Tlhaloso ea ho Nona ho Chesa ho Etsa Boipheliso le Tlhokomelo ea Tlhaho ea Lijo (2009)

. Sengoloa se ngotsoeng; e fumaneha ho PMC 2010 Jul 14.

E hatisitsoe ka mokhoa o qetelle o hlophisitsoeng e le:

PMCID: PMC2734415

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inahaneloang

Tlaleho ena e lekola lipatlisiso ho tsoa lipatlisisong tse entseng lipatlisiso tsa hore na tlhekefetso ea moputso ka lebaka la ho ja lijo le lijo tse lebelletsoeng li ka eketsa kotsi ea botenya. Tlaleho ea boits'oaro le boits'oaro ba boits'oaro bo fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba natefileng ho feta ba batho ba makhabane ba bontša moputso oa lijo tse phahameng tse lebelletsoeng le tse matla. Liphuputso tsa monahano oa Brain li bonts'a hore setho sa botona le botšehali se bonts'a ts'ebetso e kholo ea "gustatory cortex" (insula / frontal operculum) le libaka tsa molomo tsa somatosensory (parietal operculum le Rolandic operculum) ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e lebelletsoeng le tšebeliso ea lijo tse monate. Leha ho le joalo, tlhaiso-leseling e boetse e fana ka maikutlo a hore motho ea natefeloang haholo ke batho ba sa tšepahaleng o bonts'a ts'ebetso e fokolang kahare ho dorsal striatum ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea lijo tse matlafatsang le ho fokotsa khatello ea methapo ea methapo ea D2 dopamine receptor. Boitsebiso bo hlahang bo hlahang bo boetse bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso e sa tloaelehang libakeng tsena tsa boko e eketsa menyetla ea ho eketsa boima ba 'mele nakong e tlang le hore liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amanang le dopamine tse sa tsitsang sa phahamisa li holisa litlamorao tsena. Liphetho li bolela hore batho ba bonts'ang ts'ebetso e kholo ho gustatory cortex le libakeng tse ling ka lebaka la ho lebella lijo le lijo, empa ba bonts'ang ts'ebetso e fokolang maemong a lijo nakong ea takatso ea lijo, ba ka ba kotsing ea ho ho ja ho feta, haholo ba kotsing ea lefutso bakeng sa ho theoleloa tlase. dopamine receptor e tšoaeang.

Keywords: Ho nona haholo, ho lebella moputso o lebelletseng le lijo tse phethahetseng, tlhahlobo e ntlafatsang

Ho nona haholo ho amahanngoa le kotsi e eketsehileng ea lefu la motho, lefu la pelo ea methapo ea methapo, lefu la pelo, mokokotlo oa colorectal, hyperlipidemia, khatello ea maikutlo, lefu la gallbladder, le lefu la tsoekere, ho fella ka lefu le fetang la 111,000 selemo le selemo ho la US []. Hajoale, batho ba baholo ba 65% le 31% ea bacha ba US ba na le boima bo feteletseng kapa ba batenya haholo []. Ka bomalimabe, kalafo ea khetho bakeng sa botenya (kalafo ea ho fokotsa boima ba boitšoaro) e baka feela phokotso e leka-lekaneng le ea nakoana ea boima ba 'mele [] le mananeo a mangata a thibelo ea botena ha a fokotse kotsi ea ho nona boima bo tlang []. Katleho e lekanyelitsoeng ea lipakeng tsena e ka ba ka lebaka la kutloisiso e sa lekanyetsoang ea lintlha tse eketsang kotsi ea botona. Le ha lithuto tse peli li fana ka maikutlo a hore lintlha tsa tlhaho li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho botona, liphuputso tse fokolang tse lebelletsoeng li sibolotse lintlha tsa tlhaho tse eketsang kotsi ea ho nona ka nako e tlang.

Moputso o tsoang ho Morero oa Lijo

Litsebi tsa kelello li hlahisitse hore botena bo bakoa ke tlhekefetso ts'ebetsong ea moputso. Leha ho le joalo, liphumano li bonahala li sa lumellane, tse entseng hore ho be le mehlala ea tlholisano mabapi le kamano ea tlhekefetso ts'ebetsong ea moputso ho etiology ea botenya. Bafuputsi ba bang ba fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ba le lijo tse matlafatsang ha li ja lijo tse jang lijo tse ngata haholo ho ka eketsa kotsi ea ho nona haholo [,]. Sena se tšoana le mohlala oa matlafatso ea tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi, e etsang hore batho ba itseng ba bonts'e ts'ebetso e kholo ea lits'ebetso tsa moputso oa boko ho matlafatsa lithethefatsi []. Ba bang ba nahana hore batho ba batenya ho feta tekano ba bonahatsa karabelo e matla ea ho potoloha ha meputso, e ba lebisang ho ho ja haholo ho lefella bofokoli bona [,]. Letšoao lena la khau ea khau ea Reward le ka kenya letsoho boits'oarong bo bong bo susumetsang, ho kenyelletsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le papali ea chelete [].

Tumellanong le mofuta oa phepelo ea khatello e matlafatsang, batho ba batenya ho feta tekano ba re lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata le tsoekere e ngata ebile li ja lijo tse joalo ho feta tsa batho ba se nang 'mele.,,]. Bana ba kotsing ea ho ba le botenya ka lebaka la botenya ba motsoali ba khetha tatso ea lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata 'me ba bontša mokhoa o hlakileng oa ho fepa ho feta bana ba batsoali ba se nang leeme [,,]. Likhetho tsa lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata le tsoekere e phahameng li bolela esale pele hore na boima ba 'mele bo tla eketseha le kotsi e eketsehileng ea ho ba le botenya [,]. Batho ba nang le boitšoaro bo bobe ba bapileng le ba fokolang ba tlaleha hore ho ja lijo hoa matlafatsa le ho feta [,,]. Mehato ea ho itlaleha ea maikutlo a akaretsang a ho putsa ka nepo le ho nona le boima ba 'mele [,].

Lithuto tsa monahano oa Brain li thathamisitse libaka tseo ho bonahalang li kenyeletsa moputso o moholo oa tšebeliso ea lijo. Tšebeliso ea lijo tse matlafatsang, tse amanang le tšebeliso ea lijo tse se nang phepo kapa lijo tse se nang litlamorao, e hlahisa ts'ebetso e kholo ea "canal lateral orbitofrontal cortex" (OFC), operculum e ka pele le insula [,]. Tšebeliso ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo e boetse e fella ka ho lokolloa ha dopamine ka dorsal striatum []. Boithuto ba Microdialysis ka litoeba li bonts'a hore litakatso tsa takatso ea lijo le tsona li lokolla dopamine ka khubung ea li-nucleus e bokellanang le konokono, hammoho le "cortex ea pele",]. Liphuputso tsa liphoofolo li bontša hore ho itlopa joala ho tsoekere ho eketsa dopamine ea extracellular dopamine ho khubung ea li-nucleus accumbens []. Tsusumetso ea leqhubu la leqhubu le holimo le sebelisang on-opioid receptor agonist [] le liso tsa potoloho ea basyoldal amygdalar le lateral hypothalamus li ka hlahisa ho nona [], e ts'ehetsa bohlokoa ba "neurochemistry" ea tikoloho ena ts'ebeliso ea lijo.

Tlhahisoleseling e bokelletsang e kenyelletsa bofokoli ho li-dopamine receptors boteng. Obese e amanang le likhoto tse se nang 'mele e bonts'a khatello e tlase ea D2 receptor density ho hypothalamus [] le lithupelong [] le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea dopamine ea hypothalamic ha o itima lijo, empa lokolla dopamine e eketsehileng ea phasic statewise ha o ja mme o se ke oa emisa ho ja ka lebaka la taolo ea insulin le glucose []. Ho nona haholo "Sprague-Dawley" litoeba tse fokotsang matla li fokolitse phetoho ea dopamine ho hypothalamus ha e bapisoa le khatello e hananang le phepo pele li nona hape li ba le botenya ha li fuoa lijo tse matla tse phahameng.,]. D2 block receptor blockade e baka ho nona haholo empa eseng litheko,], ho fana ka tlhahiso ea hore thibelo ea ho fumaneha ha "D2" e fumanehang e ka fokolisa litoeba tse feteletseng ka lijo.]. Batho ba nang le bokhoni ba maiketsetso ba batho ba hlokang leeme ba bonts'a ho fokotseha ha methapo ea kutlo ea D2,]. Ha li utluoa lijong tse nang le mafura a mangata, litoeba tse nang le "D2" receptor density tse fokolang ka har'a putamen li bonts'a phaello e fetang ea litoeba tse nang le "D2" receptor density sebakeng sena []. Liphetoho tsa lingaka tsa dopamine li eketsa takatso ea lijo, takatso ea matla le boima ba 'mele, athe li-dopamine agonists li fokotsa tšebeliso ea matla le ho hlahisa boima ba' mele [,,,].

