Botenya: Pathophysiology le Intervention (2014)

Eya ho:

inahaneloang

Ho nona ho hlahisa kotsi e kholo ea bophelo bo botle lekholong la 21st. E khothaletsa mafu a co-morbid a joalo ka lefu la pelo, lefu la tsoekere la 2, apnea ea ho robala e sitisang, mefuta e meng ea mofets'e, le lefu la masapo a manonyeletso. Ho ja matla a mangata, ho se khone ho sebetsa hantle 'meleng le ho thatafalloa ke liphatsa tsa lefutso ke lintho tse ka sehloohong tse bakang botenya, ha liphetoho tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso, mathata a endocrine, meriana kapa mafu a kelello li ka bakang lisosa tse ling maemong a mang. Nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea botena li ka kenyelletsa mekhoa ea mantlha ea pathophysiological joalo ka mokokotlo oa potoloho ea boko le ho se sebetse hantle ha li-hormone tsa neuroendocrine. Ho ikoetlisa ho ikoetlisa le ho ikoetlisa ho fana ka mekhoa ea mantlha ea kalafo ea botena, le lithethefatsi tse khahlanong le botena li ka nkuoa ka kopanelo ho fokotsa takatso ea lijo kapa ho nona. Ho buoa bakariatric ho ka etsoa ho bakuli ba batenya ho feta tekano hore ba fokotse molumo oa mala le ho monya limatlafatsi tse ngata, 'me ba susumetse ka potlako ho nyefola. Tlhahlobo ena e fana ka kakaretso ea lingoliloeng lithutong tsa botenya le botšehali mme e bua ka mekhoa e nepahetseng ea ho phekola botena.

Keywords: botena, ho lemalla lijo, neuroendocrinology, neuroimaging, moputso, ho khothaletsa, ho ithuta / ho potoloha, taolo ea maikutlo, taolo ea maikutlo, taolo ea bariatric, transplantation ea fecal

1. Selelekela

Ho nona ke koluoa ​​e tebileng ea lefats'e mme ho baka ts'okelo e kholo bathong. Ho ata ha botenya hoa eketseha eseng ho batho ba baholo feela, empa le hara bana le lilemong tsa bocha [1]. Ho nona haholo ho amahanngoa le likotsi tse eketsehileng tsa lefu la pelo ea methapo ea methapo, lefu la pelo, mokokotlo oa colorectal, hyperlipidemia, khatello e matla ea mali, lefu la gallbladder, le lefu la tsoekere,2]. E beha moroalo o mongata litšenyehelong tsa bophelo bo botle sechabeng [3]. Lisosa tsa botona bo bongata li ngata, 'me etiology ha e tsejoe hantle. Ho nona haholo bonyane ke karolo e tlisoang ke ho nona ha lijo tse matlafatsang tse nang le mafura a mangata le ho se ikoetlise [1,2,4]. Lintho tse ling tse kang litšobotsi tsa botho, khatello ea maikutlo, litlamorao tsa meriana, ho lemalla lijo, kapa ho ba le liphatsa tsa lefutso le tsona li ka kenya letsoho.

Sengoliloeng sena se fana ka kakaretso ea lingoliloeng mabapi le botenya ho tsoa menahanong e mengata, ho kenyelletsa le lipatlisiso tsa lefu la tlhaselo, tšibollo ea lijo, thuto ea endocrine le lithuto tse amanang le phepo e amanang le ho ja le botenya. E hlahisa khopolo e sa tsejoeng ea ho lemalla lijo ka bongata bo batsi 'me e ts'epa ho hlahisa lipuisano tse ngata le liteko tsa ho etsa lipatlisiso ho netefatsa mohopolo ona. Tlhahlobo e boetse e fana ka leseli le qaqileng lipatlisisong tse ngata tsa morao-rao tse entsoeng morao-rao mabapi le lipotoloho tse ling tsa bohlokoa tsa neural tse kenyelletsang takatso ea lijo le taolo ea bokhoba. Ntlafatso ena e tla thusa babali ho fumana kutloisiso e ntle ea taolo ea CNS ea boitšoaro ba ho ja le botenya, le metheo ea neuropathophysiological e fetelletseng ea ho lemalla le botenya. Qetellong empa Karolo ea ho qetela ea pampiri e akaretsa mekhoa ea phekolo e nepahetseng bakeng sa ho laola botenya mme e hlahisa maano a macha a kalafo.

2. Lithuto tsa Epidemiological

Ho ata ha botenya ho atile haholo linaheng tse ngata tsa bophirima lilemong tsa 30 tse fetileng [5]. United States le United Kingdom li bone keketseho e kholo ho tloha nakong ea li-1980, ha linaha tse ling tse ngata tsa Europe li tlaleha keketseho e nyane [3]. WHO e hakantse hore batho ba baholo ba ka bang limilione tse likete tsa 1.5 ba fetang lilemo tse 20 ba ne ba le boima ba 'mele lefatšeng ka bophara, mme banna ba limilione tse 200 le basali ba limilione tse 300 ba ne ba le motenya ho 2008 [6]. WHO e boetse e rera hore batho ba baholo ba ka bang limilione tse likete tsa 2.3 ba tla nona ebile ba feta feta limilione tse 700 ka selemo sa 2015 [6]. Lipalo-palo tsa bana li bontša boemo bo tšosang bo ntseng bo nyoloha. Ho 2003, 17.1% ea bana le bacha ba ne ba le boima ba 'mele,' me 32.2% ea batho ba baholo ba ne ba le batenya United States feela [2,7]. Ho hakanngoa hore 86.3% ea MaAmerika a ka ba motenya kapa o motenya ka 2030 [8]. Lefats'e ka bophara, bana ba ka bang limilione tse 43 ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse hlano ba ne ba le motenya ho 2010 [9]. Ketsahalo ea botona le botšehali e boetse e hohela tlhokomelo linaheng tse tsoelang pele [6]. Mmuso oa Chaena o senoletse hore palo eohle ea batho ba batenya ka ho fetesisa e fetang limilione tse 90 mme ba nang le boima bo fetang limilione tse 200 ho 2008. Palo ena e ka nyolohela ho feta feta limilione tse 200 tse fetang limilione tse 650 lilemong tse latelang tsa 10 [3].

Ho nona haholo ho baka le ho mpefatsa maloetse a amanang le 'mele, ho fokotsa bophelo,' me ho eketsa kotsi ea lefu. Mohlala, ho shoa batho ba fetang 111,000 selemo se seng le se seng United States ho amana le botenya.10]. Liphuputso tsa Epidemiological li bonts'a hore botenya bo thusa ho tlatselletsa le ho lefu la lefu le tsoang ho "kankere ea matsoele", "matsoele" (basali ba morao-rao), esophagus (adenocarcinoma), lefu la ka mpeng , mme mohlomong mefuta e meng. Hoo e ka bang 15% –20% ea batho bohle ba bolailoeng ke mofetše Amerika ba hokahane le botenya le botenya bo boholo [11]. Adams et al a. [12] a fuputsa kotsi ea lefu ka hara bokamoso ba batho ba fetang ba 500,000 ba batona le ba batšehali ba nang le tlhahlobo ea 10 ea selemo. Har'a bakuli ba neng ba so ka ba tsuba, menyetla ea lefu e fumanoe e eketseha ka 20 %-40% lelemeng le boima bo fetang makhetlo a mabeli ho isa ho a mararo ha le bapisoa le lithuto tse tloaelehileng tsa boima ba 'mele.12].

Har'a mabaka a mangata a susumetsang botenya, ho sebelisa lijo tse nang le letsoai le lengata ke tsela e 'ngoe e ka sehloohong. Hajoale, linaheng tse tsoetseng pele le linaheng tse tsoelang pele ka mokhoa o tšoanang, indasteri ea lijo e atlehile haholo ho hlahiseng le ho rekisa lijo tse matlafatsang tsa khalori [13]. Lijo tse joalo li fumaneha habonolo mabenkeleng a mabenkele, mabenkeleng, likolo, lireschorenteng le malapeng [14]. Ho bile le keketseho ea 42% ka ngoe bakeng sa tšebeliso ea mafura a ekelitsoeng le keketseho ea 162% bakeng sa chisi United States ho tloha 1970 ho isa 2000. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, tšebeliso ea litholoana le meroho e eketsehile feela ka 20% [15]. Lijo tse nang le khalori e phahameng li fana ka lintlha tse khothatsang le tse fanang ka moputso tse ka etsang hore motho a fetele tšebetsong16]. Boithuto ba mehopolo ea boko bo bonts'a hyperactivation ho gustatory cortex (insula / frontal operculum) le libakeng tse molomo oa somatosensory (parietal le rolandic operculum) ho setho sa botona se amanang le litekanyetso tse tloaelehileng tsa boima ho arabela ho ja ka mokhoa o lebelletsoeng le tšebeliso ea lijo tse bobebe, le hypoactivation ho dorsal striatum le fokotsa khatello ea methapo ea dopamine receptor dermamine ka lebaka la tšebeliso ea lijo tse matlafatsang [17]. Liphumano tsena [17] e bontšitse kamano lipakeng tsa tlhekefetso moputsong oa lijo le kotsi e ntseng e eketseha ea ho eketsa boima ba 'mele nakong e tlang, ho fana ka maikutlo a phaello e kholo ea boima bakeng sa barupeluoa tikolohong e seng bophelo bo botle ba lijo [4].

3. Ho itlopa lijo le bokhoba ba lijo

3.1. Ho itlopa lijo

Ho ja ka mokhoa o se nang litšebelisano le litloaelo tse seng kotsi tsa taolo ea boima ba 'mele li atile har'a bacha, tse ka ba behang kotsing ea ho ja. Mathata a ho ja a amahanngoa le thuto e sa foleng, litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa ho ikatisa, le li-comorbidities tse ngata tsa bongaka le tsa kelello. Ka hona, tlhoko ea boits'oaetso le thibelo ea mathata a ho ja esale pele e fetoha taba ea bohlokoa e hlokang tlhokomelo e kholo ho tsoa litsing tsa tlhokomelo ea mantlha [18,19].

