FR ho hloka phetoho e tsitsitseng ea cortical noradrenergic hobane e felisitsoe ke ho senyeha ha li-cortical frontal NE. Ho senyeha ha noradrenergic ha hoa ka ha etsa hore DA e tsoe ka NAC ea litoeba tsa FF le hoja e bontšitsoe ho thibela ho eketseha ha tekanyo ea mpFC HA e sa tsoa hlahisoa ke MC meleng ena (Ventura et al., ). Tlhaloso ena e fana ka ts'ehetso e matla ho maikutlo a hore DA e tsoa ka NAC Shell e laoloa ke maemo a maholo a NE ka mpFC.

Ho ne ho se na phello ea mpFC HA ho felisoa ha lijo tsa tsokolate, le hoja litoeba tsa FR li ne li ja MC haholoanyane ho feta FF litoeba (bona "karolo ea Lisebelisoa le Mekhoa"), lintlha tsena li lumellana le tse fumanoang litlhapi tse hlahisitsoeng lijo tse monate nako e telele haholo (Ventura et al., ) le ka boitsebiso bo tloaelehileng ba hore boitšoaro bo fokolang ha bo hloke phetisetso ea maoto a eketsehileng a DA (Nicola, ;; Boekhoudt et al., ).

Tlhaloso ea pele ea MC e khothalletsa mokhoa o fapaneng oa tlhaloso ea c-fos ka Striatum ea ad libitum Meriana le Mahlakoreng a thibelitsoeng ka lijo le Coral NE Khatello ea kelello feela Liphetoho tsa c-fos Tse hlalositsoeng ke Khothatso ea Likokoana-hloko Lijong tse Khaotsitsoeng

Sehlopha sa bobeli sa liteko se ile sa hlahloba hore na phihlelo ea pele ea MC e sebelisa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa boko ho itšetlehile ka boemo ba phepo ea lihloliloeng. Sepheo sena re ile ra hlahloba mohlala oa boko bo sebetsanang le bohobe bo natefetsoeng hobane bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha bo tšehetsa tšebeliso ea leano la 'mapa oa boko ba linotši (Knapska et al., ;; Ago et al., ;; Jiménez-Sánchez et al., ). Ho laola bakeng sa phello ea ts'ebetso e tsosolositsoeng, e tsejoang ho etsa hore polelo ea c-fos e boleloe bokong (Jenkins et al., ;; Struthers et al., ;; Knapska et al., ;; Rinaldi et al., ), re sebelisitse ho hlahella ntho e ncha ea inedible (OBJ).

Liphetho tse fumanoeng li fana ka ts'ehetso e matla ho tlhahlobo ea liteko. Ka hona, feela ka litoeba tsa FR NAc c-fos polelo e khothalletsoang ke MC e ne e le kholo ho feta e khothalletsoang ke OBJ; ho feta moo litulong tsena, empa ha li joalo ad-libitum lijo tse fepehileng, mpFC HA ho senyeha ho khetholla c-fos polelo e hlalositsoeng ke MC ka NAC Shell, e bontšang hore ho hlokahalang hore mpFC e se ke ea fetisoa. Liphuputso tsena li lumellana le liphello tse fumanoang ka microdialysis le ho tšehetsa kamano ea likamano pakeng tsa tse peli ka lebaka la bopaki bo matla ba karolo e kholo ea ho tsosoa ha li-receptor tsa DA ka polelo e hlaselang ea c-fos (Badiani et al., ;; Barrot et al., ;; Carr et al., ;; Bertran-Gonzalez et al., ;; Colelli et al., ;; Ago et al., ). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, keketseho e khōloanyane ea c-fos e hlalosang litoeba tse hlakileng tsa BJ-VV-MC e ile ea hlokomeloa mafarong a DMS a Sham-depleted. Ketsahalo e matla e entsoeng ke ntho e sa fumaneheng ea li-DMS ka DMS e lumellana le li fumanoe pele ho litoeba le likhoto (Struthers et al., ;; Rinaldi et al., ) le ka karolo e ka sehloohong ea DMS e sebetsang bakeng sa ho hlahloba lintho tse ncha (Durieux et al., ). Ho fepa ho fokolisitsoeng ho fokotsoe ho hlalositsoe ho entsoeng ke C-fos ho DMS le mpFC NE ho felisoa ha phello ea lijo tse thibelang lijo, ho fana ka maikutlo a thibelo ea ho thibela lijo tsa cortical pele le ho kenngoa ha c-fos polelo ho DMS ea litho tsa FR. Ho feta moo, le hoja phihlelo ea pele ea MC e ile ea hlahisa polelo e khōloanyane ea c-fos ho feta OBJ ho NAC Core ea FR litoeba, mpFC-NE ea ho felisoa ha eona e ile ea felisa phapang ena ka ho eketsa polelo ea c-fos ho litoeba tse hlakileng ho e-na le ho fokotsa polelo ea c-fos ka litoeba tse pepesoeng ke MC. Ka kakaretso, lipatlisiso tsena li tšehetsa khopolo-taba ea hore litoeba tsa FR li eketsehile ka ntle ho cortical le phetisetso e fetisetsang c-fos polelo e khothalletsoang ke ho hlahloba MC ka NAC Shell le ho thibela polelo ea c-fos e bakoang ke ho hlahlojoa ha ntho e ncha e sa khonehang ho DMS le Nac Core.

