Front Psychol. 2014; 5: 250.
E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2014 Mar 31. doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2014.00250
PMCID: PMC3978285
Tobias Hoch,1 Monika Pischetsryer,1,* 'me Lena Hess2
inahaneloang
Lijo tse senang lijo joaloka litapole tsa litapole li tlatsetsa haholo ho matlafatso ea matla ho batho. Ha ho bapisoa le lijo tsa mantlha, lijo tse bobebe li jeoa ka bongata lijong tse ling 'me ka hona li ka baka tšebeliso ea matla a seng lapeng. Lijo tse se nang phepo hape li amahanngoa khafetsa le hedonic hyperphagia, e leng lijo tse se nang tlala. Tlhahlobo ea lits'ebetso tsa ts'ebetso ea boko ka MRI e ntlafalitsoeng ke manganese e senotse esale pele hore ho kenella ha litapole tsa litapole ho ad libitum ho fepa likhoto ho matlafatsa haholo ts'ebetso ea moputso oa boko ba rat, e ka lebisang ho hedonic hyperphagia. Morero oa thuto ea morao-rao e ne e le ho nts'etsapele liteko tse khethang likhetho tse peli ho khetholla limolek'hule tsa lijo tse senang lijo tse etsang hore batho ba se ke ba ja lijo tse eketsehileng lithutong tse futsitsoeng tsa libitum. Mefuta e fapaneng ea lijo tsa liteko e hlahisoa makhetlo a mararo ka letsatsi bakeng sa 10 min nako le nako. Ho fokotsa tšusumetso ea thepa ea li-organoleptic, lijo tse ling le tse ling tsa teko li ile tsa kenngoa ka har'a motsoako oa homo native le chow e tloaelehileng. Ho ile ha hlahlojoa litheko tsa lijo le lijo tse amanang le phepelo ea lijo tse amanang le lijo ho lekola litlamorao tse hlahisoang ke lijo tsa tlhahlobo tlhahlobong e khethiloeng ea likhetho tse peli. Ka bokhutšoanyane, mafura (F), lik'habohaedreite (CH), le motsoako oa mafura le lik'habohaedreite (FCH) li lebisitse pakong ea lijo tse phahameng haholo ha li bapisoa le chow e tloaelehileng. Haholo-holo, litapole tsa teko ea litapole (PC) li ne li khethoa haholo ho feta standard standard (STD) hape le holim 'a tsona a mantlha a macronutrients F le CH. Ke FCH feela e ileng ea susumetsa tšebeliso e tšoanang le PC. Leha ho na le matla a fokolang a matla, lijo tsa liteko tsa litapole tse senang mafura li ne li boetse li khethoa haholo ho feta STD le CH, empa eseng ho feta F, FCH, le PC. Kahoo, ho ka fihlela qeto ea hore ho kopana ha mafura le lik'habohaedreite ke qeto ea bohlokoa ea limolek'hule tsa litapole tse bakang hedonic hyperphagia. Teko e khethiloeng ea likhetho tse peli e tla nolofalletsa lithuto tsa nako e tlang mabapi le litlamorao tse matlafatsang le tse matlafatsang tsa likarolo tse ling tsa lijo ho ja lijo tse seng lapeng.
SELELEKELA
Lijo tse bobebe tse bolokiloeng joaloka litapole tsa litapole li balelloa har'a ba kentseng letsoho tse supileng tse ka sehloohong ho keneng matla a matla ho bana le lilemong tsa bocha tsa US nakong ea 21 ea ho qetela.Slining et al., 2013). Lijo tse senang lijo ha se karolo ea lijo tsa rona tsa mantlha, empa hangata li jeoa le lijo tse ling. Ntle le moo, lijo tse bobebe li senola feela phello e fokolang ea satiety mme litaba tsa tsona tsa khalori ha e lefelloe kapa ka mokhoa o fokolang ka ho fokotsa ho kenella hoa lijo tse tloaelehileng (Hobbrow et al., 2007; Chapelot, 2011). Kahoo, ho ka etsoa qeto ea hore tšebeliso ea lijo tse senang lijo e baka tšebeliso e matla ea matla. Sejo seo ho thoeng ke "hedonic" se ikemetse ka lebaka la tlala, se ka eketsa matla a homeostatic mme ka hona sa lebisa ho hyperphagia, ke hore, lijo tse fetang tekano.Berthoud, 2011).
Boithuto bo 'maloa bo fana ka maikutlo a hore mefuta e meng ea lijo e ka baka tšebeliso e tšoanang ea matla eo e seng lapeng ho litheko joalo ka ha batho ba bonts'a ho ba teng hoa ts'ebeliso ea lijo e matla haholo ea phylogenetically. Mohlala, ho bontšitsoe hore likhoto tse nang le mokhoa oa ho ja lijo tsa kofi li nka matla a kopanang le likhoto tse nang le phihlello ea maemo a tloaelehileng. Ntle le moo, mokhoa oa ho fepa o fetotsoe ho tsoa ho lijo tse thehiloeng ho lijo ho fihlela o ja lijo tse thehiloeng ho sekhooa (Baeti et al., 2013). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ad libitum li fepa likhoto ka phihlello e eketsehileng ea litapole tsa litapole e bontšitse ho kenella ka matla ho feta likhoto tse nang le phihlello e eketsehileng ea chow feela e tloaelehileng (Hoch et al., 2013).
