Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017 Jun 14; 8: 127. Doi: 10.3389 / fendo.2017.00127. eCollection 2017.
Michaud A1, Vainik U1,2, Garcia-Garcia I1, Dagher A1.
inahaneloang
Ho susumetsa ho bolela tloaelo ea ho nka lintho kapele ntle le ho nahana ka litlamorao. Mokhoa ona o nahanoa hore o bakoa ke tšebelisano lipakeng tsa karabelo e phahameng lipakeng tsa meputso e ka bang teng le boits'oaro bo bobe. Boithuto bo bontšitse hore ho nkeha maikutlo ho etsa hore motho a be monyetleng oa ho lemalla le botenya. Leha ho le joalo, sephetho sebakeng sena ha se hlake, mohlomong ka lebaka la ho rarahana ho hoholo ha lithethefatsi le botenya. O shebana le ho susumetsoa, sepheo sa tlhahlobo ena ke ho sebetsana le maikutlo a mangata pakeng tsa ho lemalla le botenya maemong a mane: (1) research research, (2) neurocognitive task, (3) brain imaging, and (4) proof of clinical. Re fana ka maikutlo a hore libaka tse tharo tse amanang le ho qhekella li bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa kutloisiso ea rona ea ho tšoana lipakeng tsa bokhoba le botenya: Boitšoaro bo tlase (High Disinhibition / Low Consciciousness), maikutlo a moputso (phahameng extraversion / Positive Emotionality), le tshusumetso e mpe (Neuroticism / Maikutlo a Fosahetseng). Liphuputso tse sa sebetseng li bonts'itse hore botenya le bokhoba ba ts'oaetso bo amana le ho nka liqeto ho sa tsotelleng le ho khetha ka leeme ha motho a sebetsana le lithethefatsi kapa litheko tsa lijo. Ho tšosa sena, botenya le mefuta e fapaneng ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi bo bonahala bo bonts'a liphetoho tse tšoanang ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea MRI ho arabela ts'ebetsong ea moputso le nakong ea mesebetsi ea boitaolo. Ka kakaretso, tlhahlobo ea rona e fana ka mokhoa o kopanetsoeng oa ho utloisisa likarolo tsena tsa botena tse hlahisang ho tšoana ho litloaelo tse tlatsetsang. Ntle le moo, re fana ka maikutlo a hore ho kenella ha kalafo ho shebileng taolo ea inhibitory ho ka emela mokhoa o ts'episang oa thibelo le / kapa kalafo ea botena.
LINKOTSO: temallo; boko; ho qhekella; botenya botho le litšobotsi tsa methapo ea kutlo
PMID: 28659866
PMCID: PMC5469912
DOI: 10.3389 / fendo.2017.00127
Selelekela
Ho nona haholo le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi ke maemo a rarahaneng le a rarahaneng mateanong a baeloji le bophelo ba kelello. Bongata ba lingoliloeng tsa mahlale li totobalitse bohlokoa ba lintlha tsa neurobiological le neuropsychological ho pathophysiology ea botenya (Setšoantšo. 1) (1, 2). Habohlokoa le ho feta, bopaki bo ntseng bo hola bo fana ka maikutlo a hore botenya bo arolelana mekhoa e tloaelehileng le bokhoba ho latela lits'ebetso tsa methapo ea kutlo e tsamaisang moputso le mekhoa ea ho itaola (3-5). Morero oa tlhahlobo ena ke ho hlahloba ka mokhoa o pharalletseng lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba ho lemalla le botenya maemong a mane: (1) research research, (2) neurocognitive task, (3) imaging brain, le (4) bopaki ba bongaka.
Setšoantšo sa 1. Brain endophenotype ea ho ba kotsing ea botona. Botho, kelello, le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ho nahana ka bokong bo eketsa ho ba kotsing ea botenya. Ho ja ka mokhoa o sa laoloang (UE) ho hlaha ka lebaka la ho ikopanya ha meputso e phahameng le ho se itaole. OFC, cortex ea orbitofrontal; PFC, cortex ea pele; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; BED, bokuli ba ho ja; ADHD, khaello ea tlhokomelo / bokhopo bo feteletseng; BMI, index ea boima ba 'mele.
Mekgwa ya Brain Mechanisms ea Takatso ea Taolo le Tlasa Taolo
Sistimi tse tharo tse hokahaneng tsa boko li laola tšebeliso ea lijo le boits'oaro: (1) hypothalamus, e arabang matšoao a kahare a matla a matla, (2) systemic limbic [amygdala / hippocampus, insula, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), le striatum], e e nka karolo ho ithuteng le ho hopoleng le ho kenyelletsa boleng kapa tšusumetso ea lijo, le (3) tsamaiso ea kelello ea taolo ea cortical (haholo pele), e nolofalletsang boitšoaro ho itaola (6, 7). Ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea lits'ebetso tsena e boloka homeostasis ea matla, e thusa ho ithuta ka lijo tse nang le phepo e ntle, 'me e khothalletsa khothaletso ea ho batla le ho ja lijo ka moo ho loketseng.
Leha ho le joalo, liphapang tse fapaneng le tse ling tse amanang le taolo ea khetho ea lijo le takatso ea lijo li ka hlalosa lebaka leo batho ba bang ba nang le monyetla oa ho fumana boima ba 'mele ho feta ba bang (8). Ha e le hantle, batho ba batenya ho feta tekano ba ka ba le litšobotsi tse ling tse ka etsang hore ba natefeloe ke ho pepesehela maemo a matle a tikoloho kapa tikoloho ea habo bona. E 'ngoe ea litšobotsi tse joalo ke ho nkeha maikutlo. Leha litlhaloso tse ngata li le teng (9-14), ho hloka botsitso hangata ho nkuoa e le tloaelo ea ho nka khato ka potlako ntle le ho nahanisisa ka litlamorao (15). Sharma et al. (16) haufinyane tjena o entse tlhahlobo ea likarolo tsa mantlha tsa meta-anal mme a fana ka maikutlo a hore ho qobelloa ke moaho oa multidimensional o kenyelletsang likarolo tse fapaneng tse fapaneng tsa kelello tse joalo ka disinhibition, neuroticism, ho fetelletsa maikutlo, ho batla maikutlo, ho se tsotelle, ho etsa liqeto tse sa qobelloang, taolo e sa lekaneng ea taolo, ho feto-fetoha le maemo ha kelello (16-19).
Impulsivity ke karolo ea mantlha ea mathata a 'maloa a amanang le neuropsychiatric a kang ho fokola ha kelello / khatello ea kelello (ADHD), mania le mathata a botho (20, 21). Liphuputso tse ngata li tlalehile hore ho hloka botsitso, tšobotsi e atileng ho bonoa ho batho ba lemaletseng tahi (22-26), e kanna ea amahanngoa le khetho ea lijo tse nang le khalori e ngata, ho ja ho sa laoleheng, le nts'etsopele ea botenya (27-31). Mohlala, batho ba khetholloang ka boits'oaro bo senotsoeng khafetsa le karabelo e phahamileng meputsong e ka ba kotsing ea ho holisa moruo o se nang phepo ha ba pepesehetse tikoloho e bitsoang "obesogenic" e ngata tikoloho (8, 28, 32). Lits'ebetso tse tsamaeang le boits'oaro tse lebisang moferekong li hlaha ka lebaka la karabelo e phahameng ea karabelo lipakeng tsa meputso e ka bang teng (ke hore, maikutlo a moputso) le boitšoaro bo bobe ba boits'oaro (ke hore, ho potlaka ho itšunya-tšunya)14, 28). Sistimi ea moputso ka kakaretso e nahanoa hore e kenyelletsa libaka tsa projeke tsa mesolimbic dopamine neurons, athe boitšoaro bo its'etleha ho latela preortal cortex (PFC), haholo-holo PFC ea morao-rao le dorsal anterior cingrate cortex (ACC). Phapang e le 'ngoe ea ho kena-kenana le taba ea ho kena bohlasoa e ka ba ntho e le' ngoe e fapaneng ho theoleng botenya le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi. Ntlheng ena, lithuto tse 'maloa li khothalelitse ho ba teng hoa liphapang pakeng tsa ho lemalla le botenya ts'ebetsong ea moputso (4, 5, 33, 34). Ebile, lithethefatsi tse lemalloang ho nahanoa hore li lemalla ka lebaka la liketso tsa tsona litsamaisong tsa neural tse laolang karabelo ea takatso ea moputso oa tlhaho joalo ka lijo (4, 34-36). Dopamine circry e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho kenyelletsa boleng ba matlafatso ea lintho tse lemalloang (37, 38).