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, litoeba tse peli tsa FF le FR li bontšitse keketseho e kholo ea c-fos polelo ho CeA ha e pepesoa ho MC ho feta ha e pepesoa ho OBJ, 'me lihlopheng tsena ka bobeli karabo e ne e ntse e totobetse ho latela mpFC NE ho felisoa. Sepheo sa ho qetela se fumanoa se lumellana le maikutlo a hore tlhahiso ea c-fos e boleloang ho CeA ke litakatso tse natefisang tsa morao-rao li nahanngoa ke boitsebiso bo tloaelehileng bo tloaelehileng ho tloha parabrachial nuclei ea pons (Koh et al., ;; Knapska et al., ). Le hoja ts'ebetsong ea CeA ka lithahasello tse ncha e 'nile ea etsoa hore ho sebelisoe lijo tsa neophobia: phetoho e fapaneng, tlhaloso ena e' nile ea phephetsoa ke liphello tsa lithuto tsa liso (Reilly le Bornovalova, ) le ka maikutlo a hore ho tsosoa ha li-receptor tsa CeA μ-opioid ho eketsa matla a ho susumetsa lihlopha tse sa tšoaneng tse kang lijo tsa Mahler le Berridge, ). Ho feta moo, ho na le bopaki bo tsitsitseng bakeng sa karolo ea CeA ho boemo ba khatello ea Pavlovian, haholo-holo, sebakeng sa boemo bo botle (Knapska et al., ;; Khutlisa le al., ). Ka hona, ts'ebetsong ea CeA e ka kenya letsoho ho mpFC NE-e ikemetseng CP-e entsoeng CPP ho FF mice (Ventura et al., ).

Ke litho tse ling tsa FR feela tse hlahisang khetho e khethiloeng ea boemo bo kopanetsoeng.

Ho litoe tsa FF ho ​​ne ho se na phapang pakeng tsa NAc c-fos e hlalositsoeng ke MC kapa OBJ. Tlhaloso e matla ka ho fetisisa ea ho fumanoa ke hore litlhoko tsena tse peli li ne li lekana ka tsela e lekanang ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea tsona. Ha e le hantle, lintho tse ncha li khothatsa litoeba (Reichel le Bevins, ). Tlhaloso ena e ka boela ea hlalosa hore na ke hobane'ng ha litoeba tse peli tsa FF le FR li hlahisa khetho ea boemo ba MC-palong ha e 'ngoe e amahanngoa le tloaelo ea lab chow le hoja e le feela litlhapi tsa FR ho thibeloa ke mpFC NE ho felisoa (Ventura et al., ). Ka mantsoe a mang, sebete se susumetsang sa MC se ka itšetleha ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang FF empa eseng ka litoeba tsa FR. Ho leka tlhahiso ena, re ile ra koetlisa litoeba tsa FF le FR ka lisebelisoa tse neng li fapana le likamore tse amanang le lijo tse natefileng tse nang le tse ling tse amanang le lintho tse ncha. Re na le mabaka a hore haeba ts'ebetso e ts'oanang e susumetsa khetho ea boemo bo bobebe ba molekane oa MC boemong ba FF litoeele ha li khethollehe ha li fapane le lipapali tse ling.

