Tlhahlobo ea ho lemalla lijo ka mefuta ea liphoofolo ea ho ja lijo tsa binge (2010)

. Mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho; e fumanehang ho PMC 2015 Mar 10.

PMCID: PMC4354886

NIHMSID: NIHMS669566

inahaneloang

Tlhahlobo ena e akaretsa bopaki ba "bokhoba ba lijo" bo sebelisang mefuta ea liphoofolo e jang ho itlopa joala. Mohlaleng oa rona oa ho itlopa lijo ka mokhoa o hlakileng, likarolo tsa boitšoaro tse lemalloang li bonts'oa 'me li amana le liphetoho tsa neurochemical tse teng le lithethefatsi tse lemalloang. Bopaki bo tšehetsa khopolo ea hore likhoto li ka ts'epahala le ho "lemalla" ho ikemela. Liphetho tse fumanoeng ha liphoofolo li itlopa lijo tse matlafatsang, ho kenyelletsa le lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata, li hlalositsoe hape li fana ka maikutlo a hore boima ba 'mele bo ka hlaha. Leha ho le joalo, tšobotsi ea mokhoa o joalo oa boits'oaro o joalo ho liphoofolo tse nang le phihlello ea ho kenella mafura e hloka tlhahlobo e eketsehileng bakeng sa ho hlakola phello ea boima ba 'mele bo tsoang lijong kapa kemisong ea ho fepa.

Keywords: Ho itlopa lijo, ho lakatsa, ho tlohela, ho theola maikutlo, boima ba 'mele, mafura, tsoekere, ho nona haholo, litoeba

Mohopolo oa bokhoba ba lijo

Joalokaha ho tlalehiloe ho Seminar ea Yunivesithi ea Columbia mabapi le Appetitive Behaeve, lefu lena la botenya le na le lisosa tse fapaneng tse boletsoeng, e 'ngoe ea tsona ke mohopolo oa "ho lemalla lijo." Tlhahiso ena e tiisa hore batho ba ka lemalla lijo, ka tsela tse ts'oanang le batho ba bang. lekhoba la lithethefatsi. Ho nahanoa hore bokhoba ba lijo bo ka lebisa ho ho ja ho feta tekano, ho ka bakang boima ba 'mele kapa botenya ho batho ba ikhethileng. Litaba tsa "bokhoba ba lijo," haholo-holo ts'ebeliso ea tsoekere, li atile haholo khatisong e tsebahalang (; ; ). Ho na le litlaleho tsa tliliniki tseo ho tsona batho ba lemaletseng lijo ba itšebelisang ba sebelisa lijo ho itlhalosa; hangata ba ja e le ho baleha boemo bo seng botle ba maikutlo (). Mohopolo oa lijo e le sehlahisoa se lematsang o se o atisitse ho bapatsa lijo, ha phuputso e le 'ngoe e re mabenkele a mang a lebisitsoeng ho bana a hlahisa lijo e le ntho e thabisang le ho lemalla haholo ().

Ho latela maikutlo a saense, 'nete ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi ho batho mabapi le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi e bile sehlooho sa ngangisano (). Mekhoa e ho Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis shida, Khatiso ea Bone (DSM-IV) e mabapi le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi e sebelisitsoe tlatsong ea lijo ho batho ka nts'etsopele ea Yale Food Addiction Scale (). Ho ts'ehetsa khopolo ea ho lemalla lijo hobane e ka amana le botenya, liphuputso tsa kliniki li bontšitse hore lijo tse lakatsang boima bo tloaelehileng 'me bakuli ba batenya haholo ba kenya tšebetsong likarolo tsa boko tse ts'oanang le tse bontšitsoeng ke takatso ea lithethefatsi (; ). Ho hlakile hore ona ke mohopolo o ntseng o eketseha oa lipatlisiso o tla tsoela pele ho hola ha batho ba eketsehileng ba bokellanang ba ts'oaroa ke ts'ebeliso e mpe ea tahi.

