Tšusumetso ea Lijo tse Tšoanelang ho Ts'ebetsong ea Ts'ebetso ea Moputso: Tlhahlobo ea Bocha (2016)

Liphetoho mekhoeng ea ho ja tse etsahetseng lilemong tse mashome tsa morao tjena ke sesosa sa bohlokoa sa botenya. Ts'ebeliso ea lijo le ts'ebeliso ea matla li laoloa ke sistimi e rarahaneng e amanang le litsi tsa hypothalamic le satiety system (li-hormone tsa gastrointestinal le pancreatic). Lijo tse fumanehang habonolo le tse nang le caloric li sitisa molao oa ho ja; leha ho le joalo, lijo tse fumanehang habonolo li etsa hore motho a natefeloe a be a putsa. Lijo tsa k'habeche ke sejo se monate haholo 'me se bontšitsoe khafetsa ho eketsa boima ba' mele le ho susumetsa hyperplasia mefuteng ea botona ba liphoofolo. Ntle le moo, lijo tse matlafatsang tse nang le mafura a mangata (joalo ka lijo tsa k'hapete) li ka baka bofokoli bo joalo ba ts'ebeliso ea moputso oa boko mme li nkuoa e le mohloli oa bohlokoa oa khothatso o ka bakang ho nona haholo le ho kenya letsoho kholisong ea botena. Mokhoa oa ho feto-fetoha ha mekhoa ea neural e susumetsoang ke lijo tse matlafatsoang o ts'oana le tse tlalehiloeng litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi le lithethefatsi tsa nako e telele. Kahoo, tlhahlobo ena e leka ho hlalosa mekhoa e ka lebisang ho lijo tse matlafatsang haholo, joalo ka lijo tsa kapejana, ho lemalla kapa ho qobella ka mokhoa oa moputso.

 

Hajoale, sesosa sa bohlokoa sa botenya se bontšitsoe hore se amana le liphetoho mokhoeng oa ho ja tse etsahetseng lilemong tse mashome tsa morao tjena [1]. Ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi e amanang le lijo tse bitsoang Western lijo tsa hoseng e na le lijo tse fumanehang habonolo le tse nang le caloric [2], mme lijo tse joalo e se e le tloaelo e lebisitseng batho ba bangata ho ba le botenya [3]. Boithuto ba morao-rao bo sebelisang lijo tsa jarete e le mokhoa oa teko oa botena le kapa ntle le ho ameha khatello ea maikutlo bo sa foleng bo bonts'itse hore liphoofolo tse senotsoeng ke phepo ena li ile tsa nona haholo 'me tsa bonts'a liphetoho tsa bohlokoa liprofiliging, lipalo tsa takatso ea takatso ea lijo, le nts'etsopele ea hyperphagia [4, 5] .

 

Ts'ebeliso ea lijo le ts'ebeliso ea matla li nahanoa hore li laoloa ke lits'ebetso tse rarahaneng tsa neural, mme hypothalamus e amohetse e le setsi sa taolo ea homeostatic (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bona [6]); leha ho le joalo, lijo tse matlafatsoang, joalo ka lijo tsa cafeteria, li ka lebisa ho senyeha hoa tloaelo e tloaelehileng ea takatso ea lijo [7]. Ntle le moo, lijo tse fumanehang habonolo li senya taolo ea takatso mme li thabisa thabo le moputso. Ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea lijo tse matlafatsang tse nang le mafura a mangata li ka lebisa ho boemo bo matla ba meputso ea hyposensitivity e ts'oanang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi e ka lebisang nts'etsong ea lijo tse qobelloang tse kang [8].

 

Ho ipapisitsoe le bopaki ba morao-rao bo bonts'ang hore bokhoba ba lithethefatsi bo sa lebelloang bo ka lebisa ho liphetoho tsa tlhaho tse ts'oanang le tse tlalehiloeng ka tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ea nako e telele, tlhahlobo ena ea liteko e leka ho hlalosa mekhoa e ka lebisang ho kenngeng ha bokhoba kapa ho qobelloa ka lijo tse matlafatsang haholo. , joalo ka ja lijo tsa kofi, ka sistimi ea moputso.