Boithuto bo 'maloa bo ile ba etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le mekhoa ea tlhaho ea' mele e amanang le ho ja lijo tse matlafalitsoeng e seng lapeng. Haufinyane, ho ile ha bonts'oa hore mokhoa oa ho jella ka jareteng o ama mokhoa oa moputso bokong ba rat (Epstein le Shaham, 2010) le hore lipitsa tsa litapole tse bobebe li hlophisa tšebetso ea libaka tsa boko tse arabelang lits'ebetsong tse haholo-holo tse laoloang moputso le bokhoba, ho ja lijo, ts'ebetso ea motaki le boroko (Hoch et al., 2013). Boemong ba limolek'hule, lits'ebetso tse fapaneng li kenella mekhoeng e laoloang ea ho ja lijo tseo e seng tsa lehae tse kenyeletsang lihormone, dopamine, melanocortins kapa limolek'hule tse ling tsa maqhubu (Berthoud, 2011; Pandit et al., 2011; Alsio et al., 2012). Mohlala, tšebeliso ea hedonic ea lijo tse 'maloa tsa seneke e bonahala e laoloa ke tsamaiso ea endo native opioid, hobane opioid antagonist naltrexone e fumaneng sebaka se ratoang ke se ratoang ke lijo tse tiileng tsa lijo tse se nang phepo liphoofolong tsa ad libitum tse fepisitsoeng (Jarosz et al., 2006). Sisteme ea endocannabinoid ea ka mpeng e ka ba taolo ea bohlokoa ea ho ja mafura a mangata (DiPatrizio et al., 2011).
Le ha ho le joalo, limakatso tsa lijo tsa limolek'hule tse bakang hore ho ja lijo tse seng lapeng e be tsona tse sa bonahaleng ka botlalo. Boithuto bo 'maloa bo sebelisitse lijo tsa jarete e le phepo e monate, e nang le likhetho tsa lingoliloeng tse fapaneng tse kang likuku, paseka, litapole tsa likuku, likuku, chisi, kapa linate (Prats et al., 1989; Baeti et al., 2013). Lithutong tse ling ho ne ho sebelisoa lijo tse le 'ngoe, joalo ka litapole tsa litapole (Hoch et al., 2013) kapa Froot Loops® lijo-thollo (Jarosz et al., 2006). Ho ja lijo tse ngata haholo ho ne ho amana haholo le lijo tse nang le mafura, kapa mafura. Ntle le moo, thepa ea maikutlo e boetse e khothalletsoa hore e be le tšusumetso: litlamong tse phetseng hantle, takatso ea lijo e ne e hlohlelletsoa ke phello ea lijo kapa thepa ea maikutlo, athe litaba tsa khalori li ne li bonahala e le tsona tse tlatsetsang ho likhoto tse nang le botsitso bo bobe ba matla (Scheggi et al., 2013).
Sepheo sa thuto ea morao-rao e ne e le ho sebelisa tlhahlobo ea lijo tse khethiloeng tse peli tse ka sebelisoang ho khetholla tšebetso ea likarolo tse le 'ngoe tsa lijo tse senang lijo ho kenya lijo. Liteko tsa likhetho tse peli tse khethiloeng li se li sebelisitsoe pele, mohlala, ho leka khetho ea litoeba bakeng sa tatso ea lijo, tšusumetso ea taolo ea galain ka khetho ea lijo kapa botsitso ba setho sa sucrose / emulsions ea oli (Naim et al., 1986; Smith le al., 1996). Molemong oa rona, protocol ea likhetho tse peli tse khethiloeng bakeng sa lijo tse tiileng e ile ea fetoloa ka tsela eo likarolo tsa "indexD" tsa pompo e tloaelehileng li neng li nkiloe ke lijo tse se nang phepo kapa ke likarolo tse le 'ngoe tse teng ka har'a lijo tse se nang phepelo. Kahoo, lijo tse fapaneng tsa teko li ka lekoa khahlanong le polelo ea STD le e mong. Ha e le mohlala oa boemo bo se nang phepelo, lijo tsa teko li ne li hlahisoa nako le nako bakeng sa 10 min feela mme likhoto li ne li lula li na le phihlello ea libitum ho li-pellets tse tloaelehileng. Sisteme ena ea teko e ile ea sebelisoa ho hlahlobisisa litlamorao tsa tšebeliso ea litapole tsa litapole.
LISEBELISOA LE MEKHOA
T STELISO ETHIC
Boithuto bona bo ile ba etsoa ho latela likeletso tsa Tataiso ea Tlhokomelo le Ts'ebeliso ea Liphoofolo tsa Laboraro tsa Setsi sa Naha sa Bophelo. Protocol e amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Litekanyetso tsa Tlhahlobo ea liphoofolo tsa Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU).
LIPHELO
Liteko tsa boits'oaro li ile tsa etsoa ka likhoto tsa 18 ka kakaretso. Qalong, liteko li entsoe ka likhoto tse robeli tsa banna tsa Wistar (mabokose a mabeli le liphoofolo tse 'ne, boima ba' mele 210 ± 8 g, e bolokiloe moleng oa 12 / 12 h e lefifi / e bobebe, e rekiloeng ho Charles River, Sulzfeld, Jeremane). Boholo ba liteko bo entsoe hape ka likhoto tsa 10 tse tona tsa Sprague Dawley (mabokose a mabeli a nang le liphoofolo tse hlano ka 'ngoe, boima ba' mele oa 181 N 14 g, e bolokiloeng 12 / 12 h lefifi / potoloho e bobebe, e rekiloeng ho Charles River, Sulzfeld, Jeremane). Likhoto li bile le phihlello ea li-pellets tsa STD (Altromin 1324, Lage, Germany) le lipompo tsa metsi tsa pompo ka har'a thuto eohle.