Liphetho li fumanoe ka matla khopolo ena. Ha e le hantle, litoeba tsa FF ha lia ka tsa hlahisa khetho ea boemo bo khethehileng bakeng sa kamoreng e amanang le MC ha e 'ngoe e ne e amahanngoa le ntho e ncha ha ho ntse ho tlalehoa, (Ventura et al., ), li ile tsa bontša khetho ea boemo ba sebaka sa MC-palame ha e 'ngoe e amahanngoa le tatso e tsebahalang. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, litoeba tse ling tsa FR li ne li khetha likamore tse peli tse amanang le MC meketeng ea bobeli e tšehetsang qeto ea hore tšusumetso ea khothatso ea MC le MC-e amanang le litoeba ha e amana le mokhoa o sa tloaelehang. Sephetho sena se tšehetsa karolo ea CeA ka CPP e susumelitsoeng ke MC ka FF empa eseng ka litoeba tsa FR. Ka hona, liphello tsa boitšoaro le tsa c-fos tsa liteko tsa hona joale li fetola ho bonts'a hore li-circuits tse fapaneng tsa boko ke mokhoa o susumelletsoang ke libuka tsa lijo tse natefatsang ka maemo a mabeli a phepo.

Qetellong, tlhaloso ea hore OBJ e hlōlisana le MC bakeng sa boemo ba sebaka sa FF empa eseng ka litoeba tsa FR e bontša hore matla a susumetsang a lijo tse natefisang ke a phahameng ho sehlopha sa bobeli. Ha e le hantle, phuputso e fetileng e ile ea tlaleha hore lintho tsa morao-rao li loantšana ka tlaase empa ha li na cocaine e phahameng bakeng sa boemo ba sebaka (Reichel le Bevins, ). Ho feta moo, hobane phihlelo ea pele ea MC e etsa hore ho be le keketseho e ka pele ho cortical le e kholoanyane ho FR mme ho FF litoeba (Ventura et al., ) Liphuputso tsena li tšehetsa khopolo ea hore boholo ba cortical pele e lokolloa e hlahisoang ke ts'usumetso e susumelletseha e itšetlehile ka matla a ts'ebeliso ea eona e susumetsang (Puglisi-Allegra le Ventura, ).

Sephetho se Akaretsang le Boemo

Liphuputso tsa phuputso ena ea hona joale li tšehetsa qeto ea ka kakaretso ea hore ho na le sebaka se itseng sa boko bo kopanyelletsang NAc Shell ka holimo ho maemo a phahameng a mpFC e sebelisoang ke lithethefatsi tse lemalang, khatello ea kelello le lijo tse monate lijong tse thibeloang lijo. Ka hona, joalokaha ho boletsoe, ho thibeloa feela ka li-receptor tsa alpha1, tse nang le mekhoa e phahameng empa e sa lekaneng ea coral frontal (NE) Ramos le Arnsten, ), e thibela khatello ea kelello- (Nicniocaill le Gratton, ) le amphetamine-induced mesoaccumbens DA release (Darracq et al., ). Ho bonahala eka ke feela litoeba tsa FR, tse khetholloang ke kholo e kholoanyane ea mpFC NE karabo MC ho feta FF litoeba (Ventura et al., ), lijo tse monate li ntlafatsa ts'oaetso ea DA le c-fos ho NAc Shell, 'me phello ena e thibeloa ke mpFC HA e sa khaotse.

Ho fumanoa hore litlhapi tsa FR lijo tse natefatsang li etsa hore potoloho ea boko e sebetsanang le lithethefatsi tse tsitsitseng le khatello ea kelello ha e makatse. Ha e le hantle, litoeba le litoe tse thibeloang lijo li bontša ho lemalla boitšoaro-bo kang boits'oaro le li-phenotypes tsa neural laboratory (Cabib et al., ;; Carr, ;; Campus et al., ) le litlaleho tsa batho li bontša hore ho thibela lijo ho amahanngoa le tahlehelo ea taolo, ho itlopa lijo le ho ba le boima ba 'mele bo matla, athe ho ja lijo tse matla ke bothata ba ho kula le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi hampe (Carr, ). Ka hona, liphuputso tsa phuputso ena ea hona joale li tšehetsa khopolo ea hore maqhubu a phahameng a cortical a NE a ka ikarabella bakeng sa tšusumetso e sa sebetseng ka ho kopanela ho potolohileng boko bo itseng.