 

Taolo ea lijo ke mokhoa o rarahaneng o kenyelletsang takatso ea lijo, tšusumetso le matla a setho mme likarolo tsena li ka fetoloa ka ho fumaneha ha lijo le ho pepesetsoa. Ts'ebetso ea methapo e bohareng e bonts'a matšoao a fapaneng a fapaneng a tlhaho le a mongobo, 'me marang-rang ana a rarahaneng a neural a amohela likenyelletso tsa endocrine le lihormone. Lihormone, joalo ka leptin, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), amylin, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-peptide (GLP-1), le oxyntomodulin, li hokahanya tšebeliso ea lijo ka ho saena le ho feto-fetoha ha methapo ea kutlo ea orexigenic le anorexigenic [bakeng sa tlhahlobo. 9]). Matšoao ana a bonts'a mesebetsi ea gastrointestinal le litlhoko tsa matla, ho kenyelletsa tatso, e leng eona ntho ea mantlha ea ho etsa liqeto e amanang le boitšoaro ba ho fepa, le ho etsa lintho ka mokhoa o phollatsi. Ts'ebetso tsena ka bobeli li khona ho khetholla likarolo tse kang monko, sebopeho le mocheso mme li nka karolo molemong oa lijo tse tla kenngoa [10]. Taolo ea homeostasis le ho boloka boima ba 'mele bo tsitsitseng ho latela ho kopanngoa ha lipontšo tsena le ho bokhoni ba ho arabela ka mokhoa o nepahetseng ka tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea matla le tšebeliso ea lijo [11]. Litsi tsa Hypothalamic li laola tšebeliso ea lijo le phaello ea boima ba 'mele ebile li karolo ea ts'ebetso e rarahaneng ea ts'ebelisano ea neuroregulatory e kenyelletsang tsamaiso ea methapo ea satiety (li-hormone tsa gastrointestinal le pancreatic) le setsi se seholo sa neural network [12] e kholo. Bohlokoa ba hypothalamus ho matla homeostasis bo ile ba khothalletsoa pele ke liteko tsa khale tsa lesioning tse entsoeng ka litoeba, 'me lithuto tse ileng tsa latela tsa fana ka maikutlo a karolo ea hypothalamic nuclei, e kang arcuate nucleus (ARC), nucleventricular nucleus (PVN), ventromedial nucleus (VMN), dorsomedial sebakeng (DMV), le sebaka sa morao sa hypothalamic (LHA), ho matla homeostasis [13]. Sebaka se thibelang kelello-mali (BBB) ​​haufi le sebaka sa ARC se sebetsa e le sebopeho sa matšoao a potoloho ea metabolic le bokong. Ha sebaka sa DMV e le sebaka sa ho satiety, li-LH li-ndio tse ka sehloohong tse laolang likarabo tsa ho fepa [14].