LITLHOKO TLALI
Lijo tsohle tsa liteko li ile tsa phehoa, tsa tsoakoa, tsa ba tsa hatisoa ka mochini oa lijo hore li netefatsoe ka mokhoa o tšoanang. PC ea lijo ea liteko e ne e na le STD ea phofo (Altromin 1321, Lage, Germany) ka motsoako le litapole tsa litapole tsa 50% ("PFIFF Chips Salz", e sa qhekelloeng, e letsoai, ntle le litlatsetso tsa tatso kapa litlatsetso tsa tatso, e rekiloeng ka lebenkeleng la lehae; 49 % lik'habohaedreite, mafura a 35%, protheine ea 6%, 4% phepelo ea lijo, 1.8% letsoai). FfPC ea liteko tsa lijo e ne e na le li-chips tsa litapole tse se nang mafura tsa 50% ("Lay's Light Original®", Ka mafura a teng badala oleista (OLEAN®), e sa koaheloeng, e letsoai, ntle le litlatsetso tsa tatso kapa tse khothalletsang tatso, e rekiloeng ka lebenkeleng le phahameng USA; Li-carbohydrate tsa 61%, protheine ea 7%, 3.4% phepo ea lijo, letsoai la 1.7%, mafura a 0%) ho STD e nang le phofo. Bakeng sa ho leka tšusumetso e kopaneng ea mafura a macronutrients le carbohydrate mabapi le bokhoni ba litapole tsa litapole, ho lokiselitsoe mohlala oa litapole tsa litapole, e neng e na le 50% powdered STD le likarolo tsa mafura le lik'habohaedreite tsa litapole tsa litapole. Karolo e setseng ea li-chip tsa litapole (liprotheine, fiber, letsoai le likarolo tse sa tsejoeng) li ile tsa nkeloa sebaka ke lik'habohaedreite ho e-na le STD e le hore e tsamaisane le matla a motlakase oa mohlala le PC ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang. Kahoo, FCH e ne e na le 50% STD, 17.5% mafura (oli ea sonobolomo, e rekiloeng lebenkeleng le rekisoang la lehae) le 32.5% lik'habohaedreite (dextrin ho starch ea poone, maltodextrine, Fluka, Taufkirchen, Jeremane). Ntle le moo, likarolo tsa mafura le lik'habohaedreite tsa lijo tsa liteko FCH li ile tsa lekoa ka thoko. Kahoo, bakeng sa ho leka tšusumetso ea litaba tsa mafura (F), mafura a 17.5% a ne a kopantsoe le 82.5% STD. Matla a dikahare tsa carbohydrate (CH) a ile a lekoa ka lijo tse kenyang li-carbohydrate tsa 32.5% le 67.5% STD. Sekhahla sa matla sa lijo tse fapaneng tsa liteko se ne se baloa ho latela lebitso la moetsi. Boleng bo boletsoeng le sebopeho sa lijo tsa tlhatlhobo li bonts'oa Figure Figure11.
TLHOKOMELISO SEBAKA
Bakeng sa liteko tse khethiloeng tse peli, lijo tsa liteko li hlahisitsoe makhetlo a mararo ka letsatsi (ka 9 am, 12: 30 pm, le 4 pm), nako le nako bakeng sa 10 min (Figure Figure2A2A) mehlolong e meng e 'meli ea lijo (Figure Figure2B2B). Ho ja lijo tsa tlhatlhobo ho ne ho khethoa ke phapang ea boima ba ba fanang ka lijo pele le ka mor'a nako e ngoe le e ngoe ea ho fihlella. Ts'ebetso ea matla e ile ea baloa ka ho pheta lipalo tsa lijo tse kenelletsoeng ka matla a fapakaneng. Lijo tse amanang le lijo le matla a lekanyelitsoeng li ile tsa baloa ka ho arola palo ea lijo kapa matla a lijo tse tlisoang ke tlhahlobo ka kakaretso ea lijo tse peli tse tlisoang ke tlhahlobo. Boemo ba ba fanang ka lijo le lijo tse tlatsitsoeng ka sejana se itseng li ile tsa fetoloa bakeng sa teko e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho qoba tšusumetso ea thato ea libaka. Ntle le moo, ts'ebetso e amanang le phepelo ea amanang le litoeba e lekantsoe. Bakeng sa sepheo seo, litšoantšo li ile tsa nkuoa 10 e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ka li-webcams tse behiloeng kaholimo ho matloana ((Figure Figure2C2C). Litšoantšo tsa 60 tse hlahisitsoeng ka nako e le 'ngoe ea phihlello ea lijo li ile tsa hlahlojoa ke lipalo: palo e le' ngoe e hlalositsoe e le "rat e le 'ngoe e nka lijo ho motho ea fanang ka lijo". Lenane le kenyellelitsoeng la lijo, matla le lipalo li ile tsa sebelisoa ho lekanya monehelo o lekanyelitsoeng oa lijo tsa teko e ngoe le e ngoe ho lijo tsohle tse fumanehang tlasa tlhahlobo e tloaelehileng ea chow. Teko e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ne e etsoa ka nako e ts'oanang litsing tse peli ka matsatsi a mabeli a latellanang le liteko tse tharo ka letsatsi. Metsoako e khethiloeng ea lijo e ne e phetoa ho fihlela matsatsi a tšeletseng. Liteko tse latelang li entsoe ka lihlopha tse peli tse fapaneng tsa liphoofolo: PC vs. CH, PC vs F, PC vs FCH, F vs. CH, FCH vs CH, FCH vs. F, ffPC vs. PC, ffPC vs. CH , ffPC vs. F, le ffPC vs. FCH.
TLHOKOMELISO SEKONYELA
Bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea lipalo-palo, re balile liperesente tsa lijo tsa liteko, tse neng li kenelletsoe ka khekheng e le ngoe nakong ea tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe ea 10 ea metsotso e le' ngoe, e amanang le tšebeliso ea kakaretso e tsoang litsing tsa lijo tse peli. Liteko tsa ho khethoa li entsoe e le liteko tsa 6-50 e le 'ngoe (10 metsotso ka' ngoe) le lihlopha tsa liphoofolo tse ikemetseng tsa 2-4 e le sehlopha sa 4-5 motho ka mong. Tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe e lekantsoeng ea mekhoa e le' ngoe (ANOVA) e nang le "matsatsi a liteko" a fapaneng ha ea senola tšusumetso efe kapa efe ea bohlokoa ea phapang ena (p <0.05) bakeng sa boholo ba maemo a liteko (bona Liphetho le Puisano bakeng sa mekhelo). Bakeng sa metsoako e lekiloeng ea PC vs FCH (p = 1.06 × 10-7le PC vs. F (p = 4.13 × 10-5) ANOVA e bontšitse tšusumetso e kholo ea "matsatsi a liteko" a fapaneng. Ka lebaka leo, re ne re sekaseka lintlha tsena ka thoko bakeng sa letsatsi le leng le le leng.