Tshebetso e sa sebetsaneng ea ts'ebetso e ts'oanang e susumetsang e 'nile ea etsoa e le phantotype e fetisisang ea likhohlano tse sa tšoaneng (Robinson le Berridge, ;; Sinha le Jastreboff, ;; Winton-Brown et al., ;; Nusslock le Alloy, ), ho akarelletsa le schizophrenia (Kapur et al., ;; Velligan et al., ;; Reckless et al., ). Ho kenya letsoho ha phetisetso ea mafu ho psychopathology e 'nile ea tsejoa ka nako e telele ebile e tšehetse ntshetsopele ea phekolo ea meriana e lebisitseng ho adrenergic receptors (Ramos le Arnsten, ;; Borodovitsyna et al., ;; Maletic le al., ). Sepheo se ka sehloohong sa mehato ena ke ts'ebetso ea ho utloisisa (Arnsten, ), le hoja ho boetse ho na le bopaki ba hore ho se sebetse ho ka ama litšoao tse ntle tse amanang le schizophrenia (Borodovitsyna et al., ;; Maletic le al., ). Ho lipheo tsena, lipatlisiso tse hlahisitsoeng li eketsa tšusumetso e sa sebetsang ka ho tšehetsa ho kenngoa ha cortical ka holimo le ho fetisetsoa ha phenotype (Transins diagnostic phenotype (Robinson le Berridge, ;; Kapur et al., ;; Sinha le Jastreboff, ;; Winton-Brown et al., ;; Nusslock le Alloy, ).

Menehelo ea Mongoli

SC, ECL le SP-A li rerile liteko le lintlha tse sebetsanoang; SC, ECL, SP-A le RV ba ile ba sebetsa mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho; ECL le RV li entse liteko; SC e ngotse mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho.

Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li entsoe ka ho se be le likamano tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tseo ho ka thoeng ke tlhōlisano ea lithahasello. Mohlahlobi oa LP le Mohlophisi ea sebetsang ba boletse hore ba kopantsoe.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

 

Lithuso. Patlisiso ena e ne e tšehetsoa ke Lipatlisiso tsa Lipatlisiso tsa Sapienza University of Rome. ATENEO AA 2016.

 