Boithuto ho neuroeconomics bo supa hore ts'ebetso libakeng tse 'maloa tsa boko li lumellana hantle le boholo ba moputso oa chelete le boholo ba moputso []. Liphumano tse tšoanang li hlahile bakeng sa moputso oa lijo []. Ntle le moo, likarabo tse joalo li fapana ka tlala le satiety. Likarabo tsa tatso ea lijo bohareng ba matsoele, insula, dorsal striatum, subcallosal cingex, dorsolateral preortal cortex, le dorsal medial preortal cortex li matla haholoanyane ka ho itima lijo ha li bapisoa le maemo a boemo bo phahameng, mohlomong li bonts'a boleng bo boholo ba moputso oa lijo tse hlahisoang ke ho hloka.,]. Lintlha tse joalo li fana ka maikutlo a hore likarabo tsa lijo libakeng tse 'maloa tsa boko li ka sebelisoa e le pontšo ea karabelo ea moputso.

Leha lithuto tse fokolang tsa kelello tsa kelello li bapisitse batho ba sehlahlo le ba batenya ba sebelisang liphatlalatso tse lekolang ts'ebetso ea meputso, ho fumanoeng lintlha tse ling tse lumellanang le maikutlo a hore batho ba shahlileng ba bonts'ang karabelo ea kelello libakeng tsa boko tse kenyelletsang moputsong oa lijo. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) e fumane hore motho ea holileng haholo ho batho ba baholo o bonts'a ts'ebetso e kholo ea metabolic ka "somatosensory cortex", sebaka se kenyang maikutlo molomong, melomong le malemeng.], ho susumetsa bangoli ho hakanya hore ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng sebakeng sena e ka etsa hore batho ba batenya ho feta tekano ba utloisise melemo ea lijo le ho eketsa kotsi ea ho nona, leha sena se sa netefatsoa ka kotloloho. Ho eketsa liphumano tsena, boithuto bo sebetsang ba matla a maiketsetso (fMRI) bo entsoeng ke lengolo la rona ho lekola karabo ea bocha le ea bacha ba bacha ho moputso oa mantlha (lijo) bo fumane hore bacha ba batona le ba lilemong tse bocha ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e kholo ho molatosensory cortex ea molomo ha ba arabela. ho amohela chisi ea chisi e nang le chisi e khahlanong le thoko]. Lintlha tsena ka kopanelo li fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba litso tse fapaneng le batho ba ikopileng ba na le moralo o ntlafalitsoeng oa tikoloho sebakeng sena. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e lokela ho sebelisa morphometry o thehiloeng ho voxel ho lekola hore na batho ba batenya haholo ba bonts'a boemo bo phahameng ba bohlooho kapa bophahamo sebakeng sena se amanang le batho ba sekametseng.

Boithuto bo sebelisitsoeng PET bo fumane hore bohareng ba "dorsal insula", "midbrain" le "hippocampus" ea morao-rao li lula li le boemong bo bobe ba tšebeliso ea lijo ho batho ba neng ba le batenya haholo ha ba bapisoa le batho ba se nang 'mele.,], ho susumetsa bangoli bao ho nahana hore likarabo tsena tse sa tloaelehang li ka eketsa kotsi ea botena. Lab rona re fumane hore setho sa botona sa botona le botšehali se sekametseng se bonts'a ts'ebetso e kholo ea "anterior insula / frontal operculum" mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea lijo []. Cortex ea insular e kentsoe mesebetsing e fapaneng e amanang le ho hokahana ha likarabo tsa boitšoaro, boits'oaro, le maikutlo []. Haholo-holo, lingoliloeng tsa batho tse fanang ka maikutlo a hlakileng li fana ka maikutlo a hore sebopeho sa "cortex" se kentsoeng ka har'a popelo se na le libaka tse fapaneng tse ts'ehetsang mesebetsi e fapaneng mabapi le ts'ebetso ea tatso [-]. Mid insula e fumane ho araba botebo ba tatso e sa tsotelleng boleng ba boleng, ha likarabo tse ikhethileng li bonoa ho anterior insula / frontal operculum []. Ka mokhoa o tsotehang, batho ba batenya le ba sa tšepahaleng ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e eketsehileng libakeng tse peli nakong ea ts'ebeliso ea lijo, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ba ka bona tatso e matla le tatso ea boiphihlelo.

Patlisiso ea liphoofolo e boetse e fana ka karabelo e matla ea likarolong tse lebisitsoeng tsa dopamine ka botenya. Ka ho khetheha, Yang le Meguid [] a fumana hore likhoto tse tala li bonts'a ho nts'oa ha dopamine ho hypothalamus haholo nakong ea ho fepa ho feta likhoto tse tepeletsang. Leha ho le joalo, ho fihlela joale ha ho na phuputso ea monahano oa PET e kileng ea leka hore na batho ba batenya ba bontšitse ho lokolloa ha dopamine ho latela lijo tse amanang le lijo tse amanang le batho.

Liphumano tse ling li fapana le mehlala ea karabelo ea hyper 'me ho fapana le moo e tsamaisana le khopolo-taba ea hore batho ba batenya ho feta tekano ba bontša karabelo ea tlhahlobo ea meputso. Obese e amanang le litoeba tse loan e bonts'a striatal D2 receptor e tlamang []. Lithuto tsa PET ka mokhoa o ts'oanang li fumana hore motho ea khahlileng ea amanang le batho ba khabane o bonts'a li-receptor tse tlase tsa D2 [,], e lebisang bangoli bana ho hakanya hore batho ba batenya ho feta tekano ba fumana moputso o fokolang oa ho ja lijo hobane ba na le li-receptor tse fokolang tsa D2 le phetisetso e tlase ea lets'oao la DA. Ona ke mohopolo o tsotehang, leha ho le joalo, liphatlalatso tse 'maloa li lokela ho tsotelloa. Taba ea mantlha, kamano e kopantsoeng pakeng tsa ho fumaneha ha D2 receptor le moputso o kopanetsweng ho tsoa ho tlholisong ea lijo ho thata ho lumellanya le ho fumana hore batho ba nang le phihlello e tlase ea D2 receptor ba tlaleha moputso o moholo o tsoang ho methylphenidate ho feta batho ba nang le li-receptor tsa D2 tse ngata.]. Haeba ho fumaneha ha li-receptor tsa DriNUMX tsa striatal ho hlahisa moputso oa subjective, ha ho hlake hore na ke hobaneng batho ba nang le tlaleho e tlamang ea D2 ba reng psychostimulants e putsa ka tsela e makatsang. Ho rarolla pherekano ena e hlakileng ho ne ho tla ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona ea kamano pakeng tsa ketso ea dopamine le botenya. Litaba tsa mokhoa oa ts'ebetso li boetse li tiisa tlhokomelo ho toloka lingoliloeng tsa PET ho li-receptors tsa D2. Taba ea pele, li-receptor tsa D2 li bapala karolo ea post-synaptic le karolo ea pele ea synaptic autoregulatory. Le ha ho nahanoa ka kakaretso hore mehato ea PET ea D2 e tlamang ho striatum e tsamaisoa ke li-post-synaptic receptors, monehelo o nepahetseng oa ho saena le oa post-synaptic ha o na bonnete, mme o theoletsoe maemo a pre-synaptic receptor a ka ba le litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa poso e fokolang -Synaptic receptors. Taba ea bobeli, hobane li-benzamide based PET ligands li qothisana lehlokoa le dopamine ea morao-rao, ho fumana ho fumanehang ha D2 e fumanehang, ho ka hlaha ka lebaka la mosebetsi o eketsehileng oa tonic dopamine []. Leha ho le joalo, leha bokhoni bo kopanyang bo fetoloa ke endo native DA, khokahano lipakeng tsa D2 receptor e tloaelehileng maemong a tloaelehileng le a dopamine e felile e phahame haholo, e fanang ka maikutlo a hore karolo e kholo ea phapang e teng ho D2 binding e bakiloe ke letsoalo la creptor le tumellano. ho fapana le phapang ea maemo a DA a tsoetseng pele []. Khang e 'ngoe khahlanong le litekanyetso tse kholo tsa tonic dopamine maemong a batho ba batenya haholo a tsoa ho datha. Likhoto tsa Obese li fokotsehile litekanyetso tsa basal dopamine ka har'a li-nucleus tsa li-nucleus mme li fokotse ho lokolloa ha dopamine ka bobeli ba li-nucleus accumbens le dorsal striatum [].

