Ho se sebetse ka tsela e tsitsitseng ho tsitsitseng le botenya: Ho fapana le ho tšoana (2013) Nora Volkow

Dardo Tomasi^*,1 'me Nora D. Volkow^1,2

Mekhoa ea ho hlasimolla e se e qala ho senola ho phahama ho hoholo ha botlokotsebe bokhobeng ba ts'oaetso le mathata a dyscontrol ka boits'oaro bo khotsofatsang (bo kang ho ja ka thata le ho nona). Positron emission tomografics (PET) e bonts'itse tšoaetso e mpe ea driamine (DA) e sa sebetseng (e fokotsehile D2 receptors) ts'ebelisong ea lithethefatsi le botenya bo amanang le "metabolism" ea "glucose" e fokolisitsoeng libakeng tsa boko tsa medial le ventral pele. Ts'ebetso ea matla a ts'ebetso ea matla a matla a matla a khoheli (fMRI) e tlaleha ts'ebetso e mpe ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko e boetse e kenya mekhoa ea li-striato-corticalways tsa DA. Thutong ena, re fumana 'mapa ho tsoa lipatlisisong tsa morao-rao tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi / lijo ho tsoa ho tse laoloang ke marang-rang a boko tse sebetsang hantle tse amanang le "ventral" le dorsal striatum. Re bonts'a hore libaka tse fumanehang li sa tloaelehang bokhobeng ba botona le botšehali hangata li hlaha kaholimo ho li-network tsa dorsal le li-network tsa "ventral striatal". Libaka tsa nakoana tsa bongaka ba moea le tse phahameng tse sebetsang hantle tse amanang le dorsal striatum li bontša ho ba kotsing e kholo ho boteng le bothateng ba lithethefatsi, ho bonts'a litlolo tse atileng tsa botena le mathata a ho ja ho fapana le ho lemalla. Sena se tiisa ho nka karolo ha lintho tse peli tse kenang ka hare (tse amanang le moputso le tšusumetso) le marangrang a tšebetso (a amanang le tloaelo kapa tšusumetso ea ho ithuta) ka tšebeliso le botena empa hape li supa mekhahlelo e arohaneng lipakeng tsa mathata ana a mabeli.

Likarabo tsa Dopaminergic ho lithethefatsi le lijo

Lithethefatsi tsohle tse lemalloang li bonts'a bokhoni ba ho eketsa DA ho striatum, haholo-holo ka li-nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum), tse hlahisang litlamorao tsa tsona tse khotsofatsang (Koob, 1992). Li-neurons tsa DA tse sebakeng sa "ventral tegmental sebakeng" (VTA) le substantia nigra (SN) ho projeke ea midbrain ho ea striatum ka mesolimbic le nigrostriatal pathways. Liphetho tse khotsofatsang le tse boemo ba lithethefatsi ('me ho ka etsahala hore li be le lijo haholo) li bonahala li tsamaisoa haholo ke ho eketseha ha nakoana le ho boleloa ha keketseho ea ho thunya lisele tsa DA (Bohlale, 2009) e lebisang ho tsepamiso e phahameng ea DA e hlokahalang ho khothaletsa li-receptor tse tlase tsa D1 (Zweifel et al., 2009). Ho batho, lithuto tsa PET li bonts'itse hore lithethefatsi tse 'maloa li eketsa DA ho dorsal le ventral striatum le hore keketseho ena e tsamaisana le litlamorao tse tlisoang ke lithethefatsi [li-stimulants (Drevets et al., 2001;Volkow et al., 1999), nicotine (Brody et al., 2009), joala (Boileau et al., 2003) le cannabis (Bossong et al., 2009)]. Likarabo tsa Dopaminergic le tsona li ka bapala karolo ea litlamorao tsa lijo le ho tlatsetsa ho ts'ebeliso e feteletseng le botenya (Volkow et al., 2011b). Lijo tse ling, haholo-holo tse nang le tsoekere le mafura a mangata, li na le melemo 'me li ka khothaletsa ho ja haholo (Lenoir et al., 2007) hobane joalo ka lithethefatsi ba eketsa litheko tsa DA tse theohileng (Norgren et al., 2006). Ntle le moo, lijo li ka eketsa DA maemong a fumanehang feela ka lebaka la dikahare tsa eona tsa caloric le tse ikemetseng tsa botsamaisi (de Araujo et al., 2008). Leha mekhatlo ea meputso ea lijo e ne e le molemo maemong a teng moo mehloli ea lijo e neng e haella 'me / kapa e sa ts'epahale, mokhoa ona hona joale ke boikarabello mekhatlong ea rona ea sejoale-joale moo lijo li leng ngata li bileng li fumanehang khafetsa.

Li-neurotransmitters tse ling ho feta dopamine (cannabinoids, opioids, le serotonin) hammoho le lihormone tsa neuropeptide (insulin, leptin, ghrelin, orexin, glucagon joalo ka peptide, proteni e amanang le agouti, PYY) li kentsoe liphellong tse khotsofatsang tsa lijo le taolong ea ho ja lijo (Atkinson, 2008;Cason et al., 2010;Cota et al., 2006). Ntle le moo, DA e amanang le lijo e amanang le lijo e eketseha e le 'ngoe e ke keng ea hlalosa phapang lipakeng tsa ho ja lijo tse tloaelehileng le tšebeliso e matla ea lijo kaha sena se etsahala le ho batho ba phetseng hantle ba sa jang ho feta tekano. Ka hona, mabapi le bokhoba ba ho lemalla, ho tloaelana le maemo a tlase ho ka ba le karolo tahlehelong ea taolo ea lijo. Li-neuroadaptations tsena li ka lebisa ho fokotseha ha ho thunngoa ha lisele ka tekanyetso ea DA, ho ts'oaroa ha lisele tsa phasic tse ntlafalitsoeng ha karabelo ea lithethefatsi kapa lijo le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi ho kenyelletsa ho sitisoa ke boitšoaro.Mosa, 2000;Wanat et al., 2009).

Khokahano ea Striatocortical

Li-cortical correlates tsa bosholu ba dopaminergic ho tlatsetsa ha lia lebelloa. Boithuto ba anatomical lithutong tse seng tsa batho le litlalehong tse tlalehiloeng hore projeke ea motor, somatosensory le dorsolateral prefrontal cortices projeke ho dorsal striatum (Künzle, 1975;Künzle, 1977;Selemon le Goldman-Rakic, 1985;Middleton le Strick, 2002;Kelly le Strick, 2004;Künzle le Akert, 1977), le hore projeke ea anterior cingulate (ACC) le orbitofrontal (OFC) li-cortices tsa "ventral striatum"Ilinsky et al., 1985;Selemon le Goldman-Rakic, 1985;Ferry et al., 2000;Haber et al., 2006;Powell le Leman, 1976;Yeterian le Van Hoesen, 1978).

Morao tjena, Di Martino le basebetsi-'moho le eena ba khonne ho pheta-pheta lipotoloho tsena tsa striatocortical ba sebelisa nako e khuts'oane ea (<7 min) ea ho sekaseka MRI nakong ea phomolo lithutong tsa batho ba 35 (Di Martino et al., 2008) mme e tšehetse tlhahlobo ea meta ea lithuto tsa PET le fMRI tse bonts'ang khokahano e sebetsang pakeng tsa anterior dorsal striatum le insula (Postuma le Dagher, 2006). Resting state functional connecaction (RSFC) e na le molemo ha ho ithutoa bakuli ba nang le bofokoli bo sebetsang hobane datha e bokelloa phomolong ho qoba likhohlano tsa ts'ebetso (li-paradigms tsa mosebetsi li hloka tšebelisano 'moho le khothatso), hape e na le monyetla oa ho khothaletsa mafu a amang kelello. Sistimi ea DA.