Binge-ja disorder (BED) ke bokuli bo atileng haholo ho batho ba baholo. Boloetse bona bo ama bophelo ba motho ba maikutlo le ba 'mele mme ke bothata bo bohlokoa ba bophelo bo botle ba sechaba [20,21]. Mabapi le 2.0% ea banna le 3.5% ea basali ba na le bokuli bona bophelo bohle-lipalo-palo tse phahameng ho feta tsa mathata a tloaelo a ho ja a anorexia mothosa le bulimia mothosa [20]. BED e khetholloa ke ho itlopa joala ho sa ja likarolo tse latelang tsa ho itlhoekisa le ho tloaelana le kholo ea botenya bo boholo [22]. Batho ba batenya haholo ba bile ba BED hangata ba ile ba nona ho feta tekano ho feta ba neng ba se na bothata bona [23]. Li kanna tsa theola le ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele hangata, kapa ba ba le khatello e matla mabapi le ho fokotsa boima ba' mele23]. Likarolo tsa Binging hangata li kenyelletsa lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata, tsoekere le / kapa letsoai, empa li na le livithamini le liminerale tse ngata, 'me khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng e tloaelehile ho batho ba nang le BED [21,23]. Batho ka bomong hangata ba khopisoa ke ho ja ha bona ho itlhakisang lijo ebile ba ka tepella maikutlo. Batho ba shahlileng ba nang le BED ba kotsing ea ho ba le li-comorbidities tse tloaelehileng tse amanang le botenya joalo ka mofuta oa 2 lefu la tsoekere, lefu la pelo le pelo (ke hore,, khatello e phahameng ea mali le lefu la pelo), litaba tsa ka mpeng (mohlala, lefu la gallbladder), litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa k'holeseterole, mathata a maselese, le apnea e thibelang boroko [20,21]. Khafetsa ba phela bophelo bo tlase haholo mme ba tloaetse ho ba le mathata a bophelo [21]. Batho ba bangata ba nang le bothata ba ho ja ka thata ba ile ba leka ho bo laola ba le bang, empa ba sa leke ka nako e telele.

3.2. Tlatsetso ea Lijo

BED e bonts'a litšobotsi tse bonoang hangata ka boits'oaro bo bobebe (mohlala, taolo e fokotsehileng le ts'ebeliso e tsoelang pele ea tšebeliso ea lintho ntle le litlamorao tse mpe). Bopaki boa bokellana ho ts'ehetsa conceptualizations ea bokhoba ba ho ja ka thata [24]. Mefuta ea liphoofolo e bontša kamano e teng lipakeng tsa ho ja ho itlopa joala le ts'ebeliso ea lijo tse joalo ka joala. Likhoto tse fuoeng lijo tse nang le linoko tse ngata haholo kapa tse hlahisitsoeng hantle (mohlala, tsoekere le mafura) li bontša matšoao a ho ja, joalo ka ho ja lijo tse ngata ka nako e khuts'oane le ho batla lijo tse ntlafalitsoeng haholo ntle le litlamorao tse mpe.ke hore., makala a maoto a motlakase) [25,26]. Ntle le liphetoho tsa boits'oaro, likhoto li boetse li bonts'a liphetoho tsa neural tse amehang tlatsong ea lithethefatsi, joalo ka ho fumaneha ha dopamine D2 receptor [26]. Lintlha tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore BED e ka ba sesupo se le seng sa bokhoba ba lijo [24].

Hore na botenya bo kenyeletsa kapa bokhoba ba ho lemalla lijo bathong ba bang ba batenya haholo bo ntse bo tsebahala. Lintlha tse ntseng li eketseha li rata mohopolo oa hore ho ja lijo tse ngata haholo ho ka tsamaisa boitšoaro bo bobebe [27]. Mekhoa e meng e lemalloang, joalo ka ho leka ho theola lijo kapa ho tsoela pele ho fepa le ha o sa je hantle, e bonahala mokhoeng oa ho ja o nang le mathata [27]. Boko bo boetse bo bonahala bo arabela lijong tse matlafatsang haholo ka mefuta e meng e tšoanang le ea lithethefatsi tse lemalloang [28]. Khopolo-taba ea hona joale ke hore lijo tse ling kapa lisebelisoa tse ekelitsoeng ho lijo li ka baka ts'ebetso ea batho ba lemaletseng [29]. Ts'ebetso ea bokhoba e bonahala kapa e sa nkoe e le taba e khutlelang morao e itšetlehileng ka lintlha tse phahamisang litakatso tsa lijo kapa lintho tse amanang le lijo le ho phahamisa boemo ba thabo, maikutlo, le tšusumetso [30,31,32,33,34].

Setsi sa Yale Rudd sa Leano la Lijo le Botenya, mokhatlo o sa sebetseng phaello le sepheo sa leano la sechaba, o tlalehiloe ka 2007 e ts'oanang ka ts'ebeliso le mekhoa ea ho khaotsa litheko tsa tsoekere le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, hammoho le khokahano pakeng tsa lijo le tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi. (bap., batho ba tloaetse ho nona ha ba khaotsa ho tsuba kapa ho nwa). Sena se hlahisa menyetla ea hore lijo tse matlafatsoang le lintho tse tlatsetsang ho tlatsetsa li ka hlolisana litseleng tse tšoanang tsa methapo ea kutlo [35,36]. Setsi sa Rudd se thusitse ho theha Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), e etselitsoeng ho khetholla matšoao a bokhoba bo bontšitsoeng mefuteng e meng ea lijo e nang le mafura a mangata le tsoekere [37,38]. Gearhardt le mosebetsi-'moho le eena [39] li sa tsoa hlahloba ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko ho mekhoa ea lijo ho bakuli ba nang le lintlha tse fapaneng mokhatlong oa litheko tsa lijo. Bakuli ba ne ba ka saennoa bakeng sa ho tlisoa ha sesebelisoa sa lebese la chokolete kapa tharollo e se nang litakatso, kapa ba fuoe sesebelisoa sa lebese la chokolete kapa tharollo e seng kotsi [39]. Liphetho li bonts'itse setsoalle lipakeng tsa litheko tse phahameng tsa tlhekefetso ea lijo le ts'ebetso e eketsehang ea libaka tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'oaetso ho araba lithahasello tsa lijo, joalo ka amygdala (AMY), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), le orbitof Pambal cortex (OFC). Ho ile ha phetoa ka hore batho ba lemaletseng makhoba ba khona ho arabela lithahasellong tsa ntho e itseng, le hore tebello ea moputso ha ho bonoa kano e ka kenya letsoho ho etseng lijo tse qobelloang [39]. Ka kakaretso, bokhoba ba lijo ha bo hlalosoe hantle mme bo ka amahanngoa le mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi [40] le mathata a ho ja. Hoa hlokomeleha hore DSM-5 e khothalelitse ntlafatso e lemohang bothata ba ho ja ho feta [41] joalo ka tlhahlobo e sa lefelloeng ea mahala le ho reha mokhathala oa mathata a ho ja ka ho ja le mathata a ho ja.

3.3. Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS)

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) ke lefutso le tšoaetsanoang ka liphatsa tsa lefutso le lebisang ho hyperphagia e matla le botena ba bongoana bo sa le pele [42]. Bakuli ba PWS ba bonts'a mekhoa e mengata ea ho ja e tlatsetsang [43]. Boithuto bo botle ba 'mele mofuteng ona oa tlhaho oa ho ja oa batho ka tlhaho bo ka senola mekhoa ea methapo ea kutlo e amanang le tšebeliso ea lijo kapa tahlehelo ea taolo ea lijo ka kakaretso. Tšobotsi e 'ngoe ea lefu lena ke tšekamelo ea ho sheba lijo tse nang le phepo e ngata ho feta feela lijo empa le lintho tse sa jeleng lehlakore. Matlafatso a matla le methapo ea methapo e hlahisoang ke lintho tse kentsoeng ka boeona li ka tlatsetsa ho hong ona [42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50]. Liphuputso tse sebetsang tsa neuroimaging li fuputse lits'oants'o tsa mathata a amanang le ho ja a amanang le ho ja a sebelisa mekhoa e bonoang ho bakuli ba PWS [44]. Ka karabelo ea pono e phahameng- khahlano Ho hlohlelletsa lijo tse nang le khalori e tlase ka mor'a ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea tsoekere, bakuli ba PWS ba bonts'itse phokotso ea pontso e lietsitsoeng ho hypothalamus (HPAL), insula, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), le li-bokellase tsa nucleus (NAc) [44], empa ts'oaetso e matla libakeng tse nang le maoto le likhathatso tse kang AMY tse tsamaisang mokhoa oa ho ja le libakeng tse kang medial preambilial cortex (MPFC) e hatellang phepelo ea lijo [47,51]. Ho eketsa ts'ebetso ho HPAL, OFC [46,51,52], VMPFC [49], mabota a mabeli a bohareng bo ka pele, boikahare bo ka tlase bo ka letsohong le letšehali, le ka lehlakoreng le letšehali, le libakeng tse ikhethileng tsa ACC le tsona li ile tsa bonoa.48,52,53]. Sehlopha sa rona se entse phuputso ea maemo a phomolo ea naha ea FMRI (RS-fMRI) e kopantsoeng le tlhahlobo e sebetsang (FC) mme ea supa liphetoho lipakeng tsa matla a FC hara libaka tsa boko ho netweke ea kamehla, netweke ea mantlha, marang-rang a sensory motor, le network ea pele ea cortex. , ka ho latellana [53]. Haufinyane re sebelisitse mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea bokhoni ba RS-fMRI le Granger ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le litšusumetso tse kopanetsoeng tsa ho qhekella lipakeng tsa litsela tsa bohlokoa tsa neural tse ntseng li le matla ho PWS. Lintlha tsa rona li senotse haholo tšusumetso ea ho hlasela ea caasm ho tloha AMY ho HPAL le ho tloha ho MPFC le ACC ho ea AMY. Ka kakaretso, PWS ke qetello e fetelletseng ea linyeoe tsa batho ba botenya le boits'oaro bo sa laoleheng ba ho ja. Patlisiso ea ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo ea PWS le ts'ebelisano ea eona le ts'ebeliso ea lino tse tahang li ka thusa ho utloisisa hamolemo taolo ea takatso ea lijo le tšibollo ea lijo [39,43].

