Kamano ea botenya ho neural activation ho arabela lipapatso tsa lijo (2014)

. 2014 Jul; 9 (7): 932-938.

E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2013 May 9. doi:  10.1093 / scan / nst059

PMCID: PMC4090951

inahaneloang

Bacha ba talima lipapatso tse likete tsa lijo selemo le selemo, empa karabelo ea neural ho papatso ea lijo le kamano ea eona le botenya ha e tsejoe haholo. Boithuto bona ke ba pele ba ho hlahloba hore na karabelo ea neural ho lipapatso tsa lijo e fapana joang le maikutlo a mang (mohlala, lipapatso tse seng tsa lijo le thelevishene) le ho hlahloba hore na karabelo ena e ka fapana joang ka boemo ba boima ba 'mele. Ts'ebetso ea ho nahana ka oksijene ea mali e sebetsang ka matla e sebelisang matla a ts'ebetso ea matla a matla a matla a moea e lekantsoe ho bacha ba 30 ho tloha ho lean ho isa ho fetoleng ka lebaka la lijo le lipapatso tse seng tsa lijo tse kenelletseng lenaneong la thelevisheneng. Bacha ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e kholo libakeng tse amehang ts'ebetsong ea pono (mohlala: occipital gyrus), tlhokomelo (mohlala, parietal lobes), tlhokomeliso ea kelello (mohlala oa nakoana. moputso [mohlala, orbitofrontal cortex le anterior cingrate cortex (ACC)] nakong ea papatso ea lijo. Barupeluoa ba Obese ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e nyane nakong ea lijo e amanang le lipapatso tse sa jeng lijo libakeng tsa neural tse kentsoeng tšebetsong ea pono (mohlala, cuneus), tlhokomelo (mohlala, posterior cerebellar lobe), moputso (mohlala, pampiri ea "cortex" ea pele le ka morao le tlhaiso ea masapo. Barupeluoa ba li-Obese ba bontšitse ts'ebetso e kholo tikolohong e amehang taolong ea semantic (mohlala, medial temporal gyrus). Liphumano tsena li ka tsebisa lipuisano tsa maano tsa morao-rao mabapi le tšusumetso ea papatso ea lijo ho bana.

Keywords: ho bapatsa, bacha, botenya, fMRI

SELELEKELA

Batho ka bomong ba pepesetsoa palo e ngata ea papatso ea lijo, haholo bacha, ba shebiloeng khafetsa e le sehlahisoa sa bohlokoa sa papatso (). Mocha ea tloaelehileng o ile a pepesetsoa lipapatso tsa lijo tsa thelevishene tsa ∼6000 ho 2010 (), ka lipapatso tse ngata tse khothaletsang lihlahisoa tse nang le lik'hilojule tse ngata, tsoekere, sodium le / kapa mafura (). Leha ho le joalo, ha ho tsejoehale ka hore na boko bo arabela joang lipapatsong tsena, tse ka bang tsa bohlokoa ho batho ba kotsing ea ho ba le botenya. Phapang e le 'ngoe karabelong ea lipapatso tsa lijo e ka kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong ea lijo, empa litšoantšo tsa lijo tse sebelisitsoeng lithutong tsa pele tsa botenya li fapana ka mekhoa e amanang le lipapatso tsa lijo. Ka hona, kutlwisiso ea rona ea hore lipapatso tsa lijo li ama moputso oa boko le likarolo tsa tlhokomelo joang, le tsebo ea rona ea hore na sena se ka fapana joang ho latela boima ba 'mele. Boithuto bona bo ne bo reretsoe ho araba lipotso tsena tse peli.

Libaka tsa Meso-limbic-cortico (mohlala, ventral striatum le insula) li bonahala li tiisa boleng ba moputso oa litšoantšo tsa lijo le litheko () le ba feteletseng ba amanang le barupeluoa ba lean ba fumanoe ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e kholo ea neural libakeng tsa boko tse kenyellelitsoeng moputsong [mohlala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)], tlhokomelo ea pono (mohlala, parietal lobe), memori (mohlala, hippocampus), cognition (mohlala, nakoana. le ts'ebetso ea somatosensory (mohlala, postcentral gyrus) mabapi le mekhoa ea lijo (; ; ; ; ; ). Phapang e nyolohileng e bokella karabelo ea litšoantšo tse phahameng tsa mafura / tsoekere () le karabelo ea OFC ho lits'oaea tse bonts'ang tlhahiso ea lijo tse se nang phepo e boletsoeng esale pele e tla hlahisa boima ba nako e tlang (). Ntle le moo, ts'ebetso ea libaka tsa moputso, pono le tlhokomelo (mohlala, insula, OFC, parietal le occipital lobe) nakong ea ho pepesehela mekhoa ea lijo e amanang le ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele bo matla le ho eketseha ha boima ba' mele hape ().

Le ha litholoana tsena li bontša karolo ea bohlokoa ea karabelo ea lijo bakeng sa botenya, maikutlo a sebelisoang lithutong tsena ka tloaelo ke setšoantšo sa lijo ntle le ho fana ntle le maemo, li sitisa 'nete ea tlholeho. Kahoo, liphumano tsena li fana ka leseli le fokolang mabapi le hore na lipapatso tsa lijo tikolohong ea hona joale li ka kenya letsoho joang ho ja ka thata. Ho fapana le litšoantšo tsa lijo tse sebelisitsoeng lithutong tsa pejana, lipapatso tsa lijo li etselitsoe ka mokhoa o khethehileng ho susumetsa takatso ea ho sebelisa sehlahisoa se phatlalalitsoeng (). Ha ho bapatsoe lijo feela tse hlahisang litšoantšo tse hohelang tsa lijo tse se nang phepo le tse fumanehang habonolo empa papatso e atlehileng e boetse e theha litloaelano tse ntle le mabitso le ho li tiisa nako le nako ha ho shebiloe papatso (). Lihlahisoa tse amanang le tšusumetso ea mantlha ea batho (mohlala, thabo, ho hohela le katleho) li khothaletsa thekiso ea sehlahisoa () le papatso ea lijo ho bacha hangata ba sebelisa boipiletso ho litšoaneleho tsena (). Ts'ebeliso ea mofuta o ratoang (mohlala Coca-Cola) e amana le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea hippocampus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) le midbrain (). Ho feta moo, bana ba boima ba phetseng hantle ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e kholo ho OFC, cortex ea nakoana le cortex ea pono nakong ea ho pepesetsoa li-logo tsa lijo (mohlala, li-arches tsa McDonald) tse amanang le litšoantšo tse laoloang (); ho pepesehela li-logos tsa lijo tse amanang le li-logos tsa lijo tse seng tsa lijo ho boetse ho amana le ts'ebetso e kholo ho occipital cortex, paracentral lobule, gari ea parietal, gyrus ea lingual le gortex ea posterior. Ntle le moo, bana ba batenya ho feta bana ba sehlahlo ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e kholo libakeng tse amanang le moputso (ke hore, li-postcentral gyrus le midbrain) bakeng sa mela ea lijo ha e bapisoa le litšoantšo tsa taolo ().

