Ka pele. Behav. Neurosci., 23 March 2016 | http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00054
Masroor R. Shariff1, Arnauld Belmer1, Matthew J. Fogarty2, Erica WH Mu2, 
- 1Setsi sa Lipatlisiso sa Phetolelo le Institute of Health le Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- 2Sekolo sa Bohlale ba Mahlale, Univesithing ea Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Lijo tsa morao-rao li monate haholo, tse hlahisang mefuta e mengata ea tsoekere, haholo-holo har'a bacha. Le hoja ho sa tloaelehang ho kenngoa tsoekere nako e telele ho tsebahala ho tlatsetsa ho nts'etsopele ea mathata a ts'ebetsong a ts'ebetsong ho kopanyelletsa botenya le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa II, ho sa tsejoe hakaalo mabapi le liphello tse tobileng tsa nako e telele, binge-like tsoekere e sebelisoang bokong. Bho etsa hore tsoekere e ka etsa hore ho lokolloe dopamine nucleus accumbens (NAc) ka ho tšoanang le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, re ile ra etsa liphetoho liphetohong tsa morphology ea neurons sebakeng sena sa boko ka mor'a libeke tse khutšoanyane (li-4) le libeke tsa nako e telele (libeke tsa 12) joaloka sucrose tšebeliso e sebelisoang ka khetho ea li-bottle tse peli tsa botlolo. Re ne re sebelisa litlolo tsa Golgi-Cox ho kenya li-neuron tse nang le mefuta e meholo (MSNs) ho tloha ho NAC e kholo le khetla ea likhofu tse nyenyane le tse nako e telele tsa sucrose tse jang le ho li bapisa le ho laola metsi. Re bonts'a hore tšebeliso e ngata ea li-binge-like sucrose e theohile haholo ka nako e telele ea bolelele ba li-MSNs tsa NAC ha li bapisoa le likhohlo tse laolang lilemo. Hape re fumane hore ho tsosolosoa ha li-neurone tsena ho bakoa haholo le ho fokotsoa ho rarahaneng ha dendritic. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, re bone ho eketseha ha matla a mokokotlo mokhoeng oa makala a distal a NAc shell MSNs ho tloha nako e telele sucrose ho ja likhoto. Li kopantsoe, liphetho tsena li totobatsa liphello tsa neuronal tsa tlhahiso ea li-binge ea nako e telele ea sucrose holim'a NAc shell ea MSN morphology.
Selelekela
Lilemong tsa ho qetela tsa 40, ho 'nile ha e-ba le ho eketseha ha litokomane tse sebelisoang ka tsoekere-tse tsoekere le lijo tse nang le tsoekere e eketsehileng (Nielsen et al., 2002; Popkin, 2010; Ng et al., 2012), le litlaleho tse hakanyang hore ho fihlela 75% ea lijo tsohle le lino tse nang le lithethefatsi li na le tsoekere e eketsehileng ea tsoekere (Ford le Dietz, 2013; Bray le Popkin, 2014). Nakong ena, ho 'nile ha e-ba le keketseho e ts'oanang ea ho ata haholo le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa II, haholo-holo har'a bacha (Arslanian, 2002; Reinehr, 2013; Dabelea et al., 2014; Fryar et al., 2014). Liphuputso tsa morao-rao li bontšitse hore hangata bana ba feteletseng haholo le ba nang le botenya haholo ba ja tsoekere e eketsehileng, leha ho le joalo monehelo oa tsoekere e phahameng e nang le lijo tse ngata ho eketsehileng ha bana ba feteletseng le ba feteletseng ho ntse ho phehisana khang (Hu, 2013; Bray le Popkin, 2014; Bucher Della Torre et al., 2015).
Le hoja bopaki bo eketsehang ba bopaki bo bontša hore ho sebelisoa ha lijo tse phahameng tsa tsoekere e ka 'na ea e-ba le phello e matla ho boima ba bana le bacha (Malik et al., 2010; Te Morenga le al., 2013; Bray le Popkin, 2014), ho fanoe ka tlhokomelo e fokolang liphellong tse sa pheleng tsa ts'ebetsong tse bakoang ke ho ja haholo ka tsoekere. Ho thahasellisang ke hore litloaelo tse tloaelehileng tsa boitšoaro le tsa kelello li atisa ho hlaha har'a karolo ea batho ba jang le ho boloka tsoekere e phahameng e nang le lijo. Habohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ke tsoelo-pele ea mathata a ho ja ho kopanyelletsa ho ja lijo tsa motsoako, ho kopantsoe le ho qala ka nakoana ha matšoao a kelello ho hloka ho ba le tšusumetso le ho tepella maikutlo (ho hlahlojoa ka Sheehan le Herman, 2015). Ho phaella moo, hobane batho ba itlopa joala hangata ba bonahatsa tahlehelo ea taolo le ho se khone ho itšehla tharollo ea tsoekere, ho ka etsahala hore mekhoa ena e hlahe ka lebaka la liphetoho tsa methapo libakeng tsa boko bo hlahlobang bohlokoa ba hedonic ea lijo tse monate haholo (Saper et al., 2002; Lutter le Nestler, 2009; Kenny, 2011). Taba ena e boetse e tšehetsoa ke bopaki ba batho bo bontšang hore tsoekere le monate li ka baka litakatso tse tšoanang le tse bakoang ke lithethefatsi tse lemalloang tse kang joala le nicotine (Volkow et al., 2012).
Le hoja lintho tse tsitsitseng tsa tsoekere li sa ntse li nahanngoa, litlhaloso tsena li kopantsoe le lithuto tse bontšang monehelo oa tsoekere e feteletseng ho etsa liphetoho ho potoloho ea moputso le nts'etsopele ea mekhoa e tsitsitseng ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi le maemo a maikutlo a liphoofolo ka mehlala ea liphoofolo (Avena et al., 2008; Benton, 2010; Ventura et al., 2014), e tiisa hore ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse tsoelang pele. Liphuputso tse fetileng ho litoeba li bonts'itse hore mokhoa o kenang ho sucrose o fetola mosebetsi oa li-neurotransmitters tse 'maloa ka har'a tsamaiso ea mesoli e akarelletsang dopamine, opioids le acetylcholine (e hlalositsoeng ho Avena et al., 2008). Ho bontšoa ho sebelisoa ha joala ho sebelisoa srorose ho thusa ho lokolloa ha dopamine nucleus accumbens (NAc), ho tšoana le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso (Avena et al., 2008). Ho feta moo, re bontsitse hore nako e telele metsi a sebelisoang ka sucrose a sebelisa 24 h ho fihlela likhahla tse peli tsa khetho ea botlolo (paradigm)Simms et al., 2008) e tsamaisa polelo ea nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) polelo e NAc (Shariff et al., Mocheng oa khatiso). Ho thahasellisang ke hore re boetse re hlokometse hore lik'hemik'hale tsa NAChR tse tsejoang hore li tsamaise dopamine le liketso tsa acetylcholine ho NAc, li na le liphello tse fapaneng ka ts'ebetso ea sucrose ka mor'a nako e khutšoanyane le ea nako e telele (Shariff et al., Mocheng oa khatiso).