4. Hormone le Gut Peptides

Lihormone tse ngata tse kenellang li nka karolo taolong ea methapo ea methapo (CNS) taolong ea takatso ea takatso ea lijo le takatso ea lijo, moputso oa lijo, kapa bokhoba ba tahi. Lijo tse monate le lithethefatsi ka bobeli li khona ho kenya tšebetsong mokhoa oa moputso oa mesolimbic dopamine (DA) tse hlokahalang bakeng sa taolo ea bokhoba ho batho le liphoofolo [43,54,55,56,57,58]. Matšoao a tlala le ho satiety ho tloha adipose tiske (leptin), pancreas (insulin), le pampitšana ea gastrointestinal (cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-l (GLP-1), peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36-XNUMX-XNUMX-XNUMX-XNUMX, XNUMX-and XNUMX ghrelin) ba ameha ho fetiseng tlhahisoleseling mabapi le boemo ba matla ka ho kenella ho bokaholimo ba li-liginal gut-brain axis bo shebileng hypothalamus (HPAL) le brainstem [58], mme e ka sebelisana ka kotloloho le ka kotloloho le metsamao ea methapo ea mokokotlo ea DA ho ama phepelo [59,60,61].

4.1. Leptin

Hormone ea anorexigenic e hlophisitsoeng ho tsoa lithong tsa adipose, leptin e laola metabolism ea lipid ka ho susumetsa lipolysis le inhibiting lipogenesis [62]. Leptin o tšela setsi sa khatello ea mali ka ts'ebetso ea lipalangoang e tsitsitseng mme o tsebisa boemo ba metabolic ba (polokelo ea matla) litsing tsa tsamaiso tsa hypothalamic [63]. Hang ha e tlameletsoe ho receptor ea eona e bohareng, leptin e theoha-e laola takatso ea lijo e matlafatsang (mohlala, NPY, AgRP) ha e ntse e laola litheolelo tse matlafatsang tsa anorexigenic alpha-melanocyte, cocaine- le amphetamine-regtures e laoloang, le hormone ea corticotropin-e lokollang [63]. Bofokoli ba liphatsa tsa lefutso ho li-leptin le leptin receptors bo baka ho nona haholo ho qalang ho ba le bana kapele [64]. Khatello ea Leptin maling e phahamisoa ke botenya, e phahamisa khang ea leptin e fanang ka lefeela le phahameng la leptin ho feliseng takatso ea lijo le botena. Ho ba teng ha khanyetso ea leptin ho ka fana ka tlhaloso e sa lekanyetsoang ea hyperphagia e matla ho bakuli ba PWS bao maemo a bona a serum leptin a phahameng haholo [64]. Batho ba mothating oa ho lemalla lijo le bona ba ka ba le bothata ba leptin, bo ka lebisang ho nona haholo [65]. Tšusumetso ea Leptin litloaelong tsa ho ja tse lemalloang le tse seng tlatsetso e ka arolelanoa ka tsela e itseng ka tsamaiso ea mesolimbic le / kapa nigrostriatal DAways. Joalokaha phuputso e le 'ngoe ea FMRI e bontšitse, leptin e tlatselletsang e theola moputso oa lijo le ntlafatso ea satiety nakong ea ts'ebeliso ea lijo ka ho feto-fetola mesebetsi ea li-neuronal ka har'a striatum lithutong tse haelloang ke batho ba leptin [66]. Leptin monotherapy, leha ho le joalo, ha e-ea atleha ho fokotsa takatso ea lijo le ho nona ka boima ba mmele oa batho ba batenya ho feta kamoo ba neng ba tšepile qalong, mohlomong ka lebaka la ho loants'a leptin ho atileng ka botenya [67]. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, tlatsetso ea leptin e tlase e ka ba molemo bakeng sa ho fokotsa boleng ba moputso oa lijo [68] le ho thusa ho theola boima ba 'mele.

4.2. Insulin

Insulin ke hormone ea pancreatic e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho boloka glucose homeostasis. Maemo a insulin a phahama ka mor'a lijo ho boloka glucose ea mali e hlahlojoa. Glucose e feteletseng e fetoleloa ebe e bolokoa sebeteng le mesifeng e le glycogen, hape e le mafura liseleng tsa adipose. Likarolo tsa insulin li fapana ka ho hlonepha, 'me boholo ba mafura a visceral a kopantsoe hampe le sensitivity ea insulin [69]. Ho itima lijo le ho koala insulin ka potlako ho phahame haholo ho feta ho batho ba mahlahahlaha [70]. Insulin e ka kenella ka har'a mokoallo oa mali 'me ea tlama ho li-receptor tse ka har'a mothapo o moholo oa hypothalamus ho theola takatso ea lijo [71]. Khanyetso ea insulin e bohareng e ka hlaha ho batenya, ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le ho hanyetsa ha leptin eo ho nahanoang hore e ka baka tšebeliso e phahameng ea mafura kapa nts'etsopele ea botenya [72,73]. Boithuto ba positron emission tomography (PET) bo supile ho hanyetsa ha insulin libakeng tsa "striatum" le "" 'me bo khothalelitse hore ho hanyetsa ho joalo ho ka hloka maemo a phahameng a insulin bakeng sa ho ba le moputso o lekaneng le mehopolo e mebe ea ho ja [74]. Joalo ka leptin, insulin e khona ho fetola tsela ea DA le mekhoa e amanang le ho ja. Leptin le ho hanyetsana le insulin bokong ba methapo ea DA ho ka baka tšebeliso e phahameng ea lijo tse matlafatsang joalo ka ha li bapisoa le maemo a ts'oaroang ke leptin- le insulin ho hlahisa karabelo e lekaneng ea moputso [75].

Tšebelisano lipakeng tsa litsela tse bohareng le tse poteletseng tsa lihomone li rarahane. Mohlala, ghrelin e hlohlelletsa moputso oa dopaminergic, ha leptin le insulin li thibela lipotoloho tsena. Ho feta moo, ho supa li-circuits ka bobeli ho HPLA le ARC li amohela lipontšo tsa tumellano ea maikutlo le morero mme li fetisetsa tlhahisoleseling libakeng tse ling tsa boko, ho kenyelletsa le setsi sa moputso sa midbrain dopaminergic [31].

4.3. Ghrelin

Haholo-holo e sirelitsoe ke mpa, ghrelin ke orexigenic peptide e sebetsang ho li-neuroth tsa methapo e nang le li-ghrelin receptors ho fana ka litlamorao tse matla tsa metabolic [76]. Ghrelin e eketsa phepelo ea lijo ho batho ka methapo ea kutlo le e bohareng e kenyelletsang puisano pakeng tsa mpa, HPAL, le hypophysis [77,78]. Ghrelin e bonahala e le moqapi oa ho fepa ka liphaephe tsa serum pele ho kenella ha lijo le maemo a fokotsitsoeng kamora moo [79]. Ghrelin e ka ba le tšusumetso e matla ho lekana ha matla, ha ho nahanoa hore taolo ea nako e telele ea moea o matlafatsang boemo bo phahameng [77,80]. Litekanyetso tsa Serum ghrelin li tlase ho motho ea nkoang a le motenya ho batho ba tloaelehileng ba boima ba 'mele,' me boemo ba tsona bo eketseha ka ho fokotsa ho nona haholo, ho bontša kamano e mpe le li-BMI tse phahameng.81,82]. Ghrelin e kenya tšebetsong libaka tsa boko bakeng sa likarabo tsa hedonic le tse khothatsang lithutong tsa lijo [83]. Sena se kenyelletsa ts'ebetso ea li-dopamine neurons ho VTA le keketseho ea phetoho ea dopamine ho NAc ea ventral striatum [84]. Litlamorao tse sebetsanang le moputso tseleng ea mesolimbic dopaminergic tseleng e ka ba karolo ea bohlokoa ea ts'ebetso ea orexigenic ea ghrelin [83], e tšehelitsoe ke bopaki ba hore ho thibela li-ghrelin receptors ho VTA ho fokotsa ho ja haholo [84].

4.4. Peptide YY (PYY)

PYY ke peptide e khutšoanyane, ea 36-amino acid e entsoeng ka lereng le kolone ha e arabela ho fepa. Kamora ho kenella ha lijo, PYY e tsoa liseleng tsa L tse karolong e ka thoko ea seboko. E fokotsa sekhahla sa ho sebetsa hantle ka mpeng, gallbladder le gastric, 'me ka hona e fokotse takatso ea lijo le ho hlasimoloha [85,86]. PYY e sebetsa ka methapo ea kutlo ea setho sa botšehali, NTS bokong, le mokelikeli oa anorexinergic ho hypothalamus e amanang le li-neurons tsa proopiomelanocortin (POMC) [87]. Batho ba nang le mafura a mangata ba boloka PYY e tlase ho feta batho ba sa nonneng haholo ebile ba na le serum ghrelin e tlase.88]. Kahoo, PYY e ka sebelisoa ho phekola botenya le botenya bo boholo [88,89]. Ho joalo, ho ja caloric nakong ea lijo tsa motšehare tse fuoang lihora tse peli kamora ho ts'oaroa ha PYY ho fokotsoe ke 30% lithutong tse tsofetseng (p <0.001) le 31% ho lihlooho tse otlolohileng (p <0.001) [89]. Boemo ba phokotso bo ne bo khahla haholo mohlaleng oa pele. Leha batho ba batenya ba bonts'oa ba le maemong a potoloha a PYY kamora nako, ba bonahala ba bonts'a kutloelo-bohloko ea phello ea anorectic ea PYY3-36. Ha ho tsamaisoa hammoho, botenya bo ka mpefatsa taba ea maikutlo a PYY, 'me phello ea anorectic ea PYY e ka sebetsa e le mokhoa oa phekolo bakeng sa ho nts'etsapele lithethefatsi tse khahlanong le botenya [90].

