Botenya ba ho se tšoane ho amanang pakeng tsa Basali le banna ka Moralo oa Boboleli le Morero oa Boitšoaro (2011)

Front Hum Neurosci. 2011; 5: 58.

E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2011 Jun 10. doi:  10.3389 / fnhum.2011.00058

PMCID: PMC3114193

Phapang e amanang le ho ba motenya pakeng tsa Basali le Banna ka sebopeho sa Brain and Beal-Directed Behaeve

Annette Horstmann,1,2, * Franziska P. Busse,3 David Mathar,1,2 Karsten Müller,1 Jöran Lepsien,1 Haiko Schlögl,3 Stefan Kabisch,3 Jürgen Kratzsch,4 Jane Neumann,1,2 Michael Stumvoll,2,3 Arno Villringer,1,2,5,6 'me Burkhard Pleger1,2,5,6

Boitsebiso ba Mongoli ► Sehlooho sa Article ► Tlhahisoleseding ea Copyright le License ►

Sehlooho sena se bile teng e boletsoeng ke lihlooho tse ling ho PMC.

Eya ho:

inahaneloang

Phapang ea bong ho taolo ea boima ba 'mele e ngotsoe hantle. Mona, re ile ra lekola litšusumetso tse amanang le botena ho sebopeho sa boko le ts'ebetso ho Iowa Papali ea papali ea chelete. Mosebetsi ona o hloka ho lekola meputso ea hang-hang le liphetho tsa nako e telele mme ka hona e bonts'a khoebo pakeng tsa moputso oa hanghang oa ho ja le phello ea nako e telele ea ho ja ho feta boima ba 'mele. Ho basali, empa eseng ho banna, re bonts'a hore khetho ea meputso ea bohlokoahali nakong ea litlamorao tse mpe tsa nako e telele e phahame haholo ho feta lithutong tse boima. Ntle le moo, re tlaleha liphapang tsa sebopeho ka letsohong le letšehali la dorsal striatum (ke hore, putamen) le cortex e ka pele ea "dorsolateral prefrontal" ea basali feela. Ka ts'ebetsong, libaka tsena ka bobeli li tsejoa li bapala karolo e khahlisang taolong ea boits'oaro le boits'oaro ba boits'oaro maemong a susumetsang. Bakeng sa basali le banna, bophahamo ba taba bohlooho bo amana hantle le mehato ea botenya libakeng tse ngolang boleng le botsitso ba lijo (ke hore, li-nucleus accumbens, orbitofrontal cortex) hammoho le hypothalamus (ke hore, bohareng ba boko ba homeostatic). Liphapang tsena lipakeng tsa lihlooho tse otileng le tse nonneng haholo tsamaisong ea taolo ea hedonic le homeostatic li ka bonts'a leeme la ho ja ka mokhoa oa ho ja matla ho feta tlhoko ea 'nete ea homeostatic. Le ha re ke ke ra hlahisa litholoana tsa rona phapang ea sebopeho sa moralo, liphetho tsa rona li ts'oana le liphapang tsa boits'oaro tse tsejoang ka mefuta e meng ea tahi, leha ho le joalo, ka phapang e hlakileng lipakeng tsa basali le banna. Liphuputso tsena li bohlokoa bakeng sa meralo ea kalafo e loketseng botona le botšehali mme mohlomong e ananeloe e le mofuta oa tahi.

Keywords: phapang ea botšehali, morphometry e thehiloeng ho voxel, botenya, sebopeho sa boko, mosebetsi oa papali ea Iowa, tsamaiso ea moputso

Eya ho:

Selelekela

Molao oa taolo ea boima ba 'mele le tšebeliso ea matla ke mohato o rarahaneng o kenyelletsang mekhoa e metle ea ho hlonepha lapeng le ea bohanyetsi. Phapang e mabapi le bong ka taolo ea boima ba 'mele bo koahelang libaka tsena li tlalehiloe ka har'a lingoliloeng. Ho ata ha botenya ho phahame hanyane ho basali (Jeremane, moo thuto ena e ileng ea etsoa teng, basali 20.2%, banna = 17.1%, Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, 2010) le liphapang lipakeng tsa bong bo fapaneng mabapi le taolo ea tlhaho ea boima ba 'mele li hlalositsoe lihormone tsa gastrointestinal (Carroll et al., 2007; Beasley et al., 2009; Edelsbrunner et al., 2009) le bakeng sa mabaka a amanang le maemo a bophelo le tikoloho, hammoho le boits'oaro bo jang (Roll et al., 1991; Provencher et al., 2003).

Phuputso ea morao-rao e bontšitse hore maemo a kotsi a botenya ho basali le banna a fapana haholo leha a e-na le phello e ts'oanang le boima ba 'mele: ho banna, boholo ba phapang lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse nang le kotsi e kholo le e tlase ea bophelo bo botle bo hlalositsoe ka ho fapana ha boiphihlelo ba ho ja (lintlha e koahelang tloaelo ea ho ja, kamohelo ea lijo, taolo ea kahare, le bokhoni ba maemo a joalo ka moralo oa lijo) le thibelo e hlokoang ea lijo. Bakeng sa basali, ho se khone ho hanela litekanyetso tsa maikutlo le ho ja ho sa laoleheng ho hlalositse liphapang tse ngata tsa sehlopha (Greene et al., 2011).

Maikutlo ana a bontša phapang e kholo tseleng eo basali le banna ba sebetsanang le tlhahisoleseling e amanang le lijo le taolo ea lijo, e tšehetsoang ke bopaki ba likarolo tse arohaneng tsa neural ho arabela lijo le taolong ea boits'oaro ba ho ja bakeng sa batona le ba batšehali (Parigi et al. ., 2002; Smeets et al., 2006; Uher et al., 2006;; Wang et al., 2009). Leha ho le joalo, kaha banna le basali ba ka nona haholo, ha ho le e 'ngoe ea litsela tsena e bonahalang e sireletsa molemong oa ho nona.

Thutong ena re fuputse likarolo tse peli tsa phapang e amanang le botona le botšehali ho botena. Taba ea pele, re sebelisa li-voxel-based morphometry (VBM), re ile ra hlahloba phapang ea sebopeho sa boko ho banna le basali ba batenya. Taba ea bobeli, re ithutile liphapang tse amanang le bong ho laola maikutlo a taolo ea ho ja ka ho sebelisa mofuta o fetotsoeng oa Iowa Gossip Task (Bechara et al., 1994).

Phuputso ea morao tjena e sebelisang MRI e sebetsang e fumane liphapang tse amanang le bong ho ad libitum tšebeliso ea matla e latelang matsatsi a 6 a ho fepa ka eucaloric le ts'ebetsong ea boko e amanang le lijo bakeng sa lithuto tse tloaelehileng tsa boima (Cornier et al., 2010). Thutong ena, ts'ebetso ho dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) e amana hantle le tšebeliso ea matla, empa ka litekanyetso tse eketsehang tsa ts'ebetso ho basali ha li bapisoa le banna. Bangoli ba khothalelitse hore likarabo tsena tse kholo tsa mantlha tsa mantlha ho basali li bonts'a ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea kelello e amanang le ts'ebetso e kholo, joalo ka tataiso kapa tlhahlobo ea boits'oaro. Bofutsaneng, leha ho le joalo, ho fokotsoa hoa mekhoa ena ea taolo ho ka tlatsetsa ho matlafatsong ea matla.