Ha ho nahanoa hore litšobotsi tse ling tsa bokhoba ba ho lemalla ho lemalla ts'oaetso, li ka supa mabaka a ho ba le botenya, tlhahlobo ena e reretsoe ho sebetsana le potso e latelang: Na mokhoa o sa laoleheng le o fosahetseng oa ho itaola o bonts'itsoeng ts'ebelisong ea lithethefatsi o teng le boteng? Likarolo tse latelang li hlahloba bopaki ho ea ka botho, mesebetsi ea methapo, neuroimaging, le bopaki ba tliliniki.
Litšobotsi tsa Botho
Mekhoa ea botho e bonts'a tloaelo ea likarabo tsa kelello, maikutlo, le boits'oaro ho liketsahalo le tikoloho. Mekhoa e hohelang litšekamelo tse hohelang e amana le ho nona hampe le ho lemalla (39). Tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea karolo ea morao-rao ea tlhahlobo ea lipotso tse mabapi le botho e bonts'a li-subdomives tse tharo tse ikhethang tsa ho potlakisa (16): (1) Disinhibition khahlanong le Constraint / Conscienceness, (2) Neuroticism / Negative Emotionality, le (3) Extraversion / Positive Emotionality. Methati ena e fana ka sebopeho sa "Big tano" ea botho40), sekala sa UPPS (Boipotlako, Boikemisetso, Boitokisetso, Siding Siding)19), le conceptualizations tse ling tse ngata (9, 11). Ka hona, re sebelisa tšusumetso ena ea lintho tse tharo ea ho itlhahisa (16) e le moralo oa motheo oa ho hlophisa bopaki ba hore ho qhekelloa ka tekanyo ea botho ho amana le bokhoba le botena (Tafole 1).
Lethathamo 1. Kakaretso ea litloaelano tse kholo lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba tahi kapa botona le litekanyo tsa ho se tsitse.
Tlhatlhobo e phahameng le khatello e tlase / letsoalo le tlase
Taba ea Disinhibition khahlanong le Constraint / Conscienceness e entsoe ka li-subriers tse peli tse amanang le dyscontrol ea boitšoaro: ho haelloa ke moralo, ho lebisang ho se khone ho hana liketso tse potlakileng, le ho haella kapa tiisetso, ho lebisang ho siteng ho boloka boitaolo sefahlehong sa tsietsi (16). Ntlha ena e amana le mehato e latelang ho tsoa mehatong e tloaetseng ho sebelisoa ea botho: ho hloka mamello le ho hloka taolo ea pele ho UPPS, letsoalo le tlase ho tsoa ho NEO-Personality Inventory-Revised NEO-PI-R, le sepheo sa koloi le ho hloka boikemisetso ho tsoa ho Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) (16).
Lintlha tse tlase mabapi le letsoalo li amana le mekhoa e fapa-fapaneng e lemalloang (41) ho kenyelletsa tlhekefetso e seng molaong (42-44), mathata a papali ea chelete (45), ho tsuba (46-48), le tšebeliso ea joala (49, 50). Ho feta moo, letsoalo le tlase le eketsa kotsi ea ho oela hape kamora kalafo (51). Ho haella ha moralo kapa boitokisetso bo hlophisitsoeng bo sebelisitsoeng sekala sa UPPS hape ke moetapele oa boikemelo ba ho lemalla52). Kahoo, sebaka se phahameng sa Disinhibition le sebaka se tlase sa letsoalo le kopantsoeng le tloaelo e amahanngoa le kotsi e kholo ea ho lemalla, ho ts'ehetsa bohlokoa ba ho itaola ho hanela tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi.
Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, botenya bo 'nile ba amahanngoa le boemo bo fokotsehileng ba letsoalo.28, 53) joalo ka ha ho lekantsoe ke NEO-PI, mokhatlo o tiisitsoeng tlhahlobisong e kholo ea meta e kenyelletsang haufi le batho ba 50,000 (54). Sampole e kholo ea heterogenible e sebelisang BIS, Meule le Blechert (31) e fumane hore tlhokomelo e phahameng le likotsi tsa makoloi li hakantsoe ke index ea mmele e phahameng (BMI) kamora ho fetoloa hoa lipalo bakeng sa lilemo le thobalano. Leha ho le joalo, phello e ne e le nyane, 'me ho susumetsoa ke ho sa rera ho ne ho sa amane le BMI haholo (31). Kamora nako, lithuto tse sebelisang UPPS li boetse li fumane setsoalle pakeng tsa BMI le ho hloka mamello, e leng ho sitoa ho phehella ka mesebetsi e phephetsang (55, 56). Ntle le moo, litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa lithibelo tse tloaelo, joalo ka ha li lekantsoe ke Potso e Ntle ea Lintlha tse tharo, li amahantsoe le ho nona ka boima ba 'mele ha nako e ntse e feta (57). Disinhibition mona e bua ka tloaelo ea ho natefeloa ke ho ja lijo tse matlafatsang kapa maemo a sithabetsang, tšobotsi e amanang le letsoalo le boitšoaro. Ka lebaka la lithuto tsena, botenya bo bonahala bo amana le Disinhibition e phahameng le letsoalo le tlase. Litšobotsi tsena li ka eketsa tloaelo ea motho ea ho ja ho feta tekano maemong a itseng mme li ka thatafatsa ho boloka boitšoaro bo amanang le ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele ho batho ba batenya haholo (58).
Neuroticism / Emong e mpe
Factor Neuroticism / Nexative Emotionality e bonts'a tloaelo ea ho etsa lintho ka lepotlapotla ka lebaka la maikutlo a mabe le ho ba le litakatso ha ho ba maemong a mabe a (16). E bonts'oa ho neuroticism ho NEO-PI-R, ho potlaka ho sa lokelang ho UPPS, le ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho BIS (16).
Neuroticism (NEO-PI-R) e amana le li-syndromes tse fapaneng tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, ho kenyelletsa tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi (42-44), bothata ba ho becha (45), ho tsuba (46-48), le tšebeliso ea joala (49, 50), hape le ka kotsi e eketsehang ea ho oela hape kamora kalafo (51). Boithuto bo bong bo boetse bo tlalehile setsoalle pakeng tsa ho potlaka ka ho feteletseng (UPPS) le ho lemalla lithethefatsi (59-62). Ka kakaretso, batho ba nang le boitšoaro bo lematsang ba ka sebelisa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e le mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le khatello ea maikutlo le maikutlo a fosahetseng.
Kamano pakeng tsa botenya le neuroticism ha e bonahale. Ha litlhahlobo tse fetileng li tlaleha kamano pakeng tsa tse peli (28, 53), tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea meta ha e fumane mokhatlo ((54). Monyetla oa ho hloka kamano ena ea bohlokoa ke hore boima ba 'mele bo hokahane feela le likarolo tse ling tsa maikutlo a mabe. Mohlala, ho bonts'itsoe khafetsa hore ke "impulsiveness subildor" feela ea "N5: Impulsiveness") ea "NEO-PI-R".39, 63). Liphumano ho tsoa ho UPPS li ts'ehetsa maikutlo ana, joalo ka ho potlaka ho hobetsang, tšekamelo ea ho ba le tšusumetso e matla nakong ea ts'usumetso e mpe, e hokahane le BMI e kholo (55, 56). Lintho tse ling tse ka koahelang kamano e pakeng tsa botenya le Neuroticism / Negative Emotionality li kenyelletsa taba ea hore mokhatlo o ka ba teng ho basali feela le hore neuroticism le eona e ka rera ho fokola. dessyecik sehokelo sa mathata a ho ja (64). Sena se ka hlakisa kamano e haufi pakeng tsa botena le neuroticism lithutong tsa bongata. Kamora nako, khokahano lipakeng tsa neuroticism le botenya li ka tsamaisoa ke lipotso tse peli sehlopheng sa Neuroticism sa NEO PI-R se shebileng ka ho khetheha boits'oaro bo sa laoleheng (UE) boits'oaro (65, 66).
Ka bokhuts'oanyane, kamano e lipakeng tsa sebaka sa Neuroticism / Negative Emotionality le botenya li batla li sa lumellane ho feta ka letsoalo le boitsibollo. Leha ho le joalo, mokhoa ona o ka etsa hore motho a itšireletse maemong a sithabetsang maikutlong (67), e ka lebisang ho holeng ha nako e telele.