References

  • Abramoff MD, Magelhaes PJ, Ram SJ (2004). Tlhahlobo ea litšoantšo le ImageJ. Biophotonics Int. 11, 36-42.
  • Ago Y., Hasebe S., Nishiyama S., Oka S., Onaka Y., Hashimoto H., et al. . (2015). Basali ba kopana le teko: mokhoa o ncha oa ho hlahloba boitšoaro ba ho batla meputso kapa boikemisetso ho litoeba. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 18: pyv062. 10.1093 / ijnp / pyv062 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Arnsten AFT (2015). Ho imeloa kelellong ho fokolisa mananeo a prefrontal: litlhaselo tsa limolek'hule ho tsejoang ka holimo. Nat. Neurosci. 18, 1376-1385. 10.1038 / nn.4087 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Badiani A., Oates MM, Letsatsi HE, Watson SJ, Akil H., Robinson TE (1998). Boitšoaro bo entsoeng ke Amphetamine, ho lokolloa ha dopamine le c-fos mRNA polelo: ho feto-fetoha ha mokhoa oa tlhaho oa tikoloho. J. Neurosci. 18, 10579-10593. [E fetotsoe]
  • Baldo BA, Pratt WE, Will MJ, Hanlon EC, Bakshi VP, Cador M. (2013). Melao-motheo ea tšusumetso e senotsoeng ke mesebetsi e sa tšoaneng ea methapo ea neuropharmacological le ea methapo ea kutlo ea mokokotlo. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 37, 1985-1998. 10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2013.02.017 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Barrot M., Marinelli M., Abbous DN, Rouge-Pont F., Le Moal M., Piazza PV (2000). Tsela ea dopaminergic e sebetsang hantle ea khetla ea nucleus accumbens ke ea ho itšetlehile ka li-hormone. EUR. J. Neurosci. 12, 973-979. 10.1046 / j.1460-9568.2000.00996.x [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Bassareo V., Di Chiara G. (1999). Ho feto-fetoha ha mokhoa oa ho kenya letsoho ho etsa hore ho be le tšusumetso e matla ea phekolo ea dopamine ka tšusumetso e matla le kamano ea eona le boemo bo susumetsang. EUR. J. Neurosci. 11, 4389-4397. 10.1046 / j.1460-9568.1999.00843.x [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Bechara A., van der Kooy D. (1992). Boko bo le bong bo tsitsitseng karolo e ka tlaase e kopana le liphello tse susumetsang tsa li-opiate le lijo ka likhoto tse sa tsejoeng empa e se likokoanyana tse lahliloeng. Behav. Neurosci. 106, 351-363. 10.1037 / 0735-7044.106.2.351 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Berridge KC, Kringelbach ML (2015). Mekhoa ea boithabiso bokong. Neuron 86, 646-664. 10.1016 / j.neuron.2015.02.018 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Bertran-Gonzalez J., Bosch C., Maroteaux M., Matamales M., Hervé D., Valjent E., et al. . (2008). Mekhoa e hanyetsanang ea ho bontša hore e sebelisoa ho Dopamine D1 le D2-ho hlalosa li-neurons tse hlaselang ka lebaka la cocaine le haloperidol. J. Neurosci. 28, 5671-5685. 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI.1039-08.2008 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Bimpisidis Z., De Luca MA, Pisanu A., Di Chiara G. (2013). Phofu ea li-terminopalal dopamine terminals (mediopal prefrontal terminals) e felisa tloaelo ea accumbens shell ea dopamine boikarabello ba ho latsoa litakatso. EUR. J. Neurosci. 37, 613-622. 10.1111 / ejn.12068 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Boekhoudt L., Roelofs TJM, de Jong JW, de Leeuw AE, Luijendijk MCM, Wolterink-Donselaar IG, et al. . (2017). Na ts'ebetso ea li-midrons dopamine neurons e khothalletsa kapa e fokotsa ho fepa? Int. J. Obes. 41, 1131-1140. 10.1038 / ijo.2017.74 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Borodovitsyna O., Flamini M., Chandler D. (2017). Tlhaloso ea Noradrenergic ea tlhokomelo ho bophelo bo botle le mafu. Neural Plast. 2017: 6031478. 10.1155 / 2017 / 6031478 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Cabib S., Orsini C., Le Moal M., Piazza PV (2000). Ho felisa le ho fetola liphapang tsa likhatello litabeng tsa boitšoaro ho lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso ka mor'a phihlelo e khutšoanyane. Saense 289, 463-465. 10.1126 / science.289.5478.463 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Cabib S., Puglisi-Allegra S. (2012). Ho kenyelletsa dopamine ho sebetsana le khatello ea kelello. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 36, 79-89. 10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2011.04.012 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Campus P., Canterini S., Orsini C., Fiorenza MT, Puglisi-Allegra S., Cabib S. (2017). Ho fokotsa khatello ea kelello ea li-dorsal striatal D2 dopamine receptors e thibela ho boloka mokhoa o sa tsoa fumanoa oa ho sebetsana le boemo bo sebetsang. Ka pele. Pharmacol. 8: 621. 10.3389 / fphar.2017.00621 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Carr KD (2011). Lijo tse fokolang, li-neuroadaptations, le matla a likokoana-hloko ea ho ja lijo tse sa tloaelehang: ho itlopa joala le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi. Physiol. Behav. 