Tšenyo ea hypothalamus, haholo-holo ea morao le dorsomedial hypothalamus, e senya boitšoaro ba ho fepa [15]. Ts'ebetso ea lijo le metabolism ea matla li laoloa ke tšebelisano e rarahaneng pakeng tsa orexigenic le anorexigenic neuropeptides ho ARC ea hypothalamus le tishu ea pherekano. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) le protheine e amanang le agouti (AgRP) e hokahane ka li-neuron tsa ARC mme ke li-peptide tse matla tsa orexigenic. Ho kenyelletsa moo, cul-melanocyte-activating hormone (α-MSH) le cocaine- le amphetamine-regged transcript (CART) peptide ke li-anorexigener tse matla [16]. Leqhubu la hypothalamic le fumana likhahla tsa li-hormone tse 'maloa tsa pherekano ho kenyelletsa leptin; Ka mohlala, arcuate motheo oa hypothalamus le sebaka postrema tsa khubu tractus solitarius hlahisa receptors leptin le ke libaka tsa bohlokoa tsa taolo takatso ea lijo le lijo-ja. Leptin ke hormone e hlophisitsoeng mme e lokolloe ke tishu ea adipose mme e sebetsa e le taolo ea lijo ho ARC ea hypothalamus. Hormone ena e hlohlelletsa li-neuron ho secrete proopiomelanocortin (POMC), e leng protheine ea pele ea α-MSH le eona e tsosang li-neuron tsa POMC ho secrete CART. Leptin e boetse e thibela li-neurons tsa AgRP / NPY, tse kopanyang li-neuropeptides tsa AgreP le NPY, 'me li hanyetsa α-MSH. Matla a kopaneng a liketso tsa leptin e hatella takatso ea lijo mme e thusa ho boloka matla homeostasis (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bona [17]). Hormone e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa e amanang le taolo ea lijo ke ghrelin. Hormone ena e hlahisoa ke mokokotlo, hypothalamus (ARC le infundibular nucleus) le gland ea pituitary. Kamora hore e lokolloe ka har'a phallo ea mali, ghrelin e fihla ho ARC mme e sebetse li-neuron tsa NPY le AgRP, tse lebisang ho keneleng lijo ka bongata [18]. Ntle le ts'ebetso ea taolo ea lijo, leptin le ghrelin li kenelletse tsamaisong ea moputso [17, 18]. Li-receptor tsa Leptin li boetse li fumaneha tseleng ea mesolimbic sebakeng se amanang le moputso-e amanang le sebaka sa phallo (VTA) le substantia nigra [19]. Ka hona, leptin e susumetsa likarolo tsa hedonic tsa ho fepa le ho sebelisana le mesolimbic-dopaminergic system, e tsejoang ho laola tsoekere, maikutlo le moputso (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bona [17]), athe ghrelin e phahamisa li-neuroplop tsa dopamine sebakeng sa ventral tegmental (VTA ) hape e khothaletsa phetoho ea dopamine ka har'a li-nucleus tse bokellaneng tsa ventral striatum, e leng karolo ea tsela e kholo ea moputso (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bona [18]). Ka hona, ho leka-lekana lipakeng tsa litsi tsa taolo ea lijo le matšoao a potoloha ho bonts'a takatso ea lijo le tšebeliso ea matla le ho susumetsa mokhoa oa moputso.

 

Lijo tse nang le phepo e ntle tse nang le mafura a mangata le tsoekere li na le phepo e ngata ea lijo [7, 20]. Lijo tse fumanehang habonolo li fetola boitšoaro ba liphoofolo tse lekang. Phuputsong ea likhoto tse tala tse nang le lipale tsa phihlello ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo, likhoto li fumanoe li ntse li tsoela pele ho ja lijo tse natefeloang ke leha ho e-na le khoele e bobebe e neng e boletse esale pele hore e tla ts'oaroa ka leqhubu le tšosang la maoto [7]. Ho feta moo, litoeba tse neng li kile tsa khona ho ja lijo tse matlafatsang tse nang le mafura a mangata, li qeta nako li le sebakeng se hohelang hore li fumane lijo tse monate ho feta litoeba tse se nang boiphihlelo ba lijo tsa [21].

 

Lijo tse fumanehang habonolo li kenya tšebetsong tsamaiso ea moputso ho ama boitšoaro ba ho fepa [22]. Ho tloha ka pono ea ho iphetola ha lintho, lijo tsena tse nang le mafura a mangata le tsoekere li ntle haholo hobane li ka fetoloa kapele hore e be matla [23]. Tšebeliso ea lijo tsena ka nako e telele e ka bapisoa le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi [24] haholo hobane lijo tsena li hlahisa keketseho e tsoelang pele ea lijo [25] e lebisang mohlaleng o ka bapisoang le tloaelo e bakiloeng ke lithethefatsi [26] . Ntle le moo, macronutrients a lijo tse fumanehang habonolo a ka susumetsa lits'ebetso tsa moputso oa boko ntle le boleng ba caloric [27] ea bona. Maemo a phahameng a boitšoaro a khothalletsoang a susumetsoa ke tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi tse kang cocaine kapa nikotine ho sa tsotelehe hore lithethefatsi tsena ha li na boleng ba caloric kapa limatlafatsi [28]. Keketseho e atolositsoeng ea lijo tse matlafatsang tse nang le mafura a mangata, joalo ka lijo tsa k'hapete, e ka baka bofokoli bo kang ba ts'ebeliso ea meputso ea kelello eo ho nahanoang hore ke mehloli ea bohlokoa ea ts'usumetso e ka bakang ho nona ho feta tekano le ho kenya letsoho kholisong ea botenya [8].