Extraversion / Emong e ntle ya maikutlo
Taba ea Extraversion / Positive Emotionality e bua ka ho batla maikutlo le maikutlo a ho etsa lintho tse khahlisang kapa tse khotsofatsang (16). Batho ka bomong ba nang le maikutlo a phahameng a tlatsetso / Emong e ntle ba tsotelloa ke botle ba tikoloho mme ba na le menyetla e mengata ea ho etsa lintho tse susumetsang kapa tse batlang moputso ha ba e-na le maikutlo a matle. Ho thoe ba batla lipale tse ncha le liphihlelo tse monate. Extraversion / Positive Emotionality e hokahana le domain name ea Extraversion ho Model Factor Model ea botho le ka ho Souta ha UPPS (16). Sensitivity to Reward Karolo ea Sensitivity to punishment and Sensitivity to Reward lipotso, (SPSR) ke lipotso tse ipolelang le tsona tse lekolang boholo bona (28, 68).
Liphuputso tse ngata li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ba le menyetla e bakoang ke moputso ho emela boemo bo ka ba kotsi bakeng sa ho lemalla lithethefatsi le ho nona ka ho eketsa ts'usumetso ea ho fumana lithethefatsi kapa lijo tse fumanehang habonolo (69, 70). Lipalo tse phahameng ho Extraversion li amana le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi (47). Mokhoa o amanang, tšohanyetso, tšekamelo ea ho nka khato ka potlako ho latela maikutlo a matle, o ile oa kopantsoe le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi (59-62). Ntle le moo, ho batla ho ikopanya hangata ho amana le mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le mathata a joala (62). Ka kakaretso, lingoliloeng li ts'oana ho hokahanya sebaka sa Extraversion / Positive Emotionality sa ts'usumetso ea mafu a lemallo.
Boithuto bo bong bo hlahisitse hore BMI e phahameng e amahanngoa le maemo a eketsehileng a Extraversion (28, 53). Lintlha tse phahameng ho Extraversion le tsona li bonahala li bolela esale pele bokamoso bo tla ba teng (kamora lilemo tsa 2) (71). Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tse hanyetsanang li teng, ka tlhahlobo ea meta (54) ho hloleha ho bonts'a kamano e lumellanang lipakeng tsa botena le ho eketsa lithuto lithutong tse telele. Leha ho le joalo, Davis et al. (72) e fumane hore maikutlo a meputso, joalo ka ha ho hlahlojoa ke SPSR, a ne a amahanngoa le boits'oaro bo bobe ba ho ja joalo ka ho rata lijo tse nang le khalori e phahameng le ho nona haholo (72). Ba khothalelitse batho ba bang hore ba ka ba le ts'ebetso e kholo ho lithahasello tsa lijo le hore taolo ea boima ba 'mele bathong bana e ka emela ntoa e tsoelang pele tikolohong ea mehleng ena ea ho ba le botenya haholo-e khothaletsang lijo. E sebelisa SPSR, sehlopha sena se boetse se bonts'itse kamano e harelaneng ea U pakeng tsa kutloisiso ea moputso le BMI mehlala ea lithuto tse akaretsang lintlha tse ngata tsa boleng bo phahameng ba boiphihlelo, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore lithuto tse bobebe le tse mpe haholo li ne li sa tsotelle ho putsa ho feta lithuto tse boima haholo le tse batenya haholo (73). Ka ho sebelisa sekhahla sa ts'ebetso ea Behaeveal activation Scale, lihlopha tse ling li fane ka bopaki ba kamano ea quadratic pakeng tsa BMI le sensitivity ea moputso (74, 75). Ho hlalosa kamano ena ea curvilinear, Davis le Fox (73) e fana ka maikutlo a hore ka bobeli hyper- le hyposensitivity ea ho putsa li ka lebisa bothateng. Monyetla oa kamano e nang le sebopeho sa U-sebopeho pakeng tsa BMI le Extraversion e bonts'a hore phapang e teng mefuteng ea BMI ea sampole lithutong tsohle e ka baka karohano e ka har'a lingoliloeng. Ntle le sena, bong bo ka fetola kamano pakeng tsa Extraversion le BMI. Bakeng sa basali, lintlha tse tlase ho Extraversion li shebahala li amana le ho hlonepha ho phahameng (76, 77), athe tse fapaneng li tlalehiloe ho banna (76, 78).
Ka kakaretso, leha ho fumanoe lipatlisiso tse hanyetsanang, bopaki ba hona joale bo supa moo ho nang le profiles e ts'oanang ea botenya le mathata a ho lemalla. Ka ho khetheha, mathata ana a mabeli a shebahala a arolelana taolo e tlase ea kelello (Disinhibition / low Consciciousness), le tšekamelo ea ho etsa liqeto tse sa tsitsitseng ha a arabela mehopolong e ntle (e phahameng ea Extraversion / Positive Emotionality) le e mpe (high Neuroticism / Negative Emotionality) e re. Setšoantšo 2 e bonts'a setšoantšo se akaretsang sa phapang ea botho ho bateng le botenya joalo ka ha bo nkiloe ho Ref. (39, 42, 79). Sena se bonts'a hore, ha, ka tekanyo e pharaletseng, botenya bo bonahala bo ts'oana le boits'oaro bo lemaletseng, ho boetse ho na le liphapang maemong a botle a subscales ea botho.
Setšoantšo sa 2. Lifaele tsa botho tsa botenya le litlamorao tse lemalloang ho latela tlhaiso ea botho ea NEO e ntlafalitsoeng. Re hlahisa phapano ea li-unit tsa T-lintlha lipakeng tsa sehlopha sa botenya ho feta boima ba sehlopha se ikemetseng le sehlopha sa taolo ea tlhekefetso ea sehlopha sa litekanyetso. Boemong bo pharaletseng ba lintho tsohle, li-phenotypes tsohle li arolelana Neuroticism e phahameng (Emong e Ntle ea boemo bo phahameng) le Agreeableness e tlase le letsoalo (Disinhibition e phahameng). Leha ho le joalo, boemong bo botle, lifaele lia fokola. Mohlala, botenya bo arohana le bokhoba ba ho lemalla ntho e le ngoe feela ho Neuroticism, eseng likarolong tsohle tsa letsoalo. Ka hona, leha ho na le ho tšoana ho pharalletseng, botenya le li-phenotypes tse lemalloang ha li tšoane ka botlalo. Ho fumanoe lintlha tse tsoang lipampiring tsena (39, 42, 79).
Mesebetsi ea Neurocognitive
Mesebetsi e sebetsanang le methapo ea kutlo e ka sebelisoa ho lekanya taolo ea inhibitory kapa boitaolo. Mehlala e sebelisoang haholo ke mosebetsi oa ho lieha ho lieha, mosebetsi oa ho emisa (SST), mosebetsi oa Go / No-Go, mosebetsi oa Stroop, le mosebetsi oa ho khetha likarete tsa Wisconsin (WCST) (80). Liteko tsena tsa methapo ea kutlo li lekola likarolo tse fapaneng tsa ho se ts'oanelehe, ho kenyelletsa khetho e sa potlakeloang, karabelo e sa potlakileng le ho se tsotelle (15, 81). Sharma et al. (16) hape e entse tlhahlobo ea meta-analytic-element factor factor ea mekhoa ea ts'ebetso e sebelisoang hangata ho feta mme ba supile libaka tse 'ne tse kholo: (1) ho etsa liqeto ka tsela e sa tsotelleng, (2) ho se tsotelle, (3), le (4). ) ho feto-fetoha. Likarolo tse latelang li hlalosa hore na libaka tsena tse 'ne tsa tšusumetso e amana joang le bokhoba le botenya (Tafole 1).
Ho Etsa Qeto ka Potlako
Ho etsa liqeto ka boomo (kapa khetho e sa qobelloang) ho bolela tloaelo ea ho se liehe ho khotsofatsa le ho khetha moputso o fumanehang hanghang (16). Hangata e lekoa ka mosebetsi oa theolelo oa ho lieha, moo barupeluoa ba lokelang ho khetha lipakeng tsa chelete e potlakileng, e nyane le e kholo, e liehang (82). Sekhahla sa litheko tse liehang ho liehisoa se amahanngoa le khetho e kholo ho meputso ea hang-hang, e bonts'ang liqeto tse sa potlakang.