Lihokela tse ling tsa lipatlisiso tsa liphoofolo li fokolisitse ho sebetsa ha D2 ka boima ba 'mele. Joalokaha ho hlokometsoe, D2 receptor blockade e baka ho nona haholo empa eseng litoeu ho itšepa haholo [,] e fana ka tlhahiso ea hore thibelo ea ho fumaneha ha "D2" e fumanehang e ka fokolisa likhoto tse fetisang lijo.]. Ha li utluoa lijong tse nang le mafura a mangata, litoeba tse nang le "D2" receptor density tse fokolang ka har'a putamen li bonts'a phaello e fetang ea litoeba tse nang le "D2" receptor density sebakeng sena []. Liphetoho tsa lingaka tsa dopamine li eketsa takatso ea lijo, takatso ea matla le boima ba 'mele, athe li-dopamine agonists li fokotsa tšebeliso ea matla le ho hlahisa boima ba' mele [,,,]. Ho nkuoe hammoho lintlha tsena ho bonts'a hore ts'ebetso ea D2 ha se feela sephetho sa botenya, empa ho e-na le hoo e eketsa kotsi ea ho eketsa boima ba 'mele nakong e tlang.

Lintlha tsa monahano oa Brain le tsona li fana ka maikutlo a hore botenya bo amahanngoa le striatum e arabelang. Lithutong tse peli tsa fMRI tse entsoeng ke lab tsa rona, re fumane hore bacha ba batenya ho feta tekano ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e tlase molemong oa ts'ebeliso ea lijo [,]. Hobane re lekantse karabelo ea BOLD, re ka hakanya feela hore litlamorao li bontša letsoalo le tlase la D2 receptor density. Tlhaloso ena e bonahala e utloahala hobane boteng ba Taq1A A1 allele, e 'nileng ea amahanngoa le ho saena ha dopaminergic ho saena lithutong tse' maloa tsa mofu le lithuto tsa PET [-], e fetotse ka mokhoa o hlakileng litlamorao tsa BOLD. Ka mantsoe a mang, ts'ebetso sebakeng sena e bonts'itse kamano e matla ea litho tsa 'mele Mass Index (BMI) bakeng sa ba nang le alq1A A1 allele, le kamano e fokolang le BMI bakeng sa ba se nang allele []. Leha ho le joalo, ts'ebetso e hlakileng ea ts'ebetso ea "striatal activation" e ka boetse ea hlahisa tokollo ea dopamine e fetotsoeng ho litheko tsa lijo ho fapana le letsoalo le tlase la D2 receptor. Ka hona, ho tla ba bohlokoa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa ho lokolloa ha DA ka lebaka la phepelo ea lijo ho batho ba batenya le ba fapaneng. Liphumano tse kaholimo li paka bopaki ba hore boitšoaro bo lematsang joalo ka joala, nikotini, matekoane, cocaine, le tlhekefetso ea heroin li amahanngoa le polelo e tlase ea li-receptors tsa D2 le maikutlo a hlakileng a potolohang ea meputso ho lithethefatsi le moputso oa lichelete [,,]. Wang le metsoalle [] posit e nang le khaello ho li-receptor tsa D2 e ka etsa hore motho ka mong a sebelise lithethefatsi tse nang le kelello kapa ho tšela lijo tse matlafatsang hore a eketse sisteme ea moputso oa dopamine. Joalokaha ho hlokometsoe, thuto ea PET e fumane bopaki ba hore ho fumaneha ha li-receptor tse tlase tsa D2 har'a batho ba sa lemalleng ho ne ho amahanngoa le ho iphatlalatsa ho eketsehileng ka karabo ea methylphenidate []. Ho feta moo, ho fumaneha ha li-receptor tsa D2 ka tlase ho striatum ho amana le ho phomola ho tlase ha metabolism ho cortex ea pele, e leng se ka eketsang kotsi ea ho nona hobane sebaka sena sa morao se kentsoe taolong ea thibelo [].

Tlhaloso e 'ngoe ea tse fumanoeng ka holimo ke hore tšebeliso ea lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata, tse nang le tsoekere e ngata li lebisa taolong ea li-receptor tsa D2 [], karabelo e tšoanang e amanang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse ferekanyang kelello []. Boithuto ba liphoofolo bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ho phetoa khafetsa ha lijo tse monate le tse mafura ho fella ka ho theoha ha taolo ea li-receptor tsa D2 tsa post-synaptic, ho eketsa li-receptor tsa D1, le ho theola kutlo ea D2 le μ-opioid receptor e tlamang [,,]; Liphetoho tse etsahalang hape ka lebaka la tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi. Ho khahlisang ke hore ho boetse ho na le bopaki ba liteko ba hore ho ja lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata ho lebisa ho litakatso tse kholo tsa lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata: likhoto tse fuoeng lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata li rata lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata holim'a lijo tse nang le lik'habohaedreite tse ngata, tse amanang le liphoofolo. fepa lijo tse nang le mafura a leka-lekaneng kapa lijo tse nang le lik'habohaedreite tse ngata [,]. Lintlha tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho eketseha ha lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata tse se nang mafura ho etsa hore batho ba rata mofuta o tšoanang oa lijo. Ka hona, sepheo sa mantlha sa lipatlisiso ke ho hlahloba hore na ho se sebetse hantle ha meputso ea boko ho etsa hore mmele o be mosesane pele le ho eketsa menyetla ea ho nona.

Re sa tsoa leka hore na tekanyo ea ts'ebetso ea dorsal striatum e arabeloa joang ha e fumana lijo tse matlafatsoang nakong ea fMRI scan e kentsoeng le kotsi e kholo ea ho eketsa boima ba nako e tlang []. Leha tekanyo ea ts'ebetso ea libaka tsa boko bo reretsoeng e sa bonts'e phello e kholo ho hakanyetsang boima ba 'mele, kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebetso e sa tloaelehang ea dorsal striatum mabapi le kamohelo ea lijo le phaello ea boima ba' mele nakong e latelang ea 1 e ile ea emisoa ke A1 allele ea TaqIA gene, e amanang le maemo a tlase a li-receptor tsa DriNUMX tsa striatal (bona karolo ho genotypes e amang dopamine ho saena ka tlase). Ts'ebetso e tlase ea boikoetliso ho arabela kamohelong ea lijo e ile ea eketsa kotsi ea ho bokella boima ba nako e tlang bakeng sa ba nang le A2 allele of the TaqIA mofuta. Ho khahlisang, tlhaiso-leseling e fana ka maikutlo a hore bakeng sa batho ka bomong ntle le A1 allele, karabelo e kholo ea striatum ho risiti ea lijo e boletsoe esale pele ka boima ba mmele (Setšoantšo sa 1). Leha ho le joalo, phello ena ea morao e ne e fokola ho feta kamano e matla pakeng tsa karabelo e matla le phaello ea boima ho batho ba nang le A1 allele.