 

Lijoa tsa ka jareteng ke e 'ngoe ea mefuta e mengata ea botona ba liphoofolo mme li kenyelletsa lijo tse matlafatsang tse sebelisang lijo tsa motho tse kang li-biscuits, li-wafter, lebese le tlotsitsoeng, lisoseji le lino tse bobebe. Lijo tsena li na le tsoekere e ngata, letsoai le linoko, li etsa hore li natefeloe haholo, 'me ho fumaneha habonolo ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho khetholla khetho ea lijo [29]. Ho feta moo, mokhoa ona oa lijo o bontšitsoe ho eketsa boima ba 'mele kamehla, ho tsitsisa hyperphagia, le ho fetola lintlha tsa metabolic tse amanang le sehlopha sa metabolic syndrome [2, 4-6, 20, 30, 31]. Ka sebele, phepo ena ke e 'ngoe ea lisosa tse bakileng keketseho e potlakileng ea botenya lilemong tse mashome a mararo tse fetileng [32]. Lijo tsa k’hafeine li etsisa mekhoa ea sejo ea kajeno ea ho ja lijo tsa batho mme e ile ea fetoloa ho tsoa ho sejo se tsejoang hape e le sejo sa Bophirimela mme se neng se kile sa hlalosoa ke Estadella et al. (2004) [20]. Khetho ea lijo tsa jarete ka holim'a chow e tloaelehileng e bontšitsoe lithutong tse nang le mefuta ea botenya [2, 32, 33]. Ntle le moo, lijo tsa cafeteria, hammoho le lijo tse ling tse monate, li sebetsa lits'ebetsong tse ngata tsa methapo 'me li ka lebisa ho liphetoho tsamaisong ea moputso [2].

 

Libaka tsa boko, tse kang lateral hypothalamus (LH), li-nucleus accumbens (NAc), sebaka sa ventral tegmental (VTA), preortal cortex (PFC), le amygdala, li kenelletsoa ka lebaka la lijo tse fumanehang habonolo. Ho boetse ho na le khokahano lipakeng tsa li-nucleus accumbens (NAc) le lateral hypothalamus (LH) tseo e leng tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa homeostasis ea matla (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bona [7]). LH e boetse e hokahane le likarolo tse ling tsa boko le methapo tse 'nileng tsa sebelisoa ho hlophisa le ho tsamaisa boitšoaro ho fumana lijo tse fumanehang habonolo. Tšenyo ea LH e felisa litlatsetso tse susumetsang tsa tšebeliso ea lijo ea NAc ho ja lijo, ha inactivation ea NAc e ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea LH, haholo-holo LH neurons [34]. NAc ke sebaka sa boko se shebahalang se bapala karolo ea bohlokoa boits'oaro bo amanang le moputso oa ho fepa le lithethefatsi [35]. Sebopeho sena se nkuoa e le sebopeho sa maikutlo, tšusumetso le ts'ebetso ho ipapisitse le litlatsetso tse ngata tse tsoang ho amygdala, prefrontal cortex (PFC), le hippocampus (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea [36]). NAc e fumana leseli ho tsoa lesikeng la boko ha e arabela lijo tse kentsoeng ka ho hokahana le mookotaba oa pampitšana e le 'ngoe (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bona [36]). NAc e fumana leseli ho tsoa lesikeng la boko ha e arabela lijo tse kentsoeng ka ho hokahana le mookotaba oa pampitšana e le 'ngoe (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bona [37]). Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore li-nucleus accumbens li arotsoe ka har'a polokelo ea li -ovesentral (NAcs) le mokokotlo oa hamorao oa morao (NAcc) ho latela likarolo tsa morphological, 'me merero ea eona e fapaneng e ile ea ithutoa ka mekhoa ea ho ts'oara litselana. Ka hona ho latela libaka tse ikhethang tsa li-bokellase tsa nucleus moo phetisetso ea dopamine e lokolloang, likarabo tse fapaneng tsa boits'oaro li ka ts'oaroa [38, 39]. Ntle le moo, amygdala ke sebopeho sa bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea maikutlo mme e kopanya matšoao a amanang le lijo le 'mele tse amanang le lijo ho tsoa hindbrain le cortex (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bona [36]). Amygdala e hokahanya tlhahisoleseling ea kantle le e kahare ea maikutlo le lits'ebetso tsa ts'ebetso ea boko mme e romelle ho kenya ts'ebetsong ho NAc. Hippocampus e na le karolo ea bohlokoa tlhahisong ea memori le taolong ea takatso ea lijo, athe preortal cortex (PFC) e ikarabella bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea taolo e tebileng ea taolo, ho rera le ho etsa liqeto. PFC e amohela phetoho ho tsoa libakeng tse sa tsebeng letho tse fanang ka tlhahisoleseling hape e nang le tšusumetso ea bohlokoa ho NAc ho saena. Li-neurons tse hokahanyang likarolo tsa boko tse kenyellelitsoeng mokhoeng oa moputso li amana le litsamaiso tse ngata tsa methapo. Ho feta moo, lithuto li bontšitse hore dopamine, endo native opioids, le serotonin li amana haholo le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le lithethefatsi (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bona [7]).