Boithuto ba morao-rao bo supile ho senyeha hoa ts'ebelisano e sebetsang litabeng tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi le bokhobeng. Haholo-holo ts'ebetso e kopaneng ea ts'ebetso e tlalehiloe pakeng tsa dopaminergic midbrain nuclei (VTA le SN) ka striatum le thalamus (Gu et al., 2010;Tomasi et al., 2010), lipakeng tsa hemispheres (Kelly et al., 2011), le lipakeng tsa striatum le cortex (Hanlon et al., 2011) litlamong tsa koae. Khokahano e sa tloaelehang ea striato-cortical e boetse e tlalehiloe ho lino tse noang (Rzepecki-Smith et al., 2010), ba hlekefetsang opioid (Ma et al., 2010;Liu et al., 2009;Ma et al., 2011;Upadhyay et al., 2010) le lihlooho tse feta (Nummenmaa et al., 2012;Kullmann et al., 2012;García-García et al., 2012). Ka kakaretso, lithuto tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore khokahano e sa tloaelehang lipakeng tsa libaka tsa cortical le subcortical e ka ba tlasa maemo a thuto ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le botenya. Ho bula monyetla oa ho li-database tse kholo tsa RSFC tse kopanyang li-database ho tsoa lithutong tse ngata ho ts'episa matla a lipalo le maikutlo a ho tsebahatsa ho ikopanya ha boko ba motho (Biswal et al., 2010;Tomasi le Volkow, 2011). Mona re hlahisa mekhoa ea RSFC ho tsoa ho dorsal le ventral striatal seed tse ngotsoeng ke Di Martino le basebetsi mmoho (Di Martino et al., 2008) mohlaleng o moholo oa lithuto tse phetseng hantle. Likhokahanyo tsa lihlopha tse sa tloaelehang tse ngotsoeng ke lithuto tsa morao-rao tsa joala ka ho lemalla lijo / lithethefatsi li ile tsa phatlalatsoa marang-rang ana a litheko ho lekola moelelo oa tsona ho lemeng le bokhobeng. Likarolo tse ling tsa peo ea striatal (ke hore dorsal caudate) li ne li sa hlokahale hobane lipehelo tsa tsona tsa khokahano e sebetsang li ne li kenyellelitsoe haholo ka har'a bonngoe ba litselana tsa mekhoa ea RSFC e ka hare.

Mekhoa ea RSFC e ne e kopantsoe ho sebelisoa li-database tse tharo tse kholo (Beijing: N = 198; Cambridge: N = 198; Oulu: N = 103) ea polokelo ea litšoantšo tsa sechaba "1000 Functional Connectomes Project" (http://www.nitrc.org/projects/fcon_1000/), e kenyelitseng kakaretso ea lithuto tse phetseng hantle tsa 499 (banna ba 188 le basali ba 311; lilemo: 18-30 lilemo). Re sebelisitse mokhoa oo Di Martino et al. ho etsa limmapa tsa drials le tsa cyral. Ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea ho romella litšoantšo (boemo bo hlophisehileng le sebaka sa sepakapaka sebakeng sa MNI) e ne e tsamaisoa ka sephutheloana sa 'mapa oa sepetlele (SPM5; Setsi sa Wellcome Trust bakeng sa Neuroimaging, London, UK). Ka mor'a moo, tlhahlobo ea khokahano ea peo-voxel le Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization (Margulies et al., 2007;Di Martino et al., 2008) e sebelisitsoe ho kopanya khokahano e sebetsang ea tšebetso ea linaha tse peli (x = ± 28 mm, y = 1 mm, z = 3 mm) le ventral (x = ± 9 mm, y = 9 mm, z = -8 mm) libaka tsa peo ea striatal (li-volices tsa 0.73ml). Ntle le moo, khokahano e sebetsang ea peō e 'meli e bohareng ea li-cortex (x = ± 6 mm, y = -81 mm, z = 10 limilimithara; calcarine cortex, BA 17) e ne e ngotsoe e le marang-rang a taolo. Limmapa tsena tsa RSFC li ntlafalitsoe (8-mm) mme li kenyelelitsoe tlhahlobisong e le 'ngoe ea voxel-bohlale ea mofuta o le mong oa mofuta oa ANOVA) SPM5, ka boikemelo bakeng sa peo ea dorsal le ventral striatal. Li-voxels tse nang le T-score> 3 (p-value <0.001, e sa lokisoang) li ne li nkuoa li hokahane haholo le libaka tsa peo mme li kenyelelitsoe e le karolo ea marang-rang.

Moetso oa RSFC oa lipeo tsa dorsal striatal (Setšoantšo sa 3) e ne e le naha e 'ngoe' me e kenyelletsa dorsolateral prefrontal (BAs: 6, 8, 9, 44-46), low (BA: 47) and advanced frontal (BAs: 8-10), temporal (BAs: 20, 22, 27, 28, 34, 36, 38, 41, 43, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 39, 40-19, 23-24), parietal e tlase le e phahameng (BAs: 32, 19, 30, 11, 8, 10, 20), occipital (BA: 21), le cingulate (BAs: 27, 29, 34, 36, 38, 39, 23, 26, 32, 30 ), li-cortices tsa occipital (BA 47) le limbic (BA: 9), thalamus, putamen, globus pallidus, caudate, midbrain, pons, le cerebellum. Tsela ea RSFC ea peral ea stralatal peo e ne e boetse e le mekhahlelo e 'meli' me e kenyelletsa ventral orbitof Pambal (BA: 20), phahameng frontal (BAs: 27-28), temporal (BA: 34, 36, 38-23, 24, 32, 30, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX infariary parietal (BA: XNUMX), le cingulate (BA: XNUMX-XNUMX, XNUMX) le limbic (BA: XNUMX) cortices, thalamus, putamen, globus pallidus, caudate, midbrain, pons, and cerebellum. Litsela tsena tse kenang kahare le tse kenang kahare li kenelletse maemong a tlase (BA: XNUMX) le li-frontal tse phahameng (BAs: XNUMX), temporal (BAs: XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX), cingulate (BAs: XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX) le XNUMX limbic (BA: XNUMX) cortices, thalamus, putamen, globus pallidus, caudate, midbrain, pons, and cerebellum. Kahoo, ho bile le phapano ea bohlokoa le phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa li-network tsa dorsal le ventral network tse ntlafatsang tse tsoang ho Di Martino et al (Di Martino et al., 2008) ebile li tsamaisana le lipaterone tse tlalehiloeng ka lithuto tsa anatomical (Haber et al., 2000). Tsela ea RSFC ea "cortex" ea mantlha ea pono (V1) e ne e boetse e le mekhahlelo e 'meli' me e kenyelletsa occipital (BAs 17-19), temporal (BA 37), parietal e phahameng (BA 7), auditory (BAs 22 le 42) le premotor (BA 6) li-cortices le tse peli tse kaholimo ho terata e kholo ea "Setšoantšo sa 3). Kahoo, mokhoa oa khokahanyo ea V1 o ne o le monyane (bophahamo ba marang-rang a V1 = 16% grey taba) mme o ne a koahetse karolo e nyane ea dorsal striatal net (6% volume volume in BAs 6, 7, 19 and 37) .