Setšoantšo sa 1 

Karolo ea Coronal ea ts'ebetso e fokolang ho caudate (6, 9, 15, z = 2.98, pe sa lokang = .002) karabong ea risiti ea lebese le sesebelisoa se se nang pheletso e bolelang phetoho ea bokamoso ba mofuta o mong le o mong oa mofuta oa DRD2 ka setšoantšo sa litekanyetso tsa paramente ...

Ka kakaretso, tlhaiso-leseling ea lintlha e fana ka maikutlo a hore motho ea natefeloang ke ho holofala o bonts'a sefuba se matla se arabelang ka hloko ha a arabela kamohelong ea lijo, empa batho ba feteletseng ba bonts'a boikemisetso bo botle ba litaba tsa kahare bakeng sa lijo tse amanang le lijo tse amanang le batho ba hlokang thuso. . Kahoo, liphumano tse fumanehang ha li lumellane le mohlala o bonolo oa karabelo kapa mokhoa o bonolo oa ho arabela oa botenya. Ntho ea mantlha e tla etsa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang e tla ba ho boelanya lintho tse fumanoeng li sa lumellane ho bonahala eka li fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba batenya haholo ba bonts'a karabelo e kholo le karabelo e tsoang likarolong tsa boko tse kenyelletsoeng moputsong oa lijo le ba bang. Joalokaha ho hlokometsoe, ho ka etsahala hore tšebeliso e sa feleng ea lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata le tsoekere e ngata, e ka bang teng ka lebaka la karabelo ea hyper ea gustatory le somatosensory cortices, e lebisang ho tlase-taolong ea li-receptor tsa D2 tse tlase le karabelo e sa hlaka ho sena. Sebaka sa ho ja lijo tse fumanehang habonolo. Monyetla o mong ke hore ho khutlisetsoa hoa mokokotlo oa dorsal striatum le ho fokotsa ho fumaneha ha li-D2 ke sehlahisoa sa boleng bo phahameng ba tonic dopamine har'a batho ba batenya ba amanang le batho ba fokolang, e leng ho fokotsang ho fumaneha ha D2 receptor le ho arabela libaka tse tsejoang tse joalo ka dopamine mabapi le lijo. risiti. Boithuto bo tla ba teng bo lekang hore na karabelo ea khatello ea methapo mokhoeng oa gustatory le oa somatosensory le karabelo ea hypo ea dorsal striatum e eketsa menyetla ea ho nona haholo ho lokela ho thusa ho khetholla lits'ebetso tseo eleng mabaka a tlokotso ea boima ba 'mele tse sa pheleng hantle ho fapana le litlamorao tsa nalane ea ho nona kapa mmele o phahameng. mafura. Ho fihla joale, phuputso e le 'ngoe feela e lebelletsoeng hore na tlhekefetso e libakeng tsa boko e kenyelletsoa meputsong ea lijo e eketsa menyetla ea ho eketsa boima ba nako e tlang []. Ntho e 'ngoe e tlang pele bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang e tla ba ho bona hore na batho ba batenya haholo ba bonts'a kutloisiso e phahameng ea ho putsa ka kakaretso kapa kutloelo-bohloko e phahameng ea moputso oa lijo. Bopaki ba hore ho fumana lijo, joala, nicotine le chelete li tiisa likarolo tse tšoanang tsa boko [,,] le hore tlhekefetso ho litefiso tsa meputso e amahanngoa le botenya, botahoa, tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, le papali ea chelete [] e fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba batenya ho feta tekano ba ka bontša ho ba le maikutlo a tebileng a ho putsa ka kakaretso. Leha ho le joalo, ho thata ho fihlela liqeto hobane lithuto tsena ha lia ka tsa lekola kutloisiso ea moputso oa kakaretso le moputso oa lijo. Batho ba batenya ba ka bonts'a maikutlo a phahamenghali a ho fumana moputso o akaretsang, empa maikutlo a tebileng haholoanyane a moputso oa lijo.

Moputso o lebelletsoeng ho tsoa ho Lithethefatsi tsa Lijo

Lingoloa tse mabapi le moputso li etsa phapang ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa takatso ea lijo le ea phokotso, kapa ea batlang ho bapisoa le ho rata []. Phapang ena e kanna ea hlokahala bakeng sa ho rarolla tse ling tse utloisang ho fapana lipakeng tsa hyper- le karabelo mabapi le khothalletso ea lijo. Litsebi tse ling tsa thuto ea kelello li kholoa hore taba ea mantlha ho botenya e amana le karolo e lebelletsoeng, ka moputso o lebelletsoeng ho tsoa lijong o eketsa menyetla ea ho nona haholo le botena,]. Khopolo ea ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso e tiisa hore ts'ebetso ea moputso o phethahetseng le o lebelletseng e sebetsa ho latela qeto ea boleng ba matlafatso ea lijo, empa hore ha litlatsetso tse phetoa khafetsa tsa lijo, boleng ba hedonic bo fokotseha, ha moputso o lebelletseng o eketseha []. Jansen [] e khothalelitse hore lintlha tse kang ho bona le monko oa lijo li hlahisa likarabo tsa 'mele tse tsosang takatso ea lijo, le monyetla oa ho nona haholo kamora ho phela.

Liphuputso tse entsoeng ka boqhetseke li fumane likarolo tse shebahalang li kenyeletsa moputso oa lijo o lebelletseng ho batho. Kamohelo e lebelletsoeng ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo, khahlanong le lijo tse sa rateheng kapa lijo tse se nang tatso, e kenya tšebetsong OFC, amygdala, cingates gyrus, striatum (caudate nucleus le putamen), dopamine midbrain, parahippocampal gyrus, le fusiform gyrus ho banna le basali [,].

Lithuto tse peli li bapisitse ts'ebetso ka kotloloho ho arabela ts'ebeliso le tšebeliso ea lijo tse lebelletsoeng ho khetholla libaka tse bonts'ang ts'ebetso e kholo ho arabela karolo e ngoe ea moputso oa lijo ha e bapisoa le e 'ngoe. Tabatabelo ea tatso e monate, e khahlano le tatso ea 'nete, e hlahisitse ts'ebetso e kholo ho dopaminergic midbrain, ventral striatum, le posterior right amygdala []. Ho lebella seno se monate ho felletse ka ts'ebetso e kholo ho amygdala le mediodorsal thalamus, athe ho amohela seno ho felletse ka ts'ebetso e kholo ho "ts'ebetso" ea letsoho le lets'ehali [operculum []. Lithuto tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore amygdala, midbrain, ventral striatum, le mediodorsal thalamus li arabela haholo tšebelisong ea lijo e lebelletsoeng, athe ea ka pele ea operculum / insula e amohela ts'ebeliso ea lijo. Ho lebella le ho amohela chelete, joala le nicotine hape ho kenya tšebetsong libaka tse ikhethileng tse lumellanang le tse anngoeng ke moputso oa lijo tse lebelletsoeng le tse hlokahalang [,,,].

The ventral striatum le insula li bonts'a ts'ebetso e kholo ho arabela litšoantšo tsa lijo tse nang le khalori e phahameng e bapisoang le lijo tse tlase tsa khalori [,], ho bolelang hore ts'ebetso libakeng tsena ke karabelo ho letsoalo le leholo la lijo tse nang le khalori e phahameng. Likarabo tsa litšoantšo tsa lijo ho amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus, le girus ea anterior li ne li le matla ha li ntse li itima lijo, temana e le ka [], 'Me likarabo tsa litšoantšo lijo ka brainstem e, parahippocampal gyrus, culmen, globus pallidus, bohareng ya ntango gyrus, tlaasana tse tobileng gyrus, bohareng tse tobileng gyrus, le gyrus-lingual ne ba le matla ka mor'a 10% ho lahleheloa ke boima ba' mele a lekanyelitsoeng ho ea pele nona haholo [], ho bonts'a moputso o moholo oa moputso oa lijo tse hlahisoang ke ho hloka. Keketseho ea tlala e tlalehiloeng ka lebaka la tlhahiso ea mekhoa ea lijo e ne e tsamaisana hantle le ts'ebetso e kholo ea OFC, insula, le hypothalamus / thalamus [,,]. Tšusumetso ea matla a khoheli a Transcranial ea cortex e tlang pele e fana ka takatso ea lijo [], ho fana ka bopaki bo eketsehileng ba karolo ea karolo ea pele ea cortex moputsong o lebelletsoeng oa lijo. Ho hlohlelletsa sebakeng sena ho boetse ho fokotsa takatso ea ho tsuba le ho tsuba [], ho fana ka maikutlo a hore cortex ea pele e bapala karolo e pharaletseng meputsong e lebelletsoeng.