Ho etsa lipatlisiso ka mefuta e ka bang teng e amanang le bong mabapi le taolo ea kelello mabapi le boits'oaro ba ho ja ka botenya, re sebelisitse mofuta o fetotsoeng oa IGT. Mosebetsi ona o hloka tlhahlobo ea moputso oa hang-hang le sephetho sa nako e telele 'me ka hona o supa khoebisano pakeng tsa moputso o potlakileng oa ho ja le tšusumetso ea nako e telele ea ho nona boima ba' mele. Ho nka hore lithuto tse feteletseng li rata meputso e meholo e potlakileng leha re tobane le sephetho se setle sa nako e telele, re tsepamisitse maikutlo patong ea karete ea karete ea B. Lefapheng lena meputso e potlakileng e tsamaea le likotlo tse mpe empa tse phahameng tse lebisang pheletsong e mpe ea nako e telele. Bakeng sa ho bapisa karolo e ngoe le e ngoe ea desika B ka bonngoe, re ile ra hlahisa tse peli feela ho fapana le litekanyetso tse 'ne tsa likarete tse fapaneng ka nako efe kapa efe. Khopolo-taba ea hore botenya bo ama ka tsela e fapaneng taolo ea boitšoaro ho banna le basali, re ne re lebelletse ho fumana litlamorao tsa botona le botšehali ho litekanyetso tsa boits'oaro ho IGT.

Voxel-based morphometry ke sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa sa ho khetholla phapang ea sebopeho sa boko (GM) se amanang le mafu eseng feela ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso (Sluming et al., 2002; Horstmann et al., 2010). Ho feta moo, segokanyipalo sa GM le likarolo tsa sebopeho sa taba e tšoeu li sa tsoa bontšoa hore li fetoha ka potlako ho arabela boits'oaro bo fetotsoeng joalo ka ho tseba tsebo e ncha - ka mantsoe a mang, ho bontša hore boko ke karolo ea polasetiki (Draganski et al., 2004; Scholz et al., 2009; Taubert et al., 2010). Ka hona, ho feto-fetoha ha lipotoloho tse sebetsang ka lebaka la boitšoaro bo fetotsoeng joalo ka ho phehella ho ja ho feta tekano ho ka bonts'oa sebopeho sa boko ba GM.

Boithuto ba pele ba ho etsa phuputso ea sebopeho sa boko ho botenya bo bonts'a phapang e amanang le botenya lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa boko (Pannacciulli et al., 2006, 2007; Taki et al., 2008; Raji et al., 2010; Schäfer et al., 2010; Walther et al., 2010; Stanek et al., 2011) Le ha a e-na le temohisiso e kholo ho khetholla likarolo tsa boko tse fapaneng le botenya, lithuto tseo ha li a etsa lipatlisiso ka litlamorao tse amanang le bong. Phuputso e 'ngoe e tlalehile tšusumetso ea botona le botšehali ho boteng ba thepa ea tšoeu (Mueller et al., 2011).

Re ithutile kamano lipakeng tsa sebopeho sa boko le botenya [joalo ka ha ho lekantsoe ke index ea boima ba 'mele (BMI) le leptin] re sebelisa VBM ho banna le basali ka har'a sampole e tloaelehileng, sampole e phetseng hantle, e tsamaeang le bong le BMI. Ha re nahana ka liphapang tse boletsoeng ka holimo tsa bong ho ts'ebetsong tlhahisoleseling e amanang le lijo, re ile ra nahana ka ho fumana botšehali ho tlatsana le likarolo tse amanang le botona kapa botšehali tsa botena ho sebopeho sa boko.

Eya ho:

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

Lihlooho

Re kenyelelitse lithuto tsa Xucsan tsa bophelo bo botle ba 122. Re lekana le banna le basali ho ea ka phepelo le mefuta ea BMI le lilemo [basali ba 61 (premenopausal), BMI (f) = 26.15 kg / m2 (SD 6.64, 18-44), BMI (m) = 27.24 kg / m2 (SD 6.13, 19-43), χ2 = 35.66 (25), p = 0.077; lilemo (f) = lilemo tse 25.11 (SD 4.43, 19-41), lilemo (m) = lilemo tse 25.46 (SD 4.25, 20-41), χ2 = 11.02 (17), p = 0.856; sheba Setšoantšo Figure11 bakeng sa kabo ea BMI le lilemo lihlopheng ka bobeli]. Mekhoa ea ho kenyelletsa e ne e le lilemo tse pakeng tsa 18 le 45. Mekgwa ea ho qheleloa ka thoko e ne e le khatello ea mali, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, khatello ea maikutlo (Beck's Depression Inventory, khaola boleng), nalane ea mafu a neuropsychiatric, ho tsuba, lefu la tsoekere, maemo a hananang le MR- ho nahana le ho se tloaelehang ho scan ea M18 e boima ba T1. Phuputso e entsoe ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki mme ea ananeloa ke komiti ea melao ea lehae ea Univesithi ea Leipzig. Lihlooho tsohle li fane ka tumello e ngotsoeng e nang le tsebo pele li nka karolo phuputsong.

Setšoantšo sa 1

Setšoantšo sa 1

Ho tsamaisoa ha index ea boima ba 'mele ka kilog / m2 (A) le lilemo [ka lilemo (B)] bakeng sa karolo ea basali le banna.

Ho fumana MRI

Litšoantšo tse nang le boima ba T1 li fumanoe skrineng sa 3T TIM Trio ea 'mele kaofela (Motorola, Erlangen, Jeremane) se nang le mochini oa lihlooho tsa 12-channel-array se sebelisang tatellano ea MPRAGE [TI = 650 ms; TR = 1300 ms; snapshot FLASH, TRA = 10 ms; TE = 3.93 ms; alpha = 10 °; bandwidth = 130 Hz / pixel (ke hore, kakaretso ea 67 kHz); setšoantšo matrix = 256 × 240; FOV = 256 mm × 240 mm; botenya ba slab = 192 mm; Li-partitions tsa 128; Qeto ea 95% slice; sekhahla sa sagittal; qeto ea sebaka = 1 mm × 1 mm × 1.5 mm; Lintho tse fumanehang ka 2].

Ts'ebetso ea litšoantšo

SPM5 (Setsi sa Ts'ebetso sa Wellcome sa Neuroimaging, UCL, London, UK; http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm) e sebelisitsoe bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling ea litšoantšo tsa T1 tse nang le boima ba lipalo le tlhaiso ea lipalo. Litšoantšo tsa MR li ile tsa sebetsoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa DARTEL (Ashburner, 2007) le liparamente tse tloaelehileng tsa VBM tse tsamaeang tlasa MatLab 7.7 (Mathworks, Sherborn, MA, USA). Litlhahlobo tsohle li entsoe ka litšoantšo tse khethiloeng ka leeme, tse arotsoeng, tse ngolisitsoeng (phetoho e tsitsitseng ea 'mele), isotropic (1.5 mm x 1.5 mm x 1.5 mm),' me ea hlakoloa (FWHM 8 mm). Litšoantšo tsohle li ne li sotiloe ho latela phetoho ea template e ikhethileng ea DARTEL ea sehlopha ho setšoantšo sa pele sa GM se fanoeng ke SPM5 ho ea kopana le sebaka sa maemo sa Stereotactical sa Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI). Likarolo tsa GM li fetotsoe (ke hore, litekanyetso) tse hlalositsoeng ke Jacobian tsa bofokoli bo hlahisitsoeng ke ho tloaela ho ikarabella bakeng sa khatello ea lehae le ho hola nakong ea phetoho.

Lipatlisiso tsa sethathamo

Mefuta e latelang ea lipalopalo e ile ea hlahlojoa: moralo oa 'nete o phethahetseng o nang le ntlha e le' ngoe (bong) le maemo a mabeli (basali le banna), ho kenyelletsa BMI e le covariate e tsepamisitsoeng hodima moelelo oa moelelo ntle le tšebelisano. Mehlala e meng e kenyelelitse tšebelisano lipakeng tsa BMI kapa bohareng ba leptin le bong ho hlahloba litlamorao tsa li-covariate tsena ka har'a lihlopha tsena ka bobeli. Mefuta eohle ea lipalo-palo e ne e kenyelletsa li-covariate tsa lilemo le taba e putsoa le e tšoeu e ikarabellang bakeng sa litlamorao tse nyarosang tsa lilemo le boholo ba boko. Liphetho li nkuoe e le tsa bohlokoa molemong oa bohlale ba voxel p <0.001 e nang le monyako o eketsehileng oa sehlopha sa p  <0.05 (FWE-khalemeloe, boko bo felletseng). Ka katleho, lenane lena le kopaneng la voxel- le cluster-level le bonts'a monyetla oa hore lesihla la boholo bo fanoeng, le nang le li-voxel tse nang le p <0.001, e ka etsahala ka tšohanyetso ho data ea boreleli bo fanoeng. Liphetho li ile tsa lokisoa ka ho eketsehileng bakeng sa boreleli bo seng ba isotropic (Hayasaka et al., 2004).