 

Setšoantšo sa 3

RSFC marangrang a tsoang dorsal le ventral striatum

Tlhahlobo-leseling

Ho tse latelang re lekola lithuto tse sebetsang tsa joala bo mabapi le joala, koae, methamphetamine le matekoane (Lisebelisoa tsa 1--4), 4), hammoho le botenya le mathata a ho ja (Lisebelisoa tsa 5 'me And6) 6) tse phatlalalitsoeng pakeng tsa Pherekhong 1, 2001 le December 31, 2011; tlhekefetso ea nikotine e ne e sa kenyelletsoa hobane ho ne ho e-na le lithuto tse hlano feela tsa FMRI mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bokoali ba nicotine 'me ha ho le e' ngoe e ileng ea hlahloba liphapang tsa ts'ebetso ea boko pakeng tsa batho ba tsubang le ba sa tsubeng. Mantsoe "ts'ebetso", "khokahano", "dopamine", "koae", "matekoane", "cannabis", "methamphetamine", "joala", "PET" le "MRI" a kentsoe lipatlisisong tsa lithaka. lingoloa tse hatisitsoeng ho PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) ho khetholla lithuto tse loketseng tsa ho nka litšoantšo tsa boko. Ke lithuto feela tse tlalehileng likhokahano tsa sebaka sa lihlopha (ho Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) kapa liforeimi tsa Talairach tsa stereotactic tsa litšupiso) tse bonts'ang phapang e kholo ea ts'ebetso / ts'ebelisano pakeng tsa basebelisi ba lithethefatsi / bakuli ba batenya le taolo (P <0.05, e lokisitsoeng bakeng sa papiso e mengata) li kenyelelitsoe tlhahlobisong.

 

Lethathamo 1

Kakaretso ea lithuto tsa maiketsetso tse amanang le matla a khoheli (tse entsoeng pakeng tsa 2001 le 2011) ka litlamorao tsa bokhoba ba joala mosebetsing oa bokong bo kenyellelitsoeng ho Lifeiga tsa 4 'me Le5.5. Boithuto bo hlophisitsoe ka likarolo tsa tšusumetso ho tse kholo tse 'ne ...

 

Lethathamo 4

Kakaretso ea lithuto tsa maiketsetso tse amanang le matla a khoheli (tse entsoeng pakeng tsa 2001 le 2011) mabapi le litlamorao tsa bokhoba ba matekoane a ts'ebetso ea boko bo kenyelelitsoeng ho Lifeiga tsa 4 'me Le5.5. Boithuto bo arotsoe ka paradigm ea bohloeki ka mekhahlelo e mene e meholo. ...

 

Lethathamo 5

Kakaretso ea lithuto tsa maiketsetso tsa imaging e sebetsang (e etsoang lipakeng tsa 2001 le 2012) mabapi le litla-morao tsa botenya mosebetsing oa boko bo kenyelelitsoeng Lifeiga tsa 4 'me Le6.6. Boithuto bo arotsoe ka paradigm ea bo susumetsang ka mekhahlelo e meholo e 'meli. Palo ea ...

 

Lethathamo 6

Kakaretso ea lithuto tsa maiketsetso tsa imaging e sebetsang (e etsoang lipakeng tsa 2001 le 2011) ka litlamorao tsa mathata a ho ja le ho ja mosebetsing oa bokong bo kenyellelitsoeng ho Lifeiga tsa 4 'me Le6.6. Palo ea bakuli (S) le lithuto (C) lithuto le mesebetsi ke ...

Tlhahlobo-leseling e thehiloeng ho meta e sebelisitsoe ho lekola tekanyo ea tumellano lipakeng tsa lithuto. Re sebelisitse mokhoa oa ho lekanya ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso (Wager et al., 2004) ho aha mesebetsi e tla ba teng bakeng sa sehlotlo se seng le se seng se tlalehiloeng. Haholo-holo, letsoalo la 3D Gaussian (15-mm le bolelele bo lekanang le halofo) le ne le tsepamisitsoe ho lihokela tsa MNI tsa sehlotlo se seng le se seng tse tlalehileng liphapang tse kholo tsa ts'ebetso mabapi le taolo ea basebelisi ba lithethefatsi, batho ba batenya le bakuli ba nang le bothata ba ho ja, ho sa tsotelehe hore na ba e ne e eketseha kapa e fokotseha. SPOV5 e 'ngoe ea tsela e sebelisitsoeng e ne e sebelisoa ho sekaseka bohlokoa ba lipalo tsa' mapa oa monyetla (3-mm isotropic resolution) e tsamaisanang le lithuto tsa 44 mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Lisebelisoa tsa 1--4), 4), le lithuto tsa 13 mabapi le botena le mathata a ho ja (Lisebelisoa tsa 5 'me Le6) .6). Tlhahlobo ea "meta" e bonts'itse hore cortices tse kahare le tse bohareng li bonts'a litlolo tse sa tloaelehang lithutong tse amanang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, le hore putamen / posterior insula, hippocampus, cortex e phahameng ea maemo a tlase le e fokolang ea maemo a tlase hangata e bontša ts'ebetso. tlhekefetso lithutong mabapi le botena le mathata a ho ja (P_FWE <0.05, e lokisitsoe bakeng sa papiso e mengata bokong bohle e sebelisa mohopolo o sa reroang oa tšimo le khalemelo e fosahetseng ea lelapa; Setšoantšo sa 4; Lethathamo 7). Tlhahlobo ena ea meta e boetse e bonts'a hore menyetla ea ts'ebetso e sa tloaelehang ea ts'ebetso ho putamen / posterior insula, hippocampus, parahippocampus le li-cortices tsa nakoana e hangata e phahame bakeng sa lithuto tse mabapi le botenya le mathata a ho ja ho fapana le ho ithutoa ka ho lemalla lithethefatsi._FWE <0.05; Setšoantšo sa 4; Lethathamo 7). Ho ACC (BA 24 le 32), PFC (BA 8), putamen / posterior insula, hippocampus (BA 20), cerebellum, tempire le bohareng le bo phahameng (BAs 21, 41 le 42) le supramarginal gyri matla a khokahanyo e sebetsang e ne e le e matla bakeng sa dorsal ho feta bakeng sa ventral striatum le ho anterior medial frontal cortex (BAs 10 le 11) e ne e le matla bakeng sa ventral ho feta bakeng sa dorsal striatum (P_FWE <0.05; Lethathamo 7).

 

Setšoantšo sa 4

Tlhatlhobo e thehiloeng ho meta-lithuto tsa neuroimaging mabapi le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, botenya le mathata a ho ja

 

Lethathamo 7

Coordinate-base meta-analysis ea lithuto tsa neuroimaging mabapi le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, botenya le mathata a ho ja tse phatlalalitsoeng lipakeng tsa 2001 le 2011 (Lisebelisoa tsa 2-7). MNI e hokahanya (x, y, z) le bohlokoa ba lipalo (T-lintlha) bakeng sa lihlopha tse bonts'itseng bohlokoa ...

ho noa joala

Lithutong tsa joala, lithuto tsa postmortem le lithuto tsa kelello tsa bongo li tlalehile ho fokotsa ho D2R ho striatum, ho kenyelletsa NAc (Freund le Ballinger, 1989). Liphuputso tsa fMRI mabapi le bokhoba ba joala li tlalehile likarabo tse sa tloaelehang mabapi le ho etsa bocha, ho hopola lintho, ho thibela maikutlo le ho ikamahanya le maikutlo likarolong tse ling tsa boko.Lethathamo 1). Nakong ea nchafatso ea kelello kapa ka ho pepesetsoa joala, ho feta 67% ea lihlopha tsa ts'ebetso tse khethollang lino tse tahang ho tsoa taolong li kenyellelitsoe marangrang a striatal (Setšoantšo sa 5). Mohlala, ethanolous ethanol e matlafalitse ts'ebetso ho li-ventral striatum le libakeng tse ling tse matla ho lino tse noang empa eseng ho batho ba noang haholo (Gilman et al., 2012) le litatso tsa tatso ea joala tse entsoeng ke PFCFilbey et al., 2008). Li-sips tsa joala li ile tsa eketsa ts'ebetso ea fMRI ho dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) le anterior thalamus ha lino tse tahang li pepesoa litloaelo tsa joala (George et al., 2001). Alcoholics e boetse e bontšitse ts'ebetso e phahameng ea fMRI ho feta taolo ho putamen, ACC le PFC ea mori mme e fokotseha ho li-ventral striatum le PFC ha u sheba mekhoa ea tahi / taolo (Grüsser et al., 2004;Vollstädt-Klein et al., 2010b). Lihlopha tse tlalehang litlolo tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea lino tse tahang ka nako ea mesebetsi ea cue-reacction li ne li lula li fumaneha marangrang a "fetang" a hlalositsoeng ke khokahano ea marang-rang a dorsal le ventral (Setšoantšo sa 3, magenta; 21% ea molumo oa taba e putsoa) ho feta libakeng tse neng li hokahane hantle le V1, ho sa tsotelehe hore na li koahetse (mosehla) kapa che (botala) ka marangrang a striatal. Lintlha tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho pepesehela lits'ebetso tse amanang le joala ho kenyelletsa karohano ea marangrang a marang-rang le a kenang dorsal tumellanong le liphetho tsa PET tse bonts'itseng liphokotso ho li-ventral le dorsal striatal D2R le ho saena le DA ho saena joala.Volkow et al., 2007).