Kahoo, barupeluoa ba ka arabela ka matla haholoanyane ho lipapatso tsa lijo (tse nang le litšoantšo tsa lijo tsa brand) tse amanang le lipapatso tse seng tsa lijo kapa lenaneo la thelevishene. Boithuto bona ke ba pele ba ho hlahloba li-amanang tsa neural tsa lipapatso tsa lijo tse amanang le ho susumetsa. Maikemisetso a maholo a thuto ena ke (i) ho hlahloba hore na lipapatso tsa lijo li amana le lipapatso tse seng tsa lijo le ho shebella thelevisheneng ho amana le mekhoa e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso libakeng tsa boko e kentsoeng tlhokomelong ea pono, karabelo ea somatosensory, moputso le tšusumetso (mohlala, OFC, postcentral gyrus le occipital lobe) le (ii) ho lekola hore na karabelo ea neural ho maikutlo ana e fapana ka sehlopha sa boima (mohlala, botenya) vs boima bo tloaelehileng). Leha maano a 'maloa a ho khetha maiketsetso a khoebo a ne a nahanoa bakeng sa thuto ena (mohlala, ho bapisa lipapatso tsa lijo le tseo e seng tsa lijo mabapi le litšobotsi tse bonoang, theko, lithahasello tsa bankakarolo, joalo-joalo), re tsepamisitse maikutlo ponahalong ea lefats'e ea nnete ka ho khetha lipapatso tse thehiloeng ho data ho tsoa Nielsen thelevisheneng le ponts'ong ea lipapatso bakeng sa bana ba lilemo li 12- ho 17. Ho eketsa le ho feta litaba tsa paradigm ea rona maemong a moo lipapatso li atisang ho kopana le tsona, likheo tsa lipapatso li ne li kenelletse maemong a lenaneo la thelevishene. Kamora nako, re etsa thuto ena ho barupeluoa ba lilemong tsa bocha, kaha sena ke demographic ea lipapatso tsa lijo () le nako ea likotsi bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea botenya ().

LISEBELISOA LE MEKHOA

barupeluoa ba

Barupeluoa e ne e le bacha ba phetseng hantle ba 30 [ho bolela lilemo = 15.20, sd = 1.06, mofuta = 14-17 ea lilemo li; ho bolela index ea boima ba 'mele (BMI) = 26.92, sd = 5.43; Basali ba 17] ba hloa sechabeng ka lipapatso. Ho hlahloba hore na karabelo ea neural ho lipapatso tsa lijo e fapana joang ka sehlopha sa boima, re ngolisitse palo e lekanang ea barupeluoa mokhahlelong o mong le o mong oa boima: 10 boima bo tloaelehileng (bolela BMI = 21.20, sd = 0.90), 8 overweight (bolela BMI = 25.53, sd = 1.41) le obese ea 12 (bolela BMI = 32.64, sd = 5.43). Litekanyetso tsa ho lelekoa ka thoko e ne e le ts'ebeliso ea hona joale ea meriana ea psychotropic kapa lithethefatsi tse seng molaong, ho ima, hlooho ea hlooho ka lebaka la ho lahleheloa ke letsoalo kapa lefu la kelello la kelello la kelello. Ka kakaretso, 6.7% e tlaleha hore ke Maspanishe, 63.3% Ma-Amerika a Amerika, 3.3% Ma-Native America le 26.7% morabe o kopaneng / morabe. Ho ne ho se na phapang e kholo lilemong tsa bona [F(2,27) = 3.12, P = 0.06], kapa boemo ba thuto ea motsoali [F(2,27) = 0.157, P = 0.85) bakeng sa barupeluoa ba batenya, ba batenya ho feta tekano le ba sehlahlo. Boto ea Thupelo ea Setheo sa lehae e amohetse morero ona. Barupeluoa le batsoali ba fane ka tumello e ngotsoeng e nang le tsebo.

Paradigm ea litaba ea fMRI

Barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa ho ja lijo tsa hoseng le lijo tsa motšeare, empa ho hana ho ja kapa ho noa (ntle le metsi) 5 h hang pele ho teko ea bona molemong oa ho leka tlala. Ho khothaletsa barupeluoa ho ea likhatisong tse, barupeluoa ba ile ba bolelloa hore ba tla phethela mosebetsi oa tlhokomeliso ea khoebo ka mor'a skena. Pele ho ho hlahlojoa, barupeluoa ba ile ba lekanya maemo a tlala ka sekhahla sa pono ea analog (ha ho tlala ho hang ho ha ho mohla tlala e kileng ea tlala). Tlala e ile ea kenyelletsoa e le phapang ea taolo litlhahlobisong tsohle. Barupeluoa bohle ba ile ba hlahlojoa motšehare oa mantsiboea (ho bolela hore nako e qala ho qaptjoa = 4 pm, sd = 1.5, range = 1 pm – 6 pm) (litlamorao tsohle li ile tsa sala li le bohlokoa ha nako ea letsatsi leo ho hlahlojoa ho etsahetseng e neng e laoloa bakeng sa lipatlisiso.).

Lintlha li fumanoe ho tsoa Nielsen ho lekanya palo ea lipapatso tsa thelevishene tse shebiloeng ke 12- ho batho ba lilemo li 17 ba 2009 bakeng sa lihlahisoa tsohle tsa lijo. Kamora ho tlosa lihlahisoa tse ikemiselitseng ho bana ba banyenyane (mohlala, Chuck 'E Cheese), lihlahisoa tsa lijo tsa 10 tse phatlalalitsoeng khafetsa sehlopheng sena sa lilemo li ile tsa tsebahatsoa. Lipapatso tsa mofuta ona oa 10 li khethiloe e le tšusumetso ea khoebo ea lijo. Bakeng sa tšusumetso e seng ea lijo, data ea Nielsen e sebelisitsoe ho supa mananeo a thelevishene a beke le beke a hlahang nakong ea kotara ea pele ea 2009 le bamameli ba baholo ba 12- ho 17 ba lilemo li ('American Idol', 'Family Guy', 'Simpsons ',' George Lopez 'le' Bophelo ba Lekunutu ba Teenager ea Amerika '). Ka Pherekhong 2010, e 'ngoe ea li-program tsena, ho kenyelletsoa le lipapatso, e ile ea rekisoa habeli. Lipapatso tsa 10 lihlahisoa tseo e seng tsa lijo tse khethiloeng hangata li ile tsa khethoa hore li kenyeletsoe e le tšusumetso ea thuto (Lethathamo 1).