Kirby le Petry (83) li bontšitse ho sebelisa mofuta oa lipotso tsa mosebetsi ona oo batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ba nang le ona ba nang le litheolelo tse phahameng tsa litheolelo bakeng sa meputso e lietsitsoeng ho feta taolo. Litlhahlobo tse peli tsa meta li boetse li fane ka bopaki bo matla ba hore tekanyo e potlakileng ea theolelo e amana le ho teba le khafetsa ea boits'oaro bo bobebe (84, 85). Boholo ba botsoalle bo ne bo tšoana lipakeng tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea mathata a bokhoba (joala, papali ea chelete, koae, cannabis, opiates le lintho tse khothatsang) (85). Sehlopha sona seo se boetse se tlalehile kamano e ts'oanang le boteng: le ha litholoana li fapana, tlhahlobo ea bona ea meta e phethile ka hore botenya bo amahanngoa le ho lieha ho fokotsoa ha moputso oa chelete le meputso ea lijo nakong e tlang (86). Ho khahlisang, Weygandt et al. (87) sa tsoa fumana hore ts'ebetso e fokolang ea ts'ebetso ea MRI (fMRI) ea libaka tse laolang taolo ea nako ea thibelo nakong ea mosebetsi oa ho lieha ho thefuleha e tsamaisana le ho boloka boima ba 'mele ka nako e telele. Haholo-holo, lithuto tse batenya haholo li bonahala li na le litheko tse liehang ho lieha lijo ha li bapisoa le mofuta o mong oa meputso. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lithuto tse lemaletseng lithethefatsi li na le theolelo e matla ea ho lieha bakeng sa lithethefatsi ha li bapisoa le mofuta o mong oa meputso (28, 85, 86). Ho etsa liqeto ka mokhoa o pharalletseng bothateng le bokhobeng ho ka hlalosa hore na hobaneng batho ba bang ba etsa boits'oaro bo bobe bo fanang hang hang empa bo senya kamora nako e telele.
Khopolo e 'ngoe ea ho etsa liqeto tse sa potlakileng e potoloha le mohopolo oa kotsi ea kotsi. Boikutlo ba kotsi bo lebisa molemong oa motho oa ho hohela kapa ho rata liphetho tse sa tsejoeng (88). Tloaelo e leka-lekaneng ea ho batla kotsi e ka hlahisa melemo ho sibollotsoeng ha tikoloho le lisebelisoa tse ncha 'me e ka lebisa ho lipakeng tse monate. Leha ho le joalo, ho hohela batho kotsing ho ka boela ha amahanngoa le litlamorao tse mpe mme ho ka ba le karolo ho nts'etsopele ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, mohopolo oa maikutlo a kotsi o sebelisitsoe ho hlalosa boitšoaro bo sa tsitsang ka ts'ebeliso le botenya (89, 90). Ho lemalla joala le botenya li ka kenyelletsa mokhoa o itseng oa tloaelo ea ho natefeloa ke nako e khuts'oane le kotsi ea litlamorao tse mpe tsa nako e telele (89, 91). Liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontšitse ho ba teng ha liphetoho tse amanang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi likhethong tse kotsi. Mohlala, ho bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle, barupeluoa ba noang joala ba bonts'a ho batla likotsi ha ba lebelletse tahlehelo e kholo ea chelete (92). Ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi le ho theola sekhahla sa ho lieha ho bonahala ho senya ts'ebetso ea tlhokomelo ea ho ithaopa kamora kalafo (93).
Ke liphuputso tse fokolang haholo tse seng li hlahlobisitse ka ho toba likotsi tse tšoanang kapa phapang lipakeng tsa ho lemalla joala le botenya ho fihlela joale. Phuputso e 'ngoe e fumane hore batho ba batenya ho feta tekano ba nang le bothata ba ho ja ka mokhoa o feteletseng (BED) ba entse likhetho tse ngata tse kotsi mosebetsing oa chelete e le ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi.94).
Thibelo
Sebaka sa inhibition se bua ka bokhoni ba ho hatella likarabo tsa koloi pele ho nako (16). Mesebetsi e inhibition ea liteko e kenyelletsa Go / No-Go le SST (80, 82). Mosebetsing oa Go / No-Go, batho ba botsoa hore ba arabe kapele kamoo ho ka khonehang ha ho hlaha tšusumetso e hlahang khafetsa ea pono (E-ea lets'oa) empa ho thibela karabelo ea bona ha ho hlaha letšoao le sa tloaelehang la ho emisa (Letšoao la No-Go). Mosebetsing oa SST, lets'oao la ho emisoa le hlahisoa ka mor'a lets'oao la Go ho lekola bokhoni ba motho ho emisa karabelo e seng e qalile (95).
Bopaki bo bongata bo hokahanya bokhoba ba lithethefatsi le taolo e thibelang likelello tsa lithethefatsi (96-98). Tlhahlobo ea meta-lithuto tsa 97 tse sebelisang mesebetsi ea SST kapa Go / No-Go e tlalehiloe hore taolo e thibelang likokoana-hloko ka kakaretso e bonoa haholo lithutong tse nang le mathata a tebileng a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le papali ea methapo ea methapo (99). Leha ho le joalo, ho ne ho se na bopaki ba bofokoli ba inhibitory lithutong tse fumanoeng tse nang le cannabis, opioid, kapa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete (99).
Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, botenya bo hokahane le taolo e fokolang ea taolo. Tlhahlobo e felletseng ea lingoliloeng e fumane hore batho ba batenya le ba batenya ho feta tekano ba na le taolo e fokolang ea taolo lithutong tse ikhethang tsa lijo tsa SST (100). Bangoli ba khothalelitse hore SST e kanna ea ba letšoao le letle ho khetholla batho ba kotsing e kholo ea ho nona kapa ho arabela hanyane ho kenelletseng ha boima ba 'mele (100). Taolo e fokolang ea taolo e boetse e amahanngoa le phaello e phahameng ea bokamoso (101, 102) le karolelano ea lijo (103). Ntle le moo, tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea meta e netefalitse hore batho ba baholo ba batenya ho feta tekano ba bonahatsa bofokoli ba taolo ea taolo ha ba bapisoa le taolo e sekametseng (104). Ho fumanoe lipatlisiso tse tšoanang ho bana le lilemong tsa bocha (104-108). Leha ho le joalo, Loeber et al. (109) ha baa fumana liphapang tse kholo lipakeng tsa barupeluoa ba moroto o motenya le ba batenya ho ts'ebetsong nakong ea mosebetsi o amanang le lijo tsa Go / No-Go. Ho feta moo, ba bang ha baa ka ba fumana phello ea BMI ka bobeli ts'ebetsong ea SST ho arabela lijo, empa tšebelisano e rarahaneng lipakeng tsa BMI le impulsivity (110).
Ho feta moo, Voon et al. (111) O sebelisitse nako ea ho etsa lintho ka mongolo o tsoang ho liteko tsa bohloeki ho lekola mofuta o itseng o fapaneng oa ho khanna koloi: ho ts'oaroa ho emela kapa ho arabela pele ho nako. Ba fumane hore likarabo tsa pele ho nako li ne li phahame haholo ho batho ba lemaletseng joala (joala, ho tsuba le lithethefatsi) empa eseng lithutong tsa batenya kapa tsa BED. Kahoo, mefuta e meng ea khatello ea maikutlo e bonoang ke bokhoba ba tahi ha e fumanehe bothateng.
Ho amohela
Sebaka sa boraro sa ts'usumetso e shebiloeng mona se bua ka bokhoni ba ho tsepamisa maikutlo mesebetsing e itseng ha u ntse u hatella karabo ho susumetsang ho sitisang (16). Mosebetsi oa Stroop hangata o sebelisoa ho lekanya domain name ea ho se tsotelle (1).16). Mosebetsi ona o hloka hore barupeluoa ba tsebe (hangata mantsoe ka mantsoe) mmala oa 'mala o ngotsoeng ntle le ho bala lentsoe ka bolona. Ha lentsoe le ngotsoe ka 'mala o sa lumellaneng le lentsoe (ka mohlala, lentsoe le boputsoa ka botala), ho ba le khohlano pakeng tsa ho bala mantsoe le ho reha mebala. PFC e kentse letsoho ts'ebetsong ea mosebetsi oa Stroop (112).