Lits'ebetso tsa tlhahlobo

Leptin, e leng hormone e hlahisoang ke adipocyte, o tsebahala haholo ho lumellana le karolo ea mafura a 'mele (Considine et al., 1996; Marshall et al., 2000). Litlamorao tse bohareng tsa leptin li hlalositsoe haholo (Fulton et al., 2006;; Hommel et al., 2006; Farooqi et al., 2007; Dileone, 2009). Ka hona re kenyellelitse tekanyo ea leptin e bohareng (ke hore, logarithm ea tlhaho ea peripheral leptin, Schwartz et al., 1996) ho kenyelletsa BMI joalo ka tekanyo ea botena. Serum leptin mahloriso (Enzyme e kopantsoeng le immunosorbent assay, Mediagnost, Reutlingen, Jeremane) e ne e ikemiselitsoe bakeng sa subs subs [n = 56 (basali ba 24), BMI (f) = 27.29 kg / m2 (SD 6.67, 19-44), BMI (m) = 30.13 (SD 6.28, 20-43); lilemo (f) = lilemo tsa 25.33 (SD 5.27, 19-41), lilemo (m) = lilemo tsa 25.19 (SD 4.5, 20-41).

Mosebetsi oa ho becha oa Iowa o fetotsoeng

barupeluoa ba

Barupeluoa ba 60 ba phetseng hantle ba ile ba lekoa ka mosebetsi o fetotsoeng oa Iowa Gossip Task [basali ba 34, 15 lean (bolela BMI 21.9 kg / m2 ± 2.2; ho bolela lilemo tse 24.1 lilemo ± 2.8) le tse 19 tse nonneng (ho bolela BMI 35.4 kg / m2 ± 3.9; bolela lilemo tse 25.4 lilemo ± 3.4); Banna ba 31, 16 e otile (ho bolela BMI 23.8 kg / m2 ± 3.2; ho bolela lilemo tse 25.2 lilemo ± 3.8) le tse 15 tse nonneng (ho bolela BMI 33.5 kg / m2 ± 2.4; bolela lilemo tse 26.7 lilemo ± 4.0)]. Bafo ba nang le BMI e kholo ho feta kapa e lekana le 30 kg / m2 li ne li nkuoa e le batho ba batenya haholo. Likarolo tse 'ne tse' ne li tsamaisoa ho latela semelo sa bona sa thuto. Taba e le 'ngoe ea basali ba batenya ha ea ka ea khetholloa ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea qoqotho ea qoqotho.

Ts'ebetso ea liteko

Mofuta o fetotsoeng oa IGT le ho fumana datha tsa boitshwaro li sebelisitsoe ho Presentation 14.1 (Neurobehahlangual Systems Inc., Albany, CA, USA). Phetolelo ea rona e ntlafalitsoeng ea mosebetsi e ne e tšoana ka sebopeho sa eona ka kakaretso sa IGT (Bechara et al., 1994). Litefiso tsa A le B li ne li sa tsamaee hantle, li lebisa tahlehelong ea nako e telele mme li-C le D li hlahisitse sephetho se setle sa nako e telele. Liphetoho tsa rona tsa mosebetsi li amanang feela le palo ea likarete tse fapaneng tsa likarete tse hlahisitsoeng ka nako e le ngoe le ho phaello ea tahlehelo / tahlehelo le boholo ba tahlehelo / tahlehelo holima e ngoe le e ngoe. Barupeluoa ba ile ba tlameha ho khetha lipakeng tsa likarete tse peli tse fapaneng tsa deseke e 'ngoe le e ngoe (mohlala, deseke B + C). Deck A le C li ne li e-na le phaello ea tahlehelo / tahlehelo ea 1: 1 e nang le phaello ea hang-hang ea + 100 (+ 70 ka tatellano) le tahlehelo ea hang-hang ea −150 (−20 ka tatellano). Li-Decks B le D li ne li e-na le phaello ea phaello / tahlehelo ea 4: 1 mme ea hlahisa meputso ea hang-hang ea + 100 (+ 50 ka ho latellana) le tahlehelo ho palo ea −525 (−75 ka tatellano). Kahoo, mokatong oa A le B ho ile ha lebisa tahlehelo e felletseng ea chelete eohle ha mochini oa C le D o lebisitse ho leruo le phahameng.

Tekong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, litekete tsa likarete tse peli tse nang le letšoao la lipotso lipakeng li ile tsa bontšoa skrineng, ho bontša hore lithuto li tlameha ho khetha karete e le 'ngoe. Letšoao la lipotso le ile la nkeloa sebaka ke sefapano se sesoeu kamora hore barupeluoa ba etse liqeto. Tekong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, barupeluoa ba ile ba tlameha ho etsa liqeto tsa bona ka nako e ka tlase ho 3 s. Haeba lithuto li sa khone ho khetha karete ka har'a moeli ona, pososelo e nang le letšoao la lipotso e ile ea hlaha 'me nyeoe e latelang ea qala. Liteko tsena li ile tsa lahloa.

Barupeluoa ba qetile liteko tsa 90 ba arotsoe ka li-block tsa 3 tse sa khetholloang (AB / BC / BD) tsa liteko tsa 30 ka 'ngoe. Kamora 'block e' ngoe le e 'ngoe, ho ile ha hlahisoa khefu ea 30 s, eo ho eona ho ileng ha tsebisoa lithuto tse hore li-deske tsa karete e hlahisitsoeng li tla fapana phapusing e latelang. Ka mokhoa o makatsang ho IGT ea pele, lithuto li ile tsa bolelloa ho eketsa sephetho sa tsona ka khetho e ntle e ntle.

Bakeng sa mathata a susumetsang, barupeluoa ba ile ba lefuoa bonase e fihlang ho 6 € ho kenyelletsa tefo ea mantlha ho latela ts'ebetso ea bona mosebetsing.

Tlhahlobo ea lintlha

Liphetho tsohle li ne li kopantsoe le PASW Statistics 18.0 (IBM Corporation, Somers, NY, USA). Palo ea likarete tse nkiloeng deskeng ea B e ile ea hlahlojoa mabapi le botena le ho fapana ha botona le botšehali ho kenyeletsa le lilemo e le covariate mofuteng oa kakaretso. Ntle le moo, li-curve tsa ho ithuta li ile tsa etsoa lipatlisiso ho sebelisoa mehato e phetoang ea ANOVA. Lisebelisoa tse ling tsa ANOVA ho fumana litla-morao tsa sehlopha bakeng sa batona le ba batona mabapi le botenya li ile tsa etsoa. Kahara pakeng tsa BMI le khetho ea mokatong oa B e ne e kopantsoe ho sebelisoa mohlala.

Eya ho:

Results

Sebopeho sa litaba tsa Grey

Ho hlahloba likarolo tsa botona bo botle sebopeho sa boko, re sebelisitse DARTEL bakeng sa VBM ea boko bohle (Ashburner, 2007) e thehiloe ho MX ea boima ba T1. Liphetho tse qaqileng li bonts'itsoe ho setšoantšo Figure22 le Table Lethathamo1.1. Re fumane khokahano e nepahetseng lipakeng tsa BMI le molumo oa taba e putsoa (GMV) ka har'a medial posterior orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), li-nucleus accumbens (NAcc) ka bophara, hypothalamus, le putamen e setseng (ke hore, dorsal striatum, voxels peak p <0.05, FWE-e lokisitsoe bakeng sa papiso e mengata maemong a voxel) ha banna le basali ba kenyelelitsoe tlhahlobisong (bona Setšoantšo Figure2) .2). Ho etsa tlhahlobo e tšoanang hara lihlopha tse lekanang hantle (n  = 61) ea basali le banna ka thoko, re fumane liphetho tse ts'oanang bakeng sa basali empa eseng bakeng sa banna: Haholo-holo, re fumane kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa GMV ho OFC / NAcc le BMI lihlopheng ka bobeli. (Figure33 top mola, tse tšehali r = 0.48, p <0.001, banna r = 0.48, p <0.001) empa kamano e kholo lipakeng tsa GMV ho putamen le BMI bakeng sa basali feela (Setšoantšo (Figure33 mola o bohareng, basali r = 0.51, p <0.001; banna r = 0.003, p = 0.979).