Ho etsa papatso ea tahi ea lijo liphoofolong tsa laboratori: Ho tsepamisa maikutlo lijong tsa ho itlopa joala

Mefuta ea liphoofolo e sebelisoang laboratoring e sebelisitsoe ho ithuta tšebeliso ea tahi ea lijo. Ho qala ka laboratoring ea Bart Hoebel, re ile ra fetola meetso e ntlafalitsoeng ka litoeba bakeng sa ho ithuta ho itšetleha ka lithethefatsi ho etsa liteko bakeng sa matšoao a ho itšetleha ka lijo, ka sepheo sa morao-rao sa ho khetholla neurochemistry e amanang le boits'oaro bona. Ho lemalla batho ke bothata bo rarahaneng; bakeng sa bonolo e tšohloa ka mekhahlelo e meraro (; ). Ho itlopa lijo e hlalosoa e le mokhoa oa ho itlopa joala ka nako e khuts'oane, hangata kamora ho tlohela kapa ho hloka. Matšoao a a khaotsa ho tsuba e ka totobala ha ntho e sebelisitsoeng hampe e se e sa fumanehe kapa e koetsoe ka lik'hemik'hale; re tšohla ho khaotsa ho latela ho tlosoa ha opiate, e nang le letšoao le hlalositsoeng ka mokhoa o hlakileng.; ). Qetellong, takatso e etsahala ha tšusumetso ea ho fumana ntho e itseng e ntlafatsoa, ​​hangata kamora nako ea ho itlotsa.

Re lumela hore ho itlopa joala haholo ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea ho lemalla lijo. Ho itlopa lijo ho ka bonoa ke batho ba batenya haholo.), sechaba se khethiloeng bakeng sa ho lemalla lijo. Ho feta moo, hoa tsejoa hore thibelo ea lijo e ka ntlafatsa litheko le ho matlafatsa litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi tse ngata tsa tlhekefetso (), mme sejo sa ho itlopa le ho tahoa ke karolo ea potoloho ea bokhoba ba tahi (). Ho boetse ho reriloe hore ho itlopa lijo ka likarolo tse tšoanang ho lemaletse lithethefatsi tse tloaelehileng (; ). Ka hona, mehlala e hlalositsoeng mona e kenyelletsa ho ja ho itlopa joala, mme liphumano li fana ka maikutlo a hore karolo ena e khethollang e amahanngoa le mmuso o tšoanang le tšebeliso ea litheko.

Mohlala oa phoofolo ea ho loma tsoekere

Mohlala oa rona o ithutoang haholo ke oa ho itlopa lijo tse ngata. Mohlaleng ona, likhoto li bolokoa lijong tsa 12-h phihlello ea 10% sucrose tharollo (kapa 25% glucose lithutong tsa pejana) le standard rodent chow, e lateloang ke 12-h ea sucrose le ho hloka bohloka, hoo e ka bang khoeli e le 'ngoe . Re phatlalalitse haholo re sebelisa mohlala ona mme re o amahanya le lintlha tse fapaneng tse amanang le boits'oaro bo bobebe. Se latelang ke kakaretso ea seo ba se fumaneng (hape bona Lethathamo 1); lintlha li ka fumanoa lipampiring tsa rona tsa tlhahlobo (; ).

Lethathamo 1 

Kakaretso ea lintho tse fumanoeng tse tšehetsang lekhoba la tsoekere ho litoeba ho sebelisa mohlala oa phoofolo ea ho iketla kapa tsoekere e ngata.

Matšoao a boitšoaro a ho lemalla ho latela tahi ea tsoekere

Kamora ho qeta khoeli a ja tsoekere (sucrose kapa glucose), likhoto li bontša boits'oaro bo ts'oanang le litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, ho kenyelletsa le ho eketseha ha tsoekere letsatsi le leng le le leng le ho eketseha ha tsoekere ka nako ea hora ea pele ea phihlello ea letsatsi le letsatsi. ho loha). Likhoto tse tsoang ka pele tsa katleho li laola ho ja ha tsona ka ho fokotseha tšebeliso ea tsona, e lekanang likhalori tse eketsehileng tse fumanoeng tsoekere, e hlahise boima bo tloaelehileng ba 'mele ().