Bohlokoa ba ho ja lijo tsa tlatsetso ea tlhahlobo ea lijo bo ile ba baloa ke baithuti ba mahareng a matsoho a mabeli t-O sebelisa sebelisa ToolPak ea Analysis, Microsoft Excel 2013. Boleng ba tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe ea liteko bo ile ba balelloa lihlopha tse ikemetseng (mabokose)' me tsa sebelisoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea lipalo (n = 2-4). Lintlha li hlahisoa lipalo 3-5 le ho litafole Lithane11-4. A p-value <0.05 e ne e nkuoa e le ea bohlokoa.
Tlhahlobo ea lipalo mabapi le ts'ebetso ea matla le ho fepa ka amanang le phepelo e entsoe ka mokhoa o tšoanang. Kamano e akaretsang lipakeng tsa lijo le lijo tse amanang le phepelo e anngoe ke tlhahlobo ea tlhaiso-leseling lipakeng tsa lijo [g] le ts'ebetso e amanang le phepelo e amanang le phepelo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe holim'a maemo ohle a lekiloeng.
LIPOTSO
Ho thehiloe hantle hore lijo tse se nang phepelo joaloka litapole tsa litapole li khona ho tsosa takatso ea lijo e seng hae. Morero oa thuto ea morao-rao e ne e le ho theha mokhoa oa tlhahlobo bakeng sa ho khetholla likarolo tse itseng tsa lijo tse senang lijo tse ikarabellang bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsena. Sistimi ea tlhahlobo e ntlafalitsoeng e ile ea sebelisoa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa tlatsetso ea li-macronutrients tsa mantlha (lik'habohaedreite le mafura) ho ja lijo tse se nang phepo.
Ho nts'etsapele tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo, monyetla oa lijo tsa tlhahlobo ho kenyelletsa lijo tsa litheko tse tsoang liphatlalatsong tse sa tlosoang o ne o sebelisoa e le ho bala. Ts'ebetso ea ho fepa e tlalehiloe ke paramethara tse peli tse ikemetseng. Taba ea pele, palo ea lijo tse anngoeng e ne e le boima. Ntle le moo, ts'ebetso e amanang le phepelo e amanang le ho fepa e tlalehiloe ke khamera. Mekhoa ena ka bobeli e bontšitse khokahano e phahameng haholo lipakeng tsa maemo ohle a lekiloeng (r = 0.9204, R2 = 0.8471, p <0.001). Ketsahalo ea ho fepa e bonts'itsoeng e le ho ja lijo tse lekanyelitsoeng kapa matla a lekanyelitsoeng a matla ho fane ka liphetho tse ts'oanang, tse fapaneng feela le liperesente tsa percentage3 joalo ka ha ho bontšitsoe ho lipalo 3A, B.
Kaha tekanyo e felletseng ea lijo tsa teko e ne e fapana ho tloha ka letsatsi 'me, ka mohlala, ho latela lilemo tsa liphoofolo (ya data e sa bonts'ang), ho ile ha sebelisoa tlhahlobo ea likhetho tse peli (Figure Figure2B2B), e neng e tlaleha tšebeliso ea lijo mabapi le lijo tse boletsoeng. Leha liteko tsa ho fepa li ne li etsoa nakong ea potoloho ea leseli motšehare, ke hore, karolo ea phomolo ea likhoto (Hoch et al., 2013), ho ile ha bonoa takatso ea lijo e eketsehileng, e neng e itšetlehile ka sebopeho sa lijo tsa tlhahlobo. Ho haella ha khethoa ka lehlakoreng la sebaka kapa sebakeng seo ho bonoang ha ho nehelanoa ka STD e phofo kahare ho phepelo ea lijo ka bobeli ho fella ka lijo tse tšoanang le matla a tsoang ho li-dispens ka bobeli ntle le phapang e kholo (p = 0.3311, lipalo 3A, B; Mabanta 1A, B). Ntle le moo, ho ile ha bonoa ketsahalo e ts'oanang e amanang le phepelo ea thepa ka barekisi ba lijo ka bobeli.p = 0.5089, Figure Figure3C3C; Lethathamo Tafole1C1C). Ha ho na phapang ea bohlokoa (p <0.05) ea likhetho tse amanang le e 'ngoe ea tse peli tsa lijo tse hlahisitsoeng tsa liteko lipakeng tsa matsatsi a liteko li ka bonoa bakeng sa maemo afe kapa afe a liteko, ntle le PC vs. FC le PC vs. F. Likhetho tsena li hlalositsoe ka tlase ka botlalo.
Teko ea pele, ha PC e ne e lekoa khahlanong le STD, e ile ea fella ka ho kenella ka mokhoa o ikhethileng oa PC (lipalo 3A, B; Mabanta 1A, B). Ka mor'a moo, ho ile ha ithutoa monehelo oa li-macronutrients tse peli tse kholo tsa PC, e leng nama ea nama ea nama le mafura. Bakeng sa morero ona, lethathamo la lik'habohaedreite (test lijo CH) kapa mafura (test lijo F) joalo ka ha li hlalositsoe kaholimo li ile tsa kenyelletsoa ho STD. Lijo tse peli tsa teko tsa CH le F li kentse letsoho haholo (CH: p <0.05, F: p <0.001, Figure Figure4A4A; Lethathamo Lethathamo22) tšebeliso e phahameng ho feta STD, eo F e ileng ea atleha khahlanong le CH (p <0.001, Figure Figure4A4A; Lethathamo Lethathamo22), empa CH kapa F ha ea khona ho susumetsa takatso ea lijo e tšoanang le PC (lipalo 3A, B; litafole 1A, B). Liphetho li bonts'a hore ts'ebetso ea lichifi tsa litapole ho kenyelletsa lijo tse sa jelloeng ke likhoto tse ke keng tsa hlalosoa ke litaba tsa mafura kapa lik'habohaedreite tsa litapole tsa litapole.