Lethathamo 1 

Lihlahisoa tsa lijo le tse seng tsa lijo li hlahisoa likhethong tsa khoeboa

Nakong ea ho hlahlojoa, barupeluoa ba ile ba bona video ea thelevishene e reng 'Mythbusters' e neng e hlophisitsoe ho kenyelletsa lipapatso tsa lijo tsa 20 le lipapatso tse seng tsa lijo tsa 20 (lipapatso tse peli ho tsoa mofuteng ka mong, Lethathamo 1). Lipapatso li ile tsa bonts'a nako e fetang ea khefu e 'ne (Lipapatso tsa 10 ka khefu, 15 s ka khoebo). Palo ena ea lipapatso paradigm e ile ea khethoa ho fana ka menyetla e lekanang ea ho ts'oaroa ha ts'ebetso ea khatello ea mali (BOLD) nakong ea lipapatso. Kemiso ea lipapatso e ile ea hlophisoa ka mokhoa o sa reroang nakong ea likhefu tse 'ne,' me tatellano ea likhefu tse 'ne e ile ea hlophisoa ka mokhoa o neng o le teng holim'a barupelli. Nako ea khefu e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ne e le 2 min le 30 s. Nako eohle ea paradigm e ne e le 34 min.

Mehato

Index ea boima ba 'mele

BMI (BMI = kg / m2) e ne e sebelisetsoa ho bontša ho hlonepha. Ho qopitsa BMI, bophahamo bo ne bo lekantsoe ho millimeter e haufinyane, 'me boima bo ile ba hlahlojoa ho 0.1 kg e haufi (kamora ho tlosoa hoa lieta le liaparo). Ho nona ho hlalositsoe ho sebelisoa li-percentiles tsa 95th tsa BMI bakeng sa lilemo le thobalano, ho latela lintlha tsa boemeli ba naha ka bophara hobane tlhaloso ena e tsamaisana haufi le ntlha ea BMI e amanang le kotsi e kholo ea mathata a bophelo bo amanang le boima ba mmele (). Bacha ba nang le lintlha tsa BMI lipakeng tsa 25th le 75th percentile ba sebelisang maemo ana a histori ba hlalositsoe e le mafutsana, 'me bacha ba nang le lintlha tsa BMI lipakeng tsa 75th le 95th percentile ba ne ba hlalosoa e le ba fetang boima ba' mele.

Nts'etsopele ea phatlalatso

Bacha ba ile ba botsoa ho tlaleha ka boemo ba bona ba hona joale ba nts'etsopele ea "pubertal" ba sebelisa letoto la maemo a hlakileng la bacha libakeng tse fapaneng tsa nts'etsopele ea pubertal ().

Mehato ea ho hopola lintho tsa khoebo

Barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa hore ba thathamise lipapatso tse hlano tseo ba li boneng nakong ea lenaneo la thelevishene leo ba sa tsoa le shebella hore ba le hopole hantle. Ntle le moo, barupeluoa ba ile ba fuoa lethathamo la lihlahisoa tse fapaneng tsa 40, ho kenyelletsa le lihlahisoa tse neng li sa kenyelelitsoe lenaneong la thelevishene, mme ba kopa ho supa hore na ba bone lipapatso tsa lihlahisoa tsee ho lekola hopola.

Mehato ea ho rata khoebo le ho tloaela

Barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa hore ba lekanye hore na ba rata lihlahisoa / lik'hamphani tse hlahisitsoeng lipapatsong ka bongata ba lintlha tse hlano.hloile haholo ho joalo ka haholo) le hore na ba ne ba tloaelane hakae le lipapatso tse boemong ba likert tse hlano (ho hang ha o e tsebe ho tloaelane haholo).

Lipatlisiso tsa sethathamo

ho fumana data ea fMRI, tlhahlobo ea pele le tlhahlobo ea lipalo

Ho Scanning ho entsoe ka Scan ea Nokia Allegra 3 T ea hlooho-e le 'ngoe feela e sebelisang coil ea birdcage e tloaelehileng. Makala a sebetsang a sebelisitse T2 * -weighted gradient single-shot echo planar imaging sequence (echo nako = 30 ms, nako ea ho pheta = 2000 ms, flip angle = 80 °) ka qeto ea sefofane ea 3.0 × 3.0 mm2 (64 × 64 matrix; 192 × 192 mm2 tšimo ea pono). Ho koahela bokong kaofela, 32 e kentsoeng, ha ho tlola letho, likhechana tsa 4 mm li fumanoe haufi le sefofane sa AC-PC transverse oblique, joalo ka ha ho khethiloe ke karolo ea midsagittal. Phetoho ea ho fumana lintho ka mokhoa o atlehileng e sebelisitsoe ho fetola maemo le mokhoa oa ho sesa, hammoho le ho etsa grid residual vol-to-voliny motion ka nako ea nnete nakong ea ho fumana data ka sepheo sa ho fokotsa litlamorao tsa ts'ebetso (). Ha ho na setsi sa bankakarolo se atlehileng ho fihlella litekanyetso tsa ho kenyelletsa motsamao, tseo e neng e le hore motsamao o kenang pele ho khalemelo o ne o sa feteng 2 mm ka motsamao oa ho fetolela le 2 ° ka motsamao o potolohang. Bakeng sa metsamao e menyenyane, PACE e fetola boemo ba selae, boikoetliso le ho hlophisa mohato o setseng oa bophahamo ba molumo nakong ea ho fumana data. Mekhahlelo ea Anatomical e fumanoe ho sebelisoa tatellano e boima ea qeto ea T1 e nang le sephetho se phahameng (Magnetization Prepared Rapid Acquisition Gradient Echo; Field of View = 256 × 256 mm2, Matrix ea 256 × 256, botenya = 1.0 mm, nomoro ea siling ≈ 160).

Litšoantšo li ile tsa ntlafatsoa ka letsoho moleng oa AC-PC le lehata la hlobolisoa ho sebelisoa ts'ebetso ea Brain Extraction Tool ho Laebrari ea Software ea FMRIB (). Lintlha li ile tsa sebetsoa pele le ho hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa SPM8 () ho MATLAB (; ). Litšoantšo tse sebetsang li ile tsa fetoleloa molemong oa ho bolela, 'me litšoantšo ka bobeli tsa anatomical le tšebetso li ile tsa fetoloa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng ho Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) T1 template brain (ICBM152). Tsamaiso e tloaelehileng e hlahisitse boholo ba xxel ba 3 mm3 bakeng sa litšoantšo tse sebetsang le boholo ba voxel ea 1 mm3 bakeng sa litšoantšo tse phahameng tsa anatomical. Litšoantšo tse sebetsang li ile tsa ntlafatsoa ka 6-mm FWHM isotropic Gaussian kernel.

Re bapisa ts'ebetso ea BOLD nakong ea papatso ea lijo vs lipapatso tse seng tsa lijo, lipapatso tsa lijo vs mananeo a thelevishene le lipapatso tse seng tsa lijo vs mananeo a thelevishene. Hobane ho ne ho e-na le lipapatso tsa lijo tsa 20 le lipapatso tse seng tsa lijo tsa 20, re kenyelletsa le likarolo tsa 20 tse khethiloeng ka nepo tsa lenaneo la thelevishene. Litlamorao tse ikhethileng tsa boemo bo bong le bo bong li ne li hakanngoa ho sebelisa mefuta e akaretsang ea mela. Ba shebelletseng ba nako ea ketsahalo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea thahasello ba ile ba bokelloa mme ba kenngoa ka har'a matrix e le hore likarabo tse amanang le ketsahalo li ka fetoloa ke ts'ebeliso ea "canonical hemodynamic reaction function", joalo ka ha e sebelisitsoe ho SPM8. Ketsahalo eo e ne e kenyelletsa karolo eohle ea khoebo ea 15-s le thelevisheneng. Sesebelisoa se phahameng sa 128 s se sebelisitsoe ho tlosa lerata le tlase le ho tsamaisa butle ka letsohong.