Ha ho fanoa ka tekanyetso e phahameng ea opioid antagonist naloxone, matšoao a ho khaotsa, joalo ka ho tsikinyeha ha meno, ho thothomela pele le hlooho, le ho ts'oaroa ke hlooho, le ho tšoenyeha ka litekanyo tsa nako e fokotsehileng tse senotsoeng li hlahisoa ka mokhoa o phahameng. maze (). Matšoao a ho tlosoa joalo ka opiate le 'ona a hlaha ha lijo tsohle li tlosoa 24 h; tsena li kenyelletsa matšoao a somatic a joalo ka a hlalositsoeng ho karabo ea naloxone () le matšoenyeho (). Ho tlosa tsoekere ho tlalehiloe ke ba bang hore ba fokotse mocheso oa 'mele ho likhoto (), eo e leng sesupo se seng sa ho iketla joalo ka opiate, le matšoao a boitšoaro bo mabifi a ka hlaha ho likhoto tse nang le nalane ea phihlello ea tsoekere nako le nako.).

Ho lakatsa ho lekantsoe nakong ea ho itima lijo tsoekere e le karabelo e ntlafalitsoeng ea tsoekere (). Kamora libeke tsa 2 tsa ho ila tsoekere ka mokhoa o qobelloang, likhoto tse nang le mochine oa ho itlopa joala leqhubu la 23% tsoekere ho feta kamoo li kileng tsa etsa pele (), ho fana ka tlhahiso ea phetoho tšusumetsong ea tsoekere e tsoelang pele ho pholletsa le nako ea ho itlotsa le ho lebisa tlhokomelong e matlafalitsoeng. Patlisiso e tsoang litsing tse ling tsa mesebetsi e fana ka maikutlo a hore tšusumetso ea ho fumana tsoekere e eketseha le nako ea ho itima lijo ().

Ho ithiba ka matla litlamong tse hlaselang tsoekere le hona ho baka tšekamelo ea ho ba khatello ea maikutlo le ho sebelisa sethethefatsi se seng sa tlhekefetso haeba se fumaneha. Hyperactivity e le sesupo sa dopaminergic sensitization e ile ea bontšoa ho litoeba tse nang le tsoekere tse fuoang lethal dose ea phephetso ea amphetamine (). Tšusumetso e matlafatsang ea tsoekere ea sisteme ea dopamine (DA) e boetse e tlalehiloe e sebelisa koae e le sethethefatsi sa phephetso (). Ho feta moo, likhoto li kile tsa itlopa joala hape ka joala bo bongata ba 9% ha li bapisoa le lihlopha tse laolang ad libitum tsoekere, ad libitum chow, kapa binge (12 h) chow feela (). Kahoo, ho ka fihlela qeto ea hore ho itlopa joala ho tsoekere ho sebetsa e le tsela ea ho ntlafatsa tšebeliso ea lino tse tahang.

Liphetoho tse tšoanang le ts'oaetso ea methapo ea kutlo tse latelang ho itlopa joala ka tsoekere

Ho fapana le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, tse fanang ka litlamorao ho tokollo ea DA nako le nako ha li fuoa (; ; ), litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso ea lijo tse matlafatsoang tokollong ea DA li nyamela ka ho phetoa khafetsa, ntle le haeba phoofolo e le lijo tse tlositsoeng (; ). Leha ho le joalo, likhoto tse jang tsoekere li ntse li tsoela pele ho lokolla DA, joalo ka ha e lekantsoe ke Ka vivo microdialysis ka matsatsi 1, 2 le 21 ea phihlello (), mme tokollo ena e sa tsitsang ea DA e ka phahamisoa ke tatso ea sucrose () 'me ea matlafatsoa ha likhoto li le boima ba' mele (). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, likhoto tse ikopang ho chow feela, li filoe tsoekere le / kapa chow ad libitum, kapa u latsoe tsoekere makhetlo a mabeli feela, hlaolela karabelo ea DA e sa bonahaleng e tloaelehileng ea lijo tse lahlehileng. Liphetho tsena li ts'ehetsoa ke liphetho tsa phetoho lipokellong tsa DA le seteishene sa DA ka likhoto tse bolokiloeng kemisong ea phetisetso ea tsoekere nako le nako (; ).