104, 162-167. 10.1016 / j.physbeh.2011.04.023 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Carr KD, Tsimberg Y., Berman Y., Yamamoto N. (2003). Bopaki ba ho eketseha ha dopamine receptor ho bontša likhoto tse thibeloang lijo. Setsebi sa mahlale 119, 1157-1167. 10.1016 / s0306-4522 (03) 00227-6 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Colelli V., Campus P., Conversi D., Orsini C., Cabib S. (2014). E ka 'na eaba hippocampus ea marang-rang kapa storolateral striatum e kenyelelitsoe ka ho khetheha ho bokelleng ho tsamaea ha motho ho qobelloa ho sesa ho ea ka liphatsa tsa lefutso. Neurobiol. Ithute. Mem. 111, 49-55. 10.1016 / j.nlm.2014.03.004 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Colelli V., Fiorenza MT, Conversi D., Orsini C., Cabib S. (2010). Palo e tobileng ea li-isoforms tse peli tsa dopamine D2 receptor ho striatum ea mouse: li-phenotypes tse amanang le neural le boitšoaro. Genese Brain Behav. 9, 703-711. 10.1111 / j.1601-183X.2010.00604.x [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Conversi D., Bonito-Oliva A., Orsini C., Cabib S. (2006). Ho tloaela ho etsa tlhahiso ea cage ho ama khohlano e bakoang ke amphetamine le polelo ea Fos 'me ho eketsa ho fokola ha FosB / ΔFosB ho litoeba. Setsebi sa mahlale 141, 597-605. 10.1016 / j.neuroscience.2006.04.003 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Conversi D., Orsini C., Cabib S. (2004). Mekhoa e fapaneng ea polelo ea Fos e susumelitsoe ke systemic amphetamine mokokotlong oa C57BL / 6JICo le DBA / 2JICo mefuta e sa tloaelehang ea litoeba. Resin ea Boko. 1025, 59-66. 10.1016 / j.brainres.2004.07.072 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Darracq L., Blanc G., Glowinski J., Tassin JP (1998). Bohlokoa ba ho ikopanya ha noradrenaline-dopamine ka liphello tsa ho ntša kotsi tsa D-amphetamine. J. Neurosci. 18, 2729-2739. [E fetotsoe]
  • Deutch AY, Clark WA, Roth RH (1990). Khetho ea prefrontal cortical dopamine e ntlafatsa boikarabelo ba mesolimbic dopamine neurons ho imeloa kelellong. Resin ea Boko. 521, 311-315. 10.1016 / 0006-8993 (90) 91557-w [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Di Chiara G., Bassareo V. (2007). Mokhoa oa moputso le ho lemalla: ke eng eo dopamine e etsang le e sa e etsang. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 7, 69-76. 10.1016 / j.coph.2006.11.003 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Doherty MD, Gratton A. (1996). Tlhaloso e tloaelehileng ea prefrontal cortical D1 receptor ea meso-accumbens response dopamine ho khatello ea kelello: thuto ea electrochemical ka liketso tsa ho itšoara ka bolokolohi. Resin ea Boko. 715, 86-97. 10.1016 / 0006-8993 (95) 01557-4 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Durieux PF, Schiffmann SN, ea Kerchove d'Exaerde A. (2012). Melao e fapaneng ea taolo ea motlakase le ho arabela lithethefatsi tsa dopaminergic ka D1R le li-neurons tsa D2R lihlopha tse sa tšoaneng tsa li-dorsal striatum. EMBO J. 31, 640-653. 10.1038 / emboj.2011.400 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Faure A., Reynolds SM, Richard JM, Berridge KC (2008). Mesolimbic dopamine ka takatso le tšabo: ho nolofalletsa ho susumetsoa ke ho senyeha ha glutamate sebakeng sa hau ka nucleus accumbens. J. Neurosci. 28, 7184-7192. 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI.4961-07.2008 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Masimo HL, Margolis EB (2015). Ho utloisisa moputso oa opioid. Trends Neurosci. 38, 217-225. 10.1016 / j.tins.2015.01.002 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Fiore VG, Mannella F., Mirolli M., Latagliata EC, Valzania A., Cabib S., et al. . (2015). Li-catecholamine tse khatelloang kelellong: mokhoa o motlakase oa ho hlahloba mokhoa oa ho laola. Boqapi bo entsoe. Funct. 220, 1339-1353. 10.1007 / s00429-014-0727-7 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Franklin KBJ, Paxinos G. (2001). Khohlo ea Mouse Stereotaxic Coordinates. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Jenkins TA, Amin E., Pearce JM, Brown MW, Aggleton JP (2004). Litokisetso tsa sebaka sa mekhoa ea litšoantšo tse tloaelehileng tse hlahelang li ntšetsa pele mosebetsi ketsong ea hippocampal empa ha e na li-cortices tsa parahippocampal: ho ithuta ka c-fos. Setsebi sa mahlale 124, 43-52. 10.1016 / j.neuroscience.2003.11.024 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Jiménez-Sánchez L., Castañé A., Perez-Caballero L., Grifoll-Escoda M., Löpez-Gil X., Campa L., et al. . (2016). Ho kenyelletsa li-receptor tsa AMPA ho kopanya bohato bo sithabetsang ba boko bo tebileng ba boko ba infralimbic prefrontal cortex. Cereb. Cortex 26, 2778-2789. 