Setšoantšo sa 2

Setšoantšo sa 2

Botenya bo amana le liphetoho tsa sebopeho sa mohopolo oa bohlooho bo bokong. Liphetho li bonts'itsoe ka botlalo bakeng sa sehlopha sohle (n = 122), ho kenyeletsoa banna le basali. Mohala o kaholimo: lilae tsa coronal, linomoro li bonts'a sebaka sa selae ho ...

Lethathamo 1

Lethathamo 1

Likhohlano pakeng tsa taba e putsoa le mehato ea botena.

Setšoantšo sa 3

Setšoantšo sa 3

Mokhatlo oa ho nona haholo le liphetoho tse tebileng tse tlisoang ke botona kapa botšehali libakeng tsa boko tse kenyelletsang ts'ebetsong ea meputso, kelello le taolo ea homeostatic. Bophahamo ba posterior medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), li-nucleus accumbens (NAcc), ...

Lihlooho tsa li-Obese li tsejoa ho bonts'a maemo a phahameng a pherseal leptin, e leng li-hormone tsa "adipocyte" tse tsamaeang ka botlalo le bongata ba mafura a 'mele (Marshall et al., 2000; Park et al., 2004). Kahoo, litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa leptin li bonts'a mafura a mangata a 'mele. Ha BMI e phahameng e sa hlile e sa bonts'e mafura a mmele a feteletseng, re sebelisitse leptin e le tekanyo e eketsehileng ea tekanyo ea botenya ho etsa bonnete ba hore BMI e phahameng mohlaleng oa rona e hlile e bonts'a mafura a mangata a mmele ho fapana le boima bo feteletseng. Re fumane hore basali ba na le khatello e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea serum leptin ha ba bapisoa le banna [basali 30.92 ng / ml (SD 26.07), banna 9.65 ng / ml (SD 8.66), p <0.0001]. ANCOVA e senotse tšebelisano e bohlokoa lipakeng tsa BMI (maemo a 2: boima bo tloaelehileng ≤ 25; botenya ≥ 30), tekano le serum leptinF1,41 = 16.92, p <0.0001).

Bakeng sa banna le basali, re fumane khokahano e nepahetseng pakeng tsa leptin le GMV ho NAcc le ventral striatum bilaterally (basali r = 0.56, p = 0.008; banna r = 0.51, p = 0.005) hammoho le hypothalamus (Setšoantšo (Figure33 mola oa boraro). Ke basali feela ba bonts'ang liphapang tse amanang le leptin tse amanang le sebopeho se ka lehlakoreng le letšehali le fornix (setšoantšo (Figure3,3, libaka tse bontšitsoeng ka bofubelu moleng oa boraro). Lihlopheng tsa NAcc le putamen li bonts'a phallo e kholo le libaka tse khethiloeng ka ho hokahanya BMI le GMV (Setšoantšo. (Figure33 mola oa pele ho isa ho oa boraro). Ho feta moo, re fumane feela basali ho fapana (ke hore, hampe) kamano pakeng tsa leptin-level le GMV ho DLPFC e nepahetseng (r = -0.62, p <0.001; Setšoantšo Figure3,3, mola o ka tlase).

Kamano lipakeng tsa boitšoaro ba papali ea chelete, bong, le botenya

Ho IGT, desk B e fana ka meputso e potlakileng ea karete ka karete e 'ngoe le e' ngoe empa hangata e lahleheloa hangata haholo, 'me qetellong e hlahisa litholoana tse mpe tsa nako e telele. Kahoo, likhetho tse ka mokatong oa B li bonts'a khohlano lipakeng tsa meputso ea kapele haholo le ho fihlella lipheo tsa nako e telele. Khetlong ea hona joale ea Mosebetsi oa Papali ea Iowa, basali ba batenya ba ile ba khetha likarete tse ngata ho feta deskeng ea B ha ba bapisoa le mekhabiso e meng le e meng e metle (ke hore, C kapa D) ho feta basali ba hlokang leeme litekong tsohle (F1,32 = 8.68, p  = 0.006). Ha rea ​​fumana phapang lipakeng tsa basali ba otileng le ba nonneng ha re bapisa mekato e 'meli e mebe (ke hore, A le B). Ntle le moo, ho bile le kamano e kholo lipakeng tsa BMI le palo e felletseng ea likarete tse khethiloeng mokatong oa B bakeng sa basali (Setšoantšo (Figure4A) .4A). Ha re bapisa lean le banna ba batenya ha rea ​​fumana phapang ea bohlokoa ea palo eohle ea likarete tse khethiloeng deskeng B (F1,29 = 0.51, p = 0.48), kapa kamano e kholo le BMI.

Setšoantšo sa 4

Setšoantšo sa 4

Phapang e teng ho basali ba batenya le ba batenya ho bokhoni ba bona ba ho fetola boitšoaro bo lumellanang le sepheo sa nako e telele. (A) Khetho ea setempe B holim'a litekanyo tsohle tse amanang le liteko tsa BMI sehlopheng sa basali. Mohala oa molumo: Regression regression. (B) Phapang lipakeng tsa lehloa ...

Bakeng sa ho lekola liphapang tsa boitšoaro ba ho ithuta lipakeng tsa barupeluoa ba morusu le ba batenya, re ile ra sekaseka khetho ea tafoleng ea B ka nako. Ha ba ntse ba ithuta, basali ba batenya haholo ha baa ka ba fetola phetoho ea bona linthong tse ikhethileng. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho basali ba khabane re bone ho fokotseha butle-butle ha likhetho tsa likarete tse tsoang mokatong oa B (bona setšoantšo Figure4B) .4B). Kahoo, basali ba batenya ha baa ka ba fetola boits'oaro ba bona hore bo hlahise litholoana tse ntle haholo ha li bapisoa le basali ba mafube. Tlhahlobo ea boitšoaro ba ho ithuta e hlahisitse feela phello e kholo bakeng sa botena ho basali (F1,30 = 6.61, p = 0.015) empa eseng ho banna.

Matla ana a botona le botšehali a phatlalalitsoe ka ho khetheha karolong ea ho qetela ea ho ithuta (ke hore, liteko tsa 25-30), moo re hlokometseng tšebelisano e kholo lipakeng tsa bong le botona bakeng sa boitšoaro bo botle mokatong oa B (F1,59 = 6.10; p = 0.02). Mona, basali ba nonneng ba khethile likarete tse fetang habeli ho tloha mokatong oa B ho feta basali ba otileng (F1,33 = 17.97, p <0.0001). Bakeng sa lithuto tsa banna, ha ho phapang e kholo e bonoeng (Setšoantšo (Figure4C, 4C, F1,29 = 0.13, p = 0.72). Ho feta moo, tlhahlobo ea likamano e bontšitse kamano e matlar = 0.57, p  <0.0001) lipakeng tsa BMI le palo ea likarete tse khethiloeng mokatong oa B karolong ea ho qetela ea basali. Hape, ha ho kamano e bohlokoa e neng e ka bonoa bakeng sa bannar = 0.17, p = 0.35).