Limmapa ka bonngoe li ile tsa etsoa ho bapisa tšebetso e kahare ho motho e mong le e mong ea nkang karolo bakeng sa lipapatso tsa lijo, lipapatso tse seng tsa lijo le mananeo a seea-le-moea. Litlamorao tse tšoanang lithutong tsohle li ile tsa lekoa ho sebelisoa litšoantšo tse bapileng mohlaleng o le mong tLitekanyetso (ho etsa mohlala oa mofuta oa litla-morao). Ra ntan'o theha lihlopha tse tharo ho latela maemo a boima ba 'mele, tse batenya, tse nonneng le tselehileng hape ra tsamaisa sehlopha sa bobeli sa 3 (sehlopha: tse feteletseng, tse nonneng le tselehali) litlhahlobo tsa litla-morao. Ha thuto ena e sebelisa paradigm ea lipalesa (ke hore, lipapatso tse kenelletseng molemong oa lenaneo la thelevishene), ho ile ha etsoa tlhahlobo ea kelello ka botlalo ho bonts'a lits'oants'o tsa litlhoro tse libakeng tsa bokantle kantle ho libaka tsa moputso oa khale (mohlala, ts'ebetso ea pono, tlhokomeliso) hore e ka bapala karolo ea papatso e bapalang. Mehato ea li-Cluster e hlophisitsoeng bakeng sa lipapiso tse ngata e nkiloe ho sebelisoa lipapiso tsa Monte Carlo (2 10 iterations) ea pharalatso ea lerata ka mokhoa o sa ts'oaneng ho mask ohle a bokong (000 × 3 × 3 mm) sebelisa li-module tsa 3dClustSim le 3dFWHMx ho AFNI (; ). E sebelisa boreleli ba ho kenella ka hare, Monte Carlo e kopanya mokhoa o le mong oa voxel le boholo ba sehlopheng se fokolang ho hakanya menyetla ea menyenyetsi e fosahetseng. Tšitiso e ile ea fella ka P <0.001 ka lesihla (k) ≥ 19, e lekanang le P <0.05 e lokisitsoe bakeng sa papiso e mengata bokong bohle. Phapang eohle e ne e tsamaisoa ka mahlakore ka bobeli (mohlala, lipapatso tsa lijo> lipapatso tseo eseng tsa lijo le tse seng tsa lijo> lipapatso tsa lijo) mme ho tlalehiloe litlhoro tse kholo feela. Boholo ba litlamorao (r) li nkiloe ho Z- Litaba (Z/ √N).

LIPOTSO

Liphetho tsa boitšoaro

Ka kakaretso, barupeluoa ba ile ba hopola lijo tse ngata (bolela = 2.69, sd = 0.92) ho feta lipapatso tseo e seng tsa lijo [bolela = 2.0, sd = 0.88; t(29) = 2.25, P = 0.03] mme e lemohile lipapatso tse eketsehileng tsa lijo (bolela = 1.78, sd = 0.32) ho feta lipapatso tse se nang lijo [ho bolela = 1.60, sd = 0.33; t(29) = 3.13, P = 0.004]. Barupeluoa ba tlaleha ho rata lipapatso tsa lijo hamolemo (bolela = 3.52, sd = 0.49) ho feta lipapatso tse se nang lijo [ho bolela = 3.24, sd = 0.36; t(29) = 2.29, P = 0.03] mme ho tlalehiloe hore e tloaelane le lijo haholo (bolela = 4.08, sd = 0.75) ho feta lipapatso tse se nang lijo [ho bolela = 3.72, sd = 0.99; t(29) = 3.13, P = 0.004]. Litekanyetso tsa tlala li fana ka maikutlo a hore barupeluoa ba ne ba le ka bongata naheng e sa jeleng paate (ho bolela tlala = 0.63, sd = 3.69) pele ho lenaneo la bona la scan.

Ho ne ho se na phapang ea letho lipakeng tsa batho ba batenya, ba batenya ho feta tekano le batho ba its'etlehileng kholisong ea bongaka [F(2,27) = 1.44, P = 0.26), litekanyetso tsa tlala [F(2,27) = 1.58, P = 0.22], sehopotso se hopotsoang sa lipapatso tsa lijo [F(2,27) = 0.07, P = 0.94], sehopotso se thusoang sa lipapatso tse seng tsa lijo [F(2,27) = 0.06, P = 0.95], boikhopotso bo hopolang ka ho bapatsa ka lijo [F(2,27) = 0.08, P = 0.92], sehopotso sa likelello tsa mabenkele ao e seng a lijo [F(2,27) = 0.17, P = 0.85], e rata litekanyetso tsa lipapatso tse seng tsa lijo [F(2,27) = 0.40, P = 0.67], tloaelo ea lipapatso tsa lijo [F(2,27) = 0.29, P = 0.75] le ho tsebahala ha lipapatso tse se nang lijo [F(2,27) = 0.29, P = 0.76] (Lethathamo 2). Leha ho le joalo, ho bile le phapang e kholo har'a lihlopha tsena tse tharo ho rateng lipapatso tsa lijo [F(2,27) = 4.57, P = 0.03]. Post hoc Liteko li bonts'itse hore barupeluoa ba batenya ho feta tekano (bolela = 3.26, sd = 0.43) ba tlaleha likhakanyo tse tlase tsa lipapatso tsa lijo ho feta barupeluoa ba boima bo feteletseng (bolela = 3.83, sd = 0.33).

Lethathamo 2 

Nts'etsopele ea lipapatso tsa tlala, tlala le likamano tsa khoebo tsa batho ba batenya, ba batenya ho feta tekano le ba mafolofolo

Likarabo tse ka sehloohong tsa neural ho lipapatso tsa lijo ha li bapisoa le lipapatso tse seng tsa lijo

Ka karolelano barupeluoa ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e kholo ho tse peli tsa poso ea mokokotlo oa "r ka ho le letšehali> 0.9 le r ka ho le letona> 0.9; Setšoantšo sa 1A), tse peli tse mahareng occipital gyrus (MOG; r ka ho le letšehali> 0.9 le r ka ho le letona = 0.87), gyrus e nepahetseng ea pele (r > 0.9), gyrus ea nakoana ea boemo bo tlase (ITG; r > 0.9), lobe e tlase ea parietal lobe (IPL; r leqele = 0.88 le r ka ho le letona = 0.75), gyrus ea ka morao leqeleng (r = 0.78), nepahalo e nepahetseng (r = 0.74) le parietal lobe e nepahetseng (SPL; r = 0.69) (Lethathamo 3). Libaka tsa karabelo e kholo ea neural bakeng sa lipapatso tse seng tsa lijo le thelevishene li kenyellelitsoe ho Letlapa le tlatsetsang S1.