 

Dopamine (DA) ke neurotransmitter e atlehileng haholo ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea eona ea neuroadaptation le psychostimulant process process [40]. Boithuto bo sebelisang mokhoa oa Microdialysis bo bonts'itse hore lintho tse lemalloang li eketsa extracellular dopamine (DA) ho lokolloa ho NAcc [37] le liphetoho phetisong ea dopamine ho li-NAcs le NAcc mabapi le takatso ea lijo le boits'oaro bo khothalletsoang ke lijo [38]. Li-neuron tsa Dopaminergic li fumaneha ka har'a mpa ea bohareng; li romela li-axon tsa tsona ka bongata ba methapo ea methapo ea kutlo le libakeng tse pharalletseng ka har'a lisistimi ha li amoheloa ka dopaminergic le li-intracellular signaling ka li-subtypes tse kholo tsa G protein-coupled DA receptors [41]. Ho bohlokoa ho ela hloko hore li-dopamine receptors li laola li-cascade tse bonts'ang liseleng tse ka fetolang phetisetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso mme li ka baka liphetoho tsa neuroadaptative le boits'oaro ho likarolo tsa boko ka liphetoho liprotheine. Ka tsela ena, mehopolo ea ho ithuta ea bokhoba ba litlatsetso e tiisa hore lintho tse ling tsa psychostimulant li kenelletse mochineng oa limolek'hule tse amehang ho ithuteng le mohopolong joalo ka li-receptor tsa D1 le li-cascades tsa messenger tse ka hare tse ka 'nang tsa baka liphetoho tsa morao-rao. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lintho tsena li kentse tlhahiso ea dopamine mme li ka fetola liphetoho tse amanang le limolek'hule ka ho kenya ts'ebetsong mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea phetiso ea maqhubu. Boithuto bo 'maloa bo bontšitse hore lintho tsa psychostimulant li amana le ho kopanngoa ha memori,' me li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho lemalla ho bakoa ke keuroadaptations e hlahisitsoeng ke lithethefatsi lithutong tse amanang le moputso le mekhoa ea memori ho NAcc [42].

 

Litsela tsa corticolimbic tse ikarabellang bakeng sa boitšoaro bo amanang le moputso li kenyelletsa sebaka sa ho kenella ka mokokotlo, sebaka sa "cortex", "anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex [13], substantia nigra, amygdala, preortalal cortex, posterolateral ventral striatum (globus pallidus le). anteromedial ventral striatum (nyutleli e bokellanang le nucleus ea caudate) [17]. Ka hare ho NAc, GABAergic medium spiny projekti neurons (MSNs) e arotsoe ka tse hlalosang dopamine 1 receptor (D1R) le projeke ka kotloloho ho VTA (tsela e otlolohileng) le tse hlahisang dopamine 2 receptor (D2R) le projeke ea morao-rao. ka mokhoa o makatsang kamora ho kenella ka lekhetlo la pele ho ventral pallidum (VP). The excavation of striatal D1R-MSNs is amanang le boitšoaro bo matlafatsang, athe ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea li-D2R-MSNs e hlahisa sephetho se fapaneng [43, 44]. Mesolimbic le mesocortical pathways e laola dopamine (DA) lits'ebetso mabapi le boitšoaro bo amanang le moputso, le liphetoho tsa lits'ebetso tsena li amana le litlamorao tse tlisoang ke lithethefatsi le lijo [45].