Eya ho:

Puisano

Bakeng sa banna le basali, re bonts'a khokahano lipakeng tsa GMV le mehato ea botena ho posterior medial OFC (mOFC) le kahare ho ventral striatum (ke hore, NAcc) e tsamaellanang le phapano ea sehlopha e kileng ea tlaleha ea GM ha e bapisa lean ho lithuto tse batenya haholo (Pannacciulli et al., 2006). Puisano lipakeng tsa libaka tsena tse peli e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho lekola sepheo se susumetsang (joalo ka lijo) le ho romella leseli lena ka sepheo sa ho etsa liqeto. Ka mokhoa o sebetsang, libaka tsena li fana ka boleng ba boikakaso le boleng ba tšusumetso (Plassmann et al., 2010). Ho bulimia amanosa (BN), boemo moo boitšoaro ba ho ja empa HONA BMI bo fapaneng le bo tloaelehileng, GMV ea meetso e ts'oanang e phahame ho bakuli ho feta taolong (Schäfer et al., 2010). Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore sebopeho sa libaka tsena se anngoe ke ts'oaetso ea maemo a fetoloang a ho ja ho fapana le ho ikemisoa ka 'mele ke karolo ea mafura a' mele.

Ntle le mOFC le NAcc, banna ba batona le ba batšehali ba bontšitse khokahano lipakeng tsa sebopeho sa boko le botena ho hypothalamus. Hypothalamus ke sebaka sa bohlokoa se laolang tlala, satiety, boits'oaro ba ho ja hammoho le tšebeliso ea matla ebile e na le khokahano e tobileng ho sistimi ea moputso (Philpot et al., 2005). Re kholoa hore liphapang tsena lipakeng tsa lithuto tse bobebe le tse batloang ke li-system tsa hedonic le homeostatic li ka bonts'a tšobotsi e le 'ngoe ea botenya, e leng khetho ea ho ja ka tsela e fapaneng le khetho e kholo ea lijo moo matla a matla a fetisang tlhoko ea hae ea homeostatic.

Ho basali feela, re bonts'a likhokahano lipakeng tsa GMV le methati ea botena (BMI hammoho le li-leptin-level) ka har'a dorsal striatum (ke hore, putamen ea leqele) le DLPFC e nepahetseng. Ho khahlisang, likarolo tsena li bapala likarolo tsa bohlokoa, tse kopanetsoeng taolong ea tloaelo (e ikemetseng) le e tataisitsoeng (e nang le kelello) ea boitšoaro maemong a susumetsang: MOFC le NAcc li supa khetho le boleng bo lebelletsoeng ba moputso, putamen ho dorsolateral striatum ke monahano oa ho khouta (har'a mesebetsi e meng e mengata) boits'oaro ba boits'oaro ho fumana moputso o itseng, mme DLPFC e fana ka taolo e laoloang ke kelello ea taolo ea boits'oaro ka boits'oaro (Jimura et al., 2010). Boitšoaro bo lebisitsoeng ho sepheo bo bonts'oa ho itšetleha ka matla lipakeng tsa monyetla oa karabelo le sephetho se lebelletsoeng (mohlala, Daw et al., 2005). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, boits'oaro bo tloaetseng (kapa bo boiketsehang) bo tšoauoa ka kamano e matla lipakeng tsa tšusumetso (mohlala, lijo) le karabelo (mohlala, tšebeliso ea eona). Maemong ana, menyetla ea karabelo ha e susumetsoe haholo ke sephetho sa ketso ka boeona, ekaba ka nako e khuts'oanyane (satiation) kapa nako e telele (botenya).

Haufinyane, Tricomi et al. (2009) a fuputsa motheo oa neural oa ho hlaha ha tloaelo ho batho. Ba sebelisitse paradigm e tsebahalang ka ho etsa boitšoaro bo tšoanang le liphoofolo, 'me ba bonts'a hore ts'ebetso ea basal ganglia (haholo-holo ho dorsal putamen, bona le Yin le Knowlton, 2006) ho hola ho feta thupelong, ho hlahisa karolo ea bohlokoa mohatong o matlafatsang oa ho ithuta. Karolo e sebetsang ea putamen ntlheng ena e ka ba ho theha methati e tsamaisang methapo ea kutlo, 'me ka hona e thusa ho ithusa boits'oaro bo ithutileng haholo. Ntle le moo, lipontšo tsa sephetho sa tšebetso mOFC le tsona li ntse li tsoela pele ho eketseha ka tebello ea moputso ka linako tsohle. Liphetho tsena li bonts'a hore ho arabela ka tloaelo ha ho hlahisoe ke ho fokotseha ha tebello ea litebello tsa moputso ho pholletsa le ho ithuta, empa ho tsoa ho matlafatso ea li-link tsa karabelo ea susumetso (Daw et al., 2005; Frank le Claus, 2006; Frank, 2009). Boemong ba botenya, Rothemund et al. (2007) e bonts'itsoeng pele, e sebelisa fMRI-paradigm, hore BMI e bolela esale pele ts'ebetso ho putamen nakong ea ho shebella lijo tse nang le khalori e phahameng ho basali. Ho feta moo, Wang et al. (2007) li bonts'itse phapang ea bong ho putamen mabapi le liphetoho ho CBF mabapi le khatello ea maikutlo: Khatello ea maikutlo ho basali ke eona e entseng ts'ebetso ea litho tsa maoto, ho kenyelletsa le ventral striatum le putamen.

Li-gangal tsa basal li hokahane ka matla le PFC (Alexander et al., 1986), ho qala mekhoa e kopantseng ea cortico-striato-cortical e hokahanyang thuto e thehiloeng ho moputso, moelelo oa tšusumetso le boits'oaro bo lebisitsoeng ho sepheo (mohlala, Draganski et al., 2008). Miller le Cohen (2001) e boletse hore taolo ea kelello ea taolo ea boitšoaro e fanoa ke PFC haholo. Ba phethela ka hore tšebetso ho PFC e ts'ehetsa khetho ea karabo, e loketseng maemong a fuoeng leha ho ka etsoa mofuta o matla ho feta (mohlala, o iketsang / o tloahelehileng kapa o lakatsehang). Haufinyane ho bontšitsoe hore DLPFC e tataisa ts'ebetso e lebelletseng ea lipheo tsa boits'oaro kahare ho mohopolo oa ho sebetsa maemong a monate le a susumetsang (Jimura et al., 2010). Phapang e amanang le bong ba tšebetso sebakeng sena tikolohong ea lijo le taolo ea boits'oaro ba lijo le bonahatsoa haufinyane ke Cornier et al. (2010). Ba fumane hore ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea DLPFC ha e arabela lijo tsa hedonic e ne e bonahala haholo ho basali, ha banna ba bonts'a ho hloka taolo. Ts'ebetso ho DLPFC e ne e amana hantle le e ileng ea latela ad libitum ho ja matla, ho bonts'a karolo e ikhethang ea sebaka sena sa cortical taolong ea kelello ea boitšoaro ba ho ja. Haeba motho a nka bohlokoa ba sebopeho sa boko bo fetotsoeng, kamano e mpe lipakeng tsa GMV ho DLPFC le botona bo fumanehang thutong ea hona joale e ka hlalosoa e le tšitiso ho bokhoni ba ho fetola liketso tsa hona joale lipakaneng tsa nako e telele kapa, ka mantsoe a mang, tahlehelo ea taolo ea ho laola litloaelo tsa ho ja ka bongata haholo ha ho bapisoa le basali ba mafube.