Le hoja lipatlisiso tsena li bontšitse ho tšoana le liphetoho tsa boitšoaro le tsa methapo ea meriana tse bakoang ke ho kena ka hare ho tsoekere le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, ha ho tsejoe hore na liphello tsena li thusa liphetoho ho neuronal morphology ka NAc. Tho fapana le lisebelisoa tsa tlhekefetso ho kenyeletsa cocaine, amphetamine le nicotine tse hlahisang liphetoho tse ntle morpholoji ea spiny neurons (MSNs) ho NAc, ho kenyeletsa ho eketseha ha sekhahla sa mokokotlo le ho fetoha ho rarahaneng ha dendritic (Robinson le Kolb, 1999, 2004; Li et al., 2003; Crombag le al., 2005). Hobane re kile ra bontša hore nako e telele ho pepeseha (12 beke) ho joala le sucrose ho sebelisa khetho ea li-bottle tse peli tsa bohobe e hlahisa karabo e fapaneng le mekhoa ea pharmacotherapeutic e bapisoa le ho noa nako e khutšoanyane (libeke tsa 4; Steensland le al., 2007; Shariff et al., Mocheng oa khatiso), re ile ra hlahloba liphello tsa nako e khutšoanyane le e telele ea sucrose ka mokhoa oa MSN morphology ho NAc. Re ile ra lumella likhofu tsa bocha hore li je sucrose ka tsela e itekanetseng bakeng sa li-4 (nako e khutšoanyane) kapa li-12 (nako e telele) libeke ebe li hlahlobisoa morpholoji ea NAC MSN ho tloha linthong tse khutšoanyane le tse telele tsa sucrose tse jang ebe li bapisa sena le ba laoloang ke lilemo tse fanoeng ba filoeng phihlelo ea metsi feela. Liphello tsa rona li bonts'a hore li-MSN tsa shell ea NAC li fetoloa ka mor'a nako e telele-empa e se khutšoanyane ea sucrose, ha e fokotsehile bolelele ba dendritic, empa e eketsehile ho feta dalritic spine density. Ho phaella moo, re fumane morpholoji ea MSN ho tswa ho NAC e ntse e le e sa tsitsitseng ka mor'a hore e sebelisoe nakoana le e telele. Liphello tsena li totobatsa phello e tobileng ea methapo ea nako e telele ea sucrose ka tsela e itekanetseng. Ho feta moo, boitsebiso bona bo bonts'a tlhokahalo ea lithuto tse tsoelang pele tse shebaneng le ho fetola liphetoho tsa limolek'hule le tsa methapo ea mali tse tsamaisanang le phetoho ea morphological ea NAc shell MSN e bakoang ke ho ja lijo tse ngata tsa nako e telele, tse kang li-sucrose.
Lisebelisoa le mekhoa
Boitšoaro ba Melao
Litekanyetso tsohle tsa liteko li ne li etsoa ho latela Molao oa Australia bakeng sa Tlhokomelo le Tšebeliso ea Liphoofolo bakeng sa Lipakane tsa Saense, 8th Edition (Lekhotla la Sechaba le Bophelo bo Botle ba Lipatlisiso, 2013). Melao-motheo e ile ea amoheloa ke Komiti ea Queensland University ea Technology Animal Ethics Committee le Komiti ea Univesland ea Melao ea Boitšoaro ba Litlhapi tsa Univesland.
Liphoofolo le Matlo
Li-li-libeke tse hlano (lilemong tsa bocha) banna ba malinyane a Wistar (Tlhophiso: 176.4 ± 4.8 g; Sucrose: 178.3 ± 5.0 g) (ARC, WA, Australia), ka bobeli ba ne ba lula ka li-Plexiglas tse peli tsa moea® litente. Likokoanyana li ne li lumellana le maemo a matlo a bolulo, ho sebetsana, le ho potoloha ho potoloha matsatsi a 5 pele ho liteko tsa liteko. Likokoanyana kaofela li ne li lutse sebakeng sa ho khantšetsa mocheso oa 12-hr o khanyang mocheso / motso o lefifi (o khantša ka kamoreng ea 9 am) kamoreng e tloaelehileng ea rat le metsi a teng ad libitum.
Ho sa tsotellehe hore na o na le boipheliso bofe
Ho kena ha 5% ka nako e khutšoanyane ho khetholla khetho ea libotlolo tse peli ho noa paradigm (Simms et al., 2008) e ile ea fetoha Bohlale (1973). Lisebelisoa tsohle li ne li hlahisoa ka libotlolo tsa polase tsa 300 ml tse fumaneng mangolo a nang le tšepe ea lithethefatsi tse nang le tšepe e nang le tšepe e entsoeng ka tšepe e kenngoa ka li-grommets tse peli ka pel'a setente ka mor'a ho qala ho potoloho ea lefifi. Boima ba bottle ka 'ngoe bo ne bo ngotsoe pele ho tlhahiso ea botlolo. Likopa tse peli li ne li hlahisoa ka nako e le 'ngoe: botlolo e le' ngoe e nang le metsi; lebokose la bobeli le nang le 5% (w / v) e hlahella. Ho kenngoa ha botlolo ea 5% (w / v) ea sucrose e ne e nchafatsoa ka ho hlahella ka bongata ho laola likarolo tse ka thōko. Likhoele li ile tsa lekanngoa 24 h ka mor'a hore li-fluid li hlahisoe, 'me litekanyo li nkiloe ho 0.1 ea haufi. Boima ba rat e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ne e lekanngoa ho bala ligrama tsa sucrose tlhaho ka kilogram ea boima ba 'mele. Ka letsatsi la 1 ea nako ea ho noa, likhoto (n = 6-9) ba filoe ho fumana bottle e le 'ngoe ea 5% (w / v) sucrose le botlolo e le' ngoe ea metsi. Ka mor'a hore 24 h, botlolo ea sucrose e nkeloe sebaka ke botlolo ea bobeli ea metsi e neng e fumaneha ho 24 e latelang. Mokhoa ona o phethiloe ka Laboraro le Labohlano. Litoeba li ne li e-na le phihlelo e sa lekanyetsoang ea metsi matsatsing ohle a mang. Ho ja lijo tse ngata joaloka sucrose ho entse hore ho be le nako e ngata ea ho noa li-sucrose (ml) ka mor'a nako (Setšoantšo se Eketsehileng 1) 'me o ne o tsamaisana le litekanyo tse tsitsitseng tsa ho noa ho latela boima ba' mele [20 ± 5 g / kg ea 5% (w / v)] nakong ea libeke tse khutšoanyane [~ 4 (li-sessions tsa ho noa tsa 13)] le nako e telele [ Libeke tse 12 (likarolo tsa 37 tsa ho noa)] linako tsa ho noa. Sehlopha se ikemetseng sa likhoto tsa taolo (n = 6-9) ba filoe boipheliso ba metsi ka libotlolong tse peli (ke hore, ha ho na sucrose) tlas'a maemo a tšoanang a hlalositsoeng ka holimo. Boima ba 'mele bo boima ba taolo le sucrose likokoanyana tse jang qetellong ea nako e khutšoanyane ke 405.7 ± 40.8 g le 426.4 ± 31.2 g ka ho latellana. Qetellong ea ho pepeseha ha nako e telele, boima ba 'mele bo boima bakeng sa taolo le li-sucrose lihlopha e ne e le 578.8 ± 53.4 g le 600.2 ± 45.2 g.