Karolo e mahlonoko ea ho fana ka kh'outu ho tloha litheong tsa lijo ho ea ho lijo tse lebelletsoeng ka mor'a ho boemo. Litšoene tsa Naïve tse neng li sa fumana lijo ka mokhoa o itseng li ile tsa bontša ts'ebetso ea li-neurone tsa dopamine feela ka lebaka la tatso ea lijo; leha ho le joalo, kamora boemo, ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic e ile ea qala ho etsa pele ho tlisa moputso 'me qetellong ts'ebetso e kholo e ile ea khothatsoa ke boemo bo susumetsang bo neng bo boletse moputso o tlang eseng ho fumana lengolo la nnete la lijo [,]. Kiyatkin le Gratton [] e fumane hore ts'ebetso e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea dopaminergic e etsahetse ka mokhoa o lebelletseng ha likhoto li ntse li atamela 'me li hatella bareki e hlahisang moputso oa lijo mme ts'ebetso e hlile e fokotseha ha lere le amohetse le ja lijo. Lintle [] o fumane hore ts'ebetso ea dopamine e ne e le kholo ho li-ruru ea nucleus ka mor'a ho hlahisoa ha khothalletso e nang le maemo e neng e tloaetse ho saena risiti ea lijo ho feta ka mor'a ho tlisa lijo tse sa lebelloang. Lintlha tsena ha li hanyetsane le mefuta ea phasic dopamine ea ho thunya e totobatsang karolo ea dopamine ho supa liphoso tse boletsoeng esale pele tse boletsoeng [], empa ho e-na le hoo totobatsa bohlokoa ba dopamine ka ho itukisetsa, le tebello ea moputso oa lijo.

Nalane ea ho ja tsoekere e phahameng e ka tlatsetsa ho phahamisoeng ho sa tloaelehang moputsong o lebelletsoeng o tsoang lijong []. Lits'ila tse pepesitsoeng ho fumaneha ha tsoekere nako le nako li bonts'a matšoao a ho ts'epa (ho eketseha ha litekanyetso tsa tsoekere e sa tloaelehang, phetoho ea li-opiod le dopamine receptor, le litla-morao tsa tsoekere tsa tsoekere) le matšoao a amanang le ho khaotsa opioid hoo e ka bang e laetsoe ke tsamaiso ea naloxone, hammoho le maikutlo a potileng le amphetamine [,]. Litakatso tse susumetsoang tsa lithethefatsi har'a batho ba baholo ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi li kenya letsoho tokelo ea OFC [,], ts'ebetso e ts'oanang e tšoanang tikolohong ena e bakiloeng ke ho pepesehela mekhoa ea lijo [], ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso e senyehileng ea orbitofite e ka baka ho nona.

Litakatso tsa lijo tse itlalehileng li lumellana hantle le BMI le ho lekanya tšebeliso ea caloric ka mokhoa o hlakileng [,,,]. Batho ba nkoang hampe ba tlaleha takatso e matla ea lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata, tse nang le tsoekere e ngata ho feta batho ba se nang 'mele,,]. Batho ba baholo ba holofetseng ba sebetsa ka thata bakeng sa lijo ebile ba sebeletsa lijo tse ngata ho feta batho ba baholo ba holileng [,,]. Se amanang le bana ba sehlahlo, bana ba batenya ho feta tekano ba ka ja habonolo ha ho se na tlala ['me u sebetse ka thata bakeng sa lijo [].

Boithuto bo bapisitse ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea mokokotlo e le karabelo ea ho hlahisa mekhoa ea lijo har'a batho ba litemana tse ngata tsa temana. Karhunen [] e fumane tšebetso e eketsehileng ka peterara e nepahetseng le ea nakoana ea peterole kamora ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa lijo tse bateng empa eseng basali ba se nang letheka mme ts'ebetso ena e lumellana hantle le litekanyetso tsa tlala. Rothemund [] e fumane likarabo tse kholo tsa dorsal striatum ho litšoantšo tsa lijo tse nang le khalori e kholo ho batho ba baholo ba temaneng le hore BMI e ile ea ikamahanya hantle le karabelo ka mokhoa o hlakileng, claustrum, cingulate, postcentral gyrus (somatosensory cortex) le laterC OF. Stoeckel [] e fumane tšebetso e kholo ho lijo tsa moriana le tsa morao-rao tsa OFC, amygdala, ventral striatum, medial prefrontal cortex, insula, anterior cingulate cortex, ventral pallidum, caudate, le hippocampus ha li araba litšoantšo tsa lijo tse nang le khalori e phahameng e bapisoang le lijo tse nang le khalori e tlase e amanang le lijo tse nang le lijo tse ngata tse amanang le tsona. leeme batho. Stice, Spoor le Marti [] e fumane hore BMI e tsamaellana hantle le ts'ebetso ho putamen (Setšoantšo sa 2) ho arabela litšoantšo tsa ho fepa lijo le ho se lijong ka mokhoa o sa reroang le ho kenya tšebetsong kahare ho OFC (Setšoantšo sa 3) le operculum e ka pele ha e araba litšoantšo tsa takatso ea lijo le likhalase tsa metsi.

Setšoantšo sa 2 

Karolo ea Coronal ea ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ho putamen (-15, 6, 3, z = 3.59, pe sa lokang <.001) e le karabelo ea lijo tse khahlisang - lijo tse sa thabiseng e le tšebetso ea BMI ka graph ea likhakanyo tsa parameter (PE) tse tsoang sebakeng seo.
Setšoantšo sa 3 

Karolo ea Axial ea ts'ebetso e eketsang ts'ebetsong ea morao ea orbitof Pambal cortex (OFC) (33, 27, −12, z = 4.01, p.e sa lokang <.001) ho arabela lijo tse khahlisang le metsi e le tšebetso ea BMI e nang le graph ea likhakanyo tsa parameter (PE) ea ...

Le ha lithuto tse entsoeng ka neano li ntse li tsoela pele kutlwisiso ea rona ea karabelo ea libaka tse itseng tsa boko ho litšoantšo tsa lijo, ha ho hlake hore na lithuto tsena li lebelletse tebello ea lijo, hobane li ne li sa kenyeletse tšusumetso ea lijo nakong ea ho hlahlojoa. Ho tsebo ea rona, phuputso e le 'ngoe feela ea monahano e bapisitse batho ba batenya ho feta ba sebelisang paradigm eo ho eona ho neng ho lebelletsoe hore ba amohetse lijo. Re fumane hore bacha ba batenya haholo ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e kholo ea libaka tsa Rolandic, tsa nakoana, tsa pele le tsa parietal ho arabela tebello ea ts'ebeliso ea lijo e amanang le bacha ba bacha ba [].

Ka kakaretso, tlaleho ea tlhaiso-leseling, boits'oaro, le lintlha tsa bokong li fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba batenya haholo ba bonts'a moputso o lebelletsoeng oa lijo ho feta baithati. Ka hona, botena bo ka hlaha ka lebaka la karabelo e matlafatsang tsamaisong e lebelletsoeng ea "ho batla". Rea lumela hore tšimo e tla una molemo ho tsoa lithutong tse ngata tsa monahano tse lekang ka kotloloho hore na batho ba batenya ba bonts'a bopaki ba tebello e kholo ea lijo ka karabelo ea tlhahiso ea lijo tsa nnete ho fapana le lijo tse sa fumaneheng. Habohlokoa, ha ho na lipatlisiso tse inahaneloang ho fihlela joale tse kileng tsa leka hore na ho nyoloha ha moputso oa lijo tse lebelletsoeng ho eketsa menyetla bakeng sa ho nona ka boima ba 'mele le ho nona ho feta tekano, ho etsa sena e le ntho ea bohlokoa bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang. Ho tla ba bohlokoa hape ho lekola hore na ho ja lijo tse phahameng tse nang le mafura a mangata le tsoekere ho na le moputso o phahameng o lebelletsoeng oa lijo.