Re sebelisa mofuta o nolofalitsoeng oa mosebetsi oa ho becha oa Iowa, mosebetsi oa ho ithuta o nang le moputso o potlakileng o hananang le ho fihlella lipheo tsa nako e telele, re hlokometse hore basali ba se nang letheka ba theotse khetho ea bona ea deskeng ea B ha nako e ntse e le basali ba batenya. Ho fumana hona ho ka ts'ehetsa tšebetso ea phapano e bonts'itsoeng ea sebopeho sa boko maemong a moputso. Ho fapana ho bontšitsoe liphapang molemong oa li-IGT tsa mantlha lipakeng tsa lithuto tse boima le tse mafolofolo (Brogan et al., 2011). Leha ho le joalo, liphetho tsa thuto e boletsoeng ka holimo ha lia ka tsa hlahlojoa bakeng sa tšusumetso ea bong. Seo re se fumaneng se supa kameho e kholo ea meputso e potlakileng ho basali ba batenya ho feta ho basali ba leeme, e tsamaeang le ho haella ha taolo e tataisoang ke sepheo. Bopaki bo eketsehileng ba phello ea botenya ho ho etsa liqeto bo fanoe ke Weller et al. (2008), ea ileng a fumana hore basali ba batenya haholo ba bonts'itse ho lieha ho feta ho basali ba khabane. Ho khahlisang, ha baa ka ba fumana phapang pakeng tsa boitšoaro bo liehang ho theoleloa lipakeng tsa banna ba batenya le ba batenya, e leng se lekanang le litholoana tsa rona tse ikhethileng tsa bong. Phuputso e 'ngoe, e kenyelletsang basali feela, e ile ea leka tšusumetso ea botenya ho katleho ea thibelo ea karabo mme ea fumana hore basali ba batenya ba bonts'itse karabo e sa sebetseng ho feta basali ba ts'epileng mosebetsing oa ho emisa (Nederkoorn et al., 2006). Tabeng ea boits'oaro ba ho ja, tšitiso e sa sebetseng ea boits'oaro bo kopaneng le tlhalohanyo e phahameng ea meputso e potlakileng e ka thusa ho nona ho feta tekano, haholo ha ho shebane le phepelo e sa feleng ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo.

Koob le Volkow (2010) Haufinyane o khothalelitse likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa striatum, OFC, le PFC maemong a ho lebella / a ho lebella le ho taolo ea taolo e thibelang ts'ebetsong ea tahi. Ba hlokomela hore phetoho ea bokhoba ba tahi (joalo ka ho qobelloa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi) e kenyelletsa neuroplasticity mehahong e 'maloa e bohareng mme ba fihlela qeto ea hore liphetoho tsena tsa morao-rao ke sesosa sa ho ba kotsing ea ho holisa le ho boloka boits'oaro. Kahoo, seo re se fumaneng se ka ts'ehetsa maikutlo a hore botenya bo tšoana le mofuta oa bokhoba (Volkow and Wise, 2005), empa ka phapang e tšoaeang pakeng tsa basali le banna.

Le ha re sa khone ho etsa phapang e fapaneng le seo re se fumaneng sebopeho sa boko, hoa utloahala hore liphapang tsa sebopeho li na le tšebetso e sebetsang. Sena se ts'ehetsoa hape ke liteko tse bonts'ang litlamorao tsa lihormone tse sebetsang ka bohareng tsa 'mele tse kang ghrelin, PYY, leptin libakeng tsena (Batterham et al., 2007; Farooqi et al., 2007; Malik et al., 2008). Liphetoho tse matla sebopeho sa boko li sa tsoa bontšoa mererong e ts'oanang ea ho ithuta hammoho le ho tsamaea le liphetoho tse mpe tse kang atrophy (Draganski et al., 2004; Horstmann et al., 2010; Taubert et al., 2010). Kaha thuto ea rona, leha e kaba ea bokahohle, e kenyelletsa lethathamo la lithuto tse ncha tse phetseng hantle, re ts'epa hore e tla fokotsa litlamorao tse mpe tse kang ho tsofala le ho ntlafatsa litlamorao tse khethehileng tsa botenya. Ho tsebo ea rona, re ba pele ba ho hlalosa khokahano e nepahetseng lipakeng tsa GM le mats'oao a botona. Phapang pakeng tsa liphetho tse phatlalalitsoeng sebopeho sa boko le botenya ho fihlela joale le seo re se fumaneng se ka hlalosoa ke phapang ea sebopeho sa sampole le moralo oa ho ithuta. Boithuto bo tlalehang ho se lumellane ho fosahetseng pakeng tsa botenya le sebopeho sa boko bo kenyelletsa lithuto tse neng li tsofetse haholo ho feta lithuto tse mohlaleng oa rona kapa li kenyelelitse lithuto tse nang le lilemo tse ngata tse kholo (Taki et al., 2008; Raji et al., 2010; Walther et al., 2010). Litlamorao tsa botenya li ka hlaha hamorao bophelong, hoo liphetho tsa rona li ka hlalosang karolo ea pele ea liphetoho mokhoeng oa boko tse amanang le botena. Hape, kaha lithuto tsena li ne li sa etsetsoa ho fuputsa karohano ea bong, ho abuoa ha banna le basali ba batenya ho ne ho sa lekana hantle, e leng se ka susumetsang liphetho (Pannacciulli et al., 2006, 2007).

Hobane thuto ea rona e ne e le dikarolo tse fapaneng, ha re khone ho etsa litlatsetso mabapi le hore na liphumano tsa rona li bonts'a sesosa kapa phello ea botena. Ho ka etsahala hore ebe sebopeho sa boko se bolela esale pele kholo ea botenya kapa hore botenya, bo tsamaeang le mokhoa o fetotsoeng oa ho ja, bo etsa hore sebopeho sa boko se fetohe. Nakong e tlang, lithuto tse telele li ka araba potso ena e bulehileng.

Ka kakaretso, re fana ka maikutlo a hore ho batona le ba batšehali, liphapang tsa tsamaiso ea hedonic le homeostatic li ka bonts'a khethollo ea boitšoaro ba ho ja. Ke basali feela, re bonts'ang hore botenya bo fetola mokhoa oo ba o ratang bakeng sa meputso ea hang-hang ha ba tobane le litlamorao tse mpe tsa nako e telele. Kaha liteko tsa boits'oaro le MRI ea sebopeho li entsoe ka mehlala e fapaneng (bona Lisebelisoa le mekhoa) re sitoa ho hokahanya ka kotlolloho liphapang tsena tsa boitsoaro le liphetoho tsa sebopeho. Leha ho le joalo, re nahana hore liphapang tse ling tse bonoang ho basali ba batenya li ka fetoloa e le sesupo sa boits'oaro bo lekanang le botenya, e leng hore taolo ea boits'oaro e tsoela pele ho laoloa ke boits'oaro bo ts'oanang le liketso tse lebisitsoeng ho sepheo. Ho feta moo, lintho tseo re li fumaneng li ka ba bohlokoa hore ho nkoe botena e le mokhoa oa ho lemalla. Boithuto bo eketsehileng ba phapang ea bong ho taolo ea boitšoaro bo tla ba bohlokoa bakeng sa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa etiology ea ho ja le mathata a boima ba 'mele le bakeng sa ho rala kalafo e loketseng bong (Raji et al., 2010).

Eya ho:

Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

Eya ho:

lumela hore baa fokola

Mosebetsi ona o tšehelitsoe ke Lefapha la Lichelete la Thuto le Patlisiso [BMBF: Li-Neurocircuits tse maemong a botenya ho Annette Horstmann, Michael Stumvoll, Arno Villringer, Burkhard Pleger; IFB AdiposityDiseases (FKZ: 01EO1001) ho Annette Horstmann, Jane Neumann, David Mathar, Arno Villringer, Michael Stumvoll] le European Union (GIPIO ho Michael Stumvoll). Re leboha Rosie Wallis ka ho bala buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho.