 

Setšoantšo sa 5

Palo e lekanang ea lihlopha tse sa tloaelehang ka marang-rang: Ho lemalla lithethefatsi

Marang-rang a striatal a kenyelletsa karolo e kholo ea liphetho tse amanang le joala bakeng sa ho etsa mesebetsi ea memori le ho boloka lintlha. Ho lekola phello ea botahoa ba joala ho ts'ebetsong ea kelello, Gundersen et al. e ile ea hlahloba ts'ebetso ea fMRI nakong ea ho hopola ha e sa sebetse ha batho ba noang lino tse tahang ha ba e-noa lino tse tahang. Ba fumane hore ho nwa joala haholo ho fokotsehile ts'ebetso ho dorsal ACC le cerebellum, le hore li fokotseha ka ho fapana le mojaro oa kelello le ho tsepamisa joala ba mali (Gundersen et al., 2008). Litsebi tsa tahi tse hlahlojoang ka mosebetsi oa ho hopola tse sa sebetseng li bonts'itse ts'ebetso e fokolang ea ts'ebetso ea fMRI libakeng tsa parahippocampal, e ts'ehetsa maikutlo a hore hemisphere e nepahetseng e kotsing ea ts'enyo e amanang le joala ho feta e setseng (Yoon et al., 2009), le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea ACC ha e bapisoa le taolo (Vollstädt-Klein et al., 2010a). Ho feta 90% ea liphetho tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea joala e etsahetse marangrang a marang-rang. Liphumano tsena li ts'ehetsa ka matla kamano e lipakeng tsa tlhekefetso nakong ea ts'ebetso ea memori le ho se sebetse hantle bathong ba tahi.

Marang-rang a striatal a kenyelletsa karolo ea bohlokoa ea liphetho tse amanang le joala lithutong tse mabapi le taolo ea maikutlo le taolo. Nakong ea tebello ea chelete ea ho tlohela joala joala joala e bonts'itse ts'ebetso e tlase ts'ebetsong ea ventral ho feta taolo empa e bontšitse ts'ebetso e phahameng ea ts'ebetso nakong ea ho pepesetsoa joala-cue, e neng e amana le ho ts'oara joala litakatsong tsa joala empa eseng ho taolo (Hlakola et al., 2007). Phuputso e entsoeng ho bacha ba kotsing ea ho lemalla joala (bana ba batho ba lemaletseng tahi, kapa COA) e tlaleha ts'ebetso e phahameng ho PFC ea dorsomedial le ts'ebetso e nyane ho ts'ebetso ea ventral striatum le amygdala bakeng sa lithuto tse tlokotsing ea joala ho feta taolo e amanang le joala.Heitzeg et al., 2008). Boithuto mabapi le ho qobelloa ho tlaleha ts'ebetso e kholo ea fMRI ho DLPFC le ACC nakong ea tlhahlobo ea ho kenella ea Stroop (Silveri et al., 2011), le ho fokola tumellanong le boemo bo tlase maemong a poraefete, PFC ea ventral, le OFC nakong ea ts'ebetso ea ho thibela / ho se tsamaee (Heitzeg et al., 2010) bakeng sa COA ho fapana le taolo ea bacha. Ho ata ho hoholo ha liphuputso ka har'a marang-rang a striatal nakong ea lithuto tsena (> 83%) ho fana ka maikutlo a matla a hore ts'oaetso ea joala le mathata a amanang le ona mokhoeng oa thibelo le lits'ebetsong tsa taolo li amahanngoa le ho se sebetse hantle ha pelehi. Ho joalo, re tlalehile hore ho na le phumaneho e phahameng ho feta e tloaelehileng ea D2R ka mokokotlong le ventral striatum e amanang le ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng libakeng tsa pele tsa boko (OFC, ACC, DLPFC) le kantle ho naha ho COA bao e neng e se makhoba a tahi e le batho ba baholo (Setšoantšo sa 2) (Volkow et al., 2006). Re hatisitse hore ho eketseha ho matla ha D2R ho ba nolofalletse ho boloka ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng libakeng tsa kelello tsa pele, ho ba sireletsa khahlanong le joala.

Cocaine

Marang-rang a striatal a hapile 83% ea lihlopha tse sa tloaelehang tsa ts'ebetso ea lithuto tsa koae tse fanang ka maikutlo a ho hloka taolo ea cortico-striatal ho lemaletseng koae. Litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi (mantsoe) li bonts'itse ts'ebetso e tlase ea fMRI ho rostral ventral le caudal dorsal ACC ho feta mantsoe a sa jeleng paate litumelong tsa koae (Goldstein et al., 2007b) ea bonts'itseng ts'ebetso e tlase ho feta taolo libakeng tsena tsa ACC (Goldstein et al., 2009a) empa ts'ebetso e phahameng ho "midbrain"Goldstein et al., 2009b). Tsamaiso ea DA e ntlafatsang methylphenidate ea meriana (20 mg ka molomo) e nolofalitse ts'ebetso ea hypo ACC ho lithethefatsi tsa koae (Goldstein et al., 2010). Nakong ea video ea cocaine-cue, ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko ho DLPFC le "cortex" ea letsoho le le babeli e ne e le matla bakeng sa lithuto tsa koae ho feta ho laola ka mokhoa o phetseng hantle (Wilcox et al., 2011). Leha ho le joalo, metabolism ea "glucose metabolism" ho tloha insula ea letsoho le letšehali, OFC le NAc, le tokelo ea parahippocampus e ne e le tlase ha lithuto tsa koae li shebile video ea cocaine-cue ho feta ha ba ne ba shebelletse video e sa nke lehlakore ea cue le methylphenidate (20 mg, ka molomo) ba fokotsa karabelo e sa tloaelehang ea koae. -kaVolkow et al., 2010b). Ha ba laeloa ho thibela takatso ea bona ea pele ea ho ts'oara litheko tsa koae, ba hlekefetsang koae ba ile ba khona ho fokotsa metabolism ea OFC le NAc (bapisoa le boemo ha ba ne ba sa ikemisetsa ho laola litakatso tsa bona), e leng tšusumetso e neng e boletsoe esale pele ka metabolism ea motheo ka kotloloho e ka tlase e ka pele ea cortex (BA 44) (Volkow et al., 2010a). Ho basali ba lemaletseng koae, empa eseng ho banna, ho pepesetsoa li-cocaine-cues (video le ho lekantsoe le PET le FDG) ho ne ho amana le phokotso e kholo ea metabolism libakeng tsa boko ba cortical tse fumanehang ka har'a marang-rang a striatal mme hape e le karolo ea taolo. marang-rang (Volkow et al., 2011a). Ka ha DA e hlophisa marang-rang a taolo ka lits'ebetso tsa methapo ea kutlo e fumanoeng liphuputso tsena li ts'ehetsa ho kenya letsoho ha li-network tsa taolo ea ho lemalla. Ha a pepesetsoa sethethefatsi se khothalletsang ka boeona (intravenous methylphenidate, eo ba hlekefetsang cocaine ba tlalehileng ba nang le litlamorao tse ts'oanang le tsa intravenous cocaine) basebelisi ba koae ba cocaine ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e matla ea metabolic ho OFC le "cralate" ea craline eo lithuto tsa eona li fokotsitseng tšebetso ea metabolic libakeng tsena.Volkow et al., 1995).