4.5. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1)

GLP-1 ke hormone ea bohlokoa e kopaneng le PYY ho tsoa liseleng tsa L-lisele tsa ka mpeng ka mor'a lijo. E bolokiloe ka mefuta e 'meli e nang le matla ka ho tšoanang, GLP-1 (7-37) le GLP-1 (7-36) [91]. GLP-1 e sebetsa haholo ho susumetsa secretion ea glucose e itšetlehileng ka glucose, ho ntlafatsa kholo ea β-cell le ho pholoha, ho thibolla glucagon le ho hatella ho ja lijo [92]. Tsamaiso ea Peripheral ea GLP-1 e fokotsa takatso ea lijo mme e eketsa botlalo ba batho ka karolo ka ho fokotsa ho fokotseha hoa mpa le ho nts'etsapele karohano ea mpeng [93]. Maemo a Plasma a GLP-1 a phahame le ka mor'a lijo ka bongata ha ho bapisoa le batho ba batenya haholo, athe ba morao-rao ba amahanngoa le ho itima lijo ka tlase ha GLP-1 le tokollo ea postprandial e fumanehang [94]. Mekhoa ea bariatric e thibelang ke mokhoa o sebetsang oa ho fokotsa botenya. Hajoale, lintlha li na le moeli mabapi le liphetoho menahanong ea GLP-1 ho bakuli ba batšo ka mor'a ho buuoa [95].

4.6. Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Cholecystokinin (CCK), e leng li-peptide tsa tlhaho tsa "peptide" tse teng ka mpeng le bokong, e thusa ho laola takatso ea lijo, boits'oaro ba ingestive, le gastric sheding ka bobeli le lits'ebetso tse bohareng. CCK e boetse e ama mekhoa ea 'mele e amanang le ho tšoenyeha, boits'oaro ba thobalano, boroko, ho hopola, le ho ruruha ka mpeng [95]. CCK e emela pokello ea lihormone tse fapantsoeng ke lipalo tsa li-amino acid tse itseng (mohlala, CCK 8 bokong, le CCK 33 le CCK 36 ka mpeng). Lihormone tsena tse fapaneng ha li bonahale li fapana haholo mesebetsing ea 'mele. CCK e hlahang ka mpeng e tsoa ka potlako ho duodenal le jejunal mucosa ha e arabela litlhoko tsa ho kenella 'meleng ka nako e ka bang 15-30 min postprandially,' me e lula e phahamisitsoe ho fihlela 5 h [96]. Ke sefutho se matla sa li-enzymes tsa pancreatic le bile tse tsoang gallbladder [63]. CCK e liehisa ho phunya le ho phahamisa mohopolo oa mala. Ha e le neuropeptide, CCK e sebelisa li-receptor ho li-neuron tse amanang le vagal, tse fetisang matšoao a satiety ho dorsomedial hypothalamus. Ketso ena e hatella orexigenic neuropeptide NPY mme e fana ka maikutlo ho fokotsa boholo ba lijo le nako ea lijo [97].

Ka bokhutšoanyane, matšoao a bokhutšoaane ba lihormone a lokollotsoeng ho tsoa ho pampitšana ea GI (ghrelin, PYY, GLP-1, le CCK), manyeme (insulin) le adipose tiske (leptin) li etsa karolo ea bohlokoa taolong ea takatso ea bohlola ea mokokotlo oa takatso ea lijo , tšebeliso ea matla, le botenya. Ha leptin le insulin li ka nkuoa e le li-taolo tsa nako e telele tsa matla a ho lekana, ghrelin, CCK, peptide YY, le GLP-1 ke methapo ea kutlo e amanang le ho qala lijo le ho emisoa ka hona ho ama takatso ea lijo le boima ba 'mele haholo. Lihormone tsena le peptides li fetola takatso ea lijo le boits'oaro ba ho ja ka ho sebetsa ho hypothalamic le brainstem nuclei mme mohlomong tseleng ea dopaminergic bohareng ba moputso oa midbrain; ba bonts'itse menyetla e le lipheo tsa kalafo bakeng sa kalafo e khahlanong le botenya.

5. Lithuto tsa Neuroimaging

Neuroimaging ke sesebelisoa se tloaelehileng sa ho etsa lipatlisiso motheong oa methapo ea takatso ea takatso ea lijo le boima ba 'mele ho batho mabapi le likarabo tsa kelello tsa cue-ikiwa le lipatlisiso tsa sebopeho [98]. Lithuto tse nang le phepo e atisang ho sebelisoa ho hlahloba phetoho lipuisanong tsa boko ho ja lijo le / kapa litheko tsa lijo, ts'ebetso ea dopamine, le ts'ebetso ea bokong bokong bo feteletseng bo amanang le batho ba holileng. Hyper- kapa hypo-activation ha e arabela khaello ea lijo kapa likhakanyo tsa lijo libakeng tse ngata tsa boko tse kenyellelitsoeng moputsong (mohlala, striatum, OFC, le insula), maikutlo le mohopolo (mohlala, AMY le hippocampus (HIPP), tsamaiso ea lehae ea lijo ho kenella (mohlala, HPAL), ts'ebetso ea sensory le motor (mohlala, insula le precyral gyrus), le taolo ea kelello le tlhokomelo (mohlala, pele le cingates cortex) li fumanoe ka obese. khahlano lithuto tse tloaelehileng tsa boima ba 'mele [98].

5.1. Ts'ebetso e sebetsang

Ka ho lekanya likarabo tsa boko ho litšoantšo tsa lijo tse nang le khalori e kholo (mohlala, li-hamburger), lijo tse nang le khalori e tlase (mohlala, meroho), lisebelisoa tse amanang le ho ja (mohlala, likhaba), le litšoantšo tse se nang lehlakore (mohlala, lipompo tsa metsi le masimo), mosebetsi oa FMRI lithuto li sibollotse tšebetso e kholo ea boko ho lijo tse nang le khalori e phahameng khahlano litšoantšo tse sa nke lehlakore ho caudate / putamen (moputso / tšusumetso), anterior insula (tatso, ho tenyetseha, le maikutlo), HIPP (memori), le parietal cortex (tlhokomelo ea sekhahla) lithutong tsa basali ba batona ba amanang le tse nyane [99]. Ntle le moo, NAC, medial and lateral OFC, AMY (maikutlo), HIPP le MPFC (tšusumetso le mosebetsi o phahameng), le ACC (ho lekola lintoa / ho lemoha phoso, tlhahlobo ea kelello, le ho ithuta ka moputso) le tsona li bonts'a ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ho arabela. litšoantšo tsa lijo tse nang le khalori e phahameng khahlano litšoantšo tse se nang lijo le / kapa litšoantšo tsa lijo tse nang le khalori e nyane [100]. Liphetho tsena li hlakisa kamano lipakeng tsa karabelo ea cortical ho lijo tse nang le botenya le ho fana ka leseli la bohlokoa ho nts'etsopele le ho boloka botenya [101].

Ts'ebetso ea kelello ea lijo tse amanang le ho se sebetse hantle ha e kenyelle feela libaka tsa moputso / khothatso, empa le lipotoloho tsa neural tse kentsoeng taolong ea inhibitory le sebakeng sa maoto. Phuputso e entsoeng ka PET e hlokometse hore ho fokotseha hoa ts'ebetso ea hypothalamic, thalamic, and limbic / paralimbic in obese (BMI ≥ 35) amanang le banna ba lean (BMI ≤ 25) [101]. Soto-Montenegro et al a. le Melega et al a. [102,103] o fuputse liphetoho phetohong ea "glucose metabolism" ea bongoana kamora ho hlohlelletsoa ka bokong (DBS) sebakeng sa lateral hypothalamic (LHA) mohlaleng oa ho tepella o sebelisang monahano oa PET-CT. Ba fumane hore boholo ba tšebeliso ea lijo nakong ea matsatsi a pele a 15 bo ne bo le tlase ho liphoofolo tse tšoaroang ke DBS ho feta ho liphoofolo tse sa susumetsoang. DBS e eketsehile metabolism 'meleng oa mammaryary, sebakeng sa subiculum hippocampal, le AMY, ha ho fokotseha ha metabolism ho tlalehiloe thalamus, caudate, cyort cortex, le cerebellum [102,104]. DBS e hlahisitse liphetoho tse kholo libakeng tsa boko tse amanang le taolo ea lijo le moputso oa boko, ka ho hlasimolla ts'ebetso e sa sebetseng ea hippocampal e bonoang ho likhoto tse tona. Phallo e nyane ea boima bo boima sehlopheng sa DBS e fana ka maikutlo a hore mokhoa ona o ka nkoa e le khetho bakeng sa kalafo ea botenya [102]. Ka bobeli PET le SPECT li sebelisitsoe ho ithuta ho hlaseloa ha boko tlas'a maemo a fapaneng [105,106,107,108,109,110,111].

Ts'ebetso e kholo ho ts'ebetso ea "ventroedial", dorsomedial, anterolateral, le dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC; taolo ea kelello) e tlalehiloe ka mor'a hore phepelo ea phepo e nepahetseng (50% ea ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea Ts'ebeliso ea Lits'ebeletso tsa metsi ka mor'a 36 h e potlakile ho PET ithuta [101], leha ho sekasekoa le ho bokella ya data e eketsehileng ho sebelisa mokhoa o fapaneng oa lijo o hanyetse liphetho tsena. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebetso ea postprandial e fokolisitsoeng ka hara dlPFC ka obese (BMI ≥ 35) khahlano ba baholo (BMI le 25) batho ba baholo ba ne ba bonoa kamehla lithutong tsena le tse ling [112]. Phuputso ea batho ba baholo e fumane khokahano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa boemo bo phahameng ba mafura a ka mpeng / BMI mme ea fokotsa ts'ebetso ea fMRI ho ikemela libakeng tsa boko tse amanang le DA, le lipakeng tsa karabelo ea moputso oa ho fufuleloa le botenya ho batho ba baholo ho fapana le batho ba baholo ba banyenyane [98]. Ho nkuoa hammoho, ts'ebetso ea dopamine e fokotsehileng e fana ka tlhaloso e le 'ngoe e hlakileng ea boima le phaello ea mafura ho batho ba baholo ba baholo [113]. Moelelo o akaretsang o tsoang lithutong tsena ke hore botenya bo hokahane khafetsa le likarabo tse sa tloaelehang ho likaroloana tsa lijo tse bonoang ho netweke e senyehileng ea libaka tsa boko tse bontšitsoeng ka moputso / khothatso le maikutlo / taolo ea memori. Ho ts'ebella batho ba batenya ho feta tekano ho ka amana le karabelo ea likarabo tse bobebe tsa homeostatic le satiety ho hypothalamus, le phokotso mesebetsing ea tseleng ea DA le karabelo e thibelang ho dlPFC [98].