Kahoo, ho itlopa joala ba tsoekere ho baka keketseho khafetsa ho kantle ho DA ka mokhoa o tšoanang le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso ho feta lijo. Ka lebaka leo, liphetoho tse hlahisoang kapa ho fumaneha ha li-receptors tsa DA li hlaha. Autoradiography e senola eketsehile D1 ho li-nucleus accumbens (NAc) mme ea fokotseha D2 receptor binding striatum (). Ba bang ba tlalehile ho fokotseha ha D2 receptor e tlamang ho NAc ea likhoto tse nang le phihlello ea nakoana ea ho sucrose (). Lits'oaetso ho itlopa lijo ka tsoekere ho theoha ho D2 receptor mRNA ho NAc le keketseho ea D3 receptor mRNA ho NAc ().

Mabapi le li-receptor tsa opioid, ho tlama ka li-mu-receptor ho eketseha ha karabelo ea koae le morphine (; Unterwald, Kreek, & Cuntapay, 2001; ), le enkephalin mRNA ka har'a striatum mme NAc e fokotsehile ka lebaka la liente tse phetoang tsa morphine (; ; ). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho litoeba tse tlotsang tsoekere, ho tlama li-mu-opioid receptor ho ntlafatsoa haholo ka hara khetla ea accumbens kamora libeke tsa 3 tsa ho fumana (). Lits'oaetso ho itlopa lijo ka tsoekere le hona ho fokotsehile haholo ho enkephalin mRNA ho NAc (), e lumellanang le liphumano ho likhoto tse fuoang monyetla oa ho fumana lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata letsatsi le letsatsi ().

Ho tlosoa hoa lithethefatsi ho ka tsamaisana le liphetoho lipakeng tsa DA / acetylcholine (ACh) ho NAc, ha ACh e ntse e eketseha ha DA e hatelletsoe, mme ho hloka leeme ha DA / ACh ho bontšitsoe nakong ea ho tlohela lithethefatsi tse 'maloa tsa tlhekefetso (). Re sebelisa mohlala oa rona oa ho itlopa lijo tse tsoekere, re bontšitse hore likhoto tse nang le phihlello ea tsoekere li bonts'a ho se leka-lekane ha methapo ho DA / ACh nakong ea ho khaotsa: (1) ha likhoto tse lutlang li fuoa naloxone ho tsebisa ho tlosoa hoa opioid (), le (2) kamora 36 h ea khaello ea lijo ka botlalo (). Kahoo, liphetoho tse tšoanang le bokhopo bo ka bakoang ke ho noa tharollo ea tsoekere ka tsela e kulang.

Ho itlopa lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata

Joalokaha ho hlokometsoe ka holimo, litoeba tse tlisoang ke sucrose ha li na boima ba 'mele haholo, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ho itlopa joala ho ka etsa hore motho a lemale, empa ho ka etsahala hore ebe eona feela e ikarabellang bakeng sa botenya kapa ho nona. Leha ho le joalo, re bontšitse hore ha motsoako o monate haholo oa tsoekere le mafura o fuoa likhoto, o kenya letsoho ho itlopa lijo hape o eketsa boima ba 'mele (). Re fokotse nako ea phihlello ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo ho tloha 12 ho 2 h ho etsa hore li-epistet tsa ho itlopa lijo li be bonolo haholo. Ba bang ba sebelisitse kemiso ena ea phihlello e nang le mafura (ho khutsisa), empa ba sa elelloe liphetoho tse entsoeng sebopeho sa mmele (). Thutong ea rona, likhoto li ne li bolokiloe nako e ka bang khoeli e le 'ngoe ka: (1) fat-fat chow for 2-h / day following ad libitum standard chow, (2) 2-h monate oa mafura 3 matsatsi / beke le phihlello ea standard chow bohareng, (3) ad libitum mafura a monate, kapa (4) ad libitum standard chow. Lihlopha tsena ka bobeli tse nang le phihlello e lekantsoeng ea (2-h) ea 'mele e bonts'ang monate,' me boima ba 'mele oa likhoto tsena bo ile ba eketseha kamora ho loana le ho theoha pakeng tsa ho loana ka lebaka la ho itšireletsa ha nako e telele ho latela ho itlopa lijo. Leha ho le joalo, leha ho bile le phapang ena ho boima ba 'mele, sehlopha se nang le mafura a futhumetseng a mafura letsatsi le leng le le leng se ile sa fumana boima bo fetang ba sehlopha sa taolo se nang le chow e tloaelehileng ad libitum.