Golgi-Cox Staining
Ho latela likotlolo tsa ho qetela tsa ho noa li ile tsa tlosoa setsing sa liphoofolo ho lumella ho sebetsana le mehlala ea boko setsing sa histology Setsing sa Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland (St Lucia, Australia). Mehato eohle e amohelehang e nkiloe ho fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo nakong ea lipalangoang, ka mor'a moo, likhooe li ile tsa lumelloa hore li fumane bosiu bo le bong. Letsatsing le hlahlamang, likhofu li ne li nyeheloa ka ho fetoloa ha pentobarbital sodium (60-80 mg / kg, ip Vetcare, Brisbane, Australia) le ho sa sebelisoe ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng ka ~ 300 ml e nang le metsi a sepakapaka a nang le 'mele o nang le (, mM): 130 NaCl, 3 KCl, 26 NaHCO3, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 5 MgCl2, 1 CaCl2, le 10 D-glucose. Phoofolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ile ea senyeha 'me boko bo tlosa le ho kenngoa lefifing tharollo ea Golgi-Cox e nang le 5% potassium dichromate, 5% potassium chromate, le 5% mercuric chloride (lik'hemik'hale tsohle tse tsoang Sigma-Aldrich) tse ileng tsa etsoa matsatsi a macha a 3 pele ho sehlabelo joalokaha ho hlalositsoe pele (Rutledge et al., 1969). Mekhoa ea Golgi-Cox ea ho koetlisa le ho e sebelisa ka morao e fetotsoe ho tloha Ranjan le Mallick (2010). Likobo tse tsoang ho nako e khutšoanyane ea sucrose tse jang liphoofolo li ne li kenngoa ka matsatsi a 6 ka 37 ° C, ha boko ba linonyana tse ntseng li ja li-sucrose nako e telele li ne li kenngoa ka matsatsi a 10, 'me phetoho e le' ngoe e ne e le tharollo e ncha ea Golgi-Cox ka mor'a matsatsi a 4 a ho pata.
Ka mor'a ho tsuba, 300 μm likarolo tse ling li ile tsa khaoloa ho sebelisoa microtome e bitsoang Zeiss Hyrax V50 microtome (Carl Zeiss, Jeremane). Ka nako eo likhae li ne li behoa ka sequentially ho 24-lipoleiti tse tletseng 30% (w / v) li hlahisa saline ea 0.1 M e phofshoang e phofo le e sebelisoang ho latela (Ranjan le Mallick, 2010). Ka bokhutšoanyane, likarolo li ne li e-ba le metsi ka 50% ethanol bakeng sa 5 min, ebe li kenngoa 0.1 M NH4OH tharollo ea 30 min, e hlatsoe ka makhetlo a mabeli ka metsi a silafalitsoeng bakeng sa minara ea 5 ebe e kenngoa filiming ea filimi ea Fujihunt (Fujifilm, Singapore) bakeng sa 30 min lefifing. Joale lilae li hlatsoa ka makhetlo a mabeli metsing a nang le distilled bakeng sa minara ea 2 e 'ngoe le e' ngoe 'me e felloa ke metsi ho 70, 90, 95, le 100% ethanol ka makhetlo a mabeli bakeng sa 5 min. Likarolo li ile tsa hlakisoa ka tharollo ea CXA (1: 1: 1 chloroform: xylene: joala) bakeng sa minara ea 10 'me e kenngoa DPX (Sigma-Aldrich) ho li-slide tsa Superfrost Plus (Menzel-Glaser, Lomb Scientific, Australia)' me li koahetse (Menzel-Glaser, Jeremane). Li-slide li ne li setse lefifing ho omella ka mocheso oa motšehare bosiu.
Khetho ea Neuronal le Tracing ka hare ho Nucleus Accumbens
Likarolo tsa Coronal pakeng tsa bregma + 2.8 le + 1.7 li ne li hlahlojoa bakeng sa MSN ka har'a motheo le sekhetla sa NAc, li sebelisa li-ventricle tsa lateral le ho kenyelletsa ka hare holimo e le liphahlo ka thuso ea atlas ea boko ba rat (Paxinos le Watson, 2007) (Setšoantšo 1). Tlhōlisano e sebetsa ho Neurolucida 7 (MBF Bioscience, VT, USA) e ne e sebelisetsoa ho khetholla sefate sa NAc le sekhotla sa NAC ka sekhahla ka seng (Figure 2). Pakeng tsa 2 le 9 neurons ka sebaka ka phoofolo ho ne ho sebelisetsoa litekanyo tsa bolelele ba dendritic ho sebelisa sepheo sa 63x kapa matšoafo a mokokotlo (tse tlalehoang e le likhahla ka 100 μm) se sebelisa morero oa 100x ho Zeiss Axioskop II (Carl Zeiss, Jeremane) ho sebelisa motlakase xyz mohato o susumelitsoeng ke Neurolucida® Software ea 7 (MBF Biosciences, VT, USA). Ts'ebetso eohle e ne e etsoa ka mokhoa o foufetseng mabapi le phekolo. Mekhoa e mengata ea Golgi-Cox e ne e hlahlojoa ka mokhoa o tšoanang le litlaleho tsa pele (Klenowski et al., 2015).