Leha ho na le tsoelo-pele kutloisisong ea rona ea taolo e potolohileng ea ho ja ho feta tekano le botenya, e ntse e sa tsejoe hore na bofokoli ba methati ea taolo bo hlile bo etelletse kapa bo latela ho nona haholo kapa botena. Boithuto ba nako e telele bo fumanehang mefuteng ea phepelo ea lijo tse nang le botenya bo feteletseng (ke hore,, ho bapisa sephetho sa monahano pele, nakong, le kamora ho ntlafatsoa hoa botenya le / kapa ho latela thibelo ea khalori ka mora ho thehwa ha botenya) le ho batho ba batenya pele le ka mor'a ts'ebeliso ea bariatric, e atlehileng ho fokotsa ho fokotsa ho tlola le ho fokotsa botenya, ho ka fana ka temohisiso ea bohlokoa ho qabang. kapa kamano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa ho nona (kapa ho nona haholo) le taolo ea potoloho e sa sebetseng.

5.2. Ho Iketsa Meetso

Bopaki ba morao-rao bo bonts'a liphetoho tsa sebopeho sa boko tse amanang le kholo ea botenya [114]. Mohlala, tlhahlobo ea morphometric ea MRI e senotse khokahano lipakeng tsa boima ba 'mele bo bongata le palo e tlase ea boko ho batho [115]. Haholo-holo, BMI e phahameng e hlahisa palo e tlase ea bohlooho e theohileng ea cortex e ka pele, ho kenyeletsoa OFC, cortex e ka pele e tlase, le bohare bo ka pele, mme e amana hantle le li-volumes tsa GM tsa kapele [116,117,118] le sebaka se ka morao sa le letona se kenyelletsoeng ke parahippocampal (PHIPP), fusiform, le lingual gyri [114]. Phuputso e le 'ngoe le batho ba baholo ba 1428 e boetse e bone ho ikopanya ho seng joalo, ho banna, pakeng tsa BMI le bongata ba GM ka kakaretso, le ka li-lobes tsa moea oa nakoana tsa moea, lobipital lobes, precuneus, putamen, postcentral gyrus, midbrain, le lobe ea ka ntle ea cerebellum [116,118]. Boithuto bo arohaneng ba lithuto tsa maqheku tse tloaelehileng tse neng li le batenya haholo (77 ± 3 years), overweight (77 ± 3 years), kapa lean (76 ± 4 lilemo) e tlaleha palo e theotsoeng ho thalamus (maikutlo a morao-rao le tsamaiso ea makoloi), HIPP, ACC, le kotloloho ea pele [119]. Liphetoho tsena tse tlalehiloeng ka bokong li ne li ipapisitse le lintlha tsa likarolo tse kholo ho batho ba baholo, empa ho ntse ho sa hlake hore na liphetoho li tla pele kapa li latela botena. Le ha ho le joalo, phokotso ea bophahamo libakeng tse amanang le moputso le taolo e ka ba lebaka la ts'ebetso e sa sebetseng e amanang le botenya mme e ka thusa ho hlalosa ho tsitsa ho feteletseng hoa botenya. Phokotso ea lirafshoa meahong e kang HIPP ka karolo ea maemo a tlase a 'dementia [120,121] le ho fokotseha hoa kelello [122] bathong ba batenya haholo. Boroko apnea [123], secretion e eketsehileng ea lihormone tsa adipocyte tse kang leptin [124], kapa ho lokolloa hoa lintho tse bakang tšoaetso ka lebaka la tšebeliso e phahameng ea mafura e kanna ea ba maemo a mmele a arohanyang liphetoho tsa bokong [125]. Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore mehopolo ea ho ja lijo tse itseng e ka ba bohlokoa haholo taolong ea ho fepa [98,126]. Purnell et al a. [127] e fumane hore hyperphagia le botenya li ka amana le ho senyeha ha hypothalamus bathong. Ho joalo, mokuli oa mosali thutong ena ea nang le brainstem cavernoma e ileng ea senya methapo ea methapo e ile ea ba le ts'oaetso e potlakileng ea hyperphagia le boima ba boima ba kilo ea 50 ka nako e ka tlase ho selemo kamora ho kenella ka drainage ka midline suboccipital craniotomy. Ho nahana ka mokhoa o thata ho ile ha senola ho lahleheloa ke khokahano ea methapo ea methapo pakeng tsa hae methapo ea kutlo, hypothalamus le litsi tsa bokong bo phahameng empa ho bolokoa liperela. Karlsson et al a. [128] o ithutile lithuto tsa 23 tsa boitšoaro bo feteletseng tsa 22 ka boithaopo ba 1 ba sa sebetseng ka ho sebelisa tlhahlobo e thehiloeng ho voxel imaging ea infusion tensor imaging le litšoantšo tsa MX tse boima ba TXNUMX. Ts'ebetso ea 'mapolara ea lipalo-palo e akaretsang ea lipalo-palo e ile ea sebelisoa ho bapisa maemo a anisotropy (FA) mme a bolela boleng bo fapaneng (MD) hammoho le bohloeki (GM) le bohloeki ba litaba tse tšoeu (WM) lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena [128]. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore lithuto tse feteletseng li ne li na le boleng bo tlase ba FA le MD mme li shebile tlase le li-GM le WM tsa lefatše ho feta lithuto tse laoloang. Liphetoho tsa mantlha tsa sebopeho li ile tsa bonoa libakeng tsa bokong tse laolang ho batla moputso, taolo ea thibelo le takatso ea lijo. Tlhahlobo ea khatello e bontšitse hore boleng ba FA le MD hammoho le letsoalo la GM le WM li ne li sa tsamaellane hantle le liperesente tsa mafura a mmele. Ho feta moo, bophahamo ba mafura a ka mpeng a makhopho a ne a amana hampe le letsoalo la GM libakeng tse ngata [128].

6. Li-Circuits tsa Brain Tse amanang le Botenya

Lithuto tsa ho nahana ka Brain li fane ka bopaki bo bongata ba ho se lekane lipakeng tsa li-circuits tsa neural tse susumetsang boitšoaro (ka lebaka la ho kenya letsoho ha bona moputsong le maemong) le lipotoloho tse laolang le ho thibela likarabo tsa pele maemong a boima. Moetso o thehiloeng ho neurocircuitry bakeng sa botena o thehiloe ho latela liphetho tsa ho ithuta [129]. Moetso o kenyelletsa mekotla e mene e mene e tsebahalang: (i) meputso-sesapo; (ii) sepheo sa ho susumetsa; (iii) mohopolo oa ho ithuta; le (iv) potoloho e laoloang ke lithibelo [130] (Setšoantšo sa 1). Ho batho ba tlokotsing, tšebeliso ea lijo tse matlafatsoang ka bongata li ka baka tšebelisano e tloaelehileng lipakeng tsa lipotoloho tsena, tsa fella ka boleng bo matlafatsang ba lijo le ho fokolisa taolo ea thibelo. Ho pepesehela nako e telele lijong tse phahameng tsa khalori ho ka fetola boemo ba thuto ka kotloloho, ka hona, ho khutlisa menyetla ea meputso ho batho ba kotsing. Liphetoho tsa mantlha li-network tsa cortical top-down tse laolang likarabo tse tlisoang pele li lebisa ho se ts'oaroe le takatso e matla ea lijo.

Setšoantšo sa 1 

Li-circuits tsa boko tse amanang le botenya. Li-circuits li kenyelletsa matla a ho susumetsa (mohlala, OFC), taolo ea moputso (mohlala, DLPFC, ACC, le VMPFC) le memori ea ho ithuta (mohlala, AMY, HIPP, le Putamen) . Mehala ea matheba a Grey e emela ...

6.1. Reward-Saliency Circuit

Batho ba bangata ba batenya ho feta tekano ba bonts'a phallo e kholo ea meputso, e khothalletsang ho ikoetlisa ka matla hore ba fuoe moputso o lekaneng [58,63]. Ts'ebeliso ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo e kenya tšebetsong likarolong tse ngata tsa boko tse arabelang phepelong ea lijo le ho kenyetsa lijo tse amanang le lijo tse kang boea ba matsoele, insula, dorsal striatum, cingulate ea subcallosal, le PFC. Ho pepesehela lijo tse fumanehang habonolo ho fokotseha ho ba le satiety le monate oa lijo [92,131]. Dopamine ke neurotransmitter e bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea moputso, khothatso le ts'ebetso e ntle ea boitšoaro [31,61], hape e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa potolohong ea meputso. Morero oa tšebetso oa DA oa mesolimbic ho tloha sebakeng sa ventral tegmental (VTA) ho ea ts'ebetsong ea li-encc tsa NAc bakeng sa ho fepa [132,133]. Ho lokolloa ha DA ka dorsal striatum ho ka ama ho kenella ka kotloloho ea lijo, le boholo ba tokollo e lumellana le litekanyo tsa monate oa lijo [99]. Volkow et al a. [129] e amohetse PET le mokhoa o mongata oa ho ts'oara mokhoa oa ho hlahloba lits'ebetso tsa DA maemong a phetseng hantle, lithutong tse nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, le batho ba boitšoaro bo hlephileng, ho bonts'a hore litheko le botenya li amanang le ho fokotseha ha dopamine 2 (D2). . Tloaelo ea ho ja nakong ea maikutlo a mabe e ne e tsamaellana hampe le ho fumaneha ha D2 receptor ka har'a striatum lithutong tse tloaelehileng tsa boima ba 'mele - litheko tse tlase tsa D2, li na le menyetla e fetang eo sehlooho se ka e jang haeba maikutlo a sithabetse [134]. Phuputsong e 'ngoe, tsamaiso ea agonist ea DA e ile ea eketsa boholo ba karolo ea lijo le bolelele ba phepo, ha litlatsetso tsa nako e telele tsa DA li matlafatsa mmele le boits'oaro ba ho fepa [135]. Lihlooho tsa bootsoa ba Morbidly li bontšitse boemo bo phahameng ba metabolism ea mantlha ho feta bo tloaelehileng ho cortex ea somatosensory [136]. Sebaka sena sa boko ke sona se susumetsang ts'ebetso ea DA ka kotloloho.137,138,139]. Li-receptor tsa D2 li na le mesebetsi ea bohlokoa ho batleng moputso, ho bolela esale pele, tebello, le ho fepa ho amanang le tšusumetso le boits'oaro bo bobebe [140]. Bahanyetsi ba li-receptor ba D2 ba thibela boits'oaro bo batlang lijo bo its'etelletsang ho lijo tse monate ka botsona kapa ho matlafatsoa hoa tebello ea sepheo se lebelletsoeng sa moputso [141]. Ho latela Stice et al a. [35] batho ka bomong ba ka ba le takatso e matla ea ho lefella ts'ebetso ea hypofunctioning dorsal striatum, haholo ba nang le liphatsa tsa lefutso (TaqIA A1 allele) eo ho nahanoang hore e fumana sesupo sa dopamine sebakeng sena. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, tšekamelo ea ho ja ho feta ho batho ba tloaelehileng ba boima bo nang le maikutlo a fosahetseng e fumanoe e amana hantle le maemo a D2 receptor [134]. Wang [142] le Haltia [143] o fumane hore li-receptor tse tlase tsa D2 li hokahane le BMI e phahameng ka ho feteletseng haholo (BMI> 40) le lithuto tsa batho ba batenya haholo. Liphuputso tsena li tsamaellana le mohopolo oa hore ts'ebetso ea D2 receptor e fokotsang phepelo le kotsi ea botenya [144]. Guo et al a. [145] e fumane hore botenya le ho ja ka mokhoa o nang le monyetla li ne li tsamaisana hantle le D2-like receptor binding mohlomong (D2BP) dorsal and lateral striatum, libaka tse tlasa ts'ehetso ea tloaelo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, kamano e mpe pakeng tsa botenya le D2BP e ile ea bonoa ho "ventromedial striatum", sebaka se tšehetsang moputso le khothatso [145].