Marangrang a striatal hape a hapile 71% ea li-activation tse amanang le koae ka nako ea ts'ebetso ea memori le mesebetsi ea ho shebella le libaka tse laoloang (tse amanang le V1) tse neng li feta marangrang a dorsal striatal network (Setšoantšo sa 3, mosehla) o ne a na le menyetla e mengata haholo ea tlhekefetso ho feta e sa feteleng marang-rang a leholimo (botala). Ka nako ea polelo ea morao-rao e sebetsang ka ho hopola litaba tsa koae e bontšitse ts'ebetso e tlase libakeng tsa thalamus le bohareng, dorsal striatum, ACC, le libaka tsa maoto (amygdala le parahippocampus) le ts'ebetso ea hyper ho PFC le portetal cortices (Tomasi et al., 2007a). Tse ling tsa litlolo tsena li ne li tumisitsoe ho ba hlekefetsang koae ka moriana o nepahetseng oa koae ka nako ea thuto ba fana ka maikutlo a hore mefokolo e ka bonts'a karolo ea pele ea ho khaotsa koae.Tomasi et al., 2007a). Ho joalo, nakong ea ts'ebeliso ea kalafo ea batho ba neng ba tšepile koae pele ho nako, ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso ea hypo ho striatum, ACC, PFC e tlaasana, precyral gyrus, le thalamus ha li bapisoa le taolo (Moeller et al., 2010). Boithuto bo bong bo mabapi le ho sebetsa boitsebisong bo bontšitse hore litekanyetso tsa koae li ka eketsa ts'ebetso ea boko ho occipital cortex (Hester le Garavan, 2009). Nakong ea mesebetsi ea ho shebella ka mahlo, batho ba hlekefetsang koae ba ne ba e-na le ts'ebetso e tlase ea thalamic le ts'ebetso e phahameng ea occipital cortex le ts'ebetso ea PFC ho feta taolo (Tomasi et al., 2007b). Kamano lipakeng tsa ho se sebetse hantle ha methapo ea methapo le tšebetso e sa tloaelehang ea fMRI nakong ea ho hopola lintho le ho ela hloko e etsahetse haholo kopanong ea methapo ea methapo le methapo, e neng e na le monyetla oa linako tse phahameng oa 3 (palo e lekanang ea sehlotšoana se tloaelehileng ka boholo ba marangrang) striatum (Setšoantšo sa 5).

Nakong ea ho nka liqeto le Iowa mosebetsi oa ho tsuba koae e bonts'a phallo ea mali e phahameng ea mokokotlo (rCBF; e lekantsoeng le ¹⁵O-PET ea metsi-ka letsohong le letona la CC le RCBF e tlase ho DLPFC le PFC ea medical bapisoa le li-control (Bolla et al., 2003). Nakong ea mosebetsi o qobelloang tlas'a maemo a mararo a boleng ba chelete ea cocaine e bontšitse likarabo tse tlase tsa FMRI ho moputso oa chelete ho OFC, PFC le occipital cortex, midbrain, thalamus, insula le cerebellum (Goldstein et al., 2007a). Phallo e tlase ho feta e tloaelehileng ea D2R ho dorsal striatum e ne e amahanngoa le likarabo tse fokotsang tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ha ka hare ho striatum ea ventral e ne e amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea activation ea PFC ho batho ba lemaletseng koae.Asensio et al., 2010). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le mesebetsi e hlokolosi, lintho tse fumanoeng mateanong a marangrang a dorsal le ventral li bontšitse monyetla o moholo ho feta oa libaka tse sa amaneng le striatum.

Linoko tse mashome a tšeletseng a metso e mene tsa lihlopha tsa boko tse tlalehiloeng ke lithuto tsa fMRI mabapi le mesebetsi ea inhibitory li kenyellelitsoe marangrang a striatal network. Ka nako ya ha ho se na lithibelo tsa ts'ebeliso ea koae kapa lithethefatsi tsa koae li bontšitse ts'ebetso e tlase ho feta taolo ho OFC, sebaka sa tlatsetso sa makoloi le ACC, libaka tse ka bang bohlokoa bakeng sa taolo ea kelello (Hester le Garavan, 2004). Basebelisi ba cocaine ba nakoana le ba nako e telele ba bontšitseng ts'ebetso e kholo ho PFC, cortex ea nakoana, cingulum, thalamus le cerebellum (Connolly et al., 2011). Nakong ea mesebetsi e fapaneng ea inhibitory (ho kenella ha Stroop) lithethefatsi tsa koae li bontšitse rCBF e tlase ho ACC le PFC e nepahetseng, le rCBF e phahameng ho ACC e nepahetseng ho feta taolo (Bolla et al., 2004). Khokahano e sebetsang ea Striatal e sitiloe ho hlalosa liphapang tsa ts'ebetso ea boko ho tsoa lithutong tse sebelisang mesebetsi ea ho emisa (Li et al., 2008). Lithuto tsena li bonts'itse ts'ebetso e tlase ho ACC, parietal le occipital cortices ho batho ba hlekefetsang koae. Lithuto tsa PET tse lekanyang li-receptor tsa mu opioid (e sebelisa [¹¹C] carfentanil) e bontsitse tlamo e phahameng e ikhethileng ka kotloloho ka pele le ka nakoana bakeng sa lithuto tse its'epileng tsa koae ho feta bakeng sa taolo, mme litlolo tsena li fokotsehile ka ho khaotsa le ho hokahana le tšebeliso ea koae (Gorelick et al., 2005;Ghitza et al., 2010).

Methamphetamine

Ha ho bapisoa le lithuto, metamphetamine bahlaseli ba metamphetamine ba ileng ba lekoa nakong ea detoxization ea pele ba bontšitse ho fokotseha ha metabolism ea "glu" ho striatum le thalamus athe ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ho parietal cortex (Volkow et al., 2001a). Sena se khothalelitse hore bobeli ba DA hammoho le libaka tse sa fetoleng litaba tsa DA li ameha ke tšebeliso ea metamphetamine e sa foleng.Volkow et al., 2001a). Ho feta moo tšebetso ea DA e fokotsehileng e ne e tsamaisana le monyetla o moholo oa ho oela hape nakong ea kalafo (Wang et al., 2011b), ho itšila nako e telele ho ne ho amahanngoa le ho khutlisetsoa ka mokhoa o itseng oa selemo sa bootsoa (Volkow et al., 2001b) le tsa metabolism ea boko ea tikolohoWang et al., 2004), le phokotso ho striatal D2R li ne li boetse li amana le phokotso ea metabolism ho OFC ho bompoli ba methamphetamine ba morao-rao ba morao-rao (Volkow et al., 2001a).