 

Ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le lijo tse fumanehang habonolo tse nang le mafura a mangata le tsoekere e ka kenya tšebetsong karolo ea moputso oa DA, 'me ka bobeli li eketsa maemo a dopamine tsamaisong ea mesolimbic le phetisetso ea dopaminergic ho NAc [45]. Mohlala, lithuto tsa mahlale ka hara rat li bontšitse hore takatso ea takatso ea takatso ea tatso e lokolla DA ho NAcs, NAcc le preortalal cortex (PFC). Le ha ho le joalo, karabelo ea DA e fapane hole le meaho ena mme e itšetlehile ka tšusumetso ea hedonic, tatso, le tšusumetso e ncha. Ntle le moo, ho pepesetsoa lijo tse fumanehang habonolo li-NAc ho potlakela ho etsa hore karabelo ea DA e lumellane le karolo ea thuto e kopaneng. Leha ho le joalo, phello ena ha e hlahe ho NAcc le PFC. Ho bohlokoa ho ela hloko hore khaello e fokolang ea lijo e ka sitisa ho lula ha li-NAcs DA karabelo ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo. Ho fanoe ka tlhahiso ea hore tokollo ea DA tikolohong ena ha se sesosa empa ke litholoana tsa moputso oa lijo. Melemo ea lijo e ka ba le litlamorao tse ntle kapa tse mpe tse amanang le tokollo ea DA ea li-NAcs kamora ho ja lijo [46].

 

Ho lokela ho hopoloa hore dopamine e amahanngoa le moputso o amanang le takatso ea lijo le boits'oaro bo hlokahalang ho boloka phepelo bakeng sa ho pholoha. Dopamine-deferior (DA - / -) liphoofolo tse nang le inactivations ea mofuta oa tyrosine hydroxylase ho dopaminergic neuron li ntšetsa pele lefu le bolaeang; leha ho le joalo, haeba dopamine e nkeloa sebaka ho caudate / putamen kapa NAc ea liphoofolo tse joalo, ba qala ho fepa empa ba bontša feela thahasello lijong tse monate le tse tummeng chow [47]. Ntle le moo, ghrelin, orexins, le NPY li ka sebetsa e le li-modulators tsa sisteme ea mesolimbic DA. Li-peptide tsena li ka fetola khafetsa kapa lipaterone tsa matla a ts'ebetso a hlahisoang liseleng tsa dopaminergic tsa VTA kapa ho kenya ho theoha ha noka ho DA ho NAc [14]. Ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi e sa feleng e etsa hore ho be le taolo ea dopaminergic e bakang taolo e thibelang botsitso, tšebeliso e matla ea lithethefatsi, le ntlafatso ea maikutlo ho lithethefatsi. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho pepesetsoa khafetsa lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata le tsoekere ho fella ka tšebeliso e matla ea lijo, taolo e mpe ea lijo, le maemo a khothalletsang lijo [48]. Phetiso ea midbrain dopamine e susumetsa tšebeliso ea lijo tse fumanehang bathong. Mohlala, lefu la Parkinson (PD) le baka ho fokola ha methapo e nang le dopamine bohareng ba mpa, mme bakuli ba tšoaroang ke dopamine receptor agonists ba ka bonts'a tšebeliso e matla-joalo ka lijo tse matlafatsang; esita le lithuto tsa batho tse sa amehang tsa PD li ka hlahisa hedonic ka ho ja ho latela taolo ea li-receptor agonists tsa DA. Tsela ea dopamine e kenelletse bathong le liphoofolong tsa laboratori ka lebaka la lijo tse fumanehang habonolo le litabatabelo tsa lijo tse amanang le lijo. Ntle le moo, leptin, ghrelin le batsamaisi ba bang ba takatso ea takatso ea lijo ba susumetsa ts'ebetso ea kemiso, e fanang ka maikutlo a hore lits'ebetso tsa midbrain dopamine li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa tšebeliso ea lijo tse fumanehang (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bona [34]). Ho joalo, litsela tsa dopaminergic li kenelletse haholo ts'ebetsong ea moputso. Dopamine neurons ho VTA e romela likhakanyo tsa axonal ho amygdala, li-nucleus accumbens, le preortal ea cortex. Litekanyetso tsa sisteme ea dopaminergic ho tloha ho amygdala le preortal cortex ho isa ho hypothalamus ea morao, joalo ka ha ho bontsitsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 1, li kenella ka kotlolloho taolong ea lijo [34].