Ntlafatso ea mosebetsi ona, "bokhoba ba taolo," eo tšusumetso ea bona e emelang ntho e lemalloang, e boetse e sebelisoa ho lekola lits'ebetso tse hlokoang tse amanang le boits'oaro bo lematsang (113). Ho joalo, ho na le bopaki bo bongata ba hore batho ba lemaletseng tahi ba na le khethollo e itseng lithahasellong tse amanang le lithethefatsi, tse ka nkang karolo ea bohlokoa ho tseng litakatso tsa lithethefatsi, tšebeliso ea tsona le ho khutla hape (114). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, liphuputso tse ling li tlalehile hore batho ba batenya ho feta tekano ba ka ba le leeme le sa tsotelleng lithahasellong tse amanang le lijo, tse ka eketsang tšebeliso ea lijo le ho nona haholoanyane ka nako e telele (115). Hall et al. (116) e fumane hore maemo a phahameng a ho se tsotelle e ne e le baetapele ba tšebeliso e phahameng ea khalori. Ntle le moo, phuputso ea morao-rao e bontšitse hore batho ba batenya haholo ba tšoeroe ke lipalo tse tlase mosebetsing oa setso oa Stroop (117). Leha litlhahlobo tse ling li tlalehiloe litloaelano tse sa lumellaneng lipakeng tsa khethollo e hlokolosi ea litloaelo tse amanang le lijo le botenya (28, 115, 118, 119), pejana re phethile tlhahlobisong e felletseng ea hore mosebetsi oa Stroop o bonahala e le e 'ngoe ea mesebetsi ea taolo e lumellanang e bonts'ang likamano tse phetoang le botenya le boits'oaro bo amanang le boima ba mmele (28).
Ho fapanyetsana
Ho fetoha ha boitšoaro, kapa bokhoni ba ho fetola maikutlo kapa mosebetsi o behiloeng ka karabelo ho melao e fetohang, o boetse o hokahane le ho susumetsa (16). Hangata e hlahlojoa le WCST (16). Nakong ea mosebetsi ona, barupeluoa ba kopuoa hore ba matahane le karete ea karabelo ho e 'ngoe ea likarete tsa mekhahlelo e mene tse thehiloeng ho melao e itseng (mohlala,' mala, sebopeho, kapa nomoro) (120). Melao ea fetoha ha nako e ntse e tsamaea 'me lithuto li hloka ho ntlafatsa tsela eo li arabelang ka eona. Tloaelo ea ho sitoa ho fetoha e bitsoa mamello, 'me e ka bonts'a mokhoa o itseng oa ho hloka matla. Ho feto-fetoha le maemo ha kelello ho ferekantsoe le boitšoaro bo qobelloang (121, 122).
Tlhahlobo e sa tsoa etsoa ke Morris le Voon (122) o boletse hore lihokela pakeng tsa bosholu ba kelello bo hlahlojoang ho sebelisoa WCST le bokhoba ba tsona ha bo lumellane. Ho joalo, liphuputso tse ling li tlalehile ho fetoha habonolo ha kelello le lithethefatsi tse lemalloang ke lithethefatsi.123) le batho ba sa lemaletseng lithethefatsi (ho becha, bulimia)124). Leha ho le joalo, ba bang ha baa ka ba fumana setsoalle sa bohlokoa pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ho WCST le ho lemalla (125-127). Mabapi le botenya, phuputso e sa tsoa feta e tlaleha ts'ebetso e mpe ho WCST ho batho ba batenya ha ba bapisoa le batho ba nang le bothata bo bong ba ho ja (128). Ntle le moo, tlhahlobo ea meta (121) le tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng (118) bobeli ba tlaleha ts'ebetso ea WCST e sa sebetseng ho batho ba batenya ha ba bapisoa le taolo. Leha ho le joalo, batho ba batenya ho feta batho ba batenya haholo ha baa ka ba khetholloa ka ho senyeha ho fetohang (121).
Ka kakaretso, bopaki ba hajoale bo tsoang mesebetsing ea methapo e mengata ke hore batho ba batenya le ba lemallo ka kakaretso ba tsebahala ka ho etsa liqeto tse phahameng le ho ba leeme ha ba sebetsana le litheko tsa lithethefatsi kapa lijo. Ntle le moo, botena bo atisang ho amahanngoa le liphetoho tse fetotsoeng tsa kelello (ho feto-fetoha hoa maemo) tse hlahlojoang le WCST le taolo e fokolang ea taolo ea thibelo le SST.
Ho se nahane
Neuroimaging e sebelisitsoe ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le ho senyeha ha lithethefatsi le ho ata ha tlhekefetso. Ho ba tlokotsing ea ho lemalla ho ho lemalla ho ka nkoa ka lebaka la tšebelisano ea karabelo e eketsang maikutlo litabeng tsa lithethefatsi, tekano ea sebopeho sa tloaelo, boitšoaro bo fokolang, le ho phahamisa maikutlo a mabe (129, 130). Ts'ebetso tsena li amana le lits'ebetso tse fapaneng empa li hokahane tsa boko: (1) sisteme ea mesolimbic dopamine, e kenyellelitsoeng moputsong, khothatsong, le sebopeho sa tloaelo, e kenyelletsang sebaka sa tefo sa ventral, ventral striatum, anterior insula, OFC, amygdala, le hippocampus le ( 2) li-circuits tsa taolo ea ho lemoha, tse amehang molemong oa boitaolo, ho kenyelletsa le morao-rao le bohareng bo tlase ba PFC, ACC, le insula (131). Lithuto tse fetileng tsa neuroimaging li hlakisitse karolo ea sisteme ea mesolimbic ho pathophysiology ea lithethefatsi (132-139). Barupeluoa ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho bonahala ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea fMRI libakeng tsa ventral striatum, amygdala, le libakeng tsa medical tsa OFC ho arabela lithahasellong tsa lithethefatsi (133). Ka kakaretso, liphetho tsena li tsamaisana le tlhokomeliso ea hore barupeluoa ba nang le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi ba bonts'a maikutlo a matla a susumetsang a susumetsang maikutlo a susumetsoang ke lithethefatsi (130).
Mabapi le li-circuits tsa taolo ea kelello, bacha ba qalang tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho bonahala ba bonts'a tšebetso ea "oxygen" e fokotsang boemo ba mali sebakeng sa ts'ebetso ea dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), putamen, le parietal cortex e tlase nakong ea mosebetsi oa Go / No-Go, o fana ka maikutlo a hore ho se sebetse hantle hoa mantlha libakeng tsena ho ka bolela esale pele ho qaleha ha tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (140, 141). Thutong ena, mosebetsi oa thupelo o totobalitse karolo ea mantlha ea libaka tsa PFC mohopolong oa batho ba kotsing ea ho lemalla.112). Mohlala, barupeluoa ba lemaletseng tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ba bonahala ba bonts'a ho se sebetse hantle pele, ho ama PFC (dACC le DLPFC) ba kenyang boitšoaro, sephethe-pheto sa cortex (VMPFC) se kenyeletsang taolo ea maikutlo le boits'oaro bo bobebe, hammoho le "cortex" ea pele. laterC OFC e amehang ho arabeleng kapa ho itlhahlobe ka boiketsetso (112). Ho bile le tlhahiso ea hore PFC e kenelletse boits'oarong bo matla ho feta matla a eona a ho laola libaka tse ikhethileng tse sebetsanang le lits'ebetso tsa moputso (112, 142). Mohlala, matla a khokahano pakeng tsa dACC le striatum a kopantsoe hampe le ho teba ha bokhoba ba ho lemalla ha nikotine (143). Mathata a PFC a ka 'na a ts'oaroa ke mofuta oa endophenot o bitsoang ho sitisoa ke karabo le tšitiso e mpe (112). Mofuta ona oa endophenotype ka bobeli o eketsa tlhalohanyo lithahasellong tsa lithethefatsi mme o fokotsa matla a ho thibela boits'oaro bo bobe (144). Tumellanong le liphumano tsena, takatso ea lithethefatsi e bonahala e kenyeletsa amygdala, ACC, OFC, le DLPFC (145), ho fana ka maikutlo a ho nka karolo ha lisebelisoa tse amanang le moputso le taolo ea thibelo ea matla.