Le ha bopaki ba bokhoba ba litoeba tse tlisang tsoekere bo ntse bo ngoloa hantle, liphetoho tse amanang le boitšoaro le litla-morao tse amanang le ho itlopa lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata ha li e-so fumanehe ka botlalo. Ba bang ba tlaetse hore ho itlopa joala ka mafura (oli ea poone) ho ka baka phetoho lipokellong tsa DA, tse tšoanang le tse bonoang liphoofolong tsa rona tse kulang tsoekere.). Ho feta moo, likhoto tse tsejoang e le tloaelo ea ho ja li ja li tla mamella ho tsitsipana ha leoto le lijo tse nang le mafura.), e fana ka tlhahiso ea hore ho ja ho feta tekano ho ka amahanngoa le tšusumetso e sa tloaelehang ea ho ja lijo tse monate. Ha re so bone matšoao a boits'oaro ba ho tlohela ho tšoana le ho tsoa ho likhoto tse mafura tse sebelisang mofuta oa rona oa ho fihlella o fokolang. Ho ka etsahala hore thepa ea tlhaho e mafura e loants'eng litlamorao ho sistimi ea opioid (; ). Le ha ho hlokahala mosebetsi o mongata ho utloisisa litla-morao tsa ho ja ho tlisoang ke lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata le hore na li ka fapana joang le ho itlopa lijo tse ling, mefuta ea ho ja lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata e na le molemo hobane e ka tsebisa lipatlisiso ka botenya mabapi le botenya. ho lematsa jwaloka litšobotsi.

Ho na le lithuto tse fokolang haholo mabapi le litlamorao tse tlisoang ke ho lemalla ho ja lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata, empa lipalo tse ntseng li eketseha tsa tlhahlobo ea litlhahlobo tsa ad libitum phihlello ea lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata. Likhoto le ad libitum phihlello ea lijo tsa sejo sa kappa e bonts'a matšoao a ho qobelloha ha ho lekantsoe ke ho ja lijo nakong ea phomolo le liphetoho liphatlalatsong tsa mokhoa oa ho fepa (). Ad libitum phihlello ea ho ja lijo tsa sejoale-joale ho tlalehiloe hore li hlahisa matšoao a ho iketla joalo ka opiate (). Hape, ha e fanoa ad libitum phihlello ea lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata, litoeba li bonts'a matšoao a ho tšoenyeha le ho ikemisetsa ho mamella tikoloho e khelohang, ho fihlela lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata, le liphetoho phetohong ea limbic corticotrophin-releading factor (CRF) le ho tšoaeana le moputso o amanang le moputso. polelo (; ). Lisebelisoa tsa CRF li khethiloe li na le karolo ea bohlokoa ho lefu la ho tlohela le hlahang ha ho tlosoa lijo tse bonolo (). Haufinyane, sehlopha sa Kenny se tlalehile bopaki ba ho theoloa ha D2 li-receptors ka likhoto le ad libitum kapa ho fihlella ho fokolang lijong tsa sejo sa jarete, ka litlamorao tse boletsoeng haholo ho likhoto tse nonneng haholo ().