Leha ho le joalo, ha mafura a kopaneng- le carbohydrate-dikarolwana tsa litapole tsa litapole a eketsoa ho chow e tloaelehileng, tšebeliso ea lijo tsa teko ena FCH e ne e ts'oana (lipalo 3A, B; litafole 1A, B) le ts'ebetso e amanang le phepelo e amanang le phepelo e tlase hanyane hanyane ha e bapisoa le PC (Figure Figure3C3C; Lethathamo Tafole1C1C). E ts'oanang le PC, FCH le eona e ne e batla e kenelletse feela ha e fuoa tlhahlobo ea khetho khahlanong le F kapa CH (Figure Figure4A; 4A; Tafole Lethathamo22).
Ho fihlela joale, sephetho sa hona joale se bonts'a hore litlamorao tsa litapole tsa litapole ho eketsa phepelo ea lijo ho likhoto tse sa hlokeng letho li bakoa ke se hlahisoang ke khalori, eo ha e le hantle e kopantsoeng ke se mafura le lik'habohaedreite. Bakeng sa liteko tse ling tsa hypothesis ena, mosebetsi oa ho ffPC o ne o bapisoa le lijo tse ling tsa teko (STD, PC, FCH, F, le CH). Joalokaha ho ka lebelloa, ffPC e bonts'itse ts'ebetso e tlase ha e bapisoa le PC, FCH le F (Figure Figure4B; 4B; Tafole Lethathamo22). Leha ho le joalo, e bakile tšebeliso e phahameng haholo ha e bapisoa le STD (p <0.05) le CH (p <0.001), leha ho na le likhalori tse phahameng tsa lijo tsena tse peli tsa liteko (lipalo LITLHOSXX 'me 4B4B). Kahoo, ho ka phethoa hore likhakanyo tse ling li baka ho kenella ha PC ho feta matla a matla.
Mehato e phetoang e le 'ngoe ea ANOVA e ile ea etsoa ho lekola tšusumetso ea matsatsi a teko e itseng liputsong. Ke liteko tse peli feela tse bonts'itseng ts'usumetso ea bohlokoa matsatsing a liteko, e leng liteko tsa preference PC vs. FCH (p = 1.06 × 10-7le PC vs. F (p = 4.13 × 10-5) (Figure Figure5; 5; Mabanta Lithane33 'me 44). Matsatsing a pele a mararo a liteko, ho jeoa ke FCH ka likhoto, tse neng li batla ho FCH, empa li ne li ikopanya le PC litekong tse fetileng tsa PC vs. STD, PC vs F le PC le CH, e ne e le tlase haholo ho feta ts'ebeliso ea PC (p <0.05). Matsatsing a tlhatlhobo 4-6, ha ho palo e kenang haholo ea PC ha e bapisoa le FCH e ka bonoang (p > 0.05, Figure Figure5A5A; Lethathamo Lethathamo33). Liphetoho li hlahisitsoe ke keketseho e hlakileng ea tšebeliso ea lijo tsa FCH e tsamaeang le ho fokotseha ha tšebeliso ea PC ha nako e ntse e feta, athe lijo ka kakaretso tsa lijo tsa liteko li ile tsa fapana kamehla pakeng tsa 70 le 94 g / letsatsi nakong ea liteko.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha ho mokhoa o hlakileng o ileng oa bonahala ha lijo tsa PC vs F li bapisoa le matsatsi a fapaneng a liteko (Figure Figure5B; 5B; Tafole Lethathamo44).
TŠOHLOA
E ne e kile ea bontšoa hore lijo tse bobebe tse kang lipitsa tsa litapole li khona ho fetolela lipotoloho tse tsamaeang le likhoto tse amanang le moputso, takatso ea lijo, satiety le ts'ebetso ea locomotor ha e bapisoa le chow e tloaelehileng.Hoch et al., 2013). Liphetoho tsena tsa mekhoa ea tšebetso li ka ikarabella bakeng sa ho ja lijo tse se nang lehae ka kotloloho.
Lithutong tse sebetsanang le ho ja lijo tse se nang lehae ka tlung kapa tlhekefetso ea lijo, ho ile ha sebelisoa lijo tse ngata tse monate, tse kang tharollo ea tsoekere, ho khutsufatsa, likuku, litapole tsa litapole, likuku, kapa chisi (Prats et al., 1989; Avena et al., 2009; Baeti et al., 2013). Hangata, ho ne ho khethoa lintho tsa lijo tse nang le tsoekere, mafura kapa bobeli ba tsona. Leha ho le joalo, ho ka nahanoa hore mefuta e fapaneng ea lijo le likarolo tse fapaneng tsa lijo li baka lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa 'mele tse amanang le takatso ea lijo. Ka hona, ho bohlokoa ho hlalosa semolao se nepahetseng sa lijo tse ikarabellang bakeng sa tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea bophelo le ho khetholla mekhoa ea 'mele e khothalletsoang ke likarolo tse fapaneng tsa lijo.
Ka hona, e ne e le sepheo sa thuto ea morao-rao ho theha tlhahlobo e khethiloeng ea likhetho tse peli bakeng sa ho hlahlobisisa likarolo tsa lijo tsa senna bakeng sa bokhoni ba bona ba ho tsosa takatso ea lijo e seng lapeng. Sistimi ea teko e ile ea sebelisoa ho fuputsa hore na li-macronutrients tse ka sehloohong (lik'habohaedreite le mafura) tsa litapole tsa litapole li kenya letsoho joang ho qobisang ho ja lijo tse matla tsa hedonic.
Ts'ebetso e kentsoeng ea ho fepa e tlalehiloe ke babali ba babeli ba ikemetseng. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, palo ea lijo tse matlafalitsoeng kapa matla (lipalo 3A, B, 4A, B 'me 5A, B; litafole 1A, B, , 22-4) mme ka lehlakoreng le leng, ts'ebetso e amanang le phepelo e amanang le phepelo e ngolisitsoe (e hlahisitsoe ka Figure Figure3C; 3C; Tafole Tafole1C1C). Lisebelisoa tsa ho bala li-parameeter tsa lijo le tse amanang le phepelo li bonts'a khokahanyo e phahameng haholo (r = 0.9204, R2 = 0.8471, p <0.001). Ka hona, ho ka qheleloa ka thoko hore, ka mohlala, qetellong tšollo ea lijo tsa liteko e ne e le leeme.