6.2. Potoloho ea Ts'usumetso

Libaka tse 'maloa tsa cortex ea pele, ho kenyeletsoa OFC le CG, li kentsoe ts'usumetso ea ts'ebeliso ea lijo [146]. Ts'ebetso e mpe libakeng tsena e ka ntlafatsa mekhoa ea ho ja e itšetlehileng ka kutloisiso ea moputso le / kapa litloaelo tse thehiloeng tsa taba. Batho ba mafolofolo ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea libaka tse tlang pele pele ba beoa lijo [101]. Ntle le moo, li boetse li arabela khalemelong ea lijo ka ts'ebetso ea cortex ea medial e tlang pele le litakatso [49]. Sucrose e boetse e natefeloa ke OFC, e leng sebaka se ikarabellang bakeng sa "ho fumana" boleng ba moputso oa lijo kapa tse ling tse khothatsang haholo ho bakuli ba batenya ho feta ha ba bapisoa le taolo e tlase. Ho hloleha ha sebopeho sa OFC, mohlomong ho ama ts'ebetso ea moputso le mekhoa ea ho itaola, ho ka bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho ho ja ho tlontlolloang ke ho ja le bulimia manthaosa [147]. Ha ho makatse hore ebe batho ba tloaetseng ho ja ba ka 'na ba arolelana tloaelo e tloaelehileng ea potoloho ea tlhaho le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi. Mohlala, Volkow et al a. [148] fana ka tlhahiso ea hore ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi kapa tšusumetso e amanang le lithethefatsi mmuso o tlosoang ho boetse ho etsa hore OFC e be le sephetho sa tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi. Sephetho se ts'oanang mabapi le OFC se bontšitsoe thutong e arohaneng. Bopaki bo bong bo totobatsa tšusumetso ea OFC likhatellong tse qobelloang [149]. Mohlala, tšenyo ea OFC e lebisa ho khothalletsong ea boitšoaro ho fumana moputso leha o se o sa matlafatse [149]. Sena se lumellana le litlaleho tsa ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ba reng hang ha ba qala ho sebelisa moriana ba ke ke ba emisa, leha sethethefatsi se se se sa khahlise [98].

6.3. Potoloho ea ho Ithuta

Sebaka, motho, kapa cuece se ka tsosa mehopolo ea lithethefatsi kapa lijo mme sa ama ka matla boits'oaro bo lemaletseng, bo hatisang bohlokoa ba ho ithuta le ho hopola ka temallo. Ho hopola lintho ho ka etsa hore motho a be le takatso e matla ea lithethefatsi kapa lijo (takatso ea hae) 'me khafetsa li ka baka ho khutla hape. Ho kentsoe mekhoa e mengata ea ho hopola lintho tse ngata lithethefatsong tsa lithethefatsi kapa lijo, ho kenyelletsoa le maemo a ho ithuta a khothaletso (a arotsoe ke karolo ea NAc le AMY), ho ithuta ka tloaelo (ho arolelanoang ka karolo ke caudate le putamen), le memori e kenyang (e kopantsoeng le karolo the HIPP) [150]. Boithuto bo khothatsang ba ho ithuta ka ho hlohlelletsa ho se nke lehlakore kapa ho susumetsa ho fetelletseng ka ho nona ho hlahisa thepa e matlafatsang le sesosa sa ho khothaletsa leha ho se na lijo. Ka ho ithuta ka tloaelo, tatellano ea boitšoaro e ithutoang hantle e ithutoa ka bo eona ka lebaka la ts'usumetso e loketseng. Memori e hlasimollang e mabapi le ho ithuta ea linaha tse anngoeng kamanong le ho ja lijo [149]. Liphuputso tse ngata tsa PET, fMRI, le MRI li fuputse likarabo tsa boko ho kenyelletsong ea lijo le likhakanyo tsa lijo mabapi le ts'ebetso ea dopamine le bophahamo ba modumo bokong khahlano Batho ba batso ka ho fetesisa le ho khetholla ho se sebetse hantle maikutlong le mehopolong ea ho hopola (mohlala, AMY le HIPP) [98]. Mohlala, ho supa ho satiety ho tsoang libakeng tsa homeostatic ho holofetse (mohlala, ho lieha ho araba ka fMRI inhibition in the hypothalamus) ha matšoao a tlala a tsoang libakeng tsa maikutlo / memori le libaka tsa sensory / motor (mohlala, ts'ebetso e kholo ho AMY, HIPP, insula, le precentral gyrus ha ho arabela mekhoa ea lijo) li phahamisoa ho batho ba batenya haholo [98]. Ts'ebetso ea Hippocampal e kentsoe mohopolong oa lijo kapa litlamorao tse monate tsa ho ja ho batho le litoeba. Haeba ts'ebetso ena e khathatsehile, ho khutlisetsa mehopolo le mekhoa ea tikoloho ho ka tsosa likarabo tse matla tsa takatso ea lijo ho bohlokoa ho fumana le ho ja lijo [151]. Boemong ba tahi bo amanang le lithethefatsi, li-circuits tsa memori li beha litebello tsa litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi kahoo li ama katleho ea tahi ea lithethefatsi. Ts'ebetso ea libaka tsa boko tse amanang le memori e bontšitsoe nakong ea tahi ea lithethefatsi [152,153] le ho lakatsa ho susumetsoa ke tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, video kapa ho hopola [154,155,156]. Ho ithuta ka mekhoa e meng ho kenyelletsa dorsal striatum le ho lokolloa ha DA sebakeng sena [157]. Basebelisi ba lithethefatsi ba fokotsehile polelo ea D2 receptor mme ba fokotse ho lokolloa ha DA ho dorsal striatum nakong ea ho tlohela [149]. Ho liphoofolo, ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi ka nako e telele ho etsa hore phetoho ea dorsal striatum e phehelle haholo ho feta ho NAc, e fetoletsoeng e le tsoelo-pele e tsoelang pele ho kena naheng ea lithethefatsi [158].

6.4. Potoloho ea Ts'ireletso

Sistimi e laoloang bokong e kenyelletsa marang-rang a likarolo tsa bokapele bo kentsoeng taolong e kholo, boits'oarong bo tataisoang ke sepheo, le tšibollo ea karabelo [159]. DlPFC le infrans ea frontal gyrus (IFG) ke likarolo tsa sistimi e sebetsang haholo nakong eo motho a lekang ka tieo ho fetola takatso ea hae ea ho ja lijo tse bobebe empa e le tsa nnete tse se nang phepo [160]. Mesebetsi e joalo ea dlPFC le IFG e sebetsa ho thibela takatso ea ho ja lijo, joalo ka ha ho bonahatsoa ke ts'ebetso e kholo ea cortical libakeng tseo li tsamaellanang le boitšoaro bo betere ha ho khethoa lipakeng tsa lijo tse phetseng hantle le tse seng hantle [161]. Batho ba batenya ba nang le PWS, bothata ba liphatsa tsa lefutso bo tsebahalang ka hyperphagia e matla, ba bonts'a tšebetso e fokotsehileng lijong tsa kamoso tsa dlPFC ha li bapisoa le batho ba batenya ba senang bokuli [162]. Ka kopanelo, taolo ea thibelo ea tšebeliso ea lijo ka kotloloho e bonahala e itšetleha ka bokhoni ba lits'ebetso tsa taolo tse tlase tsa bokong ho lekola boleng bo holimo ba lijo. Phapang e le 'ngoe taolong ea ho ja lijo e ka bakoa ke liphapang tsa dlPFC le / kapa khokahano le likarolo tsa boleng ba kelello [161]. Ho joalo, leha lithuto tse batenya li bonts'itse karabelo e fokotsehileng ea thibelo ho dlPFC [98], batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi le bona ba bonts'itse litlolo ho PFC, ho kenyelletsa le CG e kantle ho [163]. PFC e bapala karolo ea ho etsa liqeto le taolong ea lithibelo [164]. Ho ferekana ha PFC ho ka lebisa liqetong tse sa lekaneng tse fanang ka likarabelo tsa hang-hang mabapi le likarabo tse liehang empa tse khotsofatsang. E ka boela ea kenya letsoho taolong e mpe ea tahi ea lithethefatsi leha e le takatso ea motho ea lemaletseng ho hana ho sebelisa sethethefatsi [163]. Kahoo, bofokoli mekhoeng ea ho itlhahloba le ho etsa liqeto tšebelisong ea lithethefatsi [165,166] li amahanngoa le mesebetsi e sitisitsoeng pele. Ho ts'ehetsa maikutlo ana, lithuto tsa pele ho tsebiso li ile tsa senola keketseho e kholo ea lekala la dendritic le letsoalo la methapo ea methapo ho PFC kamora ho latela taolo e sa fetoheng ea koae kapa amphetamine [167]. Liphetoho tsa khokahano ea synaptic li ka fella ka ho etsa liqeto tse fosahetseng, kahlolo le taolo ea kelello litabeng tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi. Phetoho ea mofuta ona ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso ea pele e hlile e bonoe nakong ea mosebetsi oa ho hopola batho ba tsubang ha o bapisoa le ba tsubang [168]. Mabapi le sena, Goldstein et al a. [163] pele ho ne ho khothaletsoa hore pherekano ea PFC e ka baka tahlehelo ea boits'oaro bo itlhommeng pele / boits'oara molemong oa boits'oaro bo itlhommeng pele ba maikutlo. Haholo-holo, ho tahoa ha lithethefatsi ho ka eketsa boitšoaro bo tšoenyang ka lebaka la tahlehelo ea taolo e thibelang e ka pele ho cortex e fetisang AMY [169]. Disinhibition ea taolo e tlase-tlase e lokolla boits'oaro bo bolokiloeng ka tlase ho shebella haufi le ho etsisa karabelo e kang khatello ea maikutlo moo taolo e phahamisoang 'me boitšoaro bo tsamaeang le bo susumetsang bo khothalletsoa [163].