Kakaretso le sephetho

Mefuta ea ho itlopa lijo ka likhoto tse hlalositsoeng mona e fana ka lisebelisoa tseo ho tsona ho ithutoang mohopolo oa ho lemalla lijo le phello ea methapo ea kutlo. Boitsebiso bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ho itlopa joala ba tsoekere ho ka ba le litlamorao tsa dopaminergic, cholinergic le opioid tse tšoanang le tse bonoang ha ho arajoa lithethefatsi tse ling tsa tlhekefetso, le ha li le nyane ka boholo. Lintlha tsa morao-rao tse hlahisoang ke lithuto tsa ho itlopa joala ka mafura a monate li bonts'a hore li hlahisa boima ba 'mele, li fana ka khokahano ea botona. Liteko tsena tse tsoang laboratoring ea rona, li kopantsoe le lipatlisiso tsa ba bang, li kenya letsoho ho matlafatseng 'mele oa bopaki bo tšehetsang mohopolo oa tšebeliso ea lijo.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

 

E ipapisitse le tlhahiso ea Nicole Avena ho Seminar ea Yunivesithi ea Columbia mabapi le Appetitive Behaeve. Ka September 17, 2009, Harry R. Kissileff, molulasetulo, ba tšehelitsoe ka karolo ke GlaxoSmithKline le The New York Obesity Research Center, Sepetlele sa St. Luke's / Roosevelt. Patlisiso ena e tšehelitsoe ke lithuso tsa USPHS DK-079793 (NMA), MH-65024 (Bartley G. Hoebel), le AA-12882 (BGH). Kananelo e atolosoa ho Dr. Bart Hoebel le Miriam Bocarsly bakeng sa litlhahiso tsa bona mabapi le buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho.

 