Karolo e kholo ea (70%) ea lipatlisiso tse amanang le fMRI tse amanang le methamphetamine e ne e kenyellelitsoe ke marang-rang a striatal network (Setšoantšo sa 5). Ha e bapisoa le lits'ebetso, batho ba itšetlehileng ka methamphetamine ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e phahameng ea ACC nakong ea karabo ea karabo /Leland et al., 2008), le ts'ebetso e tlase ea PFC ka tlase nakong ea ts'itiso ea Stroop (Salo et al., 2009). Boholo ba lihlopha tsena tse sa tloaelehang tsa ts'ebetso (88%) li etsahetse ka har'a marangrang a dorsal (ho kenyelletsa le khokahano ea eona ka marangrang a marangrang. Nakong ea liqeto, leha ho le joalo, karolo e tlase (64%) ea lihlopha e ne e akaretsoa ke marang-rang a striatal. A sebelisa mosebetsi oa boiketlo ba ho khetha ka makhetlo a mabeli, Paulus le basebetsi-'moho ba fumane hore ts'ebetso ea fMRI e ne e le tlase ho PFC (Paulus et al., 2002), OFC, ACC le parietal cortex ea lithuto tse itšetlehileng ka methamphetamine ho feta bakeng sa taolo (Paulus et al., 2003). Ho feta moo, motsoako oa likarabo tsa ts'ebetso libakeng tsena o boletse esale pele nako ea ho khutla hape mme o bonts'itse mekhoa e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso e le ts'ebetso ea sekhahla sa liphoso ho insula e tlohetsoeng le DLPFC (Paulus et al., 2005).

Masholu

Ho kenella ha ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea litheko tsa matekoane ha ho totobetse hobane litheko tsa mantlha tsa D2R kapa tokollo ea DA ea boiqapelo (kamora phephetso ea amphetamine) li ile tsa bonoa lithutong tsa morao-rao tsa PET le [¹¹C] moralo oa leqhubu (Urban et al., 2012;Stoke et al., 2012). Phuputso ea FDG e bonts'itse hore ha ba fuoa ba hlekefetsang matekoane ba mariha ba ts'ebeliso ea mariha ba ile ba bonts'a keketseho ea OFC le medic PFC le lithutong tsa molao empa taolo e ne e sa sebetse, empa e ile ea eketsa metabolism ea "cerebellar" ho ba hlekefetsang ka bobeli le taolo e fanang ka maikutlo a hore marang-rang a marang-rang a kenelletse ts'ebelisong ea matekoane ea matekoane.Volkow et al., 1996b). Litekanyetso tse amanang le matekoane a tactile a amanang le litloaelo tse sa jeleng paate li ile tsa bonts'oa ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea fMRI ho VTA, thalamus, ACC, insula, le amygdala, ho ts'ehetsa ho kenya letsoho ha marang-rang a batho ba amanang le litheko, hammoho le libakeng tse ling tsa pele, tsa parietal le occipital le cerebellum ho matekoane a sa tsoa emisoa. basebelisi (Filbey et al., 2009). Nakong ea mosebetsi oa ho shebella mahlo, batho ba hlekefetsang matekoane ba ile ba kenya ts'ebetso e tlase ea FMRI ho PFC e nepahetseng, portetal cortex le cerebellum (e tloaelehileng le nako ea ho ila) le ts'ebetso e phahameng ho li-cortices tsa pele, tsa parietal le occipital ho feta taolo (Chang le al., 2006). Nakong ea mohopolo oa ho sebetsa, leha ho le joalo, ba hlekefetsang matekoane ba ile ba bonts'a ho fokotseha hoa ts'ebetso ea nakoana ea lobes, ACC, parahippocampus le thalamus ka ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea ts'ebetso, ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea sehlopha = e neng e le kaholimo ho taolo (Padula et al., 2007). Nakong ea thibelo ea ts'ebetso ea mariha / ho se ee, bacha ba nang le nalane ea tšebeliso ea matekoane ba bontšitse ts'ebetso e phahameng ea fMRI ho DLPFC, parietal le occipital cortices, le ho kenella ho feta lilemong tsa bocha ntle le nalane ea tšebeliso ea matekoane.Tapert et al., 2007). Nakong ea ho hokahanngoa ka visuomotor le mosebetsi oa ho hlophisa menoana ka letsoho o bonts'itsoeng ke cheke e benyang e sebelisang motlakase, basebelisi ba matekoane ba ne ba le ts'ebetso e phahameng ea PFC le ts'ebetso e tlase ea cortex ho feta taolo.King et al., 2011). Linoko tse mashome a tšeletseng a metso e robong tsa lihlopha tsa ts'ebetso e sa tloaelehang lithutong ka litlamorao tsa matekoane ho ts'ebetso ea boko li ne li le libakeng tse amanang le striatum.

botenya

Boitšoaro bo qobelloang joalo ka ho fepa ka har'a likhoto tse tona bo hokahantsoe le ho theoha ha tlase ha DriNUMXR (Johnson le Kenny, 2010) le botenya bo hokahane le "striatal D2R" e tlase ho batho (Wang et al., 2001), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea neuroadaptations tseleng ea DA e tsamaisanang le mathata e ka baka botenya le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi. Liphuputso tsa mantlha tsa PET tsa metabolism ea "glucose metabolism" ho batho ba batenya haholo li tlaleha ho fokotseha hoa ts'ebetso ea metabolic ho OFC le ACC e amanang le phumaneho e tlase ea D2R e tloaelehileng.Volkow et al., 2008b).

Ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea litho tsa botšehali ka har'a dorsal le ventral striatum, insula, hippocampus, OFC, amygdala, medial PFC le ACC e khahliloe ke ho senoloa ha pono ea lijo tse phahameng tsa caloric e ne e phahame bakeng sa basali ba batenya ho feta basali ba laoloang (Rothemund et al., 2007;Stoeckel et al., 2008). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, litheko tsa lijo tse bonoang li ile tsa hlahisa likarabo tse matla tsa ts'ebetso ea fMRI libakeng tsa pele, tsa nakoana le tsa maoto bakeng sa batho ba baholo ba batenya ho feta taolo (Dimitropoulos et al., 2012), le ts'ebetso ea hippocampal e bontsitse khokahano le litekanyetso tsa plasma tse potlakileng tsa insulin le ho potoloha hoa letsoho ho batjha (Wallner-Liebmann et al., 2010). Ts'ebetso ea Striatal ha e arabela ts'ebetsong ea "chisi ea" chisi ea "chocolate" e ne e amana le ho nona ha boima ba 'mele le ho ba teng ha A1 allele of the TaqIA thibelo sekhechana bolelele polymorphism, e amanang le D2R gene e tlamang ka har'a striatum le ho sitisoa ha striatal DA signaling (Stice et al., 2008). Bacha ba nang le kotsi e kholo ea botenya bo bontšitse ts'ebetso e phahameng ho caudate le operculum ha ba arabela tšebeliso ea "chisi ea" chisi ea chokolete ho feta ba nang le kotsi e tlase ea botenya (Stice et al., 2011). Nakong ea tšubuhlellano ea ka mpeng, joalo ka ha ho kenoa ka nako ea lijo, lithuto tse batenya li ile tsa eketsa ts'ebetso ea fMRI ho feta lithuto tse tloaelehileng tsa boima ba "cerebellum" le "posterior" mme tsa fokotsa ts'ebetso ho amygdala, midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus, lipekere le tsela e kenang ea ka tlung (Tomasi et al., 2009b). Linoko tse mashome a robeli a metso e 'meli tsa lihlopha tsa ts'ebetso tse tsoang liphuputsong tsena mabapi le ntlafatso ea cue li etsahetse libakeng tse amanang le striatum (Setšoantšo sa 6). E lumellana le lipatlisiso tsena tsa PET tsa lithuto tse lekanyang D2R le [¹⁸F] fallypride litabeng tsa monokotsoai li bonts'itse kamano e fapaneng pakeng tsa ghrelin le D2R maemong a kenang kahare le a hare le maemong a tlaase a "cortex" a nakoana.Dunn et al., 2012).