Feie. 1 

Barupeluoa (N = 30) e bonts'itse ts'ebetso e kholo ho (A) mekhahlelo e 'meli ea li-cereterar lobe (MNI: −33, −64, −20, Z = 5.95, k = 811) karabelo lipapatsong tsa lijo vs lipapatso tse se nang lijo le ts'ebetso e kholo ho (B) ka ho le letona ...
Lethathamo 3 

Papiso e akaretsang (N = 30) phapang e fapaneng karabong ea likarabo tsa boko ho lipapatso tsa lijo vs lipapatso tse seng tsa lijo le lipapatso tsa lijo vs mananeo a thelevishene

Likarabo tse ka sehloohong tsa neural ho lipapatso tsa lijo ha li bapisoa le lenaneo la thelevishene

Barupeluoa ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e kholo ho cuneus ea leqele (r > 0.9), 'mele oa morao-rao oa' mele oa lobe (r ka ho le letšehali> 0.9 le r ka ho le letona> 0.9), ka pele ho cerebellar lobe (culmen)r > 0.9), gyrus ea puo e nepahetseng (r > 0.9), MOG ea linaha tse peli (r ka ho le letona> 0.9 le r ka ho le letšehali = 0.74), gingus ea cingrate ea leqhetsoane (r = 0.85), cortex e nepahetseng ea li-ventromedial pele (vmPFC; r = 0.72; Setšoantšo sa 1B), ka ho le letšehali cingates cortex (ACC; r = 0.71) le ventromedialPFC e nepahetseng / medial OFC (vmPFC / medial OFC; r = 0.68).

Kamano pakeng tsa likarabo tsa mantlha tsa neural le litlaleho tsa boithati tsa lipapatso

Hobane barupeluoa ba ile ba hopola lipapatso tse ngata ho feta tsa papatso tseo e seng tsa lijo, ba tlaleha tloaelo e kholo ho feta ea lijo vs lipapatso tseo e seng tsa lijo ebile li tlalehiloe tsebiso e kholo ea papatso ea lijo vs lipapatso tse seng tsa lijo, re ile ra hlahloba likamano lipakeng tsa lintho tsena tse fapaneng le likarabo tsa mantlha tsa neural. Re thehile litekanyetso tsa paramente ea mantlha maemong a motho ka mong mme ra bala likhokahano tsa poelon tsa Pearson ho SPSS (SPSS bakeng sa Windows, mofuta oa 19.0, IBM-SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Ts'ebetso ka hara leqele le ka morao la lijo-thollo tsa konkreite karabong ea lipapatso tsa lijo tse amanang le lipapatso tseo e seng tsa lijo e ne e tsamaellana hantle le litekanyetso tse tloahelehileng tsa lipapatso tsa lijo (r = 0.46, P = 0.03). Ts'ebetso kahare ho cortex ea bohareng ho arabela lipapatsong tse seng tsa lijo tse amanang le lipapatso tsa lijo e ne e tsamaellana hampe le litekanyetso tsa lipapatso tse seng tsa lijo (r = -0.49, P = 0.02). Ha ho na khokahano ea bohlokoa pakeng tsa likarabo tsa mantlha tsa neural le mehato ea ho hopola.

Phapang lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea boko ho arabela lipapatsong tsa lijo vs lipapatso tse se nang lijo lipakeng tsa batho ba motenya, ba batenya le ba se nang 'mele

Batho ba nang le mafura a mangata ba bontšitse ts'ebetso e kholo ho "gyrus" ea bohareng ba moea r = 0.77) le ts'ebetso e nyane ho cuneus ea leqele (r = −0.74; Setšoantšo sa 2A) le ea morao-rao ea li-cerebellar lobe (r = 0.70) bapisoa le batho ba fetang boima ba 'mele (Lethathamo 4). Batho ba nonneng haholo ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e kholo ho cuneus ea letsoho le letšehali (r = 0.73) le ka morao lets'ollor = 0.73) bapisoa le batho ba masesaane (Lethathamo 4).

Feie. 2 

Barupeluoa ba mafura a mangata ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e kholo ho (A) ka letsohong le letšehali la cuneus (MNI: −12, −91, 13, Z = 4.06, k = 47) karabelo lipapatsong tsa lijo vs lipapatso tse se nang lijo ha li bapisoa le batho ba nkang lijo tse ngata haholo. Barupeluoa ba phatlalletseng ba bonts'itse tlase ...
Lethathamo 4 

Phapang pakeng tsa sehlopha ts'ebetsong ea boko ho arabela lipapatsong tsa lijo vs lipapatso tse seng tsa lijo le lipapatso tsa lijo vs Mananeo a seea-le-moea-pono pakeng tsa batenya (n = 12), e nonneng haholo (n = 8) le lele (n = 10) batho ka bomong

Phapang lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea boko ho arabela lipapatsong tsa lijo vs Mananeo a thelevishene pakeng tsa batho ba batenya haholo, ba fetang boima ba 'mele le batho ba sehlahlo

Batho ba baholo ba bontšitse ts'ebetso e kholo ho MTG (r = 0.74) ha e bapisoa le batho ba fetang boima ba 'mele le ts'ebetso e fokolang ho vmPFC (r = 0.73), ACC (r = 0.60; Setšoantšo sa 2B) le precuneus (r = 0.70) bapisoa le batho ba hlokang leeme.

TŠOHLOA

Phuputsong ena, bacha ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e kholo libakeng tse amehang ts'ebetsong ea pono (mohlala, MOG), tlhokomelo (mohlala, li-parietal lobes) gyrus) le moputso (ke hore oa OFC le ACC) nakong ea lipapatso tsa lijo tse amanang le lipapatso tse seng tsa lijo le thelevishene. Mokhoa ona oa sephetho o lumellana le khopotso e kholo ea barupeluoa mabapi le lipapatso tsa lijo ha li bapisoa le lipapatso tseo e seng tsa lijo.