Boithuto bo bongata ba likhopolo tsa boko bo boetse bo ts'ehetsa taba ea hore ho ba kotsing ea ho nona le ho nona ho feta tekano ka lebaka la ts'ebelisano pakeng tsa maikutlo a meputso ea lijo (tšusumetso ea leseli) le taolo e fokolang ea thibelo. Ha ba arabela khahlano le lijo tse bonoang, barupeluoa ba nang le botenya ba bonono bo eketsehile ts'ebetsong ho PFC e sotlehileng, seterata sa bohlasoa, mofere-fere, prisus ea mantlha, ea boemo bo holimo (IFG), le setho sa ACC se amanang le lithuto tse atileng.119-121). Ho nahanoa hore likarolo tsena tsa boko li kenyelletsa likarabo tsa moputso, ho khothaletsa ts'ebetso, ts'ebelisano ea makoloi le mohopolo. Meralo ea ho ithuta ea Longitudinal e bonts'itse hore ts'ebetso e nyane ea BOLD libakeng tse amanang le moputso (ke hore, ventral striatum le OFC) e bolela esale pele phaello ea boima, e fana ka maikutlo a kamano pakeng tsa karabelo ea moputso o phahameng le nts'etsopele ea botenya (146, 147). Mabapi le lipotoloho tse laolang taolo, barupeluoa ba nang le botenya ba bonahala ba bonts'a tšebetso e sa fetoheng e sa bonahaleng ho DLPFC le ho kenella ka mokhoa o arabelang litlhoko tsa lijo tse bonahalang (148), e fana ka tlhahiso ea ho tšoarella ha karolo ea lisebelisoa tsa neural tse amanang le thibelo, taolo e phahameng, le tlhokomeliso ea kutloisiso. Taba ke hore liphuputso tse telele tse boletsoeng esale pele li tlaleha hore ts'ebetso e eketsang ts'ebetso ea DLPFC mabapi le litšoantšo tse nang le khalori e phahameng e amana le ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele ka boithaopo (149, 150). Monyetla o motle ke hore mekhoa ea boitaolo ho DLPFC e ka nyenyefatsa ts'ebetso ea VMPFC, ka hona, e fetole khetho ea lijo (151). Ho ts'ehetsa mofuta ona, ho kopanya ho matla pakeng tsa DLPFC le VMPFC ho amahantsoe le ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele ba ho ja (102) le liqeto tse nepahetseng tsa ho ja (151). Ntle le moo, lithuto tse ling tsa FMRI li tlalehile hore melaoana ea takatso ea lijo e amanang le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ho DLPFC, IFG, le dorsal ACC (152-154).
Boithuto bo 'maloa ba ho natefeloa ha botenya bo tobile ka kotloloho litsamaiso tsa taolo ea kelello ka ho sebelisa li-paradigms tsa taolo ea inhibitory. Mona, lithuto tsa fMRI li fumane likamano tse mpe lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko libakeng tse laolang taolo ea taolo (ea morao-rao ea PFC) le BMI (155-157). Lipatlisiso tsa Longitudinal li tlalehile hore ts'ebetso ho DLPFC nakong ea mesebetsi ea taolo ea kelello e bonahala e hakanya ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele ka mor'a kalafo (87, 102). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho senyeha ha taolo ea kelello ea ho laola libaka tse nang le takatso ea lijo ho ka baka (1) ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro bo lebisang ho katleho ea boima ba 'mele le (2) ho matlafatsa tšusumetso ea ho ja lijo tse bobebe, leha ho se na litlhoko tsa matla (6, 158).
Ka kopanelo, lithuto tse boletsoeng li bontša hore barupeluoa ba nang le botenya le bakuli ba nang le lithethefatsi ba hlahisa liphetoho tse tšoanang libakeng tse ka pele le liserekising tsa mesocorticolimbic. Leha ho le joalo, ho fihlela joale ho fihlela lithuto tse fokolang tsa neuroimaging li bapisitse ka kotloloho phello ea botena le mefuta e fapa-fapaneng ea litlatsetso ts'ebetsong ea boko. Ntlha ena ea ho qetela e bohlokoa ka ho khetheha, kaha litšobotsi tsa lijo le lithethefatsi li bonahala li kenya tšebetsong likarolo tse tšoanang tsa boko tse kenyelletsang ts'ebetsong ea meputso, joalo ka striatum, amygdala, OFC, le insula (135). Tlhahlobo ea pejana ea meta e hlokometse hore barupeluoa ba nang le botenya le lithuto tse nang le mefuta e fapaneng ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e ts'oanang ea BOLD ho amygdala le ventral striatum ha ba arabela lithahasello tse loketseng (lijo ka botenya le lithethefatsi ho lemeng)159).
Ka kakaretso, lithuto tsa fMRI tsa hona joale li fana ka bopaki ba ho ba teng hoa mekhoa e arolelanoang ea neural e amanang le botenya le mefuta e fapaneng ea bokhoba. Taolo e fokolang ea thibelo e kopanetsoeng le kutloelo-bohloko ea moputso le ho ela hloko li-cts (lijo kapa lithethefatsi) li ka sebetsa bakeng sa botena le bothateng bo lemalloang.
Bopaki ba Bongaka
Ho Ruruha ha Lijo
Binge -aching disorder (BED) ke bothata ba ho ja bo tsebahalang ka linako tse phetoang tsa ho nooa hoa lijo tse kholo ho feta tse tloaelehileng nakong e khuts'oane ea nako (160). Likokoana-hloko tsena li amahanngoa le mohopolo oa tahlehelo ea taolo le khatello ea maikutlo le kamoso. Boithuto bo bongata bo tlaleha hore batho ba nang le BED ba bonts'a kameho e matla, ho fetoha ha maikutlo a moputso, le ho fetola maikutlo le mehopolo e amanang le lijo ho susumetsoa ke lijo (161, 162). Mohlala, batho ba nang le BED ba lieha ho theola litheolelo (163) le ts'ebetso e tlase libakeng tsa PFC nakong ea mesebetsi ea taolo ea thibelo ea mafu (164, 165), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ho potlaka ho ka ba bohlokoa ho amana le BED. BED e hlahisa ho ts'oana hoa phenotypic ka mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (166). Kannete, mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le BED ka bobeli a tšoauoa ka tahlehelo ea taolo ea tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea matla, le ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea ts'ebeliso ea maikutlo ho sa tsotellehe litlamorao hampe (167).
Tlhokomeliso ea hore BED e arolelana maikutlo a amanang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse amanang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e lebisitse ho tšebeliso ea polelo "bokhoba ba lijo", haholoholo mabapi le batho ba fihlelang tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea BED, empa hape e le tlhaloso ea botona. Mohlala ona o khothaletsa hore lijo tse nang le phepo e ntle li ka lebisa karabong e hohelang bathong ba tlokotsing le ba kotsing e kholo (168, 169). Ho fapana ka "temallo ea lijo" ho ka sebelisoang ka sekala se kang Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) (166, 170, 171) kapa YFAS 2.0 (phetolelo e ntlafalitsoeng e hlophiselitsoeng litekanyetso tsa DSM-5 tsa mathata a amanang le lithethefatsi le lithethefatsi) (172). Leha ho le joalo, mohlala oa "ho lemalla lijo" ho batho o lula o le phehisano (173-177). Qholotso e kholo ke hore mohlala o thehiloe haholo lithutong tsa liphoofolo le hore mofuta le lijo tse ngata tse hlahisang "bokhoba ba lijo" ke tšenyo ea nako (173, 174, 177). Ntle le moo, liphoofolo ha li bontše boitšoaro bo kang ba tsoekere ho tsoekere; Boitšoaro bona bo hlaha feela ha phihlello ea tsoekere e le teng butle, eseng hobane e le tsoekere.177). Ho sitoa hona ho tsebahala ka hore ke moemeli oa litheko ka har'a lijo ho lebisitse ho litsebi tse ling tsa maikutlo ho buella boemong ba ho re ketsahalo ena e le "ho lemalla ho ja" (178). Re hlahisitse lentsoe "UE" (65). Ntle le moo, leha lintlha tsa "bokhoba ba lijo" li tsamaellana hantle le mehato e 'maloa ea ho amohela (179), ha se batho bohle ba nang le botenya kapa BED ba bonts'ang "tlhekefetso ea lijo" mme ka lehlakoreng le leng, batho ba bang ba nang le "bokhoba ba lijo" ha ba batenya haholo (174, 180). Davis (171) e fana ka maikutlo a hore "bokhoba ba lijo" ke karolo ea hoqetela ea pono e fetisang (65) hape e ka emela subtype e feteletseng ea BED. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, BED e kopantsoe ka matla le botena; le ha ho le joalo, BED e ka etsahala le ho batho ba nang le boima bo bongata ba 'mele (181). Joalokaha ho khothalelitsoe ke lithuto tsa pejana, batho ba batenya haholo ba nang le BED ba bonahala ba emela mofuta o itseng o ka tlase o batsi oa botenya (166, 182). Leha ho le joalo, le ha mela le lipakeng tsa BED, "bokhoba ba lijo," le botenya li sa hlalosoe hantle, maemo ana a bonahala a arolelana litšobotsi tse tloaelehileng ho kenyeletsa ho akheha le ho se sebetse ka moputso.