Tekanyo e felletseng ea lijo tse feliloeng e ne e fapana ho tloha ka letsatsi ho ea ho batho ba fapaneng mme e ne e boetse e itšetlehile ka likarolo tse ling tse fapaneng tse kang lilemo tsa liphoofolo. Ntle le moo, ho ne ho bontšitsoe hore menyetla ea meputso bakeng sa lijo tse matlafatsoang e ipapisitse le sethala sa litheko (Friemel et al., 2010). Ka hona, ho ile ha sebelisoa tlhahlobo e ikhethileng ea likhetho tse peli (Figure Figure2B2B), e tlalehileng lijo tse lekanyelitsoeng tsa lijo tse peli tsa teko ka nako ea phepelo e fanoeng. Tlas'a maemo ana, phello ea boikoetliso e ka hlaha ka lebaka la tlhahiso ea lijo tse sa tsejoeng tsa tlhahlobo khahlano le lijo tse tsebahalang tsa boitsebišo. Ka hona, tlhahlobo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea khetho e entsoe bonyane ka matsatsi a mabeli a fapaneng, ke hore, makhetlo a tšeletseng. Ho feta moo, boemo ba ba fanang ka lijo bo nang le lijo tsa teko bo ile ba fetoloa kamora tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe e le ho qoba kholo ea sebaka seo ba se ratang. Ho haella ha khethoa - kapa ho khetholloang ke sebaka ho ile ha bonoa ke liteko tsa STD vs STD ka ho pheta-pheta ka tatellano tse tšeletseng tse latellanang ka tatellano ea liteko ka matsatsi a mabeli a latellanang. Mona, ha ho phapano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa lijo tse peli tse tšoanang tsa teko mabapi le tšebeliso ea lijo / matla (p = 0.3311, lipalo 3A, B; Mabanta 1A, B) kapa mosebetsi o amanang le ho fepap = 0.5089, Figure Figure3C; 3C; Tafole Tafole1C1C) e senotsoe. Qetellong, e le ho fokotsa tšusumetso ea methapo ea kutlo, joalo ka ho feto-fetoha le tatso, lijo tsa liteko li fanoe ka mor'a homogenization ka motsoako le STD e phofshoana. Tlas'a maemo a tlhatlhobo a sebelisitsoeng, ho ka fihlela qeto ea hore ke liphapang feela tse tlisoang ke lijo tsa tlhahlobo li ikarabellang bakeng sa phapang ea lijo. Ka kakaretso, tlhahlobo e khethiloeng ea likhetho tse peli e ile ea bonahala e fana ka liphetho tse tšepahalang, mme e ka sebelisoa ho hlahloba likarolo tsa lijo tse amanang le ho ja lijo tse seng lapeng.
Teko ea boitšoaro e ntlafalitsoeng e ile ea sebelisoa ho hlahlobisisa tšusumetso ea likarolo tse kholo tsa mafura le lik'habohaedreite tse phehiloeng phepelong ea lijo ea litapole e kenyellelitsoeng ho lijo tsa hedonic lithutong tsa libitum tse fuoeng. Teko ea pele e netefalitse hore PC e kenyelletsa lijo tse matla le ho ja matla ho feta STD ka 'nete (lipalo 3A, B; Mabanta 1A, B). Joalo ka ha ho lebeletsoe, phepo e phahameng ea lijo ha e bapisoa le STD e ile ea boela ea bonoa ha likarolo tsa 'mele tsa litapole tse ikhethileng le mafura le tsona li fanoa ka mehatong e ts'oanang le e teng liphoofolong tsa litapole (Figure Figure4A; 4A; Tafole Lethathamo22). Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore karolo ea mafura e ne e le mafolofolo ho feta karolo ea carbohydrate. Ka lebaka leo, ho ka fihleloa qeto ea hore mafura a bonahala a kentse letsoho ho thuseng lijo tsa tlhahlobo. Ho tlalehoa hore khetho ea likhoto bakeng sa mafura e ithutile mme e lebisa ho ratang lijo tse mafura: likhoto tse fepisitsoeng lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata li bontšitse tšebeliso e matla ea li-emulsions tsa oli ha li bapisoa le likhoto tse fumaneng phepelo e phahameng ea lik'habohaedreite (Reed and Friedman, 1990). Ntle le tšusumetso ena ho khethoeng ea lijo, mafura a kentse letsoho ka matla ho keneng lijo tse matlafalitsoeng ka ho eketsa boholo ba lijo (Warwick le Synowski, 1999).
Leha ho le joalo, litlamorao tsa tšebeliso ea mafura li bonahala li le thata. Mafura (oli ea poone) bokong ba molomo oa litoeba mohlomong e lebisitse ts'ebetsong ea sisteme ea dopaminergic ka dopamine D1 receptor, e neng e bonahala e le mokena-lipakeng oa litlamorao tsa eona tse matlafatsang (Imaizumi et al., 2000). Mohlomong, CD36 e mafura e nka karolo ho fumanoeng ha mafura a amanang le phepo ea ka methapo ea molomo ea likhoto kapa litoeba. Ho lemoha ha mafura hona ho ka lebisa ho ratang kapele lijo tse mafura (Laugerette et al., 2005).
Ho feta moo, litlamorao tsa ho kenella li kenya letsoho ho eketseheng ha mafura a mangata. E bonts'itsoe papaling ea infragastric infusion paradigm e ikhethileng eo litoeba li nkang lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata haholo ha li bapisoa le lijo tse nang le phepo e phahameng tsa mmele tse nang le "infragastric infusion"Warwick et al., 2003). Litlamorao tse joalo tsa kamora lijo tse nang le mafura li kanna tsa kopanngoa le li-sensor tsa mafura tse kang CD36, GPR40, le GPR120 ka mpeng e nyane e lebisang ho ts'oenyehong ea takatso ea lijo kamora-molomo (Sclafani le Ackroff, 2012; Sclafani et al., 2013).