Eya ho:

References

  1. Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL (1986). Mokhatlo o lumellanang oa lipotoloho tse arohaneng tse hokahanyang basal ganglia le cortex. Annu. Moruti Neurosci. 9, 357-381 [E fetotsoe]
  2. Ashburner J. (2007). Algorithm e potlakileng ea ho ngolisa litšoantšo. Neuroimage 38, 95-11310.1016 / j.neuroimage.2007.07.007 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  3. Batterham RL, ffytche DH, Rosenthal JM, Zelaya FO, Barker GJ, Withers DJ, Williams SC (2007). PYY modulation ea cortical le hypothalamic libakeng tsa boko li bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba batho. Tlhaho ea 450, 106-10910.1038 / nature06212 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  4. Beasley JM, Ange BA, Anderson CA, Miller Iii ER, Holbrook JT, Appel LJ (2009). Litšobotsi tse amanang le lihormone tsa takatso ea ho itima lijo (obestatin, ghrelin, le leptin). Obesity (Silver Spring) 17, 349-35410.1038 / oby.2008.627 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  5. Bechara A., Damasio AR, Damasio H., Anderson SW (1994). Boikemisetso ho litlamorao tse tlang kamora ho senyeha hoa cortex ea motho pele. Cognition 50, 7-1510.1016 / 0010-0277 (94) 90018-3 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  6. Brogan A., Hevey D., O'Callaghan G., Yoder R., O'Shea D. (2011). Ho etsa liqeto tse fosahetseng har'a batho ba baholo ba nonneng haholo. J. Psychosom. Res. 70, 189–196 [E fetotsoe]
  7. Carroll JF, Kaiser KA, Franks SF, Deere C., Caffrey JL (2007). Tšusumetso ea BMI le bong ho likarabo tsa li-hormone tsa postprandial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 15, 2974-298310.1038 / oby.2007.355 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  8. Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, Kriauciunas A., Stephens TW, Nyce MR, Ohannesian JP, Marco CC, McKee LJ, Bauer TL (1996). Ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho Serum immunoreactive-leptin ho batho ba tloaelehileng le boima ba mmele o motenya. N. Engl. J. Med. 334, 292-295 [E fetotsoe]
  9. Cornier MA, Salzberg AK, Endly DC, Bessesen DH, Tregellas JR (2010). Phapang e thehiloeng ho tsa thobalano karabong ea boitšoaro le neuronal lijong. Physiol. Behav. 99, 538-543 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  10. Daw ND, Niv Y., Dayan P. (2005). Tlholisano e sa tsitsitseng e pakeng tsa metlae ea pele le ea dorsolateral sistimi ea taolo ea boitšoaro. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 1704-1711 [E fetotsoe]
  11. Dileone RJ (2009). Tšusumetso ea leptin tsamaisong ea dopamine le litlamorao tsa boits'oaro ba ho ingestive. Int. J. Obes. 33, S25-S29 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  12. Draganski B., Gaser C., Busch V., Schuierer G., Bogdahn U., May A. (2004). Liphetoho litabeng tsa bohlooho tse bululetsoeng ke ho ikoetlisa ka tsebo e ncha e hlonephoang e ba karolo ea nakoana mohlaleng oa ho nahana ka bokong. Tlhaho 427, 311-31210.1038 / 427311a [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  13. Draganski B., Kherif F., Klöppel S., Cook PA, Alexander DC, Parker GJ, Deichmann R., Ashburner J., Frackowiak RS (2008). Bopaki ba mokhoa o ikhethileng le o kopantseng oa mekhoa ea khokahano ho setho sa basal ganglia. J. Neurosci. 28, 7143-715210.1523 / JNEUROSCI.1486-08.2008 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  14. Edelsbrunner ME, Herzog H., Holzer P. (2009). Bopaki bo tsoang ho litoeba tsa "knockept" li-peptide YY le neuropeptide Y li tiisa mofere-fere, ho hlahloba lintho le ho ingestive ka potoloho ea circadian- le ka bong. Behav. Brain Res. 203, 97-107 [E fetotsoe]
  15. Farooqi IS, Bullmore E., Keogh J., Gillard J., O'Rahilly S., Fletcher PC (2007). Leptin e laola libaka tsa striatal le boits'oaro ba batho ba ho ja. Mahlale 317, 1355. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  16. Frank MJ (2009). Ba lekhoba la tloaelo ea boits'oaro (litlhaloso ka Tricomi et al.). EUR. J. Neurosci. 29, 2223-2224 [E fetotsoe]
  17. Frank MJ, Claus ED (2006). Anatomy ea qeto: Litšebelisano tsa striato-orbitofrontal ho matlafatsa thuto, ho etsa liqeto le ho khutlisetsa morao. Psychol. Moruti 113, 300-326 [E fetotsoe]
  18. Fulton S., Pissios P., Manchon RP, Stiles L., Frank L., Pothos EN, Maratos-Flier E., Flier JS (2006). Leptin regulation ea tselengaccumbens dopamine tsela. Neuron 51, 811-82210.1016 / j.neuron.2006.09.006 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  19. Greene GW, Schembre SM, White AA, Hoerr SL, Lohse B., Shoff S., Horacek T., Riebe D., Patterson J., Phillips BW, Kattelmann KK, Blissmer B. (2011). Ho khetholla lihlopha tsa baithuti ba koleche tse kotsing e phahameng ea bophelo bo botle e thehiloeng holim'a ho ja le ho ikoetlisa le boits'oaro ba kelello le boits'oaro ba mmele. J. Am. Lijo. Assoc. 111, 394-400 [E fetotsoe]
  20. Hayasaka S., Phan KL, Liberzon I., Worsley KJ, Nichols TE (2004). Tekano e sa sebetseng ea sehlopha se sa sebetseng ka tšimo e sa sebetseng le mekhoa ea tšimo e sa sebetseng. Neuroimage 22, 676-68710.1016 / j.neuroimage.2004.01.041 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  21. Hommel JD, Trinko R., Sears RM, Georgescu D., Liu ZW, Gao XB, Thurmon JJ, Marinelli M., DiLeone RJ (2006). Leptin receptor e tšoaetsang li-midbrain dopamine neurons e laola ho fepa. Neuron 51, 801-81010.1016 / j.neuron.2006.08.023 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  22. Horstmann A., Frisch S., Jentzsch RT, Müller K., Villringer A., ​​Schroeter ML (2010). Ho tsosa pelo empa o lahleheloa ke kelello: atrophy ea bokong kamora ho tšoaroa hoa pelo. Neurology 74, 306-31210.1212 / WNL.0b013e3181cbcd6f [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  23. Jimura K., Locke HS, Braver TS (2010). Pele ho tšireletso ea cortex ho ntlafatsa kelello ho ntlafatsa maemo a khothatsang. Proc. Natl. Acad. Saense USA 107, 8871-8876 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  24. Koob GF, Volkow ND (2010). Neurocircuitry ea ho lemalla. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 217-23810.1038 / npp.2009.110 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  25. Malik S., McGlone F., Bedrossian D., Dagher A. (2008). Ghrelin e hlophisa tšebetso ea boko libakeng tse laolang boits'oaro ba takatso ea lijo. Cell Metab. 7, 400-40910.1016 / j.cmet.2008.03.007 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  26. Marshall JA, Grunwald GK, Donahoo WT, Scarbro S., Shetterly SM (2000). Peresente e mafura ea 'mele le boima bo boima bo hlalosa phapang ea bong ho leptin: tlhahlobo le tlhalohanyo ea leptin ho batho ba baholo ba basoeu bao e seng Spain. Lintho. Res. 8, 543-552 [E fetotsoe]
  27. Miller EK, Cohen JD (2001). Khopolo e kopanyang ea ts'ebetso ea cortex ea pele. Annu. Moruti Neurosci. 24, 167-202 [E fetotsoe]