Ponahalo ea lipapatso tsa lijo vs lipapatso tse seng tsa lijo le thelevisheneng li ne li amana le ts'ebetso e kholo ho occipital gyrus. Phumano ena e fana ka bopaki ba pejana bo bonts'ang hore ts'ebetso ea ho ts'oaroa ha occipital gyrus e kholo nakong ea ho pepesetsoa linepe tsa lijo tse amanang le litšoantšo tse seng tsa lijo (). e fumane hape hore occipital gyrus e bonts'itse ts'ebetso e kholo ho feta libaka tse amanang le moputso oa setso (mohlala OFC le insula) ho arabela litšoantšo tse nang le khalori e ngata (ha e bapisoa le litšoantšo tse se nang lijo tse neng li ts'oantsoe le likarolo tsa 'mele). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, occipital gyrus hape e ne e le sebaka se sebetsang ka ho fetisisa sa boko nakong ea ho pepesetsoa li-logos tsa lijo (tse amanang le litšoantšo tse laoloang) baneng (). Gyrus le ling tse haufi li ne li boetse li sebetsa haholoanyane nakong ea lipapatso tsa lijo tse amanang le maikutlo a mang, 'me ho nahanoa hore libaka tsena (ho tlatselletsa le loea la occipital) li amana le ho khetholla bohlasoa ba takatso ea takatso ea lijo (2).). Ho fumanehile hore mofuta oa gyrus o sebetsa haholoanyane nakong ea lijo e amanang le li-logo tse seng tsa lijo (). Ka hona, barupeluoa thutong ena ba kanna ba fumana hore lipapatso tsa lijo li lula li le betere hape ba ka be ba ile ba eteloa liphatlalatsong tse eketsehileng tsa ho bapatsa ka lijo tse amanang le maikutlo a mang a paradigm. Ho fapana le moo, ho shebella thelevisheneng ho amanang le lijo le lipapatso tse seng tsa lijo ho ne ho amana le ts'ebetso e kholo libakeng tsa neural tse amanang le ho phetheloa ka semantiki le puo (mohlala.; ), e ka bonts'ang mofuta o rarahaneng oa lipuisano tse etsahalang likarolong tsa thelevishene.

IPL le SPL, tse amanang le mekhoa ea ho tsepamisa mohopolo (), li ne li le mafolofolo haholoanyane nakong ea lijo tse amanang le lipapatso tse seng lijo. Ts'ebetso e kholo ho SPL e amana le tloaelo ea pele ho mekhoa ea lijo (), le phallo e kholo ea phallo ea mali a tsoang ka mpeng ea parietal nakong ea ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa lijo ho hokahane le maikutlo a tlala ho basali ba batenya (). ITG e ne e boetse e sebetsa haholoanyane nakong ea lijo e amanang le lipapatso tse seng tsa lijo ebile e hokahane le lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa kelello, ho kenyelletsa memori ea semantic, puo, pono ea pono le kopanyo ea maikutlo (; ; ). Ka bobeli ho fumanoe hore parietal lobe le gyrus ea nakoana e sebetsa haholoanyane ho bana ba phetseng hantle nakong ea ponaletso ea letšoao la lijo (). Lobe ea "cerebellar" e ne e sebetsa haholo nakong ea lijo e amanang le lipapatso tse seng tsa lijo le thelevisheneng, e lumellanang le lipatlisiso tsa pejana tse fumanoeng ts'ebetso e kholo ea ts'isinyeho ea lijo ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea lijo (). Ha lobe ea ka ntle ea 'mele e kopantsoe le likarabo tsa makoloi, "lobe" ea morao-rao ea "cerebellar" e hokahane le lits'ebetso tsa kelello le tlhokomelo () le ts'ebetso sebakeng sena e ka bonts'a 'boemo ba kutlo bo tebileng'). Ka hona, liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba nkang karolo ba ka ba ba hapiloe ka botlalo ke lipapatso tsa lijo (tse amanang le lipapatso tseo e seng tsa lijo) le ts'ebetso e lemohileng mabapi le lipapatso e kanna ea ba e etsahetse. Sena se tsamaisana le khopotso e kholo ea barupeluoa mabapi le lipapatso tsa lijo le setsoalle lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso mo tsebong e tlang ea lijo-thollo tsa lijo-thollo le tloaelo ea ho rekisa lijo.

Libaka tsa Somatosensory, motor le amanang le moputso li ne li sebetsa haholo nakong ea lipapatso tsa lijo tse amanang le tšusumetso e ngoe. Pherekano ea morao-rao e ameha ponong ea tatso, 'me ho pepeseha likhakanyo tsa lijo ho amana le ts'ebetso sebakeng sena (; ). Keketseho e eketsehang libakeng tse amanang le makoloi (ke hore, anterior cerebellum, gyrus ea pele) () Karabelo ea mefuta e menyenyane ea lijo tse jang nama bakeng sa batho ba jang nama e feteletseng e hlalositsoe e le tokisetso ea ho fumana lijo tse jang (). ACC ke sebaka se amanang le ho etsa liqeto tse amanang le moputso, khothatso le tlhokomelo (; ; ). Ts'ebetso e kholo sebakeng sena e amana le maemo a holimo (vs low) khalori ea lijo tse matlafatsang () le karabelo e eketsehileng ho ACC ho litšoantšo tse nang le khalori e kholo (e amanang le litšoantšo tse laoloang) e rereloa hore ho tla ba thata ho theola boima ba 'mele (). Ts'ebetso ea medial OFC e nahanoa ho bonts'a botebo ba takatso () le tlhahlobo ea moputso (). Keketso e eketsehileng lenaneng la OFC e amana le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa monate oa lijo () le tlala e phahameng (; ), hammoho le ponaletso ea letšoao la lijo ho bana (). VmPFC e boetse e nahanoa hore e kenyelletsa boleng (), tataisa boits'oaro bo amanang le moputso () hape o mafolofolo nakong ea ho pepesetsoa lijo (tse amanang le tšusumetso e sa nke lehlakore) (). Ka hona, thutong ena, lipapatso tsa lijo tse amanang le tšusumetso e 'ngoe li kanna tsa baka thabo e eketsehileng ea boikhethelo le ho ba le sepheo se matla sa ho batla lihlahisoa tse hlahisitsoeng.

Ho fapana le tšibollo ea rona, barupeluoa ba batenya ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e nyane nakong ea lipapatso tsa lijo tse amanang le lipapatso tse sa rekiseng lijo libakeng tsa neural tse kentsoeng ts'ebetsong ea pono (ke hore cuneus) () le tlhokomelo (ke hore, posterior cerebellar lobe) (). Obese e amanang le barupeluoa ba boima ba tloaelehileng e boetse e bonts'itse ts'ebetso e fokolang libakeng tse amanang le moputso (ke hore vmPFC le ACC) (; ) le ho bonts'a ho hlohlona (ho re: precuneus) (). Le ha ho le joalo lipatlisiso tse fetileng li fumane hore barupeluoa ba batona ba nkang monyetla oa ho amohela lijo (; ; ; ; ), Phuputso ea morao tjena e hlahlobang karabelo ea neural ho li-logos tsa lijo (tse amanang le li-logos tse seng tsa lijo) baneng e fumane hore boima bo phetseng hantle ha bo bapisoa le bana ba batenya ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e kholo libakeng tse 'maloa (mohlala, "gyrus, precuneus", parietal lobe le insula).). Kahoo, lintho tse khethiloeng tsa lijo li ka fapana le mofuta oa lijo tse sebelisoang lithutong tsa pele ka tsela e fetolang mokhoa oa karabelo ea neural bakeng sa barupeluoa ba batenya le ba batenya. Pele ho lipatlisiso ho boetse ho fumanoe hore batho ba batenya ha ba bapisoa le barupeluoa ba boima ba 'mele ba bontšitse ts'ebetso e kholo libakeng tse ngata tsa boko ho arabela likelellong tsa lijo, empa pele ho lijo.). Kamora lijo, barupeluoa ba batenya haholo ba bontšitse ts'ebetso e kholo libakeng tsa pele le tsa corticolimbic tse amanang le barupeluoa ba boima. Hypo-activation e kenelletseng maemong a pele ho lijo ho nahanoa hore e bonts'a ts'ebeliso ea maano a taolo ho fokotsa takatso ea lijo nakong ea ho pepeseha. Banana ba lilemong tsa bocha ba nang le botenya ho feta bocha thutong ena ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e kholo ho MTG nakong ea lipapatso tsa lijo tse amanang le barupeluoa ba boima haholo. MTG e amana le ts'ebetsong ea taolo ea semantic e sebelisitsoeng ho etsa liqeto tse boima tsa semantic (). Ka mantsoe a mang, taolo ea semantic e amahanngoa le ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho karabo e le 'ngoe (mohlala, ho qoba sehlahisoa se phatlalalitsoeng), ha ho e-na le likhetho tse ngata tsa karabelo (mohlala ho ea sehlahisoa se phatlalalitsoeng). Kahoo, ho ka etsahala hore barupeluoa ba batenya haholo ba ne ba sebelisa maano a taolo ho fokotsa karabelo ea bona nakong ea papatso ea lijo.