Setšoantšo sa 1. 'Mapa o bontšang libaka tsa li-spin neurons tse bohareng tse tsoang mokokotlong oa nucleus accumbens le sekhetla sa 4 le beke ea 12 li hlahisa likhoto tse ntseng li ja le liphatlalatso tsa lilemo. Likarolo tse peli tse ka holimo li bontša libaka tsa li-neurons tse nkiloeng ho tloha mokokotlong oa nucleus accumbens le shell ea 4 e laola li-triangles le li-sucrose (lihlopha) liphoofolo. Likarolo tse peli tse ka tlase li bontša likarolo tsa li-neurons tse nkiloeng ho tloha ho 12 ho laola libeke (likarolong tse tharo) le li-sucrose (likoloto) liphoofolo.
Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyetso
Phoso e boleloang le e tloaelehileng ea moelelo (SEM) e ne e baloa bakeng sa data ka 'ngoe e behiloeng le phoofolo e le n, ho sebelisa data e bolelang morphometry ho tloha mohloling kapa shells ea NAC MSNs (n = 7 bakeng sa shell ea NAc le n = 6 bakeng sa NAC e kholo ea libeke tse 'nè, n = 9 bakeng sa lihlopha tsa libeke tse 12). Moo ho bonts'itsoeng, seithuti se se nang mohatla se se nang mohatla t-thetsong kapa litsela tse peli tsa ANOVA le li-post-test li ile tsa etsoa bakeng sa litlhahlobo tsohle tse amanang le papiso ea sehlopha, ho sebelisa GraphPad Prism version 6.02 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). Ntho ea bohlokoa ea lintlha e amoheloa ho P <0.05. Lintlha tsohle tse karolong ea liphetho li hlahisoa e le mekhoa ± SEM. Liphetoho tsa liperesente li baloa ho latela boleng ba taolo.
Results
Li-Neurons tse nyenyane tse nyenyane tse tsoang Nucleus Accumbens Shell li fokotse bolelele ba Dendritic, e fokotseha ho rarahana ha Dendritic empa ho eketseha ho bolela ho ba le sekhahla sa matla sepakapakeng metseng ea mahareng ea likala Ho latela ho sebelisa nako e khutšoanyane empa e seng nako e khutšoanyane
Ho latela libeke tse khutšoanyane (libeke tse leshome le metso e 'meli) ho noa tšebeliso, ha hoa ka ha e-ba le phapang e khōlō ho shell ea NAc MSN morphometric parameters (Letlapa 1). Hape ha hoa ka ha e-ba le phapang e khōlō pakeng tsa nako e khutšoanyane ea sesebelisoa le ho laola metsi a NAc shell MSNs litabeng tse amanang le litaelo tsa lekala la centrifugal. Ho joalo, likarolo tsa dendritic ka lengolo la lekala (P = 0.4111), bolelele ba bolelele ba dendritic ka tatellano ea lekala (P = 0.5581) 'me e bolela sekhahla sa mokokotlo ka taelo ea lekala (P = 0.2977, li-ANOVA tse peli) li ne li sa tšoane haholo pakeng tsa lihlopha. Sebaka sa sebaka seo ho sona se bontšang hore na li-neurone tse nang le mechine e bapisoa li bontša eng 1.
Letlapa la 1. Matšoao a tloaelehileng a morphologic ea li-spin neurons tse bohareng tsa khetla ea nucleus accumbens ea nako e khutšoanyane ea sucrose e jang likokoanyana le tse laoloang ke metsi lilemong.
Ho latela libeke tse telele tsa nakoana (12 libeke) tsa ts'ebetso ea sucrose, nako e telele ea marang-rang ea NAc shell MSN e fokotsehile ka 21% ha e bapisoa le taolo ea metsi (Metsi: 1827 ± 148 μm, n = 9; Sucrose 1449 ± 78 μm, n = 9, *P = 0.0384, Liithuti tse se nang mehatla e 'meli t-e leng holimo, Setšoantšo 2, Letlapa 2). Ho bapisoa le palo e bolelang ea litlhaloso tsa dendritic (li-node) le likhaello tsa dendritic pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa metsi le li-sucrose li senola mokhoa o fokolitsoeng (le hoja o le oa bohlokoa) o nang le bothata ba dendritic ho NAc shell MSNs (nodes: Metsi 12.9 ± 1.4 n = 9, Sucrose 10.1 ± 0.8 n = 9, P = 0.0879; Qetello: Metsi 17.9 ± 1.4 n = 9, Sucrose 14.8 ± 0.7 n = 9, P = 0.0657, Liithuti tse se nang mehatla e 'meli t-Ka feta, Letlapa 2). Ho ne ho se na phetoho ho palo ea soma (P = 0.9400), bolelele ba sefate sa dendritic (P = 0.1646) kapa botenya ba mokokotlo oa mokokotlo (P = 0.3662) ho NAc shell MSNs ho tloha nako e telele sucrose litoe tse jang li bapisoa le ho laola metsi. Ts'ebetso ena ea morphometric e qaqileng ka Lethathamo 2.
Setšoantšo sa 2. Ho fokotseha sebaka se seholo sa dendritic le ho eketseha ha sekhahla sa mokokotlo oa sekhahla sa sekhahla sa spiny neurons (MSNs) sekheo sa nucleus accumbens (NAc) sa rats tse telele tsa sucrose tse tšoaroang ha li bapisoa le likhohlo tsa ho laola. (A, B) bonts'a litemoso tsa taolo (ka holimo) le nako e telele (12 beke) sucrose (ka tlaase) e tšoaroang lebala le khanyang zli-mosala tsa melaetsa ea li-MSN tse fanoang ka Golgi ho tloha shell ea NAc (63x ho hōlisa). Inset of (A, B) e bonts'a taolo le nako e telele ea sucrose e tšoantšetsa litšoantšo tsa Golgi-tse fanoang ka MSN dendrites le li-spin dendritic ho tswa ho NAc shell (100x magnification). (C) e bontša libaka tsa anatomical tseo MSNs li neng li le sampuli ho tsona thutong ena. (D) e bontša morero oa ho hasana oa theko ea MSN dendritic (e bolelang ± SEM) ho tloha ho NAc shell nakong ea nako e telele ea li-sucrose liphoofolo (likarolo) ho bapisoa le litaolo (likoloto), liithuti tse sa sebetseng t-e leng holimo, *P <0.05, n = 9; ho laola le n = 9; Beke ea 12 sucrose. (E) e bontša sekhahla sa ho senya se bolelang bolelele ba lifate tsa MSN dendritic (bolela ± SEM) ho tloha shell ea NAc nakong e telele ea li-sucrose liphoofolo (likarolo) ho bapisoa le litaolo (likoloto), liithuti tse sa sebetseng t-a ho feta, P > 0.05, n = 9; ho laola le n = 9; Beke ea 12 sucrose. Tlhahlobo ea lekala la lekala (bolela ± SEM) ea nomoro ea karolo ea dendritic ka lengolo la lekala (F), e bolele bolelele ba dendritic ka taelo ea lekala (G) le dintritic spine sekhahla ka taelo ea lekala (H). Nako e telele e sebelisoang ka sucrose e ile ea fokotseha bolelele ba dendritic litaelong tsa makala tsa distal (5 +) le ho eketseha ha metsoako ea mokokotlo ea li-spin maemong a marang-rang (4 +) ho bapisoa le litaelo (G, H), li-ANOVA tse peli tse nang le li-post-test, *P <0.05, **P <0.01, n = 9; ho laola le n = 9; nako e telele ea sucrose. Libaka tsa Bohobe: (A, B) = 20 μm; ho hongata (A, B) = 10 μm; (C) = 1 mm.