Bahlahisi ba Moputso Sensitivity

Ho na le lintlha tse peli tse fanang ka bopaki ba hore ho bohlokoa ho hlahloba li-moderators tse sebetsanang le tlhekefetso ho moputso oa lijo ho eketsa kotsi ea botenya. Tlaleho e bonts'a hore lijo, ts'ebeliso ea kelello ea lithethefatsi, le moputso oa chelete li kenya letsoho libakeng tse tšoanang tsa boko [,,,]. Ho feta moo, tlhekefetso ho potolohong ea moputso e amahanngoa le botenya, tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, le papali ea chelete [,]. Ho joalo, ho na le bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha ba kamano pakeng tsa lijo le ho matlafatsoa hoa lithethefatsi. Khaello ea lijo e eketsa boleng ba matlafatso ea lijo le lithethefatsi tse ferekanyang kelello [,], phello eo bonyane e arohantsoeng ka tsela e itseng ka phetoho ea lets'oao la dopamine []. Ho rata liphoofotsoana tse phahameng tsa liphoofolo ho amana le ho itaola haholo ka koae [] le ho ja ka mokhoa o leketlileng ho fokotsa boleng bo matlafatsang ba koae [cocaine]]. Lintlha tse amanang le phetoho e fana ka maikutlo a tšoanang litlalehong tsa dopamine tsa batho ba sebelisang lithethefatsi le batho ba batenya haholo.,].

Leha ho na le lintlha tse ngata tse ka fokotsang kamano e teng lipakeng tsa tlhekefetso moputsong oa lijo le botenya, tse tharo ka kotloloho li bonahala li utloahala: () ho ba teng hoa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amanang le ho saena hoa dopamine ho fokotseng moputso (DRD2, DRD4, DAT, COMT), () tšusumetso ea boitšoaro, eo ka thello e eketsang kotsi ea ho arabela liketsong tse fapaneng tsa takatso ea maikutlo, le () tikoloho e se nang phepo e ntle.

Li-genotypes tse amang dopamine lets'oao

Ka lebaka la hore dopamine e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa mokokotlong oa moputso mme e kenelletse moputsong oa lijo [,,], ho latela hore liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amang ho fumaneha ha dopamine le ts'ebetso ea li-dopamine receptors li ka fokotsa litlamorao tsa tlhekefetso ho moputso oa lijo tse kotsing ea ho nona. Lijini tse 'maloa li susumetsa ts'ebetso ea dopamine, ho kenyelletsa le tse amang dopamine receptors, lipalangoang le ho robeha.

Ho fihla joale, tšehetso e matlahali ea matla e bile teng bakeng sa TaqIA polymorphism ea mofuta oa DRD2. The TaqIA polymorphism (rs1800497) e na le mefuta e meraro ea li-allelic: A1 / A1, A1 / A2, & A2 / A2. TaqIA qalong e ne e nahanoa hore e sebakeng sa 3 '-untranslated sebakeng sa DRD2, empa ha e le hantle e lula sebakeng sa ANKK1 se haufi []. Khakanyo e fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba nang le genotypes ba nang le kopi e le 'ngoe kapa tse peli tsa A1 allele li na li-receptors tsa XXUMUMX XXUM tse fokolang le tse nang le "dopamine signature" tse fokolang ho feta tse se nang A30 allele [,,]. Ba nang le alfale ea A1 ba fokotse ts'ebeliso ea tsoekere ea tsoekere libakeng tsa striatal (putamen le nucleus accumbens), pre mapemaal, and insula [] - libaka tse amehang moputsong oa lijo. Khopolo-taba, mokoloko oa A1 o amahanngoa le ho qhekella libaka tsa meso-limbic, preortal cortex, hypothalamus le amygdala []. Tekanyetso e tlase ea D2 receptor e amanang le A1 allele putatively e etsa hore batho ka bomong ba se ke ba tsotella ts'ebetso ea dopamine e thehiloeng ho potoloha ea liphutheloana, e ba fa monyetla oa ho tšela matla, ho sebelisa lintho tse fanang ka kelello, kapa ho etsa lintho tse ling tse kang ho becha ho hlola bofokoli bona ba dopamine []. Ka liphatsa tsa lefutso tse homogenible le heterogenible, allele ea A1 e amana le botenya bo phahameng [,,,,,,]. Mohlomong ke ka lebaka la maemo a etsahalang nakong ea ha ho le thata ho ja, batho ba nang le A1 allele ba tlaleha takatso e kholo ea lijo, ba sebeletsa lijo tse eketsehileng mesebetsing 'me ba ja lijo tse eketsehileng. lib lib Than Allele [,].

Habohlokoa, kamano e teng lipakeng tsa tlhekefetso ho matlafatseng ea lijo le lijo tse lekantsoeng hantle e lekoloa ke A1 allele. Epstein [] o fumane tšebelisano lipakeng tsa A1 allele le moputso oa lijo o lebelletseng ho batho ba baholo, hoo ho bileng le lijo tse kholo ka ho fetesisa tse bileng teng bakeng sa ba tlalehileng khothaletso e matla ho tsoa lijong mme ba na le A1 allele. Ka ho tšoanang, Epstein [] e fumane tšebelisano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa moputso oa A1 allele le moputso oa lijo o lebelletseng ho batho ba baholo, hoo ho bileng le lijo tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tse fumanoeng har'a ba sebelitseng ka thata ho fumana meroho mme ba na le A1 allele. Joalokaha ho hlokometsoe, Stice [] e fumane hore kamano e pakeng tsa karabelo e sothehileng ea dorsal striatal karong ea lijo e boletsoe esale pele hore menyetla e tla eketseha bakeng sa ho nona ka boima ba 'mele nakong ea tlhahlobo ea lilemo tsa 1 bakeng sa batho ba nang le almale ea A1.

Mofuta oa 7-repeat kapa o molelele oa mofuta oa DRD4 (DRD4-L) o hokahantsoe le ho fokotsa D4 receptor signaling in in vitro Study [], ho karabelo e futsanehileng ho methylphenidate ka hloko khaello ea phepo / hyperkinetic [,], le ho theola dopamine ka tlase ho "ventral striatum" kamora ts'ebeliso ea nicotine [], ho fana ka maikutlo a eona e ka amana le maikutlo a moputso. DRD4 ke "receptor" ea "postynaptic" eo ka kotloloho e thibelang moetlo oa bobeli oa moamoheli. Kahoo, ho nahanoa hore ba nang le DRD4-L allele ba ka bontša ho susumetsoa ho hoholo []. Li-receptor tsa D4 li fumaneha haholo libakeng tse hloahloa ke likhakanyo tsa mesocortical tse tsoang sebakeng se kenang sa likarolo tsa ventralal, ho kenyelletsa le cortex ea pele, cingulate gyrus, le insula []. Batho ba nang le phapang ntle le DRD4-L allele ba bontšitse bophelo bo phahameng ba BMI ka har'a mehlala e kotsing ea ho ba le botenya, ho kenyelletsa batho ba nang le Seasonal Affective Disorder ba tlalehang ho nona ho feta tekano [], batho ba nang le bulimia mothosa [], le bacha ba lilemong tsa bo-Afrika-Amerika [], empa kamano ena ha ea ka ea hlaha mehlaleng e 'meli ea lilemong tsa bocha [,]. Ho kanna ha eba thata ho bona liphatsa tsa lefutso molemong oa batho ba seng ba sa feta nakong ea kotsi e kholo ea ho ba le botenya. Batho ba baholo ba nang le phapang ntle le DRD4-L allele ba bontšitse litakatso tsa lijo tse eketsehang ho arabeloa ka mekhoa ea lijo [], litakatso tse eketsehileng tsa ho tsuba le ts'ebetso ea moqomo o phahameng oa pele le ts'ebetso e le karabelo litabeng tsa ho tsuba [,], litakatso tse eketsehileng tsa joala ka lebaka la ho latsoa joala [], le ho eketseha ha takatso ea heroine ho arabelang li-cine tsa heroine [].