Ho khahlisang, barupeluoa ba nonneng haholo ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e eketsehileng libakeng tse amanang le tlhokomelo / kelello (ke hore, posterior cerebellum) () le ts'ebetso ea pono (ka mantsoe a cuneus) () ea amanang le ba nkang karolo ba batenya le ba batenya. Mokhoa ona oa sephetho o bonts'a kamano e seng mola oa pakeng tsa boima ba 'mele le karabelo ea neural lipapatsong tsa lijo. Liphumano tsena li tsamaellana le mohopolo o ka bang kotsi ea ho nona haholo (ke hore, ho nona haholo) ho ka amanang le karabelo e kholo mabapi le moputso o amanang le lijo, empa nts'etsopele ea botenya e ka lebisa phokotsong ea ts'ebetso ea potoloho ea moputso (). Tumellanong le tlhaloso ena, batho ba batenya ho feta ba nkang karolo ea boima ba 'mele ba tlalehile ho fokotseha ha papatso ea lijo.

Ho bohlokoa ho nahana ka meeli ea thuto ena. Taba ea mantlha, thuto ena e ne e etselitsoe ho pepesa litaba tsa khoebo ka mokhoa o nepahetseng maemong a nnete a lefatše. Morero ona o re lebisitse hofihlella nako ea ho shebella thelevisheneng le ho khetha menyaka ea khoebo e thehiloeng khafetsa ea hore bacha ba fuoe mefuta ea lipapatso. Kahoo, mefuta ea lipapatso e kanna ea fapana ka mekhoa e metle (mohlala, botebo ba mmala le karabelo ea maikutlo). Kaha lintho tsena li ka fapana ka mekhoa e meng ka mokhoa o eketsang katleho ea ho bapatsa ka mefuta e fapaneng ea sehlahisoa, re khetha ho se tsamaisane le lipapatso ka litšobotsi tsena. Ho hopoloa ho hoholo ha papatso ea lijo tse amanang le lipapatso tse seng tsa lijo ho fana ka maikutlo a hore papatso ea lijo e kanna ea sebetsa haholoanyane thutong ena. Ho tla ba bohlokoa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang ho tseba hore na litšobotsi tse fapaneng ka mofuta oa khoebo li ka ama karabelo ea neural joang, ho hopola le ho ja. Taba ea bobeli, mohlala oa tlhahlobo ena o nyane, ka hona ho ka be ho bile le matla a fokolang ho bona litlamorao tse ling lipakeng tsa litlelase tsa boima, joalo ka phapang ea mokhachane kapa striatum. Sena se kanna sa fuoa mofuta o rarahaneng oa tšusumetso e sebelisitsoeng ho paradigm ena (mohlala, khoebo). Kamora nako, thuto ena ke karolo e arohaneng, e sa faneng ka leseli mabapi le nako ea mathata a amanang le ho ja le mokhoa oa ts'ebetso ea neural e amanang le lipapatso tsa lijo. Ho ka ba bohlokoa ka ho khetheha ho etsa lithuto tse telele mabapi le sehlooho sena, joalo ka ha batho ba natefileng haholo ba nkileng karolo puisanong ena ba bontšitse ts'ebetso e kholo ho ACC, cuneus le cerebellum. Karabelo e kholo ea neural libakeng tsena nakong ea ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa lijo tse nang le khalori e ngata (e amanang le litšoantšo tse laoloang) e kenelletse mathateng a ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele / ho boloka (). Kahoo, karabelo ea neural ho lipapatso tsa lijo e kanna ea ba ea bolela esale pele ho nona, haholo ho bacha ba boima.

CONCLUSIONS

Leha ho na le mefokolo ena, thuto ena e na le matla le litlamorao tse 'maloa. Ena ke thuto ea pele, tsebong ea rona, ho hlahloba hore na boko bo arabela joang lipapatsong tsa lijo. E amanang le lipatlisiso tsa pejana mabapi le litšoantšo tsa lijo, tse susumetsang thutong ena li ne li etselitsoe ho tsosa takatso le ho hlahisa liemahale tse tsebahalang tsa lijo (mohlala McDonalds) tse ka susumetsang karabelo ea neural (). Ho feta moo, thuto e ne e reretsoe ho nchafatsa tikoloho e emelang kamoo bacha ba pepesehang hangata lipapatsong (mohlala, likhoebo tse khethiloeng ho ipapisitsoe le sehlopha sa lilemo le ho shebelloa nakong ea khefu ea khoebo ea thelevisheneng). Kahoo, thuto e fana ka leseli la hore na mofuta o mong oa papatso oa lijo o ka bapala karolo ea joang seoa sa botenya. Ho khahlisang, ho sa tsotelehe maemo a boima, barupeluoa ba ile ba hopola limakatso tsa lijo ho feta lipapatso tse seng lijo. Sena se tsamaisana le ts'ebetso e kholo ho pholletsa le libaka tse 'maloa (mohlala: tlhokomelo, temohisiso le moputso) ho arabela lipapatsong tsa lijo tse amanang le tšusumetso e ngoe. Hape, ho itšetleha ka bacha ba batenya ho feta lilemong tsa bocha ho bontšitse karabelo e kholo ea tlhaho ho lipapatso tsa lijo libakeng tse amanang le bothata bo boholo ba ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele / ho lokisa. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore esita le bacha ba seng ba sa bonts'e matšoao a ts'oaetso ea methapo (mohlala, boima bo tloaelehileng) ba ka angoa ke lipapatso ka mokhoa o ka nang le tšekamelo ea ho ja nakong e tlang. Liphumano tsena li ka hlahisa liqabang tsa maano a morao-rao mabapi le papatso ea lijo ho bana.

TLHOKOMELLO SEKONYELA

Lintlha tse tlatselletsang li teng ETSA Inthaneteng.