 

Setšoantšo sa 6

Palo e lekanang ea lihlopha tse sa tloaelehang ka marang-rang: Botenya le mathata a ho ja

Tlhahlobo ea lijo le taolo ea lijo

Maemong a tloaelehileng tloaelo ea lijo e nahanoa hore e khethiloe ke homeostatic (ho leka-lekana ha matla le limatlafatsi 'meleng) le lintho tseo e seng tsa homeostatic (monate oa ho ja),' me boko ba DA bo amahantsoe le mekhoa ea ho ja (Volkow et al., 2003b). Boithuto ba fMRI ba pharmacological bo bonts'itse hore ts'ebetso ea hypothalamic activation e bolela esale pele lijo tse tla kenella ha mokokotlo oa plasma ea PYY, e leng peptide, e fanang ka letšoao la mmele la ts'ebetso le tsoang bokong, e le tlase le hore ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea OFC striatum, VTA, SN, cerebellum, PFC, insula le cingulum li ka bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba ho fepa ha PYY plasma ea maemong a phahameng e phahame (Batterham et al., 2007).

Boithuto bo amanang le ketsahalo bo bapisang karabelo ea boko le tatso ea sucrose le metsi a se nang tatso li bontšitse hore tlala e ne e amahanngoa le ts'ebetso ea fMRI ho insula, thalamus, cerebellum, cingulum, SN hammoho le libaka tsa boko ba cortical athe satiety e ne e amahanngoa le boiketso ho parahippocampus, hippocampus, amygdala le ACC (Haase et al., 2009). Thutong ena phello e ikhethang ea tlala e bapisoang le ho satiety ho ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea tatso ho latsoa takatso (e letsoai, e bolila, e babang, e monate) e ne e le matla ho banna ho feta basali, haholoholo dorsal striatum, amygdala, parahippocampus le posterior cingulum (Haase et al., 2011). Boithuto ba PET mabapi le taolo ea inhibitory maemong a tlala a neng a sebelisa ts'usumetso ea lijo tsa nnete bo bontšitse hore ts'oaetso e nang le morero ea takatso ea lijo e fokotsehile tsoekere ea glucose ho amygdala, hippocampus, insula, striatum le OFC ho banna empa eseng ho basali (Wang et al., 2009). Karolo e kholo (> 31%) ea lihlopha tsa ts'ebetso e etsahetse libakeng tse sebetsang hantle ho tloha ka morao le ho ventral striatum (Setšoantšo sa 6, magenta).

Mathata a ho ja

Boithuto ba meriana bo bonts'itse hore ho senyeha ha ho supa lipalo tsa DA maemong a marang-rang ho ka sitisa phepelo e tloaelehileng ka litoeba (Sotak et al., 2005;Cannon et al., 2004) le hore DA e bonts'a modula e boetse e sebetsa hape ho lithahasello tsa lijo ho batho (Volkow et al., 2002). Lithuto tsa PET tsa bakuli ba nang le bothata ba ho ipolaisa tlala (taolo e fetang ea mekhoa ea ho ja) li bontšitse ho phahama ho feta ho fumaneha ho tloaelehileng ha DriNUMXR (Frank le al., 2005). Ho fapana le hoo, phuputso ea morao-rao ho bakuli ba se nang botenya ba nang le bothata ba ho ja ka mokhoa o feteletseng e bontšitse hore ha ba fapana ka ho fumaneha ha D2R ho tsoa taolong ba bontšitse tokollo e ntlafalitsoeng ea DA nakong ea ho hlohlelletsa lijo (Wang et al., 2011a). Liphuputso tsa fMRI li bonts'itse hore ha ho tluoa litšoantšong tse monate tsa lijo bakuli ba nang le bothata ba ho ja ba na le likarabo tse matla tsa EMC tse laolang bakuli ba nang le bulimia mothosa ba ne ba na le ACC le likarabo tse matla ho feta taolo (Schienle et al., 2009). Nakong ea ts'ebetso ea ho thibela / ho se ee, ho itima lijo ho itlhatsoa / ho hloekisa bacha ba basali ho bontšitse ts'ebetso e phahameng ho "cortex" ea nakoana, PFC le ACC ho feta taolo, le bakuli ba anorexia manthaosa ba bontšitse ts'ebetso e phahameng ho hypothalamus le AFC ea morao-rao (Lock et al., 2011). Kaha ke karolo e le 'ngoe feela ea lihlopha tsena e neng e le kantle ho marang-rang a marang-rang, lintlha tsena li boetse li fana ka karolo ea li-network tsa cortico-striatal mathateng a ho ja.

Libaka tsa pele

Cortex ea pele le striatum li kenelloa ka li-network tsa cortico-striatal tse hlophisitsoeng ke DA (Haber, 2003). Bokapele bo ka pele bo bapala karolo e thata boikhethollong, ho kenyelletsa taolo ea thibelo, ho nka liqeto, melaoana ea maikutlo, sepheo, tšusumetso le tšebeliso ea bohlasoa har'a ba bang. Ho netefalitsoe hore ho se sebetse hantle libakeng tse ka pele ho ka sitisa taolo ea ts'ebeliso e matla ea lithethefatsi (Kalivas, 2004;Volkow le Fowler, 2000), le hore litšitiso tsa pele tsa cortex li ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe ho lematseng lithethefatsi (Volkow et al., 2006).

Litla-morao tse ka pele tse senotsoeng ke tlhahlobo ea rona ea meta li tsamaellana le liphihlelo pakeng tsa ho fokotsoa ha methapo ea D2R le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea metabolic ho ACC, OFC le DLPFC pejana e tlalehiloeng bakeng sa tlhekefetso ea koae le methamphetamine le lino tse tahang (Volkow et al., 1993;Volkow et al., 2001a;Volkow et al., 2007). Ho tloha ACC, laterC OFC le DLPFC li kentse letsoho taolong ea thibelo le ho etsa liqeto (Goldstein le Volkow, 2002;Phan et al., 2002), mokhatlo ona o fana ka maikutlo a hore tahlehelo ea taolo holim'a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Volkow et al., 1996a) e ka bonts'a taolo e sa nepahalang ea DA libakeng tsena tse ka pele. Hypothesis ena e tšehetsoa ke lithuto tse amanang le phokotso ea li-striatal D2R le lintlha tse potlakisang ho ba hlekefetsang ba methamphetamine (Lee le al., 2009) le litoeba (Everitt et al., 2008) le ke tse amanang le ho senyeha ha ACC le boits'oaro bo hlokolosi le boitshunyako (Rolls, 2000). Leha ho le joalo, Monyetla o mong ke hore tlhekefetso ea pele libakeng tse ka pele e baka tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le li-neuroadaptations tse fokotsang striatal D2R. Mohlala, batho ba sa noeng joala ba nang le nalane ea malapa ea joala bo ne bo le phahameng ho feta DriNUMXR e tloaelehileng e amanang le metabolism e tloaelehileng ho ACC, OFC le DLPFC, ba fana ka maikutlo a hore ketsahalo e tloaelehileng libakeng tse ka pele tse khothaletsang taolo ea thibelo le taolo ea maikutlo. e sirelelitseng lihlooho tsena khaellong ea joala (Volkow et al., 2006). Ho khahlisang, phuputso ea morao-rao e neng e bapisa ho se utloane ha ngoan'abo motho ea lemaletseng joala bo matla e bontšitse phapang e kholo ea bophahamo ba mediti OFC (Ersche et al., 2012), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore liphapang tsena li bonts'a tlhahiso ea moriana ho e-na le ts'oaetso ea lefutso (Volkow le Baler, 2012).