Attention Deficit / Bohloko bo Ferekanyang kelello
Attic deficit / Hyperactivity disorder ke bothata bo tsamaisanang le ho se tsotelle, ho ferekanya kelello le ho hloka matla (160). Liphuputso tse entsoeng ka neuroimaging li hlahisitse khokahano lipakeng tsa ADHD le ho se sebetse hantle makaleng a peleostriatal. Mohlala, lithuto tsa anatomical li hlokometse hore barupeluoa ba nang le ADHD ba bonts'a tšitiso ea cortical ho PFC, e amanang le bofokoli ba taolo ea thibelo ea mafu (183, 184). Comorbidity khafetsa ea ADHD ke mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (185-187). Mohlala, tlhahlobo ea nako e telele e fumane hore bana le bacha ba nang le ADHD ba kotsing e kholo ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le ho tsuba koae ka mor'a nako ea ho latela ea 10188).
Ho boetse ho na le bopaki bo ntseng bo hola ba kamano pakeng tsa ADHD le botenya. Leha ho le joalo, kamano ena e lula e le phehisano (189, 190). Tlaleho ea haufinyane ea meta-analytic e fumane kamano e kholo lipakeng tsa botenya le ADHD ho bana le ho batho ba baholo kamora ho laola lintho tse ka 'nang tsa ferekanya (mohlala, bong, moralo oa thuto, naha, le boleng ba ho ithuta) (190). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, tlhahlobo e 'ngoe ea morao-rao ea meta e tlaleha hore matla a kopano pakeng tsa ADHD le botenya li fokola. Leha ho le joalo, boholo ba litlamorao bo eketseha ka lilemo tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore botsoalle bo matla ho batho ba baholo ho feta bana (189). Liphuputso tse peli tse telele tse fumanoeng hore batho ba nang le ADHD ba kotsing e kholo ea ho nona ho feta taolo (191, 192). Tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea morao-rao e fumane hore matla a kopanelo pakeng tsa ADHD le boits'oaro bo bobe ba ho ja bo ne bo lekane (193). Ho feta moo, khokahano ea lefutso e fumanoe lipakeng tsa ADHD, BMI, le ho tsuba (194). Ho hlalosa khokahano lipakeng tsa ADHD le botenya, bafuputsi ba kholoa hore mafu ana a mabeli a bontša likarolo tse tloaelehileng tsa ts'ebetso ea kelello, joalo ka ho hloka matla le ho se tsotelle (195). Davis et al. (196) hape e khothalelitse hore batho ba nang le ADHD ba kanna ba iphapanyetsa mats'oao a bona a kahare a tlala le ho hlonama, ho ka lebisang ho ho ja hofeta hamorao. Ho khahlisang, kalafo ea meriana ea ADHD e nang le dopaminomimetics e ka nolofalletsa taolo ea boima ba mmele ka ho fetola lipontšo tsa satiety le boits'oaro ba ho ja (197). Ka kakaretso, ADHD e bonahala e amana le bokhoba ba ho lemalla joala le botenya le maikutlo a morao a amanang le bonohe, e leng, bofokoli le boiphetetso.
Khatello ea maikutlo kapa khatello ea maikutlo
Khatello ea kelello ke ntho e ka re behang kotsing khahlano le mafu a mangata a kelello, mme e na le liphetho tsa bohlokoa kutloisisong ea rona ea ho lemalla le botenya hona joale (198, 199). Boithuto bo bontšitse likamano lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le takatso ea lithethefatsi (200, 201). Ho pepesetsoa khatello ea maikutlo khafetsa bophelong le hona ho rerela phetoho ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi ho tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi (202), mme ho bonahala e eketsa kotsi ea ho oela hape har'a basebelisi ba khaotsoeng (202). Khatello ea maikutlo ke e 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa mantlha tsa mofuta oa bokhoba bo boletsoeng ke Koob le Le Moal (203). Ho latela semelo sena, bokhoba ba tahi bo ka nkoa e le ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele ea dysregulation ea hedonic le homeostasis (204). The e sithabetsang maikutlo Potoloho e hlalosa kamoo ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e tsoelang pele hammoho le ho sitoa ho itaola e ka baka ho senyeha ho sa feleng hoa tsamaiso ea moputso. Ha ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e ntse e eketseha, bakuli ba fihla maemong a amanang le ts'usumetso le khatello e matla e ntseng e eketseha ka mor'a ho tlohela lithethefatsi. Mohlala ona o khothaletsa hore boemo bona bo sithabetsang ba maikutlo bo hlahisa sesosa se matla sa ho batla lithethefatsi, hobane bakuli ba maemong a matla a bokhoba ba lithethefatsi ba tla sebelisa lithethefatsi ho imoloha matšoenyehong (203).
Mabapi le botenya, bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha bo fana ka maikutlo a hore khatello ea maikutlo e ka fetola mekhoa ea ho ja (198, 205). Litla-morao tse mpe kapa khatello ea maikutlo e sa foleng e eketsa takatso ea lijo kapa litakatso tsa lijo, tlhokomelo e lebisitsoeng ho lijo, le likhetho tsa motho ka mong bakeng sa lijo tse nang le khalori e phahameng (mohlala, liswiti le chokolete) (206-209). Keketseho ea ho batla lijo le tšebeliso ea lijo nakong ea maemo a boima a maikutlo e ka amana le taba ea hore ho ja seo ho thoeng ke "lijo tse khothatsang" ho khothaletsa ntlafatso litlamong tse mpe (210, 211), tumellanong le mohlala oa Koob le Le Moal. Kamano lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le takatso ea lijo, leha ho le joalo, e fapana ka mokhoa o makatsang. Ho joalo, khatello ea maikutlo e ka amahanngoa le takatso e matla le e fokotsehileng (205), ka 30% ea baahi ba nang le ho eketseha ha takatso ea lijo, khatello ea maikutlo ea 48%, 'me tse ling kaofela ha li na phetoho (212). Boithuto bo bontšitse hore botenya ke mofuta oa bohlokoa oa keketseho ea lijo nakong ea khatello ea maikutlo. Mohlala, le ha khatello ea kelello mosebetsing e amahanngoa le ho nona ka boima ho nka karolo ho banna ba nkang karolo ba nang le BMI e phahameng, khatello ea kelello e tšoanang e lebisa tahlehelo ea boima ba mmele ho baeti (213). Kamora nako, batho ba nang le botenya ba bangata ba bonahala ba e-na le mefuta e mengata ea liketsahalo tse bohloko tsa bophelo le khatello ea maikutlo e telele ha e bapisoa le batho ba se nang 'mele (198).
Khatello ea kelello e sebetsa libakeng tsa bokong tse kenyelletsang mahlakore ka bobeli a taolo ea takatso ea lijo: sistimi ea moputso / ts'usumetso le mekhoa ea taolo ea thibelo. Mohlala, Tryon et al. (214) e fumane hore ka lebaka la litšoantšo tsa lijo tse nang le khalori e phahameng, basali ba tšoeroeng ke khatello e matla ea maemo a phahameng ba eketsehile ts'ebetso libakeng tsa boko tse kenyelletsang moputsong le khothatsong hammoho le ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng libakeng tsa pele. Basali bana ba boetse ba bonts'itse ts'ebeliso e kholo ea lijo tse nang le khalori e ngata kamora seboka sa ho hlahloba. Ka tsela e tšoanang, Maier et al. (215) bapisa likarabo tsa neural lipakeng tsa barupeluoa ba abetsoeng khatello ea maikutlo laborator le ba fuoeng boemo ba ho se jele paate nakong ea mosebetsi oa khetho ea lijo. Lintho tse abetsoeng mothatelli oa khatello li beha boleng ba lijo tse hlahisitsoeng haholo. Ha ho bapisoa sena, li-amygdala tse ikopantseng le li-nucleus tse nepahetseng li bonts'a boleng ba tatso e ikhethileng ea likhetho tse khethiloeng ka matla ha li bapisoa le barupeluoa ba taolo. Bangoli ba hlalositse lipatlisiso tsena ka ho fana ka maikutlo a hore khatello ea maikutlo e matla e ka eketsa melemo ea lijo tse khothatsang (215). Ho feta moo, Jastreboff et al. (216) e hlokometse hore batho ba batenya haholo ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e eketsehileng libakeng tse bataletseng, tse kenang kahare le tse ling ka lebaka la khatello ea maikutlo le lithahasello tse monate tsa lijo ha li bapisoa le batho ba se nang 'mele. Ts'ebetso tsena tse eketsehang tsa corticolimbic-striatal ha li araba mekhoa ea lijo le khatello ea maikutlo li boetse li amana le litekanyetso tsa takatso ea lijo, li fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba bang ba ka ba kotsing e kholo ea ho sebelisa lijo tse nang le khalori e ngata nakong ea khatello ea maikutlo (216). Motheong oa mofuta oa theoretical o hlahisitsoeng ke Sinha le Jastreboff (198), mekhoa e metle ea lijo e kopantsoeng le ho pepesetsoa khatello ea maikutlo e sa foleng e ka fetolela maikutlo, likarabo tsa metabolic (mohlala, li-glucose le li-hormone tsa tekanyo ea matla) le li-hormone tse arabelang khatello ea kelello (mohlala, adrenocorticotrophin cortisol) e susumetsang likarolo tsa boko tse kenyelletsang moputsong, khothatsong, boits'oaro, le ho etsa liqeto. Ka hona, maikutlo a khatello a kelello a ka sebelisana le lits'ebetso tsa moputso ho khothaletsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi kapa ho ja ho feta tekano (kapa ka bobeli) ho batho ba kotsing (217).