Letlapa la 2. Mekhoa e mengata ea morphologic ea li-spin neurons tse bohareng tsa khetla ea nucleus accumbens ea nako e telele ea sucrose e jang likhoho le lisebelisoa tsa metsi tse lekanang le lilemo.
Ka mor'a hore ho be le morpholoji e tloaelehileng oa doro-moriti oa nako e telele ea sucrose e jang NAc shell MSNs, re ile ra hlahloba li-arborizations tsa dendritic le matšoafo a mokokotlo mabapi le litšobotsi tsa taolo ea makala. Tlhahlobo ea rona e pharaletseng ea lifate tsa dendritic e lekanyelitse palo ea likarolo tsa dendritic ka tatellano ea lekala, nako e bolelele ea likarolo tsa dendritic ka taelo ea lekala le ho bolela sekhahla sa mokokotlo ka leano la lekala la NAc shell ea MSN ea taolo ea metsi le nako e telele ea sucrose e jang likhoho. Kakaretso ea data le taolo ea taolo ea lekala e hlahisoa ka Lethathamo 3.
Letlapa la 3. Litšoaneleho tsa lekaleng tsa li-spin neurons tse tloaelehileng tse tsoang ho nako e telele ea sucrose le likhooe tsa metsi a noang.Nomoro ea sehlopha sa lekala la dendritic ka lengolo la lekala la NAc shell MSNs le ne le fokotsoe haholo nakong ea nako e telele ea sucrose e jang likhoho ho bapisoa le ho laola metsi (**P = 0.0015, tsela e 'meli ea ANOVA). Litlhahlobo tsa bonferroni morao li senola mokhoa o fokolang palo e fokotsehileng ea likarolo tsa makala ho 4th (Metsi: 5.2 ± 0.9, n = 9; Sucrose 3.3 ± 0.8, n = 9, P = 0.0675, Setšoantšo 2F, Letlapa 3), le taelo ea 5th le ka holim'a litaelo tsa makala (Metsi: 3.3 ± 0.7, n = 9; Sucrose 1.2 ± 0.3, n = 9, P = 0.0566, Setšoantšo 2F, Letlapa 3). Boemo ba bolelele ba karolo ea dendritic ka lengolo la lekala la NAc shell MSNs le lona le fokotsehile haholo ka nako e telele ea sucrose e jang likhoho ho bapisoa le ho laola metsi (*P = 0.0444, tsela e 'meli ea ANOVA). Bonferroni post-tests e bontšitse ho fokotseha ha 55% ho makala a litaelo tsa 5th le ho feta (Metsi: 53.9 ± 7.2 μm, n = 9; Sucrose 24.1 ± 7.5 μm, n = 9, **P = 0.0038, Setšoantšo 2G, Letlapa 3).
Tlhahlobo ea lenane la lekalane e bontšitse keketseho e kholo ea dintritic ea mokokotlo oa mokokotlo oa NAc shell MSNs ea nako e telele ea sucrose e jang likhoho ho bapisoa le litaelo (*P = 0.0124, tsela e 'meli ea ANOVA). Bonferroni ka mor'a liteko li bontsitse ho eketseha ha sekhahla sa masapo a 57% ho makala a ho laola 4th le ho feta (Metsi: 33.4 ± 4.2, n = 9; Sucrose 52.5 ± 6.8, n = 9, P = 0.0271 *, e hlakileng ea Lits'oants'o 2A, B, H, Letlapa 3). Litšoantšo tse emelang sebopeho sa MSN ka kakaretso le sekhahla sa mokokotlo oa sekhahla (sehlahisoa) se hlalositsoe ka Lipalo 2A, B.
Ho fumanoa hammoho, liphetho tsena li bontša hore tšebeliso ea nakoana ea sucrose ha e na phello e fokolang mehatong ea morphologic ea MSN ka har'a shell ea NAc. Leha ho le joalo, ka mor'a ho sebelisoa nako e telele, ho na le ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha bophara ba sekepe sa neuronal le ho rarahaneng, haholo-holo makaleng a distal dendritic. Ho ikamahanya ha methapo ea sekhahla le ho feta habonolo ho boetse ho bonahala ho MSN shells ea MSN ea nako e telele ea sucrose e jang likhoho.
Li-Neurons tse nyenyane tse nyenyane tse tsoang Nucleus Accumbens Core li fokotsehile ho ikamahanya ha mahlakore ka mor'a nako e telele empa e se e sebelisoang nako e khutšoanyane.
Ka mor'a nako e khutšoanyane ea ts'ebeliso ea lijo, ho ne ho se na phapang e khōlō ho NAC ea metsoako ea MSN morphometric (Letlapa 4). Hape ha hoa ka ha e-ba le phapang e khōlō pakeng tsa 4 le beke ea li-sucrose tse sebelisoang le li-MSN tsa mantlha tsa taolo ea metsi ka litlhahlobo tse amanang le taolo ea lekala la centrifugal. Ho joalo, likarolo tsa dendritic ka lengolo la lekala (P = 0.7717), bolelele ba bolelele ba dendritic ka tatellano ea lekala (P = 0.2096), 'me e bolela sekhahla sa mokokotlo ka taelo ea lekala (P = 0.3521, li-ANOVA tse peli) li ne li sa fapane pakeng tsa lihlopha.