Figure 1: Litsela tsa dopaminergic tse kenyang taolo ea lijo. Dopamine neurons ho VTA e romella likhakanyo tsa axonal ho H, A, NAc, le PFC. Menahano ea sisteme ea dopaminergic ho tloha ho A le PFC ho isa LH e ameha ka kotlolloho taolong ea taolo ea lijo. SC: lesapo la mokokotlo; M: medulla oblongata; VTA: sebaka sa ho kenella hare; PFC: cortex ea pele; A: amygdala; NAc: li-nucleus accumbens; H: hypothalamus.

 

Sistimi ea opioid ea endo native e boetse e amana le moputso, bokhoba le boits'oaro ba ho ja, le likarolo tsa li-peptide tsa endio native, tse kang β-endorphin le enkephalins, ho hlahiseng moputso, li thehiloe hantle [49]. Lisebelisoa tsa endocannabinoid le opioid li na le phasalatso e pharalletseng ka har'a CNS 'me li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa phepelong e amanang le moputso [50, 51]. Ho liphoofolo tse anyesang, li-opioid tsa mofuta oa tlhaho tse tsoang ho POMC, e leng selelekela sa li-opioid tse kenyelletsang β-endorphin, tse tlamahang ho li-receptor tsa opioid tse arolelanoang libakeng tsa hypothalamic li kentse letsoho taolong ea tšebeliso ea lijo (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bona [7]). Morphine e na le phello e matla ea meputso le mokoloto oa bokhoba ba eona. Ketso e thabisang ea Morphine e kopantsoe ka tsela ea mesolimbic-dopaminergic tseleng e tlohang VTA ho ea ho NAc [52]. Boithuto bo bontšitse infusi eolitlolo tsa μ-opioid receptor agonists, joalo ka DAMGO, NAc e hlohlelletsa boits'oaro ba ho iphepa ka likhoto tse nang le phihlello ea lipapatso [53], le bahanyetsi ba opioid receptor ba kenelletseng NAc ba fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea lijo tse ratoang ntle le ho ama ho ja ka bongata mefuta e meng e fumanehang (ho hlahlojoa bona [34]). Ntle le moo, ente ea methapo ea mohanyetsi oa μ-opioid e thibela ts'usumetso ea lijo tse matlafatsoang ka tokollong ea dopamine ho NAc [54]. Ho feta moo, morphine e ntlafatsa lebelo la ho thunya ha mesolimbic dopamine neurons ho VTA mme e eketsa phetoho ea dopamine ho NAc, e netefatsang litlamorao tsa thabo ea li-opioid tsamaisong ea dopamine [55-57]. Mabapi le cannabinoids, bopaki bo fana ka maikutlo a hore li-cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor e na le karolo likarolo tsa melemo ea ho ja. Tsamaiso ea potoloho ea bahanyetsi ba CB1 e fokotsa tšebeliso ea tsoekere e fumanehang habonolo ho likhoto [58, 59]. Tsamaiso ea antagonist ea "canannabinoid receptor" (CB1) e thibela phello ea orexigenic ea endocannabinoid agonist anandamide ho ja lijo [60]. Leptin e fokotsa maemo a endocannabinoid ho hypothalamus, e fanang ka maikutlo a hore hypothalamic endocannabinoids e ka sebetsa ka CB1 ho eketsa ts'ebeliso ea lijo ka mochine o laoloang ke leptin [13].

 

 