Dopamine e lokollotsoeng hantle ka tloaelo e felisoa ka ho khutlisetsa hape ka potlako ho tsoa ho dopamine transporter (DAT), e leng ngata ka har'a striatum []. DAT e hlophisa phapanyetsano ea dopamine ea synaptic ka ho khutlisetsa methapo ea methapo methapong ea "presynaptic". Polelo ea tlase ea DAT, e amanang le 10 pheta allele (DAT-L), e ka fokotsa tumello ea synaptic mme ka hona ea hlahisa maemo a phahameng a basal dopamine, empa ho tlosoa ha phasic dopamine []. Pecina [] e fumane hore tšitiso ea mofuta oa DAT e hlahisitse mofuta o eketsehileng oa testaptic dopamine hammoho le takatso e phahameng ea matla le ho rata lijo tse fumanehang hantle ka litoeba. Lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata li fokotsehile haholo litekanyetso tsa selemo tsa dorsal le likarolong tse ling tsa caudal caudate putamen ha li bapisoa le lijo tse nang le mafura a fokolang ho litoeba []. Phumano e tlase ea striatal DAT e amahantsoe le BMI e phahameng bathong []. DAT-L e amahantsoe le botenya ho batho ba tsubang ba Amerika, empa eseng merabe e meng []. Batho ba baholo ba nang le phapang ntle le ho hlaka hoa DAT-L ba bontsitse phosic e lokolotsoeng ea dopamine ho araba ho tsuba koae [].

Catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) e laola ho senyeha ha dopamine ea extrasynaptical, haholo-holo ka cortex ea pele, moo COMT e leng ngata ho feta ho striatum []. Leha ho le joalo, COMT e boetse e na le phello e nyane ea lehae ho striatum [] le litšusumetso tsa dopamine maemong a striatum ka li-efferents tsa glutamatergic tse tsoang ho cortex ea pele ho isa ho striatum []. Phapanyetsano e le 'ngoe ea li-nucleotide ho genT ea mofuta oa COMT, e bakang vineine ea methionine (Val / Met-158) e hlahisa phokotso ea 4-fold ea ts'ebetso ea COMT ho Met e amanang le Val homozygotes, e beha hantle hore Met homozygotes e eketsehe maemo a dopamine ea tonic ka cortex ea pele le striatum le tokollo e tlase ea phasic ea dopamine [,]. Batho ba nang le phapang ntle le Met allele ba bonts'a maikutlo a phahameng a moputso ka mokhoa o supiloeng ke likarabo tsa BOLD nakong ea tebello ea moputso kapa khetho ea moputso [,] le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi []. Wang [] fumane hore batho ba nang le Met allele versus ntle le monyetla ba ne ba ka bonts'a bonyane keketseho ea 30% ho BMI ho tloha lilemong tsa 20 ho isa ho 50 ea lilemo (ho latela litlaleho tsa morao-rao).

Tšusumetso ea boitšoaro

Ho nahanoa hore batho ba susumetsang ba ameha haholo ka ho fumana moputso mme ba kotsing e kholo ea teko e tloaelehileng ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo tikolohong ea rona ea bohloeki [,] e lebisang ho khopolo-taba ea hore phaello e kholo ka ho fetisisa e tla hlaha bakeng sa bocha e bonts'a menyetla ea moputso oa lijo le ho susumetsoa ke tšobotsi. Boiphetetso bo ipolelang bo lumellana hantle le boemo ba botena [,,] latediso ea caloric e lekantsoeng hantle] hape hampe ka ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele nakong ea kalafo ea botenya [,,]. Motho ea nang le botona le botšehali ho batho ba sekepeng o bonts'a mathata a mang a nang le karabo ea ts'ebetso mabapi le boits'oaro ba ho se sebetse le ho emisa le ho bonts'a kutloisiso e kholo ea ho putsa mosebetsing oa papali ea chelete [,]. Bana ba boima haholo ha ba bapisoa le boima ba 'mele ba sebelisa lik'hilojule tse ngata ka mor'a ho pepesehela lijo tse kang ho nkha le ho latsoa lijo tse monate.], ho fana ka maikutlo a hore tsa pele li na le monyetla oa ho inehela litakatsong tse bakoang ke ho rata lijo. Ho fetoloa ho amanang le batho ba sekametseng ho bontšitse hore ba rata ho fumana moputso o potlakileng, empa tahlehelo e kholo ea nako e tlang mehatong ea boitšoaro lithutong tse ling.,], empa eseng ba bang [,].

Lebella litebello tsa molao oa tsamaiso

Re boetse re kholoa hore bathong ba nang le mathata a meputso ea lijo, ba lumelang hore ho ja ho fokotsa ho se sebetse hantle, ho ka ba le menyetla e mengata ea ho nona le ho bontša melemo e fetelletseng ea ba sa lumeleng litumelo tsena. Ho joalo, litebello tse fapaneng tsa taolo ea ts'ebetso e kanna ea ba mookameli ea ka sehloohong ea khethang hore na batho ba nang le boits'oaro ka ho sa feleng menyetla ea meputso ba bontša ho qala ha botenya, khahlano le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi; re fana ka maikutlo a hore ba lumelang hore ho ja hoa ntlafala ho ama ho ka etsahala hore ba tsamaee pele, athe ba lumelang hore tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e ntlafala ba ka ba le monyetla oa ho feta. Corr [] ka mokhoa o tšoanang e supile hore kamano e pakeng tsa kutloelo-bohloko ea moputso le karabelo ho moputso eo e lokisoa ka liphapang tsa motho ka mong mabapi le tebello ea melawana e amehang. Ka ts'ehetso, maikutlo a moputso o itlhahisitseng a ne a amana feela le karabelo ea moputso mosebetsing oa boits'oaro bakeng sa barupeluoa ba neng ba lebelletse hore mosebetsi o tla matlafatsa.]. Ka kakaretso, batho ba lumelang hore ho ja ho fokotsa ho se sebetse hantle le ho ntlafatsa litšusumetso tse ntle ho na le menyetla ea ho bontša ho eketseha ha ho itlopa joala ho feta tlhahlobo ea lilemo tse 2 ho feta ba sa lumeleng tumelo ena []. Re fumane hore har'a batho ba jang ho ja, ba lumelang hore ho ja ho fokotsa ho ama le ho ntlafatsa litšusumetso tse ntle, ba kanna ba bontša ho phehella ho ja ka nako e telele ho latela lebaka le latelang la 1 le ba sa lumeleng tumelo ena []. Ho feta moo, batho ba lumelang hore ho tsuba le tšebeliso ea joala ho ntlafatsa li ama, ba ka bonts'a keketseho ea ho tsuba ha bona le tšebeliso ea joala e amanang le ba sa ts'oereng tebello ena ea taolo ea [,].

Tikoloho ea Lijo

Bafuputsi ba pheha khang ea hore ho ata ha lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata le tsoekere tse ngata ka lapeng, likolo, mabenkele le libaka tsa ho jella li eketsa kotsi ea ho ba le botenya [,,]. Ka khopolo-taba, litheko tsa lijo tse se nang phepo (ho bona sephutheloana, monko oa li-fries tsa Mafora) li eketsa menyetla ea ho ja lijo tsena, tse fanang ka phaello e mpe ea bophelo bo botle []. Batho ba lulang malapeng ba nang le lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata le tsoekere ba ja tse ngata tsa lijo tse se nang phepo, ha ba lulang malapeng a nang le litholoana le meroho ba ja tse ling tsa lijo tsena tse phetseng hantle [,,]. Lijo tse ngata tse rekisoang ka metjhini ea vending le e leng la carte likolong li na le mafura a mangata le tsoekere [,]. Baithuti likolong tse nang le mechine ea vending le e leng la carte mabenkele a ja mafura a mangata le litholoana le meroho e tlase ho feta baithuti likolong tse ling []. Ho feta 35% ea bacha ba ja lijo tse potlakileng letsatsi le leng le le leng mme ba tloaetseng ho jella lijong tsena ba ja likhalori tse ngata le mafura ho feta ba sa li rateng []. Lijo tsa ho jella lijo tse potlakileng hangata li ba haufi le likolo []. Boemong ba setereke, letsoalo la lijo tsa lijo tse potlakileng le amahanngoa le botenya le botenya bo amanang le botenya [,,], leha ho fumanoe tse fumanoeng tse sa utloahaleng [,]. Ka hona, re nahana hore kamano ea lits'oants'o moruong oa lijo e le ho beha motho kotsing ea ho fumana boima ba 'mele e tla matlafala ho barupeluoa tikolohong e seng bophelo bo botle ba lijo.