Leha ho le joalo, thutong ea hona joale, ha ho na karolo ea mafura, kapa karolo ea nama ea nama ea nama e nang le 'mele feela e neng e sa khone ho hohela lijo tse tšoanang le PC. Ke feela motsoako oa likarolo tsena ka bobeli (FCH) o lebisitseng ho takatso ea lijo / matla e ka bapisoang le PC e bonts'ang phello ea synergistic ea mafura le lik'habohaedreite (lipalo 3A, B; Mabanta 1A, B). Ka lebaka leo, FCH e hohela lijo tse phahameng ho feta F, CH, kapa STD (Figure Figure4A; 4A; Tafole Lethathamo22). Phuputso e fetileng le lihlopha tse peli tse fapaneng tsa likhoto li bonts'itse hore sehlopha se fumaneng lijo tse tsoakiloeng se nang le mafura le lik'habohaedreite se ile sa ja lijo tse ngata haholo ha li bapisoa le sehlopha sa likhoto tse neng li fuoa lijo feela tse nang le mafura a mangata (Ramirez le Friedman, 1990). Sephetho sena se lumellana le sephetho sa hona joale sa tlhahlobo ea rona ea likhetho tse peli ho lijo tse se nang phepo tse tiileng. Liteko tsa ho rata ka lijo tsa tlhahlobo ea metsi li se li bonts'itse hore likhoto li rata emulsion e nang le mafura le tsoekere holim'a likarolo tse le ngoe hammoho le chow e tloaelehileng.Lucas le Sclafani, 1990).
Ho tsoa liphumantsong tsena, ho ka khothatsoa hore ho kopana ha li-macronutrients, mafura le lik'habohaedreite, ho baka litlamorao tse ling ha ho bapisoa le tsamaiso ea karolo e le 'ngoe feela. Phuputso e 'ngoe e bontšitse, mohlala, hore litheong, tsamaiso ea GABA-B receptor agonist baclofen e ne e susumetsa ho ja lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata, ho ja lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata, empa ha ho na tšusumetso ea ho ja ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa sucrose (Berner et al., 2009). Liphumano tsena li bontša ka ho hlaka ho ba teng hoa mekhoa e ikhethileng e amanang le tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea li-macronutrients tse fapaneng kapa motsoako oa tsona. Ho feta moo, thuto ka likhoto ka la Fleur et al. (2010) o hlokometse hore motsoako oa mafura le tsoekere, empa eseng likarolo tse le 'ngoe, o lebisitse ho botenya bo tsoang ho hyperphagia. Ntle le moo, motsoako oa mafura le tsoekere e fetotsoeng hypothalamic neuropeptide ka tsela e fapaneng ha li bapisoa le mafura kapa tsoekere e le 'ngoe.la Fleur et al., 2010).
Kaha lijo tsa liteko li ne li lekoa khahlanong le tse ling ka mefuta e fapaneng, maemo a ka hlaha a hore liphoofolo li tloaelane le lijo tsa liteko ho tloha litekong tsa pele tse ratoang, empa naïve lijong tse sa tsoa hlahisoa tsa liteko. Kahoo, ho haella kapa ho tseba lijo tse tlisoang ke liteko ho ka susumetsa takatso ea lijo. Ka hona, liteko tsa pele li ile tsa etsoa bonyane makhetlo a tšeletseng, e le hore liphoofolo li ne li tloaelane le lijo tse peli tsa teko e seng e le teng kamora tlhahlobo ea pele. Tlhahlobo e hlahlamang ea ANOVA e senotse hore "letsatsi la teko" le fapaneng ha le na tšusumetso e kholo ntle le litlhahlobo tsa likhetho PC vs. FCH le PC vs. Ho khahlisang, mokhoa o hlakileng o ile oa bonoa ho kopantsoeng ea PC le FCH: litoeba, ba neng ba tloaelane le PC ho tloha litekong tse fetileng tsa tlhahlobo nakong ena ea thuto (PC vs. STD, F kapa CH), e khethileng PC haholo FCH matsatsing a pele a mararo a liteko (p <0.05). Matsatsing a latelang a liteko, khetho ea PC ea fokotseha (Figure Figure5A; 5A; Tafole Lethathamo33). Kahoo, ho ka fihlela qeto ea hore FCH le PC li na le bokhoni bo ts'oanang ba ho susumetsa ho ja lijo ho litheko tse tsoang lipapatsong tse fepisitsoeng, empa PC li ne li khethiloe ha likhoto li ne li qobelloa ho FCH empa eseng ho PC. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha ho mokhoa o hlakileng o ileng oa bonoa ha PC e lekoa khahlanong le F. Ho fapana le hoo, khetho e phahameng le e sa fetoheng ea PC khahlano le F e ile ea bonoa ka matsatsi a mahlano ho a tšeletseng a liteko. Ka hona, bocha ba lijo tse ling tsa teko li ne li sa bonahale li susumetsa khetho ea phepo ka kakaretso, empa feela ha PC e ne e lekoa khahlanong le FCH.
Ntle le litlamorao tse ncha, tatellano ea tlhahiso ea lijo e ka susumetsa boitšoaro ba phepo. Mohlala, mokhathala oa lijo kapa mokhoa oa ho rorisa o ka hlaha. Ka hona, liteko tse ling tsa ho khetha, tse neng li entsoe qalong ea thuto, li ile tsa phetoa qetellong ea tatellano eohle (mohlala, PC vs F, PC vs. CH). Liphetiso li fane ka liphetho tse tšoanang hantle le liteko tsa pele. Leha ho le joalo, e ke ke ea qheleloa ka thoko hore mokhathala oa lijo kapa litlamorao li hlaha tlasa maemo a sebelisitsoeng.