Khohlano ea Thahasello

Ha ho letho le boletsoeng.

 

Boitsebiso bo Eketsehileng

Lintlha tse tlatsetsang: 

lumela hore baa fokola

Mosebetsi o hlalositsoeng bukeng e ngotsoeng ka letsoho ha o e-so phatlalatsoe pejana ebile ha o hlahlojoe hore o phatlalatsoe kae kae. Tlhahiso e amohetsoe ke lingoli tsohle. Patlisiso ena e tšehelitsoe ke Rudd Foundation, Setsi sa Naha sa Bophelo se fang DK080760 le Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

LITLHAHISO

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  • Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Ho theha litlhaloso tse tloaelehileng bakeng sa botona le botenya ba bana lefats'eng ka bophara: tlhahlobo ea machabeng. BMJ. 2000; 320 (7244): 1240. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
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  • Khomishene ea Khoebo ea Federal. Tlhahlobo ea Papatso ea Lijo ho Bana le Bacha: Tlaleho ea Tlhahlobo. 2012. http://www.ftc.gov/os/2012/12/121221foodmarketingreport.pdf.
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  • Meyer M, Baumann S, Mashiina S, Jancke L. likarabo tsa Hemodynamic ho batho ba litaba tse ngata tse amanang le litaba tsa maikutlo le li-auditory tsa boithabiso. BMC Neuroscience. 2007; 8 (1): 14. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Miller JL, James GA, Goldstone AP, le al. Ntlafatso ea ts'ebetso ea moputso o kopanyang libaka tse ka pele ho karabelo ea lijo tse hlahisang lefu la Prader-Willi. Leqephe la Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2007; 78 (6): 615–9. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Murdaugh DL, Cox JE, Cook Iii EW, Weller RE. FMRI ho kopana le litšoantšo tsa lijo tse nang le khalori e ngata li bolela esale pele sephetho sa nakoana le sa nako e telele lenaneong la ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele. NeuroImage. 2012; 59 (3): 2709-21. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
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  • Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Boiteko ba ho nona haholo le mekhoa ea mmele ho index ea bana har'a bana ba Amerika le bacha, 1999-2010. JAMA. 2012; 307 (5): 483-90. [E fetotsoe]
  • Ojemann G, Schoenfield-McNeill J, Corina D. Likarolo tse ling tsa ts'ebetso ea methapo ea methapo ea motho e amanang le mohopolo oa morao-rao oa polelo. Neuroscience ea Tlhaho. 2001; 5 (1): 64-71. [E fetotsoe]
  • Pessoa L, Gutierrez E, Bandettini PA, Ungerleider LG. Lisebelisoa tsa Neural tsa memori ea pono e sebetsang: fmRI amplitude e bolela ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi. Neuron. 2002; 35 (5): 975-87. [E fetotsoe]
  • Powell LM, Schermbeck RM, Szczypka G, Chaloupka FJ, Braunschweig CL. Mekhoa e teng kahare ho phepo e nepahetseng ea lipapatso tsa lijo tsa thelevisheneng tse bonoang ke bana United States: e sekaseka ka lilemo, mekhahlelo ea lijo le lik'hamphani. Li-Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, li-archpediatrics. 2011; 165: 1078-1086. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
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  • Schur E, Kleinhans N, Goldberg J, Buchwald D, Schwartz M, Maravilla K. Ts'ebetso ts'ebetsong ea taolo ea matla a boko le litsi tsa moputso ka litheko tsa lijo li fapana ka khetho ea khothalletso ea pono. Koranta ea Machaba ea Botenya. 2009; 33 (6): 653-61. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Siep N, Rods A, Roebroeck A, Havermans R, Bonte ML, Jansen A. Hunger ke senoko se setle ka ho fetisisa: thuto ea fMRI ea litlamorao tsa tlhokomelo, tlala le khalori ea ts'ebetso ea moputso oa lijo ho amygdala le orbitof Pambal cortex. Patlisiso ea Bitso ea Boitšoaro. 2009; 198 (1): 149-58. [E fetotsoe]
  • Smith SM. Ho bokelloa ka matla ka boiketsetso ha bobebe. 'Mapa oa Boko ba Motho. 2002; 17 (3): 143-55. [E fetotsoe]
  • Mohala E, Burger KS. Neurobiology ea ho ja ho ja ka: eLS. Chichester: John Wiley & Bara, Ltd; 2012. DOI: 10.1002 / 9780470015902.a0024012.
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  • Stoeckel LE, Weller RE, Cook E, 3rd, Twieg DB, Knowlton RC, Cox JE. Ts'ebetso e pharalletseng ea meputso ho basali ba batenya ho latela litšoantšo tsa lijo tse nang le khalori e phahameng. NeuroImage. 2008; 41 (2): 636-47. [E fetotsoe]
  • Stoodley CJ, Valera EM, Schmahmann JD. Togamaiso e sebetsang ea "cerebellum" bakeng sa mesebetsi ea makoloi le ea kelello: thuto ea fMRI. NeuroImage. 2012; 59 (2): 1560-70. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Tang D, Fellows L, Small D, Dagher A. Lits'oants'o tsa lijo le lithethefatsi li etsa hore libaka tse tšoanang tsa boko: tlhahlobo ea meta ea lithuto tse sebetsang tsa MRI. Physiology le Boitšoaro. 2012; 106: 317-324. [E fetotsoe]
  • Thesen S, Heid O, Mueller E, Schad LR. Khalemelo e tlang pele ea ho fumana hlooho bakeng sa ho sisinyeha ha hlooho ka ho ts'oara litšoantšo tse thehiloeng ho fMRI ea nako ea nnete. Reselance ea Magnetic ho Bongaka. 2000; 44 (3): 457-65. [E fetotsoe]
  • Totah NKB, Jackson ME, Moghaddam B. Tlhokomelo ea pele e itšetleha ka tšebelisano e matla pakeng tsa cortex ea prelimbic le cortex ea anterior. Cerebral Cortex. 2013; 23: 729-738. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Wansink B. Ho sebelisa boemo ba manane ho utloisisa le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba lebitso. Patlisiso ea Marakeng e loketseng: Tlaleho ea Machabeng. 2003; 6 (2): 111-8.
  • Lefapha la Wellcome la Imaging Neuroscience. Setsi sa Neurology, Univesithing ea London, London UK.
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  • Worsley KJ, Marrett S, Neelin P, Vandal AC, Friston KJ, Evans AC. Mokhoa o kopaneng oa lipalo-palo oa ho fumana lipontšo tsa bohlokoa litšoantšong tsa ts'ebetso ea likhoerekhoere. 'Mapa oa Boko ba Motho. 1996; 4 (1): 58-73. [E fetotsoe]
  • Yokum S, Ng J, Stice E. Tlhokomeliso ea leeme litšoantšong tsa lijo tse amanang le boima bo phahameng le boima ba bokamoso bo boima: thuto ea FMRI. Ho Nona Haholo. 2012; 19 (9): 1775-83. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]