Letlapa la 4. Mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea morphologic ea li-spin neurons tse bohareng tsa nucleus accumbens ea mantlha ea nakoana ea sucrose e jang litoe le lilemo tse lekanang le taolo ea metsi.Nako e telele ea sucrose e sebelisoang e ne e boetse e se na bohlokoa ho NAC ea metsoako ea MSN morphometric (Letlapa 5). Nomoro ea karolo ea sekala ea dendritic e sebelisoang ka lekala ka leng la lekala la MSN la core la NAC le ne le fokotsoe haholo nakong ea nako e telele ea sucrose e jang likhoho ho bapisoa le ho laola metsi (*P = 0.0416, tsela e 'meli ea ANOVA), leha ho le joalo ho ne ho se na phapang e khōlō ea bolelele ba dendritic bo bolelang ka taelo ea lekala (P = 0.0995) 'me e bolela sekhahla sa mokokotlo ka taelo ea lekala (P = 0.4888, li-ANOVA tse peli) pakeng tsa li-MSN mokokotlong oa NAc oa nako e telele ea sucrose ho ja likhoto ho bapisoa le taolo ea metsi. Re kopantsoe hammoho, dintlha tsa rona di bontsha hore NAC e ikamahanya le nako e telele ea sucrose sesebelisoa ha e bapisoa le MSNs ho tswa ho NAc shell sebakeng seo.
Letlapa la 5. Matšoao a tloaelehileng a morphologic ea li-spin neurons tse bohareng ba nucleus accumbens kakaretso ea nako e telele ea sucrose e jang likhoho le lilemo tse lekanang le taolo ea metsi.Puisano
Ho fumaneha ho eketsehileng ha lijo tse monate haholo lijong tsa Bophirimela ha hoa tlatsetsa feela ho eketsa ho ata le mojaro oa moruo oa botenya le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa II, hape ho entse hore ho be le mathata a ho ja a kang ho ja lijo tsa binge (Swanson et al., 2011; Kessler et al., 2013; Davis, 2015). Le hoja metsoako e tsoekere ea tsoekere e kenyelletsang fructose le sucrose e ntse e le ea bohlokoa, ho na le ho tšoana ho hlollang ho boitšoaro le mekhoa e metle ea li-correlates e hlahelang ka lebaka la ho ja le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi nako e telele (Avena et al., 2008, 2011). Ntle le moo, tsoekere e kenya tšebetsong meputso ea boko ka tsela e ts'oanang le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso (Volkow et al., 2012), le liphello tsa lithuto tsa batho li bontša hore tsoekere le monate li ka baka litakatso tse ka bapisoang le tse kholo ho ba susumetsoang ke lithethefatsi tse lemalloang tse kang joala le nicotine (Volkow et al., 2012). Ka lebaka leo, re sebelisitse mokhoa oa ho sebelisa li-binge-sucrose ka likhoto ho fumana hore na liphello tsa libeke tse khutšoanyane (libeke tse ling tsa 4) le libeke tse telele (li-12 libeke) li sebelisoa ka tsela e nepahetseng ea morpholoji oa MSN ho NAc, e leng karolo ea bohlokoa ea potoloho ea moputso e hloekisitsoeng ke tsoekere le lithethefatsi tse lemalang. Re bontša hore MSN ho tloha shell ea NAc ea nako e telele ea sucrose e jang likhoho e theohile haholo bolelele ba dendritic le ho rarahaneng, empa ho eketseha ha distal dendritic mokokotlo oa mokokotlo. Nako e telele motlakase o ne o se na phello ho morpholoji ea MSN ho tswa ho NAC, ha nako e khutšoanyane ea sesebelisoa e sa sebelisetsoe le phello e kholo ho moralo oa MSN ho tloha NAC kapa shell. Liphello tsena ha li bontše feela phello e tobileng ea li-binge-like sucrose tse telele tse kenang ka neuronal morphology ea NAc shell MSNs, empa li boetse li totobatsa liphello tse ka 'nang tsa baka kotsi tsa tšebeliso e telele ea tsoekere e phahameng e nang le lijo.
Nac, eo e leng karolo ea ventral striatum, e kentse haholo-holo ka MSNs, e leng morphologically e khetholloang e le li-neurons tse mahareng tse nang le litlhaloso tse ngata tsa dendritic le bophahamo bo phahameng ba mokokotlo (Kemp le Powell, 1971; Graveland le DiFiglia, 1985; Rafols et al., 1989; Kawaguchi le al., 1990). Li-neurone tsa Glutamatergic le dopaminergic ke tsona tse peli tse ka sehloohong tse amanang le NAC, haholo-holo ho buisana le lihlahla tsa dendritic le li-spine tsa MSNs (Groves, 1980; Kaiya le Namba, 1981; Groves et al., 1994). Ka ho khetheha, shell ea NAc le motsoako oa mantlha li fumana litholoana tsa glutamatergic ho tloha libakeng tse khethollohileng tsa likorinthe (Brog et al., 1993). Nkojoana ea NAc e boetse e sa hlokomeloe ke li-excitatory afferents tse tsoang libakeng tse ka tlas'a lefatše tse kang hippocampus, thalamus le basolateral amygdala (Brog et al., 1993; Wright le Groenewegen, 1995). Liphuputso tse fetileng li bontšitse hore lits'ebeletso tsena tsa glutamatergic li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho susumetsa le boikemisetso-boitšoaro bo tsamaisoang joalo ka lijo le moputso o batlang (Maldonado-Irizarry et al., 1995; Kelley le Swanson, 1997; Reynolds le Berridge, 2003; Richard le Berridge, 2011). Ntho e 'ngoe e kenyelletsoeng ho NAC MSNs e tsoa ho dopaminergic afferents e hlahisang sebaka sa ventral tegmental (Lindvall le Björklund, 1978; Veening et al., 1980; Kalivas le Miller, 1984). Hoa thahasellisa hore lithuto tsa nakong e fetileng tse sebelisang mefuta e tšoanang ea tsoekere e fumanehang ka nako e telele li bontšitse hore ho ba le joala ho tlisa lithethefatsi ho etsa hore ho be le keketseho ea extracellular dopamine NAC ka tsela e tšoanang (ho isa tekanyong) ho lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso (Rada et al., 2005; Avena et al., 2006), 'me e ka fetola polelo ea dopamine receptor (Colantuoni et al., 2001, 2002) mofuteng oa NAc le shell. Ho thahasellisang ke hore ho noa joala joaloka sucrose ho baka ho eketseha ha nako ka nako e tšoanang le ho itlhophisa ha lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso tse kang cocaine le heroin (Ahmed le Koob, 1998; Ahmed le al., 2000, 2003) e amanang le ntshetsopele ea "boemo bo kang" lithethefatsi ".