7. Ho kenella ka kalafo

Mekhoa e mengata ea bongaka le ea ho buoa e teng ho phekola botenya ntle le tloaelo ea ho ja, boikoetliso le liphetoho tse ling tsa boitšoaro. Lithethefatsi tsa ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele li ka sebetsa ka ho thibela ho kenngoa ha mafura kapa ho hatella takatso ea lijo. Mekhoa e meng ea ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele e kang Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) e fetola tšebelisano' moho le bohloeki ba 'mele. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), ho kenngoa ha motho ea phetseng hantle 'meleng ho kenella pampiring ea (gI) ea motho e mong, ha e sebelisoe ka katleho eseng feela ho fokotsa khafetsa. Clostridium difficile tshwaetso, empa le bakeng sa mafu a amanang le GI le a amanang le GI a kang botenya.

7.1. Litšebelisano tsa Lijo le Bophelo

Ho kena lipakeng tsa lijo le mokhoa oa bophelo tse reretsoeng ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea matla le ho eketsa litšenyehelo tsa matla ka lenaneo la phepo e nepahetseng le boikoetliso ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea mananeo ohle a taolo ea boima ba 'mele [170]. Lijo li thehiloe ho metheo ea metabolism mme li sebetsa ka ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea likhalori (matla) ho theha matla a fosahetseng (ke hore,, ho sebelisoa matla a mangata ho feta a sebelisoang). Mananeo a lijo a ka hlahisa boima ba 'mele ka nako e khuts'oanyane [171,172], empa ho boloka mokhoa ona oa ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele ho ba thata khafetsa' me hangata ho hloka ho ikoetlisa le ho ja lijo tse fanang ka matla a fokolang e le karolo ea bophelo ba motho [173]. Ho ikoetlisa ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea lenaneo la taolo ea boima ba 'mele, haholo-holo bakeng sa ho boloka boima ba' mele. Ka tšebeliso, mesifa e sebelisa matla a tsoang mafura le glycogen. Ka lebaka la boholo bo boholo ba mesifa ea maoto, ho tsamaea, ho matha, le ho palama baesekele ke mekhoa e sebetsang haholo ea ho ikoetlisa bakeng sa ho fokotsa mafura a 'mele [174]. Ho ikoetlisa ho ama ho leka-lekana ha macronutrient. Nakong ea boikoetliso bo itekanetseng, bo lekanang le ho tsamaea ka maoto, ho fetoha le mafura a mangata bakeng sa tšebeliso ea mafura [175,176]. American Heart Association e khothalletsa bonyane 30 min ea boikoetliso bo itekanetseng bonyane matsatsi a mahlano ka beke bakeng sa ho boloka bophelo bo botle [177]. Joalo ka kalafo ea lijo, lingaka tse ngata ha li na nako kapa tsebo ea ho eletsa bakuli lenaneong la boikoetliso le reretsoeng litlhoko tsa motho ka mong. Cochrane Collaboration e fumane hore boikoetliso bo le bong bo lebisa ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele. Ho kopantsoe le lijo, leha ho le joalo, ho felletse ka tahlehelo ea boima ba kilogeramo ea 1 ka lebaka la ho ja o le mong. Ho lahleheloa ke kilogram ea 1.5 (3.3 lb) ho ile ha bonoa ka tekanyo e kholo ea boikoetliso [178,179]. Litefiso tsa katleho ea ho boloka boima ba nako e telele bo nang le liphetoho tsa mokhoa oa bophelo li tlase, ho tloha ho 2% ho 20% [180]. Liphetoho tsa phepelo ea lijo le mokhoa oa bophelo li sebetsa hantle ho thibela ho nona ho feta tekano moimaneng le ho ntlafatsa sephetho sa 'm'a le ngoana [181]. Lits'oaetso tsa bophelo e lula e le motheo oa kalafo ea botena, empa ho latela kalafo ha ho bonolo ebile ho atleha ka nako e telele ka lebaka la litšitiso tse bohlokoa ho batho ba amehang le litsebi tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo ikarabellang kalafong.

7.2. Ho fokotsa boima ba lithethefatsi

Ho fihla joale, lithethefatsi tse 'ne tsa ho theola boima ba' mele li amohetsoe ke Mokhatlo oa US oa Lijo le Lithethefatsi: Fenmia, Contrave, Qsymia le Lorcaserin [4]. Meriana ena e arotsoe ka mefuta e 'meli. Xenical ke eona feela ntho e thibelang mafura. Xenical e sebetsa e le lipase inhibitor, e fokotsang ho monya ha mafura a tsoang lijong tsa motho ka 30%. E etselitsoe hore e sebelisoe hammoho hammoho le lengolo la tlhokomelo ea tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle ba mofani oa kalafo ea caloric [182].

Mofuta o mong o kenyelletsang meriana e meng e meraro, o sebetsa ho CNS joalo ka "khatello ea takatso ea lijo." Motsoako o sa tsoa lumelloa (ho 2012) Lorcaserin, mohlala, ke molek'hule o monyane oa molek'hule oa 5HT2C receptor. E ne e nts'etsitsoe ho ipapisitse le thepa ea anorexigenic ea receptor ho nka taolo ea boima ba 'mele [183]. Ho kenngwa tshebetsong ha 5HT2C receptors ho hypothalamus ho hlohlelletsa tlhahiso ea pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) le ho khothaletsa satiety. Agonist ea 5-HT2C e laola boitšoaro ba takatso ea lijo ka tsamaiso ea serotonin [54]. Ts'ebeliso ea Lorcaserin e amana le ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele haholo le taolo e ntlafalitsoeng ea glycemic ho bakuli ba nang le mofuta oa lefu la tsoekere la 2 [mellitus [183]. Meriana e meng e 'meli, Contrave le Quexa, e lebisa ho tsamaiso ea moputso oa DA. Contrave ke motsoako oa lithethefatsi tse peli tse amoheloang — bupropion le naltrexone. Motsoako o mong le o mong o baka ho theola boima ba 'mele ka mokhoa o itekanetseng, ha motsoako ona o le matla [184]. Qsymia (Quexa) e na le litlhare tse peli tse fanoang ke ngaka, phentermine le topiramate. Phentermine e sebelisitsoe ka nepo lilemo tse ngata ho fokotsa botenya. Topiramate e sebelisitsoe e le mohanyetsi oa bakuli ba nang le lefu la sethoathoa, empa a theola boima ba 'mele bathong e le phello e kotsi ea kotsi [54]. Qsymia e hatella takatso ea lijo ka ho etsa hore batho ba ikutloe ba khotsofetse. Thepa ena e thusa bakuli ba batenya haholo hobane e thibela ho nona haholo le ho khothaletsa ho latela moralo o nepahetseng oa ho ja.