10.1093 / cercor / bhv133 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Kapur S., Mizrahi R., Li M. (2005). Ho tloha ho dopamine ho ea sebete ho psychosis-ho amahanya lieloana, pharmacology le ts'ebetso ea phetoho ea psychosis. Schizophr. Res. 79, 59-68. 10.1016 / j.schres.2005.01.003 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Knapska E., Radwanska K., Werka T., Kaczmarek L. (2007). Ho rarahanngoa ka hare ho sebetsang ka amygdala: tsepamisa maikutlo holim'a mapolesa a mesebetsi ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ka mor'a koetliso ea boitšoaro le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. Physiol. Rev. 87, 1113-1173. 10.1152 / physre.00037.2006 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Koh MT, Wilkins EE, Bernstein IL (2003). Litakatso tsa morao-rao li phahamisetsa polelo ea c-fos boemong bo bohareng ba amygdala le li-cortex tsa mahareng: sepheo sa ho latsoa ho ithuta ho senya. Behav. Neurosci. 117, 1416-1422. 10.1037 / 0735-7044.117.6.1416 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Mahler SV, Berridge KC (2012). Nako le neng ho "batla"? Mokhoa oa Amygdala o shebaneng le ts'ehetso ea ts'ehetso holim'a tsoekere le thobalano. Psychopharmacology 221, 407-426. 10.1007 / s00213-011-2588-6 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Maletic V., Eramo A., Gwin K., Offord SJ, Duffy RA (2017). Karolo ea norepinephrine le li-receptor tsa α-adrenergic tsa pathophysiology le ho phekoloa ke lefu le tebileng la ho nyahama le schizophrenia: tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng. Ka pele. Psychiatry 8: 42. 10.3389 / fpsyt.2017.00042 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Nader K., Bechara A., van der Kooy D. (1997). Mathata a li-neurobiological ka mekhoa ea boits'oaro ea boitšoaro. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 48, 85-114. 10.1146 / annurev.psych.48.1.85 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Nicniocaill B., Gratton A. (2007). Mokhoa oa boipheliso oa li-prefrontal cortical α1 motlakase oa motlakase oa karolo ea nucleus accumbens dopamine ho khatello ea kelello linthong tsa Long-Evans. Psychopharmacology 191, 835-842. 10.1007 / s00213-007-0723-1 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Nicola SM (2016). Ho hlahloba ho labalabela lintho le ho rata ho ithuta ka ho ba le tšusumetso e matla ea ho ja lijo. Na. J. Physiol. Regul. Botšepehi. Comp. Physiol. 311, R811-R840. 10.1152 / ajpregu.00234.2016 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Nusslock R., Lloyd LB (2017). Tlhahlobo ea moputso le matšoao a amanang le maikutlo a mabeli: Pono ea RDoC le phetolelo ea ho fetola maikutlo ka maikutlo. J. E ama. Mathata. 216, 3-16. 10.1016 / j.jad.2017.02.001 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Paolone G., Conversi D., Caprioli D., Bianco PD, Nencini P., Cabib S., et al. . (2007). Phello ea boipheliso ea moelelo oa tikoloho le histori ea lithethefatsi mesebetsing ea ho itšireletsa ha heroin e bakoang ke heroine le polelo ea proteine ​​ea fos boko ba bokhoni. Neuropsychopharmacology 32, 2611-2623. 10.1038 / sj.npp.1301388 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Pascucci T., Ventura R., Latagliata EC, Cabib S., Puglisi-Allegra S. (2007). Lekhalo la li-mediate cortex le etsa qeto ea accumbens dopamine karabelo ho khatello ea kelello ka tšusumetso e khahlanong le norepinephrine le dopamine. Cereb. Cortex 17, 2796-2804. 10.1093 / cercor / bhm008 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Puglisi-Allegra S., Ventura R. (2012). Prefrontal / accumbal catecholamine tsamaiso e sebetsana le botsitso bo matla. Ka pele. Behav. Neurosci. 6: 31. 10.3389 / fnbeh.2012.00031 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Pujara MS, Philippi CL, Motzkin JC, Baskaya MK, Koenigs M. (2016). Tšenyo ea Ventromedial cortex e amahanngoa le ho fokotseha ha li-ventral striatum volume le karabelo ea moputso. J. Neurosci. 36, 5047-5054. 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI.4236-15.2016 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Quiroz C., Orrú M., Rea W., Ciudad-Roberts A., Yepes G., Britt JP, et al. . (2016). Tlhokomelo ea sebaka sa mefuta e meng ea extracellular dopamine mokokotlong o ka hare o bokelloang ke ho hlahisa litholoana tse tsoang ho infralimbic cortex. J. Neurosci. 36, 851-859. 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI.2850-15.2016 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Ramos BP, Arnsten AF (2007). Adrenergic pharmacology le tlhokomelo: lebisa tlhokomelo ea prefrontal cortex. Pharmacol. Ther. 113, 523-536. 10.1016 / j.pharmthera.2006.11.006 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Reckless GE, Andreassen OA, Serabo A., Østefjells T., Jensen J. (2015). Matšoao a seng matšoao a schizophrenia a amahanngoa le ho kenyelletsoa ha li-cortical-cortical ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng oa ho etsa liqeto. Kliniki ea meriana. 