Liphetho le Litataiso tsa Patlisiso ea Kamoso

Tlalehong ena re shebile lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao tse tsoang liphuputsong tse entseng lipatlisiso tsa hore na tlhekefetso ea moputso ka lebaka la lijo le lijo tse lebelletsoeng lijong tsa BMI le keketseho ea nako e tlang ho BMI. Ka kakaretso lingoliloeng li fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba batenya ho fapana le batho ba sehlahlo ba lebelletse moputso o moholo oa ho ja lijo; liphumano tse sa fetoheng li hlahile lithutong tse sebelisang ho nahana ka bokong, ho itlaleha le mekhoa ea boitšoaro ho lekola moputso oa lijo tse lebelletsoeng. Ho feta moo, lithuto tse sebelisang tlaleho ea boits'oaro le mekhoa ea boits'oaro li fumane hore batho ba batenya ho feta ba bang ba tlaleha moputso o moholo ka ho ja lijo le hore lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata le tsoekere li na le phepo e phahameng le kotsi e kholo ea botena. Boithuto ba likhopolo tsa Brain le bona bo fumane hore mononko ha o bapisoa le batho ba se nang 'mele o bontša ts'ebetso e kholo ho gortatory cortex le somatosensory cortex ha a amohela risiti ea lijo, ho ka bolelang hore ho ja lijo ho natefeloa haholo ke pono. Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso tse 'maloa tsa monahano li boetse li fumane hore botenya bo bontšitse ts'ebetso e nyane ts'ebetsong ea dorsal mabapi le lijo tse amanang le lijo tse amanang le batho ba ikopileng, e leng tlhahiso e khothalletsang ts'ebetso ea meputso. Kahoo, joalo ka ha ho hlokometsoe, datha e fumanehang ha e fane ka ts'ehetso e hlakileng ho ts'ebetso e bonolo ea maikutlo kapa mokhoa o bonolo oa ho arabela oa botenya.

Ha re nahana ka sena, 'me bopaki bo tsoang liphuputsong tsa liphoofolo bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ja lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata le tsoekere e ngata ho fella ka taelo ea li-receptor tsa D2, re etsa tlhahiso ea hore e tla sebetsa ka mokhoa oa nakoana (Setšoantšo sa 4) eo re hlalosang hore batho ba kotsing ea ho ba le botenya pele ba bonts'a ts'oaetso ka mokokotlong oa gustatory le cortex ea somatosensory e etsang hore ho ja lijo e be tse khahlisang ho tsoa kelellong ea maikutlo, ho ka lebisang moputsong o moholo o lebelletsoeng ho tsoa ho lijo le ho eketseha ha tlokotsi ea ho Ho nona ho feta tekano, ho hlahise ho nona ka boima ba 'mele. Re kholoa hore ho nona hona ho feta ho ka lebisa ho keneng taolong e tlase mokokotlong oa lijo tse nang le phepo e ngata, tse ka eketsang menyetla ea ho nona ho feta tekano le ho tsoela pele ho nona. Leha ho le joalo, ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore monokotšoai ha o bapisoa le lean o bonts'itse ts'ebetso e phahameng mokhatlong oa dorsal ka lebaka la lijo tse lebelletsoeng, a fana ka maikutlo a phapang e ka fumanoang moputsong oa lijo o lebelletsoeng le o phethahetseng.

Setšoantšo sa 4 

Moetso o sebetsang oa khopolo e hlahisang kamano lipakeng tsa tlhekefetso moputsong oa lijo le kotsi ea ho fumana boima bo bobe ba 'mele.

Ntho ea bohlokoa bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang e tla ba ho leka hore na ho se sebetse hantle ha meputso ea boko ho eketsa menyetla ea ho nona le ho nona haholo. Phuputso e le 'ngoe feela e lebelletsoeng ho tla fihlela joale e lekile hore na tlhekefetso e libakeng tsa boko e kenyelletse menyetla ea lijo le menyetla ea lijo e eketsehang. Haholo-holo, lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho hlahloba hore na ho se sebetse hantle ka linako tse ling kapa ho sithabetsoa ha maikutlo ke taba ea mantlha kapa ea bobeli ho ho ja lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata, tse nang le tsoekere e ngata. Ho tla ba bohlokoa ho hlahloba maikutlo a bohlokoa mabapi le ho hlalosoa ha lipatlisiso tsena, joalo ka ha ho fokotsoa ha kutloisiso ea libaka tsa somatosensory le gustatory ho fetolela thabo e sa feleng ea lijo nakong ea lijo. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e boetse e lokela ho loanela ho rarolla lintho tse fumanoeng li sa lumellane tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore batho ba batenya haholo ba bonts'a karabelo e kholo ea likarolong tse ling tsa boko ho ja lijo, empa karabelo ea hypo ea likarolong tse ling tsa boko, e amanang le batho ba fokolang. Ho na le tlhoko e itseng ea ho kopanya tekanyo ea ts'ebetso ea dopamine le mehato e sebetsang ea MRI ea likarabo tsa striatal le cortical ho lijo. Tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng e fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso ea dopamine e hokahane le phapang ea maikutlo a moputso oa lijo. Leha ho le joalo, hobane lithuto tse teng bathong li sebelisitse mehato ea MRI e sebetsang ea likarabo ho lijo, kapa mehato ea PET ea DA e tlamang, empa ha e so ka e lekanya ka bobeli ho barupeluoa ba ts'oanang, ha ho hlake hore na maikutlo a moputso oa lijo a itšetlehile hakae ka mekhoa ea DA le hore na sena se fana ka karabelo e fapaneng ho batho ba batenya ho fapana le batho ba hlokang leeme. Kahoo, lithuto tse nkang mokhoa oa ho nahana ka mefuta-futa tse sebelisang PET le MRI e sebetsang li ka kenya letsoho kutlwisisong e ntlafalitsoeng ea lits'ebetso tsa etiologic tse fanang ka botenya. Kamora nako, lintlha tsa morao-rao tse tsoang liphuputsong tsa ho nahana ka bokong li re lumelletse ho qala ho hlahloba hore na lits'oants'o tsena tsa moputso oa lijo li ka sebelisana joang le lintlha tse itseng tsa lefutso le tikoloho, joalo ka liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amanang le ho fokotseha ha dopamine ho supa, tšusumetso ea tšusumetso, ho ama maemo a lebelloang, le tikoloho e seng kotsi ea lijo. . Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e lokela ho tsoelapele ho fumana lintlha tse lekolang kotsi e hlahisoang ke tlhekefetso ho potolohong ea moputso ho arabela risiti ea lijo le risiti e lebelletsoeng ho eketsa kotsi ea ho nona.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

 

Boitlhotlhollo ba Mohoeletsi: Ena ke faele ea PDF ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho o sa amoheloang o amoheletsoeng bakeng sa ho hatisoa. Joaloka tšebeletso ho bareki ba rona re fana ka phetolelo ena ea pele ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho o tla ba le ho kopitsa, ho kenya lihlopha le ho hlahloba bopaki bo hlahang pele o hatisoa ka mokhoa oa oona oa ho qetela. Ka kopo hlokomela hore nakong ea mekhoa ea tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa e ka fumanoa e ka amang litaba, le litsebiso tsohle tsa molao tse sebetsang koranteng e amanang le eona.

 

Boitsebiso ba bafani

Eric Stice, Setsi sa Patlisiso sa Oregon.

Sonja Spoor, Univesithi ea Texas ho Austin.

Janet Ng, Univesithi ea Oregon.

David H. Zald, Univesithi ea Vanderbilt.

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