  28. Mueller K., Anwander A., ​​Möller HE, Horstmann A., Lepsien J., Busse F., Mohammadi S., Schroeter ML, Stumvoll M., Villringer A., ​​Pleger B. (2011). Litšusumetso tse amanang le botona le botšehali tsa botona kapa botšehali ho tse ling tse tšoeu tse batloang ke ho nahana ka ho se sebetse hantle. PloS ONE 6, e18544.10.1371 / journal.pone.0018544 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  29. Nederkoorn C., Smulders FT, Havermans RC, Rods A., Jansen A. (2006). Ho hloka matla ho basali ba batenya. Takatso ea Bohlokoa 47, 253-25610.1016 / j.appet.2006.05.008 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  30. Pannacciulli N., Del Parigi A., Chen K., Le DS, Reiman EM, Tataranni PA (2006). Ho sitisoa ke litlolo botoneng ba motho: thuto ea morphometric e thehiloeng ho voxel. Neuroimage 31, 1419-142510.1016 / j.neuroimage.2006.01.047 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  31. Pannacciulli N., Le DS, Chen K., Reiman EM, Krakoff J. (2007). Kamano lipakeng tsa ho tsepamisa mohopolo oa plasma leptin le sebopeho sa boko ba motho: thuto ea morphometric e thehiloeng voxel. Neurosci. Letl. 412, 248-253 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  32. Parigi AD, Chen K., Gautier JF, Salbe AD, Pratley RE, Ravussin E., Reiman EM, Tataranni PA (2002). Liphapang tsa thobalano karabong ea boko ba motho ho tlala le ho khora. Am. J. Kliniki. Phepo e nepahetseng. 75 1017-1022 [E fetotsoe]
  33. Park KG, Park KS, Kim MJ, Kim HS, Suh YS, Ahn JD, Park KK, Chang YC, Lee IK (2004). Kamano pakeng tsa serum adiponectin le tsepamiso ea leptin le kabo ea mafura a 'mele. Lefu la tsoekere. Clin. Itloaetse. 63, 135-142 [E fetotsoe]
  34. Philpot KB, Dallvechia-Adams S., Smith Y., Kuhar MJ (2005). Morero oa peptide ea koae le-amphetamine-regtures-transcript peptide ho tloha hypothalamus ea morao-rao ho ea sebakeng sa mokokotlo oa ventral. Neuroscience 135, 915-92510.1016 / j.neuroscience.2005.06.064 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  35. Plassmann H., O'Doherty JP, Rangel A. (2010). Litekanyetso tsa sepheo sa ho ba le takatso ea ho ba le takatso le ho fapanya maikutlo li kentsoe karolong e bohareng ea orbitofrontal cortex ka nako ea ho etsa liqeto. J. Neurosci. 30, 10799-1080810.1523 / JNEUROSCI.0788-10.2010 [XNUMX, XNUMX-XNUMXE fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  36. Provencher V., Drapeau V., Tremblay A., Després JP, Lemieux S. (2003). Mekhoa ea ho ja le litekanyetso tsa sebopeho sa 'mele ho banna le basali ba tsoang thutong ea lelapa ea Québec. Lintho. Res. 11, 783-792 [E fetotsoe]
  37. Raji CA, Ho AJ, Parikshak NN, Becker JT, Lopez OL, Kuller LH, Hua X., Leow AD, Toga AW, Thompson PM (2010). Sebopeho sa boko le botenya. Hum. Mappa ea Brain. 31, 353-364 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  38. Rolls BJ, Fedoroff IC, Guthrie JF (1991). Phapang pakeng tsa botona le botšehali mekhoeng ea ho ja le boima ba 'mele. Bophelo Psychol. 10, 133-14210.1037 / 0278-6133.10.2.133 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  39. Rothemund Y., Preuschhof C., Bohner G., Bauknecht HC, Klingebiel R., Flor H., Klapp BF (2007). Ts'usumetso e fapaneng ea dorsal striatum ke takatso e phahameng ea khalori ea lijo tse susumetsoang ke batho ba batenya. Neuroimage 37, 410-42110.1016 / j.neuroimage.2007.05.008 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  40. Schäfer A., ​​Vaitl D., Schienle A. (2010). Bothata ba tikoloho bo bobe bo bobe haholo tikolohong ea bulimia mothosa le bothata ba ho ja. Neuroimage 50, 639-64310.1016 / j.neuroimage.2009.12.063 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  41. Scholz J., Klein MC, Behrens TE, Johansen-Berg H. (2009). Koetliso e etsa hore ho be le liphetoho meahong e mebala e tšoeu. Nat. Neurosci. 12, 1370-1371 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  42. Schwartz MW, Pes mosa E., Raskind M., Boyko EJ, Porte D. (1996). Mefuta ea leptin ea cerebrospinal: kamano ho maemo a plasma le ho ratoa ke batho. Nat. Moedi 2, 589-593 [E fetotsoe]
  43. Sluming V., Barrick T., Howard M., Cezayirli E., Mayes A., Roberts N. (2002). Voxel-based morphometry e senola keketseho ea taba e bohlooho sebakeng sa Broca ho libini tsa banna tsa symphony orchestra. Nako ea morao-rao ea 17, 1613-162210.1006 / nimg.2002.1288 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  44. Smeets PA, de Graaf C., Stafleu A., van Osch MJ, Nievelstein RA, van der Grond J. (2006). Kameho ea ho satiety ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso ea boko nakong ea ho latsoa chokolete ho banna le basali. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83, 1297-1305 [E fetotsoe]
  45. Stanek KM, Grisang SM, Brickman AM, Korgaonkar MS, Paul RH, Cohen RA, Gunstad JJ (2011). Ho nona haholo ho amana le ho ts'epahala hoa taba e tšoeu ho batho ba baholo ba phetseng hantle. Obesity (Silver Spring) 19, 500-50410.1038 / oby.2010.312 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  46. Taki Y., Kinomura S., Sato K., Inoue K., Goto R., Okada K., Uchida S., Kawashima R., Fukuda H. (2008). Kamano lipakeng tsa index ea boima ba 'mele le molumo oa taba e putsoa ho batho ba phetseng hantle ba 1,428. Obesity (Silver Spring) 16, 119-12410.1038 / oby.2007.4 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  47. Taubert M., Draganski B., Anwander A., ​​Müller K., Horstmann A., Villringer A., ​​Ragert P. (2010). Matla a matla a sebopeho sa boko ba motho: liphetoho tse amanang le ho ithuta libakeng tsa cortical le lihokelo tsa fiber tse amanang. J. Neurosci. 30, 11670-1167710.1523 / JNEUROSCI.2567-10.2010 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  48. Tricomi E., Balleine BW, O'Doherty JP (2009). Karolo e ikhethileng bakeng sa morao-rao oa dorsolateral striatum ho ithuteng ka tloaelo ea batho. EUR. J. Neurosci. La 29, 2225-223210.1523 / JNEUROSCI.3789-08.2009 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  49. Uher R., Treasure J., Heining M., Brammer MJ, Campbell IC (2006). Ts'ebetso ea likhoerekhoere tse susumetsang tse amanang le lijo: litlamorao tsa ho itima lijo le bong. Behav. Brain Res. 169, 111-119 [E fetotsoe]
  50. Volkow ND, Wise RA (2005). Ho lemalla lithethefatsi ho ka re thusa joang hore re utloisise botenya? Nat. Neurosci. 8, 555-560 [E fetotsoe]
  51. Walther K., birdsill AC, Glisky EL, Ryan L. (2010). Phapang ea boko ba sebopeho le tšebetso ea kelello e amanang le index ea boima ba 'mele ho basali ba baholo. Hum. Mappa ea Brain. 31, 1052-106410.1002 / hbm.20916 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  52. Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Telang F., Jayne M., Ma Y., Pradhan K., Zhu W., Wong CT, Thanos PK, Geliebter A., ​​Biegon A., Fowler JS (2009). Bopaki ba phapang pakeng tsa bong le bokhoni ba ho thibela ts'ebetso ea boko bo hlahisoang ke ho hlohlelletsa lijo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Saense USA 106, 1249-1254 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  53. Wang J., Korczykowski M., Rao H., Fan Y., Pluta J., Gur RC, McEwen BS, Detre JA (2007). Phapang ea botšehali ho karabelo ea neural ho khatello ea kelello. Motsoalle Lemohang. Ama. Neurosci. 2, 227-239 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  54. Weller RE, Cook EW, Avsar KB, Cox JE (2008). Basali ba batenya ba bontša ho theola haholo ho feta basali ba boima. Takatso ea Bohlokoa 51, 563-56910.1016 / j.appet.2008.04.010 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  55. Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo. (2010). WHO Global Infobase. Geneva: Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo
  56. Yin HH, Knowlton BJ (2006). Karolo ea sehlopha sa basal ganglia ho theheng tloaelo. Nat. Moruti Neurosci. 7, 464-476 [E fetotsoe]