References

  • Mokhatlo oa American Psychiatric Association. Tlhatlhobo le Buka ea Bophatlalatsi ea Mathata a kelello. 4. Washington, DC: Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Psychiatric; 2000. Phetolelo ea Mongolo (DSM-IV-TR)
  • Appleton N. Lick tloaelo ea tsoekere. Santa Monica: Nancy Appleton; 1996.
  • Avena NM. Ho hlahloba likarolo tse lemalloang tsa ho ja ho itlhahisa ho sebelisa mohlala oa phoofolo ho itšetleha ka tsoekere. Patlisiso le Tlhahlobo ea Kliniki. 2007; 15 (5): 481-491. [E fetotsoe]
  • Avena NM, Bocarsly ME, Rada P, Kim A, Hoebel BG. Kamora ho ja lijo tsa letsatsi le letsatsi ka tharollo ea sucrose, khaello ea lijo e baka matšoenyeho mme e bokella ho se leka-lekane ha dopamine / acetylcholine. Physiology le Boitšoaro. 2008; 94 (3): 309–315. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Avena NM, Carrillo CA, Needham L, Leibowitz SF, Hoebel BG. Lirata tse itšetlehileng ka tsoekere li bonts'a tšebeliso e matlafatsang ea ethanol e sa koaeloang. Joala. 2004; 34 (2-3): 203-209. [E fetotsoe]
  • Avena NM, Hoebel BG. Lijo tse khothalletsang ho ts'epa tsoekere li baka tšenyo ea maikutlo sefapanong se tlase sa amphetamine. Neuroscience. 2003; 122 (1): 17-20. [E fetotsoe]
  • Avena NM, Nako e telele KA, Hoebel BG. Likhoto tse itšetlehileng ka tsoekere li bontša karabelo e ntlafalitsoeng ea tsoekere kamora ho ithiba: bopaki ba phello ea khaello ea tsoekere. Physiology le Boitšoaro. 2005; 84 (3): 359--362. [E fetotsoe]
  • Avena NM, Rada P, Hoebel BG. Bopaki ba bokhoba ba tsoekere: litla-morao tsa boits'oaro le methapo ea kutlo, ho ja lijo tse tsoekere haholo. Tlhahlobo ea Neuroscience le Biology. 2008a; 32 (1): 20-39. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Avena NM, Rada P, Hoebel BG. Likhoto tse tlase tse tlase li ntlafalitse tlhahiso ea dopamine le ho arabeloa ha acetylcholine ka har'a li-nucleus tse bokellaneng ha li ntse li itlopa joala ka sucrose. Neuroscience. 2008b; 156 (4): 865-871. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Avena NM, Rada P, Hoebel BG. Ho itlopa lijo tse nang le tsoekere le mafura ho na le phapang e ntle mekhoeng e joalo ea ho lemalla. Tlaleho ea Nutla. 2009; 139 (3): 623-628. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Avena NM, Rada P, Moise N, Hoebel BG. Suprose sham e jang phepelo ea li-binge e lokolla li-dopamine khafetsa le ho tlosa karabelo ea acetylcholine satiety. Neuroscience. 2006; 139 (3): 813-820. [E fetotsoe]
  • Bailey A, Gianotti R, Ho A, Kreek MJ. Ho phehella ho eketseha ha mu-opioid, empa eseng adenosine, li-receptors ka kelellong ea nako e telele e tlositsoeng ea lethalinyana le ntseng le eketseha la "ho itlopa" litoeba tse phekotsoeng ke koae. Synfall. 2005; 57 (3): 160-166. [E fetotsoe]
  • Bassareo V, Di Chiara G. Modulation ea ts'usumetso e matlafatsang ea phetisetso ea mesolimbic dopamine ka takatso ea takatso le kamano ea eona le boemo bo susumetsang. Koranta ea Europe ea Neuroscience. 1999; 11 (12): 4389-4397. [E fetotsoe]
  • Bello NT, Lucas LR, Hajnal A. E phetetse tšusumetso ea phihlello ea dcramine D2 receptor density ho striatum. Neuroreport. 2002; 13 (12): 1575-1578. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Bello NT, Sweigart KL, Lakoski JM, Norgren R, Hajnal A. Ho fepa ka mokhoa o lekantsoeng ka sephetho sa phihlello ea sucrose ho hlahiseng phallo ea transporter ea rat. Koranta ea Amerika ea Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2003; 284 (5): R1260-1268. [E fetotsoe]
  • Bennett C, Sinatra S. Tsoekere e nyarosang! New York: Sehlopha sa Penguin; 2007.
  • Berner LA, Avena NM, Hoebel BG. Ho itlopa lijo, ho ithiba, le ho eketsa boima ba 'mele litepising tse nang le monyetla oa ho ja lijo tse mafura a mangata. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16 (9): 1998-2002. [E fetotsoe]
  • Thibelo ea lijo tse sa foleng: Carr K. Ho matlafatsa phello ea moputso oa lithethefatsi le ho saena lisele tsa striatal. Physiology le Boitšoaro. 2007; 91 (5): 459-472. [E fetotsoe]
  • Cassin SE, von Ranson KM. Na ho itlopa lijo ke ntho e lemalloang? Takatso ea lijo. 2007; 49 (3): 687-690. [E fetotsoe]
  • Colantuoni C, Rada P, McCarthy J, Patten C, Avena NM, Chadeayne A, et al. Bopaki ba hore nako le nako, ho ja lijo tse tsoekere ho feta tekano ho baka ts'epo ea sethoathoa. Patlisiso ea Bohlokoa. 2002; 10 (6): 478-488. [E fetotsoe]