8, 290-297. 10.1016 / j.nicl.2015.04.025 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Reichel CM, Li-Bevins RA (2008). Phelisano pakeng tsa liphello tse atlehang tsa cocaine le tse ncha. Behav. Neurosci. 122, 140-150. 10.1037 / 0735-7044.122.1.140 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Reichel CM, Li-Bevins RA (2010). Ho ba le tlhōlisano pakeng tsa mekhoa e mecha le ea k'hok'heine ho na le meeli ea lithethefatsi le nako ea ho boloka nako. Behav. Neurosci. 124, 141-151. 10.1037 / a0018226 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Reilly S., Bornovalova MA (2005). Tšoaetso ea ho latsoa tatso le li-amygdala lithong ka rat: tlhahlobo ea bohlokoa. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 29, 1067-1088. 10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2005.03.025 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Ho tsosolosa A., Golhasani-Keshtan F., Haeri-Rohani A., Molao oa MR (2007). Morphine-e entsoeng sebaka sa ho khetha sebaka: ho kenngoa ha li-receptors tsa NMDA tse bohareng. Resin ea Boko. 1133, 34-41. 10.1016 / j.brainres.2006.11.049 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Richard JM, Berridge KC (2013). Prefrontal cortex e fetisa takatso le tšabo e bakoang ke nucleus accumbens glutamate pherekano. Biol. Psychiatry 73, 360-370. 10.1016 / j.biopsych.2012.08.009 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Richard JM, Plawecki AM, Berridge KC (2013). Nucleus accumbens GABAergic e thibela ho ja lijo le tšabo e matla e khahlanong le tikoloho ea tlhaho 'me ha e hloka dopamine ea sebakeng seo. EUR. J. Neurosci. 37, 1789-1802. 10.1111 / ejn.12194 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Rinaldi A., Romeo S., Agustín-Pavón C., Oliverio A., Mele A. (2010). Mekhoa e fapaneng ea Fos e sa sebetseng ka matla ho striatum le hippocampus e bakoa ke mefuta e fapaneng ea mokhoa o sa tloaelehang ka litoeba. Neurobiol. Ithute. Mem. 94, 373-381. 10.1016 / j.nlm.2010.08.004 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Robinson TE, Berridge KC (2001). Khothatso-ts'oaetso le ho lemalla. Tlhekefetso 96, 103-114. 10.1046 / j.1360-0443.2001.9611038.x [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Sinha R., Jastreboff AM (2013). Khatello ea kelello e le kotsi e tloaelehileng ea botenya le ho lemala. Biol. Psychiatry 73, 827-835. 10.1016 / j.biopsych.2013.01.032 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Struthers WM, DuPriest A., Runyan J. (2005). Boiketlo bo fokotsa polelo ea FOS e nkiloeng ka tsela e ncha ka har'a striatum le cingulate cortex. Exp. Resin ea Boko. 167, 136-140. 10.1007 / s00221-005-0061-7 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Velligan DI, Kern RS, Gold JM (2006). Tlhokomelo ea kelello bakeng sa schizophrenia le karolo ea putative ea tšusumetso le litebello. Schizophr. Bull. 32, 474-485. 10.1093 / schbul / sbj071 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Ventura R., Alcaro A., Puglisi-Allegra S. (2005). Ho lokolloa ha Prefrontal cortical norepinephrine ke habohlokoa bakeng sa moputso oa morphine, o tsosolositsoeng le oa dopamine nucleus accumbens. Cereb. Cortex 15, 1877-1886. 10.1093 / cercor / bhi066 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Ventura R., Cabib S., Alcaro A., Orsini C., Puglisi-Allegra S. (2003). Norepinephrine ea prefrontal cortex ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa moputso oa amphetamine le ho lokolloa ha disoopcumbens dopamine. J. Neurosci. 23, 1879-1885. [E fetotsoe]
  • Ventura R., Latagliata EC, Morrone C., Mela Mela I., Puglisi-Allegra S. (2008). Prefrontal norepinephrine e etsa qeto ea ho ba le boikutlo bo matla ba ho susumetsa "phahameng". PLoS e le 'ngoe 3: e3044. 10.1371 / journal.pone.0003044 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Ventura R., Morrone C., Puglisi-Allegra S. (2007). Prefrontal / accumbal catecholamine tsamaiso e etsa hore motho a be le boikemisetso bo tsotehang bo fanang ka litšusumetso tse amanang le moputso-le tse amanang le boipheliso. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 5181-5186. 10.1073 / pnas.0610178104 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Ventura R., Puglisi-Allegra S. (2005). Boemo bo etsa hore ho lokolloe dopamine ho amphetamine molekong oa accumuls ho itšetlehile ka ho feletseng. Synapse 58, 211-214. 10.1002 / syn.20197 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Winton-Brown TT, Fusar-Poli P., Ungless MA, Howes OD (2014). Dopaminergic ka lebaka la ho ba le bothata ba ho ba le bothata ba khatello ea kelello. Trends Neurosci. 37, 85-94. 10.1016 / j.tins.2013.11.003 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]