Ho hlahlojoa ha rona lekaleng la morphometry ho bontša hore ka kakaretso ho fokotseha ha bolelele ba dtritic ea NAc shell MSNs e bakoang ke nako e telele ea sucrose, e leng liphello tse kenyeletsang haholo ho fokotseha ho rarahaneng ha litaelo tsa makala tsa distal. Re hlokometse ho fokotsa maralo a distal (4th le 5th litaelo le ka holimo ho litaelo tsa lekala) 'me ho fokotseha haholo ho bolele bolelele ba 5th le ka holimo ho dendrites, ho kopantsoe le ho eketseha ha maemo a mokokotlo ho litaelo tsena tsa lekala. Ntho e tloaelehileng e ka 'nang ea susumetsa mofuta ona oa ho tsosolosoa ha dendritic e akarelletsa liphetoho tsa ho khoneha ha synaptic le / kapa mosebetsi (Russo et al., 2010). Liphuputso tse fetileng li bontšitse hore li-synapses tsa glutamaterg ka li-MSN li thehoa haholo-holo lipeng, haholo-holo li-distal dendrites (Groenewegen et al., 1999). Ho phaella moo, ho kopanya li-dopamine le glutamatergic ho tsoa sebakeng sa prefrontal cortex (Sesack le Pickel, 1992), hippocampus (Totterdell le Smith, 1989; Sesack le Pickel, 1990), le amygdala (Johnson et al., 1994) li 'nile tsa hlokomeloa ka likhahla tsa dendritic tsa MSNs. Mesebetsi ena e kopantsoe le ho eketseha ha sekhahla sa mokokotlo ka mor'a nako e telele e sebelisang sucrose e bonngoeng thutong ea rona, ho ts'ehetsa ho thehoa ha mekhoa e mengata ea ho itšireletsa. Ka lebaka leo, ho ka hlaha monyetla oa hore na liphello tse tsitsitseng tse bakang binge-like sucrose e kenang nako e telele li ka thusa ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea synaptic e eketsehileng ho ba-distal dendrites ba MSN ho shell ea NAc. Ka lebaka leo, ho fokotseha le / kapa ho tlosoa ha batho ba distal dendrites ho ka 'na ha hlaha ka mokhoa oa synaptic homeostatic (Reissner le Kalivas, 2010), ho sa tsotellehe hore na sena se ntse se le teng.
Hoa thahasellisa ho hlokomela hore Crombag le basebetsi-'moho le eena ba bontšitse hore ho ne ho se na sekhahla sa mokokotlo oa sekhahla sekhethong sa NAc se latelang sehlabelo sa 4 ka li-paradigm ho sa tsotellehe ho fumana matla le ho feta ha ho bapisoa ka amphetamine (Crombag le al., 2005). Tlhaloso ea bona ea ho ba sieo ha phetoho ea mokokotlo oa libeke tsa 4 e bonahatsa liphihlelo tsa rona. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, thuto ea rona e bontša hore ho latela libeke tse ngata tsa nako e telele (12 beke) ho pepeseha ho sebelisoang ha sucrose e sa foleng, ho na le keketseho e kholo ea sekhahla sa mokokotlo oa mokokotlo ho li-MSN tsa likhoto tse nang le phihlelo ea sucrose. Ho feta moo, laboratori ea rona e 'nile ea bontša hore nako e telele (12 beke) e ts'oanela tšebeliso e sebelisoang e thusa hore ho be le karabo e fapaneng ea phepelo ea pharmacotherapeutics e bontšitsoeng ho hlophisa dopamine le likarabo tsa acetylcholine boemong ba NAc (Shariff et al., Mocheng oa khatiso). Ho kopantsoe hammoho, sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore nako e telele (libeke tsa 12 le ka holimo) li hlahisa ho hlahisa maikutlo, e leng ho bonahatsang ka ho nepahetseng maemo a sebele a lefats'e, e hlahisa liphetoho tsa morpholoji ho ea ka NAc.
Tabeng ea lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, ho pepeseloa hangata merianeng e fapaneng ho hlahisa liphetoho tse tšoarellang ka nako e telele sebopeho sa li-dendrites le li-spin dintritic. Ka mohlala, amphetamine le k'hok'heine li eketsa boholo ba sekhahla sa NAC ka har'a khetla le bobeli (Robinson le Kolb, 2004). Ho hlahisa likokoana-hloko ho boetse ho bontšitsoe hore ho eketsa bongata ba sekhahla sekhethong sa NAc. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho pepeseha ha morphine ho fokotseha ha mokokotlo oa mokokotlo le sebōpeho sa lekala la dendritic (Robinson le Kolb, 2004). Mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea nako e telele ea sucrose, re bone ho eketseha ha sekhahla sa mokokotlo se tšoanang le amphetamine, k'hok'heine le nicotine le ho fapana le phello ea morphine. Leha ho le joalo, ho fapana le amphetamine le k'hok'heine, empa e tšoana le nicotine, keketseho ea mokokotlo oa mokokotlo ka nako e telele ho pepesela sucrose e lekane le shell ea NAc. Hape hoa thahasellisa hore liphetoho tse peli tsa limela tsa dendritic (Robinson le Kolb, 1999) le mokokotlo oa mokokotlo (Li et al., 2003) e hlahisoang ke amphetamine kapa k'hok'heine e kenngoa ho ba-distal dendrites ba MSN ho NAc, e bontšang se fumanoeng thutong ea rona. Ho feta moo, le ho lumellana le liphetoho tse hlalositsoeng ka holimo, ho ts'oanela ho sebelisoa ho boetse ho bontšitsoe ho matlafatsa matla a synaptic a thabisang ho accumbal dopamine neurons (Stuber et al., 2008b) hammoho le tse ling tse likarolo tsa mesolimbic moputso tsela (Stuber et al., 2008a; Chen le al., 2010). Ho kopanngoa, sena se etsa hore e hlahise e le matla a modulator ea neuron morphology ka mor'a ho sebelisa nako e telele ka nako e telele, e amanang le liphello tse fumanoang ho tsoa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso.