Libaka tsa nakoana

Striatum e boetse e hokahane le meaho ea medial temporal lobe (hippocampus parahippocampal gyrus) tse bohlokoa bakeng sa mohopolo o hlakileng empa hape le maemong (Haber et al., 2006). Lithuto tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso mabapi le ho ithuta tse susumetsoang ke moputso li tlaleha ho kenya letsoho ha meaho ea mori oa nakoana ea moriana ho ntlafatso ea memori e latelang (Adcock et al., 2006;Wittmann et al., 2005). Ka hona litheko tsa lithethefatsi li ka tsosa takatso ea memori ea ts'ebetso ea ho ithuta ho li-cortex tsa medial temporal, mme ts'ebetso ena e ntlafalitsoeng ea li-circuits tsa memori e ka kenya letsoho ho hlola taolo ea inhibitory e hlahisitsoeng ke cortex ea pele ho lijo le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Volkow et al., 2003a). Tlhahlobo ea rona ea meta e senotse hore ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, botenya le mathata a ho ja li tšoauoa ka ts'oaetso e tloaelehileng ea ts'ebetso ho medial temporal cortex (hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus le amygdala), cortices tse phahameng tsa maemo a tlase le tse fokolang tsa maemo a bophelo le posterior insula (P_FWE<0.05). Mokhoa oa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea bokooa ka mokhoa o sa lekanang o koahetse mokokotlo (40%), ventral (10%) le marang-rang a fetang (48%); ke 2% feela ea lintho tse sa tloaelehang tse sa bonts'eng ho kopana le marang-rang a striatal. Tlhatlhobo ea rona ea meta e boetse e senotse ho se ts'oane ho matla maemong a nakoana a lobe ka botenya le mathata a ho ja ha a bapisoa le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi (Setšoantšo sa 4). Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore libaka tsena tsa nakoana li kentse letsoho taolong ea boits'oaro ba ho ja ho isa boholeng bo fetang taolong ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Haholo-holo karolelano ea lijo e laoloa ka mekhoa ea homeostatic le moputso mme le ha mokhoa oa homeostatic o fetola tsela ea moputso, o boetse o hlophisa libaka tse ling tsa boko ka lihormone tse fapaneng tsa peripheral le li-neuropeptides tse laolang tlala le ho ts'oenyeha. Kannete libaka tsa medial temporal (hippocampus, parahippocampus) li hlahisa li-leptin receptors (Williams et al., 1999) le li "insulin" -Wilczak et al., 2000) hammoho le mRNA bakeng sa genrelin receptor gene (Guan et al., 1997). Kahoo ho kenya letsoho ho hoholo hoa li-cortices tsa nakoana tsa mori ho botenya ho fapana le ho lemalla ho tsamaisana le ho kenella ha li-hormone le li-neuropeptides tse laolang ho ja lijo ka tsela ea homeostatic.

Moputso le litloaelo

Bakeng sa meputso ea litheko le litheko tsa ho ja lithethefatsi maemong a mantlha ho tsamaisa tšusumetso ea ho pheta boitšoaro. Leha ho le joalo ka likarabo tse hlahang khafetsa tsa maemo le litloaelano tse ithutoang li fetisetsa moelelo ho khothaletso e nang le boemo e bolelang esale pele moputso. Phetoho ena, hammoho le tšusumetso e kopantsoeng ea ho etsa boits'oaro bo hlokahalang ho sebelisa moputso (lithethefatsi kapa lijo), e hloka ho kenella ha dorsal striatum (Belin le Everitt, 2008). Ntle le moo, ho pepesehela khafetsa ho hokahaneng ho amanang le ho fella ka litloaelo tse ka ntlafatsang boitšoaro (ho kenyelletsa ho ja kapa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi kapa joala) ho kenyelletsa le libaka tse khutsitseng tsa dorsal. Leha ho le joalo ka ho hlahloba phallano e kholo lipakeng tsa khokahano ea moea le dorsal striatal, ka hona ha ho makatse hore lithuto li bonts'a ts'ebetso ea li-ventral le dorsal striatum ka bobeli ka moputso le maemo. Ka mokhoa o tšoanang le ha dorsal striatum e amana haholo le mekhoa eo ba e etselitsoeng e kanna ea hloka tsoelo-pele ho tloha libakeng tse kenang libakeng tse lipakeng tsa dorsal striatal (Everitt et al., 2008).

Marang-rang a kotsing ea ho lemalla le botenya

Phello ea bohlokoa ho tsoa thutong ena ke hore litlolo tse sebetsang tsa ts'ebeliso ea lijo kapa lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi li atisa ho hlaha libakeng tsa boko tse sebetsang kahare ho li-dorsal le ventral striatum. Libaka tsena tse tlokotsing li bohlokoa bakeng sa taolo ea kelello (sebaka sa anterior cingulum le sebaka se kenyang motlakase), moputso le khothatso (striatum le medial OFC) le thuto e susumetsoang ke moputso (hippocampus le parahippocampal gyrus). Phallo e ngata ea methapo ea khokahano ea driache e bonts'a hore ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo a dopaminergic ho tsoa libakeng tse kenang kahare le kahare ho bohlokoa libakeng tsena, 'me ho ba kotsing ea tsona ka mokhoa o phahameng ho fana ka maikutlo a hore tšibollo ea lijo le lithethefatsi e ka fetola botsitso le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea methapo libakeng tsena.

sheba mefokolo ea

Tlhatlhobo ea rona ea meta e kenyelletsa lithuto mabapi le litlamorao tse matla tsa lithethefatsi le lijo (mekhoa ea lijo), hammoho le lithuto tsa kelello (tlhokomelo, tlhokomelo, thibelo, ho etsa liqeto) le maikutlo ha lithethefatsi kapa lijo li le sieo. Kaha litlamorao tse tobileng le tsa nako e telele tsa bokhoba ba ho ja kapa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi li fapane, barupeluoa lithutong tsa pele ba kanna ba se tlhole ba hlaseleha habonolo ke liphetoho tsa boko. Tsena li ka be li eketsa phapang, li sitisa ho fetoleloa ha liphetho. Polelo e fetelletseng ea litlolo tsa nakoana tsa moruo ka tlung ea botena le mathata a ho ja ha e bapisoa le tse lithethefatsing tsa lithethefatsi e ka bonts'a ho teba ha mafu a joalo kaha ho se bonolo ho lekanya botebo, bolelele kapa lilemo tsa ho qala ha lefu lena.

Ka kakaretso ena tlhahlobo ea lithuto tsa bongoana tsa bonohe ka mefuta e fapaneng ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le mathata a khetholloang ke dyscontrol ea boitšoaro bo fetang boits'oarong bo nang le moputso (ho ja) bo bonts'a hore ho na le pontšo e fetang ea ts'ebetso e sa tloaelehang (ka bobeli ho lihloba le nakong ea mesebetsi ea kelello) e etsahalang khafetsa libakeng tseo ho nang le pharalletseng lipakeng tsa litsela tse kenellang hare le tse kenang ka har'a dorsal. Sena se tiisa bathong hore li-ventral striatum (tse amanang haholo le ts'ebetso ea meputso) le dorsal striatum (hangata e amanang le tloaelo le litloaelo tsa ho lemalla) li ferekantsoe ke mathata a ho lemalla (Bohlale, 2009) le hore tlhekefetso ena e susumetsa ts'ebetso ea meputso (lithethefatsi le lijo) tshusumetso e amanang le meputso (lits'ebetso) le lits'ebetso tsa kelello tse hlokahalang bakeng sa boitaolo (tšebetso e phahameng). Le ha ho le joalo libaka tsa medical temporical cortical tseo e leng karolo ea tsela ea methapo ea methapo e bonts'itse ts'oaetso ea botena le mathata a ho ja ho fapana le ho lemalla lithethefatsi.Setšoantšo sa 4), ho supa hore ho boetse ho na le mokhoa o fapaneng oa tlhekefetso lipakeng tsa setera sena.

Mosebetsi ona o ile oa finyelloa ka tšehetso ea Mekhatlo ea Sechaba ea Tlhekefetso ea Joala le Tlhekefetso ea Lithethefatsi (2RO1AA09481).

Phatlalatso ea phaello

Bangoli ha ba tlalehe taba ea phaello.

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