fihlela qeto e
Bopaki ba ho se Kopane
Leha ho na le ho ts'oana ho tšoanang ho senotsoeng mona ho boetse ho na le bopaki ba hore botenya le mekhoa e meng e lemalloang e fapana mme e ka feta feela ka tsela e itseng (218). Ha lithuto tse ling li hlokometse litheko tse phahameng tsa mafu a lemalloang bathong ba batenya haholo.219, 220), ba bang ba tlalehile ho haella ha likamano tsa bohlokoa lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba ho lemalla le botenya (221-224). Lintlha tsa Methodology (224) hammoho le ho rarahana ho hoholo ha boteng le heterogeneity e amanang le botenya le bokhoba ba tahi (225) e ka thusa ho hlalosa liphapang tse bonoang lipakeng tsa lithuto. Ho na le lintlha tse ngata (mohlala, ho hloka botsitso le matšoao a sithabetsang) tse ka sebelisanang le botenya / boits'oaro ba ho ja ka mekhoa e rarahaneng eo ho leng thata ho ikarabella ho eona lithutong tse nang le sampole tse nyane haholo. Lintlha tsena li ka hlalosa lithuto tse hanyetsanang ka har'a lingoliloeng. Ho feta moo, monyetla o khahlisang ke hore litlatsetso tse ling tsa botenya li ka ba kotsing e kholo ea ho eketsa boits'oaro bo bobe (33). Mohlala, bakuli ba bang ba ts'ebetso ea ho ikoetlisa kamora 'bariatric ho bonahala ba bonts'a litekanyetso tse eketsehang tsa mathata a ho lemalla (226-228). Ketsahalo ena hangata e bitsoa "bokhoba ba tahi" kapa "tšebeliso ea tlhekefetso."
Meeli ea tlhahlobo ea hona joale e lokela ho amoheloa. Ho nona haholo ho bakoa ke ho se leka-lekane ho loketseng pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea matla le tšebeliso ea matla. Hoo e batlang e le lithuto tsohle tsa botona le botšehali tse tlisoang mona li hlalosa barupeluoa ba batenya ho latela BMI (kg / m2). Le ha BMI e le sesupo sa ho amohela batho ka botlalo, bothata bo bohlokoa ke hore e kanna ea se ke ea amahanngoa le mekhoa ea ho ja e lemalloang. Mothating ona, ho bohlokoa haholo ho kenyelletsa litlhaloso tsa ba nkang karolo ho ea ka boits'oaro ba bona ba ho ja kapa mekhoa ea bona ea UE. Ho feta moo, maemo a tliliniking a atisang ho ba le ho nona haholo, joalo ka BED kapa ADHD ha a hlahlojoe ka tatellano ebile ha a qheleloe ka thoko lithutong tsohle tse kenyellelitsoeng tlhahlobisong ea joale. Ntlha ena e na le moeli oa bohlokoa o ka fokotsang kapa oa pepeta ho tlola lipakeng tsa bokhoba le botena.
Ho phethela Maikutlo
Ho lemalla le botenya ke mathata a bophelo bo botle a rarahaneng oa phenotypic. Bopaki bo ntseng bo hola bo tsoang ho botho, ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo, le lithuto tsa ts'ebetso ea kelello li bontša hore ho kopana ha taolo e fokotsehileng ea kelello 'me, ho isa tekanyong e nyane, ho eketseha ha maikutlo a moputso ke lebaka la kotsi bakeng sa nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea li-syndromes ka bobeli. Sena ke 'nete haholo sebakeng sa taolo ea kelello 2) joalo ka ha ho lekantsoe ke mabaka a Consciciousness le Disinhibition liphatlalatsong tsa lipotso tsa botho, ka mesebetsi e hlokolosi ea ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi, kapa ka ho fokotseha ho hira libaka tse amanang le taolo ea kelello, joalo ka PFC ea morao-rao, lithutong tsa fMRI. Batho ba khethiloeng ke drive o phahameng oa lijo le taolo e phahameng ea kelello ba ka laola boima ba 'mele oa bona tikolohong e nang le lijo tse ngatafatsang.
Tlhahlobo ea hona joale e fana ka pono e felletseng ea liphetoho tse amanang le ho nona le ho lemalla, tse hlahisang litholoana ho tsoa mothong, neurocognitive, neuroimaging, le maemong a bongaka. Liphetho tsa tlhahlobo li na le monyetla oa ho tsebisa mekhoa ea bongaka e reretsoeng ho thibela kapa ho phekola botena. Boitšoaro bo felisitsoeng ke ponelo-pele ea liphello tsa kalafo e futsanehileng mathateng a tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi (51) hape e ka ba e 'ngoe kalafong ea botena. Se fumaneng tlhahlobo ea hona joale e ka ba sa khahla ho litsebi tsa boits'oaro bo botle bo ikemiselitseng ho matlafatsa maano a taolo ho barupeluoa ba botenya. Ho kenella ka mokhoa o ikhethileng oa taolo e thibelang likokoana-hloko e kanna ea emela mokhoa o ts'episang oa thibelo ea botena ho batho ba nang le boits'oaro bo bobe le kutloelo-bohloko e phahameng.
Menehelo ea Mongoli
AM: moralo le mohopolo oa buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho; o ngotse ka letsoho; mme a fana ka tumello ea ho qetela. UV le IG: ba ngotse mme ba boelisisa ka mokhoa o hlakileng; e fane ka tumello ea ho qetela. AD: moralo le mohopolo oa buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho; o ngotse hape a pheta buka e ngotsoeng ka mokhoa o hlakileng; taolo ea ho ithuta le boikarabello ba lichelete; mme a fana ka tumello ea ho qetela.
Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso
Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.
dithuso tsa ditjhelete
Mosebetsi ona o ne o tšehelitsoe ke chelete e sebetsang ho tsoa ho Canadian Institutes of Health Research to AD. AM ke moamoheli oa botsoalle ba postdoctoral bo tsoang ho Institutes tsa Canada tsa Patlo ea Bophelo.
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Mantsoe a bohlokoa: botenya, ho lemalla, ho se tsitsinyehe, bokong, botho le litšobotsi tsa ts'ebetso ea methapo
Caring: Michaud A, Vainik U, Garcia-Garcia I le Dagher A (2017) Ho okamela li-Neural Endophenotypes ho Keketso le Botenya. Ka pele. Endocrinol. 8: 127. Doi: 10.3389 / fendo.2017.00127
E amohetse: 06 Hlakubele 2017; E amohetsoe: 26 May 2017;
E phatlalalitsoe: 14 June 2017
E hlophisitsoeng ke:
Hubert Vaudry, Univesithi ea Rouen, Fora
Hlahloba by:
Guang Letsatsi, Memorial University ea Newfoundland, Canada
Susanne E. la Fleur, Univesithi ea Amsterdam, Netherlands
Copyright: © 2017 Michaud, Vainik, Garcia-Garcia le Dagher. Ena ke sengoloa se bulehileng se fihletsoeng ka tlase ho License ea Boikarabelo ba Creative Commons (CC BY). Ho sebelisoa, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa liforomo tse ling ho lumelloa, hafeela bangoli ba pele kapa ba le lengolo la tumello ba tlotlisoa le hore sengoliloeng sa pele sa makasine ena se boleloa, ho latela mokhoa o amohelehang oa thuto. Ha ho sebelisoe, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa ho lumelloa ho sa lumellaneng le melao ena.
* Litlaleho: Elena Dagher, [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
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