Le hoja ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng ho sibolla lisebelisoa tsa cellular le synaptic tse tlatsetsang liphetoho tsa morphological tse bonngoeng thutong ena, liphetho tsa rona li bontša liphello tse kholo tsa neuronal tse bakoang ke nako e telele ea sucrose. Haholo-holo, ho hlahlojoa ha ho hlahlojoa ha re ithutile ke hore na ho na le liphello tsa morphological tsa sucrose tse ka etsoang le li-sweet-caloric sweeteners tse kang saccharin. Tabeng ena ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore Lenoir le basebetsi-'moho ba bontšitse hore monate o matla o fetela moputso oa cocaine, e be o hlahisoang ke saccharin kapa sucrose (Lenoir et al., 2007). Ho feta moo, phuputso ea morao-rao e hatisitsoeng ke laborateng ea ronaShariff et al., Mocheng oa khatiso) e bontša hore varenicline, eicotinic acetylcholine receptor mofuthu agonist fokotsa bobeli sucrose le saccharin kenngoa ka litoeba ka mor'a nako e tšoanang nako e telele ho kena monyetla o sebelisoang thutong ea hona joale. Ho thahasellisang ke hore lipatlisiso tsa pele li bontšitse tsoanang le liphello tse bohloko tsa li-sweeteners tse sa kang tsa caloric tse kang saccharin le sucrose boemong ba NAc (Scheggi et al., 2013; Tukey et al., 2013; Carelli le Bophirima, 2014). Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng li hloka ho netefatsa hore na li-sweeteners tse seng tsa caloric li ka baka liphello tsa nako e telele tse tšoanang le liphetoho tsa morpholoji ea MSN ea shell ea NAc e bakiloeng ke tšebeliso ea nako e telele ea sucrose e tlalehiloeng mona.
Ho se sebetse ha moralo oa NAC MSN ka mor'a nako e khutšoanyane ea ts'ebeliso ea lijo, ho totobatsa bohlokoa ba ho kenya ts'ebetsong lipatlisiso tsa nako e telele ho hlahloba phello ea tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi kapa litlhohonolofatso tsa tlhaho joaloka sucrose. Mabapi le ho itšetleha, hase feela hore li-binge li kenngoa ka makhetlo a mangata le likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa boithaopo ba nako ea ho lemala, 'mele o eketsehileng oa bopaki o senotse hore phetoho ea ho itšetleha ke mokhoa o tsoelang pele o atisang ho etsahala ka nako e telele. Le hoja metsoako e tsoekere ea tsoekere e lula e sa tsitsa, ho lemalla ho lemalla lithethefatsi tse ling tse sa sebeliseng lithethefatsi tse kang thobalano, papali ea chelete le lijo li ntse li phenyekolla ka ho eketsehileng. Litholoana tsa thuto ena li phaella ka khopolo-taba ea hore tsoekere e kang sucrose e ka 'nang ea e-ba le lisebelisoa tse lemalang ka mor'a nako e telele, ea ho itlopa joala. Liphello tsa rona li boetse li na le sepheo sa palo e ntseng e eketseha ea bana le bacha ba bolokang mekhoa e metle ea ho ja (ts'ebeliso e phahameng ea tsoekere le ho ja lijo tsa binge) ho ba batho ba baholo. Tumellanong le kotsi e eketsehileng ea ho hlahisa liphello tsa metabolism ho ka etsahala hore le liphello tsa kelello le tsa mafu a kelello tse amang maikutlo le boikemisetso li ka boela tsa bakoa ke mekhoa ena.
Menehelo ea Mongoli
E kentse letsoho ho etsa lipatlisiso: PK, SB. Liteko tse entsoeng: PK, MS, AB, MF, EM. Tlhahlobo ea lintlha: PK, MF, MS. O hlalosetsa lintlha 'me o tlatsetsa ho ngola mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho: PK, MS, MF, EM, MB, SB. Bangoli bohle ba balile mme ba amohetse mongolo oa ho qetela oa ho romella.
Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso
Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.
Bahlahlobi ba SC, SA le ba sebetsanang le Editor ba boletse hore ba kopantsoe, mme Editor e sebetsang e bolela hore tshebetso ena e ntse e finyella litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo e hlokang leeme.
lumela hore baa fokola
Mosebetsi ona o ne o tšehetsoa ke lichelete tse tsoang mekhatlo e tsoang ho Australian Research Council (FT1110884) ho ea SB le National Health and Medical Research Council (1061979) ho SB le MB.
Boitsebiso bo Eketsehileng
The Supplementary Material bakeng sa sehlooho sena se ka fumaneha Inthaneteng ka: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00054
Setšoantšo se tlatsetsang 1. Li-sucrose li noa le ho khetholla ho tloha 4 le 12 beke e latella likhoto tse jang. (A, B) bonts'a li-sucrose (ml) ka li-4 le libeke tse 12 tsa ho pepeseha. (C, D) bonts'a haholo ho rata sucrose holim'a metsi nakong ea tlhahiso ea pepa.
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Mantsoe a sehlooho: ho noa joala-ho sebelisoa, nako e telele, sekhahla sa spiny neuron, nucleus accumbens, sucrose
Tlhaloso: Monyaluoa oa Klenowski, Shariff MR, Belmer A, MJ Fogarty, Mu EWH, Bellingham MC le Bartlett SE (2016) Ho sebelisoa nako e telele ea Sucrose ka tsela e tšoanang le ea Binge, Ho fetola Morphology ea Li-Neurons tse Nyenyane tse Nucleus Accumbens Shell. Ka pele. Behav. Neurosci. 10: 54. doi: 10.3389 / fnbeh.2016.00054
E amohetse: 03 December 2015; E amohetse: 07 March 2016;
E hatisitsoe: 23 March 2016.
E hlophisitsoeng ke:
Djoher Nora ea Thabileng, Institut des Neurosciences de Bordeaux, Fora
Hlahloba by:
Serge H. Ahmed, Setsi sa Scientific Research, Fora
Stéphanie Caille, Setsi sa Scientific Research, Fora
Copyright © 2016 Klenowski, Shariff, Belmer, Fogarty, Mu, Bellingham le Bartlett. Ena ke sehlooho se bulehileng se fihletsoeng ka tlas'a maemo a License ea Boikarabelo ba Creative Commons (CC BY). Ho sebelisoa, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa liforomo tse ling ho lumelloa, hafeela bangoli ba pele kapa ba le lengolo la tumello ba tlotlisoa le hore sengoliloeng sa pele sa makasine ena se boleloa, ho latela mokhoa o amohelehang oa thuto. Ha ho sebelisoe, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa ho lumelloa ho sa lumellaneng le melao ena.
* Ho ngollana: Selena E. Bartlett, [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
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