Serotonin kapa 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) e tsejoa e le modulara ea boitšoaro ba ho fepa le lipontšo tsa satiety. Ho hypothalamus, neurotransmitter ena e thibela polelo ea NPY ho fokotsa tlala [7, 61, 62]. Mochine ona e ka ba khokahano lipakeng tsa 5-HT le taolo ea takatso ea lijo. Lithethefatsi tse etsang hore ho nkoe 5-HT (mohlala, d-fenfluramine) kapa e thibelang ho khutlisoa hape (mohlala, fluoxetine, sertraline, le sibutramine) le agonists tsa 5-HT1B le / kapa 5-HT2C li-receptors tsa lijo tsa 63C. , 64]. To sebelisa lijo tse matlafatsang, tse nang le tatso e matla ho feta lijo tse tloaelehileng, o romella tlhahisoleseling setsing sa moputso ka har'a li-nucleus accumbens, tse tsosang dopamine le tokollo ea serotonin. Setsi sa moputso se hokahana le li-neuron ho hypothalamus tse sebetsang ka taolo ea takatso ea lijo. Ka hona, lijo tse matlafatsoang haholo li eketsa nako e hlokoang ho fihlela satiety, e lebisang keketseho ea ts'ebeliso ea lijo, e leng se ka lebisang ho nona le botenya haholo. [7]. Ho na le litlhoko tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa ho saena hoa serotoninergic le dopaminergic litsamaisong tsa moputso oa lithuto tse boima haholo, 'me likarolo tsena li ka lebisa ho khothalletso ea tšebeliso ea lijo. To bolela hore litsi tsa meputso mekhoeng ea ho ja e ts'ehetsa maikutlo a hore botenya le lithethefatsi li arolelana mekhoa e tloaelehileng [65]. Taolo ea takatso ea lijo, takatso ea lijo le lijo li hokahane haholo le taolo ea maikutlo, 'me botenya bo fumanoe e le sesosa sa kotsi ea tikoloho bakeng sa mafu a kelello a amanang le ona, ho kenyeletsoa ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo. Ho feta moo, khatello ea maikutlo e kholo bocheng e hokahane le kotsi e kholo ea ho nona ha motho e moholo, 'me maemo ana a metabolic a ka eketsoa ke khatello ea maikutlo. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho pepeswa ha khatello ea maikutlo ho ama haholo phepelo ea lijo ho batho le liphoofolo mme ho ka khothaletsa ho ferekana ha metabolic, hyperphagia, le botenya ba morao. Ho feta moo likarabo tse matla tsa khatello ea maikutlo li fokotseha kamora ho ja lijo tse natefisang, tse ka hlalosang mohopolo oa "ho ja lijo tse khothatsang" o seng o bonoe ho batho ka bobona e le meriana ea ho imolla khatello ea maikutlo (bona [66] bakeng sa tlhahlobo). Ka kakaretso, NAC (setsi sa moputso) e amohela lipallo tsa li-opioids tsa endo native, serotonin, le dopamine mme e romela litlamorao ho li-neurons tsa hypothalamus tse sebetsang ka taolo ea takatso ea lijo. Ho fapana le lijo tse tloaelehileng tsa tloaelo, lijo tse matlafatsoang li lieha ho kenyelletsa satiety [67], e hlahisang keketseho ea lijo e ka lebisang ho nona le botenya haholo joalo ka ha ho bontsitsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 2.

 

Setšoantšo sa 2: Ho tšoaea lijo tse ngata bokong. Tsela e tšoaeang e hlahisoang ke sejo se tloaelehileng e bontšoa ka ho le letona (botala), athe mokhoa o supang lijo tse monate o bontšoa ka letsohong le letšehali (bofubedu). H: hypothalamus; NAc: li-nucleus accumbens; BS: stem ea boko. EO: li-opioids tsa endo native; DA: dopamine; 5-HT: serotonin.

 

Ho nona ke seoa sa lefatše lohle le moroalo o moholo oa bophelo bo botle le mabaka a amanang le kotsi ea lefu la pelo le lefu la tsoekere. Mefuta ea hona joale ea lijo e kenyelletsa lijo tsa khalori tse phahameng tse nang le mafura a mangata le tsoekere joalo ka mohlala oa lijo tsa k'habeche, tse sebelisitsoeng e le mohlala oa phoofolo. Lijo tse joalo li tlisa thabo ebile li lebisa keketseho e matla ea lijo. Lijo tsena li lebisa ho sitisoeng ha litsela tse 'maloa tse saenneng tse amanang le taolo ea lijo, ho kenyelletsa ts'ebetso ea mokhoa oa moputso. Kahoo, lijo tse matlafatsoang li lebisa ho lematseng ka mekhoa e ts'oanang le ea lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. Boemo bona bo eketsa boemo ba mathata a amanang le moralo le nts'etsopele ea maano a macha a meriana bakeng sa bakuli ba batenya.

Lithahasello tse tsitsitseng

 

Bangoli ba bolela hore ha ba na litlhōlisano.

 

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