Bokhoni ba lijo tse tlisoang ke liteko tsa STD, CH, F, le FCH ho kenyelletsa takatso ea lijo e ka ba phello ea khatello ea bona ea matla, hobane lijo tse tlisoang ke lijo tse matlafatsang hangata li na le likhalori tse phahameng (Figure Figure11). Leha ho le joalo, liteko tsa ffPC li bonts'a hore litaba tsa matla ha se tsona feela tse qholotsang takatso ea lijo ho liphoofolo tse sa tlosoang. Tlhahiso ea ffPC e lebisitse tlhokomelong ea lijo tse eketsehileng haholo ha e bapisoa le PC e tloaelehileng (p <0.001, Figure Figure4B; 4B; Tafole Lethathamo22). Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore tšebeliso ea mafura a monate ha e amane haholo le thepa ea mafura a ngotsoeng, joalo ka maikutlo a molomo, empa ho fapana le dikahare tsa caloric kapa chemoreception ea mahala ea mafura a acid phepelong ea lijo kapa tsamaiso ea gustatory (Pittmann, 2010). Ho fapana le sena, ho tlalehiloe pejana hore ha ho na khetho e ka bonoang litatsong tse sa hlokeng khekhe ea nama e phahameng ha e bapisoa le kuku e senang mafura. Ke likhoto tse fokolisitsoeng ke lijo tse ratang haholo kuku e nang le mafura a mangata (Sclafani et al., 1993). Haholo, ffPC e ne e ratoa haholo ke STD le CH ho sa tsotellehe matla a fokolang a ffPC (Figure Figure4B; 4B; Tafole Lethathamo22). Kahoo, likarolo tse ling kapa thepa ea ffPC e fetang matla a matla e bonahala e e-na le tšusumetso e eketsehileng tšebetsong ea lijo tse se nang phepo ho khothaletsa lijo. Mohlala, letsoai kapa fiber li ka ama tšebeliso ea lijo (Beauchamp le Bertino, 1985; Vitaglione et al., 2009). Teko ea khetho ea likhetho tse peli e sebelisitsoeng thutong ea hona joale e kanna ea fana ka sistimi e sebetsang ea ho hlahlobisisa haholoanyane (likarolo tse nyane) tsa litapole tsa litapole tse kenyang letsoho ts'ebelisong ea bona eo e seng ea lapeng. Qeto ea hore likhase tsa matla ha se eona feela motheo o kenyang takatso ea lijo e tšehetsoa ke thuto e fetileng eo ho kenyelletsoa ha saccharin ho emulsion e nang le mafura ho bile le phello e tšoanang ntlafatsong ea lijo ha ho eketsoa sucrose (Lucas le Sclafani, 1990).
Qetellong, thuto ea hona joale e thehile sesebelisoa sa tlhahlobo ea boitšoaro se ntlafalitsoeng ho etsa lipatlisiso ka bokhoni ba lijo tse fapaneng tsa tlhahlobo ea ho kenya phepelo ea lijo lithutong tse fepisitsoeng ke libes. Seketsoana sena se ile sa sebelisoa ho hlahloba hore na li-macronutrients tsa mantlha tsa litapole tsa litapole, e leng mafura le lik'habohaedreite, li kenya letsoho joang ho qobiseng takatso ea lijo tsa hedonic. Ho ile ha bontšoa hore mafura a na le tšusumetso e kholo phepelong e eketsehileng ea lijo, empa motsoako oa macronutrients ka bobeli o ile oa bonoa e le mofani oa mantlha boikhatisong ba li-chips tsa litapole. Sekhahla sa matla ha se sona feela se bakang keketseho ea lijo, hobane ffPC e bakile tšebeliso ea lijo tse phahameng ho feta lijo tse ling tsa liteko tse nang le matla a mangata. Teko ea khetho ea likhetho tse peli e sebelisitsoeng thutong ena e tla sebelisoa lipatlisisong tsa nakong e tlang ho nyenyefatsa ts'usumetso ea likarolo tse nyane tsa litapole tsa litapole e le hore sepheo sa tsona sa molek'hule se ka utloisisoa haholoanyane. Ho feta moo, e lokela ho batlisisoa haeba motsoako oa mafura le lik'habohaedreite o khona ho etsa liphetoho tse tšoanang mokhoeng oa ts'ebetso ea boko joaloka lijo tse se nang phepo.
TLHOKOMELISO MOTSAMAI
O tsebile le ho rala liteko: Tobias Hoch, Monika Pischetsrieder, Andreas Hess. O entse liteko mme a lekola lintlha: Tobias Hoch. O ile a fetisa lintlha: Tobias Hoch, Monika Pischetsrieder, Andreas Hess. Li-reagents tse kentsoeng / lisebelisoa / lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo: Monika Pischetsrieder, Andreas Hess. O ngotse pampiri ena: Tobias Hoch, Monika Pischetsrieder, Andreas Hess. Qetellong ho amoheloe tlhahiso ea hore e phatlalatsoe: Tobias Hoch, Monika Pischetsrieder, Andreas Hess. E amoheloa hore e tla ikarabella bakeng sa likarolo tsohle tsa mosebetsi ho netefatsa hore lipotso tse amanang le ho nepahala kapa botsitso ba karolo efe kapa efe ea mosebetsi li hlahlojoa ka nepo le ho rarolloa: Tobias Hoch, Monika Pischetsrieder, Andreas Hess.
Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso
Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.
lumela hore baa fokola
Boithuto ke karolo ea morero oa Neurotrition, o ts'ehetsoang ke Ts'ebetso ea Ts'ebetso ea Mafapha a FAU. Re leboha Dr. Miriam Schneider, Setsi sa Bophelo bo Botle ba kelello, Mannheim, Jeremane ka boeletsi ba hae ba ho theha moralo oa liteko, le Christine Meissner bakeng sa ho bala mongolo o ngotsoeng. Ho feta moo, re leboha haholo baipelaetsi, ba thusitseng ho lokisa tlhahlobo ea lipalo.
LITLHAHISO
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