7.3. Opereishene ea Bariatric

Bakuli ba bang ba batenya ho feta tekano ba ka una molemo litlamong tsa ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele ka katleho e fokolang, empa hangata ba na le litlamorao. Opereishene ea Bariatric (gastric banding (AGB), gouric-en Y gastric bypass (RYGB), kapa laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) [185] e emela mofuta o le mong oa hona joale oa kalafo bakeng sa botenya bo feteletseng ka katleho e tiisitsoeng ea nako e telele [186]. Opereishene ea Bariatric e fetola nalane ea li-gut le ts'ebetso ea methapo. Ho utloisisa mekhoa e tlisoang ke phetoho ea methapo ea kutlo le neuroendocrine le ts'ebetso ea bongaka ho tla ntšetsa pele nts'etsopele ea mehato e sa sebetseng ea kalafo ho phekola botenya le li-comorbidities tse amanang, tseo e ka bang mokhoa o mong o sebetsang bakeng sa batho ba batenya ba sa tsebeng ho fihlella kapa ba sa tšoaneleheng ho buuoa. RYGB ke mokhoa oa bariatric o etsisoang khafetsa, o fanang ka boima ba 'mele bo matlafatsang molemong oa ho latela nako e telele [187]. Leha ho le joalo, mekhoa ea ts'ebetso ho RYGB e bakang ho theola boima ba 'mele ha e utloisisoe hantle. Karolo e kholo ea phokotseho e bakiloeng ke ho kenella ha caloric ha e ngolisoe ke lits'ebetso tse thibelang le tse mpe 'me ho nahanoa hore e tsamaisana le ts'ebetso ea neuroendocrine [188]. RYGB ho nahanoa hore e baka liphetoho tse kholo le tse ts'oanang ka nako e le 'ngoe lipompong tsa ka mpeng [95,189], ts'ebetso ea boko [95,190], takatso ea ho ja [190], le likhetho tsa tatso. Mohlala, ho fokotsa lits'ebeletso morao-rao ho ghrelin le pejana le ho phahamisa maemo a phahameng a PYY le GLP-1 ho ka fokotsa tlala le ho khothaletsa ho satiety [191]. Ho amana le liphetoho liphoofolong tsa masapo a makhopho, ho tsejoa hanyane ka liphetoho mabapi le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko ho latela lits'ebetso tsa bariatric. Patlisiso ea ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele e sa sebetseng e tšehetsa keketseho ea ts'ebetso e amanang le moputso / phetoho ea hedonic ho araba likhaello tsa takatso ea lijo [95], e thusang ho hlakola boima ba 'mele hape ho li-jares. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho ba sieo ha keketseho ea takatso ea ho ja ho latela RYGB, leha e le ho pepesehela mekhoa e metle ea lijo, e makatsa, ebile e lumellana le liphetoho tsa kemiso ho karabelo ea neural litloaelong tsa lijo. Ochner et al a. [188] o sebelisitse litekanyo tsa tekanyetso ea fMRI le ea molomo ho lekola ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko le takatso ea ho ja ka karabelo ho lijo tse phahameng le tse tlase tsa khalori ho bakuli ba basali ba 10, khoeling e le 'ngoe pele le ho buuoa ka mor'a RYGB. Liphetho li bonts'itse phokotso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko libakeng tsa bohlokoa kahare ho tsela ea moputso oa mesolimbic [188]. Ho boetse ho bile le phokotso e kholo ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea conjoint (visual + auditory) ea ts'ebetso ea kelello eohle ho arabela lijo tse nang le caloric e ngata ho fapana le ho araba lijo tse nang le caloric e tlase, haholo-holo libakeng tsa corticolimbic kahare ho tsela ea mesolimbic ho kenyelletsa VTA, ventral striatum. , putamen, posterior cingulate, le dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) [188]. Sena se fapane le likarabo tse phahameng tsa lijo mabapi le litaba tse phahameng tsa khalori libakeng tse kang cingrate gyrus, thalamus, lentiform nucleus le caudate, ACC, gial ea pele, gyrus e ka pele, le gyrus e bohareng bo ka pele.188]. Liphetoho tsena li bontsitse phokotso ea nako le nako ea takatso ea lijo, tse neng li le matla haholo ka lebaka la mekhoa ea lijo e neng e le letsoalo le phahameng haholo (p = 0.007). Liketsahalo tsena tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea RYGB li fana ka mokhoa o ka fokotsang khetho ea ho khetha lijo tse nang le khalori e ngata, 'me li fana ka maikutlo a ho ba le phetoho e lekanang ea phetoho ea ts'ebetsong ea caloric kamora ho buuoa [185,188]. Liphetoho tsena e ka ba karolo e amanang ka kotloloho le maikutlo a fetotsoeng a moputso [192]. Halmi et al a. [193o lemohile ho fokotseha ho hoholo hoa lipalo-palo tsa batho ba jang nama e nang le mafura a mangata le lik'halori tse phahameng tsa khalori likhoeling tse tšeletseng ka mor'a ho feta ka mpeng. Bakuli ba fumane lijo tsena li se li se monate. Bakuli ba bang ba fetang moo ba bile ba qoba lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata [194], ha ba bang ba ile ba felloa ke thahasello ho lipompong kapa lisakerete kamora ho buuoa [195,196,197,198]. Ho fokotseha ha menyako ea tatso bakeng sa lijo, joalo ka tlhokomeliso e hlakileng ea monate kapa ho baba, ho tlalehiloe ka mor'a ho buuoa ka bariatric [192,199]. Ho feta moo, matšoao a fetotsoeng a dopamine a boko a ile a fumanoa ka mor'a ho buuoa ka bariatric. Le ha li-receptor tsa D2 li fokotsoe ka har'a caudate, putamen, ventral thalamus, HPAL, substantianigra, medial HPAL, le AMY kamora hore RYGB le sesepa sa gastrectomy, keketseho ea li-receptors tsa D2 e ne e lekane ho boima bo lahlehileng [131,200,201]. Phapang pakeng tsa liphetho e ka ba ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha maemo a comorbid a ka fetolang dopamine sign [192]. Ka kakaretso, ts'ebetso ea bongaka ea bariatric, haholo-holo ts'ebetso ea RYGB, hajoale ke kalafo e sebetsang ka ho fetisisa ea nako e telele bakeng sa botenya le li-comorbidities tse amanang le eona. Ho tla etsoa lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng ho hlahloba hore na makhopho a hae a joang-boko axis e buisana le litlamorao tse tsotehang taolong ea boitšoaro bo thehiloeng ho moputso [202].

7.4. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation

Bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha bo supa ts'ebetso e hlakileng ea sebakanyana sa microbiota ho taolo ea matla le ho boloka boima ba liphoofolo le liphoofolo. Ts'ebetso e joalo e susumetsa nts'etsopele le nts'etsopele ea botenya le mafu a mang a metabolic ho kenyeletsa lefu la tsoekere la 2. Ho laola likokoana-hloko tsa ka mpeng ho emela mokhoa o mocha oa ho phekola botena ho fetisa le mekhoa ea ho ja le ho ikoetlisa.203]. Mokhoa o mocha oa ho kenella, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), o sa tsoa hlahisoa kalafong ea bongaka bakeng sa botenya [204]. Maguru a microbiotas a kentse limatlafatsi tse tsoang limmeng tse nang le matla a mangata hore a sebelisoe ke moeti le limela tse fumanehang [203,204] le ho ikamahanya le phepo e nepahetseng ho latela phepelo ea phepo. Kamora ho bapisa lits'oants'o tsa "distal gut micobiota" tsa litoeba tsa botona le tse ling tse sa sebetseng hantle, le tsa batho ba batenya le baithaopi ba fokolang, ho ile ha fumaneha hore botenya bo fapana le bongata bo bongata ba likarohano tse peli tse kholo tsa baktheria, Bacteroidetes le Firmicutes. Bohlahlobi ba ka bobeli ba metagenomic le biochemical li fana ka kutloisiso ea tšusumetso ea libaktheria tsena ka matla a metabolic a gut micobiota ea mouse. Ka ho khetheha, kokoana-hloko e nang le onion e ngata e na le matla a ho bokella matla lijong. Ntle le moo, tšobotsi eo e khona ho fetoloa: colonization ea litoeba tse se nang kokoana-hloko e nang le "obese microbiota" e baka boima ba mafura a mmele ho feta colonization e nang le "lean microbiota". Liphumano tsena li thathamisa "gut micobiota" e le karolo ea bohlokoa e tlatsetsang ho pathophysiology ea botenya [203,205]. Ho joalo, liphuputso tse fapaneng li tlalehile keketseho ea 60% ea mafura a 'mele, ho hanyetsa insulin, le phetiso e akaretsang ea monko o phahameng oa monokotšoai o tsoang ka mor'a ho hlahisoa ha litoeba tse tsoang ka popelong ho ea litoeba tse se nang tšoaetso [206]. Boitsebiso mabapi le sena bo fumanehile ho batho ho fihlela joale. Teko e le 'ngoe e sa boneng mahlo ka bobeli, e laoloang ke banna ba 18 ba nang le metabolic syndrome ho ea ho FMT. Ba ne ba fuoe likhoele tsa bona kapa mantle a fanoeng ke banna ba batenya [207]. Banna ba robong ba amohetseng boemo bo tlase ho tsoa ho bafani ba litšepe ba ntlafalitse haholo litekanyo tsa triglyceride le ho ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea "insulin" ha ba bapisoa le ba ileng ba kenngoa ka setulo sa bona (placebo) [207].

8. Liphello

Tsoelo-pele e ngata e se e entsoe lilemong tsa morao tjena ho fihlela kutloisiso ea botenya ho tsoa menahanong ea lefu la seoa, ho lemalla lijo, taolo ea methapo ea kutlo le tsamaiso ea methapo ea methapo, taolo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo, le phallo ea kalafo. Ho nona ho tlōla tekano ea lijo tse nang le letsoai le lengata ke ntho e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa e bakang botenya, e ka bakang ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Ho nona haholo ho ka hlaha ka lebaka la ho se sebetse hantle ha methapo ea mokokotlo le lihormone tsa neuroendocrine tse amanang le ho ja ho feta tekano, ho se sebetse hantle 'meleng le maemo a mang a pathophysiological. Mekhoa e mecha ea phekolo e se e fumaneha bakeng sa ho laola botenya ntle le protocol e tloaelehileng ea lijo le / kapa boikoetliso. Tsena li kenyelletsa lithethefatsi tse thibelang botenya, mekhoa e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso ea bongaka ea bariatric, le FMT. Leha ho bile le tsoelo-pele e kholo, botenya bo lula e le phephetso e hatellang ea bophelo bo botle ba sechaba le li-warrant tse potlakileng le tse sa tsitsinyeheng tsa liteko tsa ho etsa leseli ho hlahisa leseli le sa foleng la methapo.

lumela hore baa fokola

Mosebetsi ona o tšehelitsoe ke National Natural Science Foundation ea China tlasa Grant Nos. 81470816, 81271549, 61431013, 61131003, 81120108005, 31270812; Morero oa Lenaneo la Naha la Lipatlisiso le Nts'etsopele ea Naha (973) tlasa Grant No. 2011CB707700; le Lichelete tsa Patlisiso tsa mantlha tsa liunivesithi tsa Bohareng.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

Yijun Liu, Mark S. Gold, le Yi Zhang (Univesithi ea Xidian) ba ne ba ikarabella molemong oa thuto le moralo. Gang Ji le Yongzhan Nie ba kentse letsoho ho fumana datha tsa ho nahana. Jianliang Yao, Jing Wang, Guansheng Zhang, le Long Qian ba thusitsoe ke tlhaiso-leseling ea data le ho toloka lintho tse fumanoeng. Yi Zhang le Ju Liu (Univesithi ea Xdia) ba ile ba ngola sengolo sena. Yi Edi. Zhang (VA) e fane ka ntlafatso e matla ea buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho bakeng sa litaba tsa bohlokoa tsa mahlale. Bangoli bohle ba ile ba hlahloba litaba ka hloko ba bile ba amohela mofuta oa ho qetela hore li phatlalatsoe.

Likhohlano tsa Thahasello

Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa thahasello.

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