  • Colantuoni C, Schwenker J, McCarthy J, Rada P, Ladenheim B, Cadet JL, et al. Ho ja lijo tse tsoekere tse ngata tse tlamang bokong dopamine le li-mu-opioid receptors bokong. Neuroreport. 2001; 12 (16): 3549-3552. [E fetotsoe]
  • Corwin RL, Wojnicki FH, Fisher JO, Dimitriou SG, Rice HB, MA e monyane. Ho fihlella moeli ho khetho ea mafura a amanang le phepo ho ama boits'oaro bo matlafatsang empa eseng sebopeho sa 'mele likhoto tsa banna. Physiology le Boitšoaro. 1998; 65 (3): 545-553. [E fetotsoe]
  • Cottone P, Sabino V, Roberto M, Bajo M, Pockros L, Frihauf JB, et al. Ts'ebetso ea CRF e kopanya lehlakore le lefifi la ho ja ka matla. Ts'ebetso ea Setsi sa Naha sa Mahlale sa United States of America. 2009; 106 (47): 20016-20020. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Davis C, Carter JC. Ho ja ka thata-thata joalo ka bothata ba ho lemalla. Tlhahlobo ea mohopolo le bopaki. Takatso ea lijo. 2009; 53 (1): 1-8. [E fetotsoe]
  • Di Chiara G, Imperato A. Lithethefatsi tse hlekefetsoang ke batho ka mokhoa o ikhethileng li eketsa ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho dopamine ka har'a sisteme ea mesolimbic ea likhoto tse tsamaeang ka bolokolohi. Ts'ebetso ea Setsi sa Naha sa Mahlale sa United States of America. 1988; 85 (14): 5274-5278. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Di Chiara G, Tanda G. Ho foufala hoa phetiso ea phetisetso ea dopamine lijong tse bobebe: Letshwao la biochemical la anhedonia ka mofuta oa CMS? Psycho-pharmacology (Berlin) 1997; 134 (4): 351-353. (Puisano 371-357) [E fetotsoe]
  • Galic MA, Persinger MA. Ts'ebeliso ea Voluminous sucrose ho likhoto tsa basali: "nippness" e eketsehileng nakong ea ho tlosoa ha sucrose le ho tlosoa ke nako ha oestrus nako le nako. Litlaleho tsa kelello. 2002; 90 (1): 58-60. [E fetotsoe]
  • Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Tlhatlhobo ea pele ea Naleli ea Tlatsetso ea Lijo ea Yale. Takatso ea lijo. 2009; 52 (2): 430-436. [E fetotsoe]
  • Georges F, Stinus L, Bloch B, Le Moine C. Ho pepeseha ho sa feleng ha morphine le ho itlhahisa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng li amahanngoa le liphetoho tsa polelo ea dopamine receptor le polelo ea neuropeptide gene ho rat striatum. European Journal ea Neuro-saense. 1999; 11 (2): 481-490. [E fetotsoe]
  • Gold MS, Graham NA, Cocores JA, Nixon SJ. Bokhoba ba lijo? Tlaleho ea Bongaka bo Tlatsetsang. 2009; 3: 42-45. [E fetotsoe]
  • Gosnell BA. Ho ja lijo tsa pelehi ho ntlafatsa maikutlo a boitšoaro bo hlahisoang ke koae. Patlisiso ea Brain. 2005; 1031 (2): 194-201. [E fetotsoe]
  • Grimm JW, Fyall AM, Osincup DP. Ho kenyelletsoa ha takatso ea sucrose: litlamorao tsa koetliso e fokotsehileng le tlhahiso ea pele ea sucrose. Physiology le Boitšoaro. 2005; 84 (1): 73-79. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Heyne A, Kisselbach C, Sahun I, McDonald J, Gaiffi M, Dierssen M, et al. Mohlala oa phoofolo ea boitšoaro bo hatellang bo nkang lijo. Biology ea Tlatsetso. 2009; 14 (4): 373-383. [E fetotsoe]
  • Hajnal A, Norgren R. o fihlelletse phihlello ea phetoho ea phetoho ea "anugments" dopamine. Neuroreport. 2002; 13 (17): 2213-2216. [E fetotsoe]
  • Hawes JJ, Brunzell DH, Narasimhaiah R, Langel U, Wynick D, Picciotto MR. Galanin e sireletsa khahlanong le boitšoaro le lithibelo tse amanang le methapo ea methapo ea kutlo. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008; 33 (8): 1864-1873. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Hoebel BG, Avena NM, Rada P. Accumbens tekanyo ea dopamine-acetylcholine e haufi le ho qoba. Maikutlo a ha joale ho Pharmacology. 2007; 7 (6): 617-627. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Ifland JR, Preuss HG, Marcus MT, Rourke KM, Taylor WC, Burau K, et al. Tlatsetso ea lijo tse ntlafalitsoeng: bokuli ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Hypotheses tsa bongaka. 2009; 72 (5): 518-526. [E fetotsoe]
  • Johnson PM, Kenny PJ. Dopamine D2 receptors ka mokhoa o joalo oa ho se sebetse ka moputso le lijo tse qobelloang ho likhoto tse batenya. Neuroscience ea Tlhaho. 2010; 13 (5): 635-641. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Kelley AE, Will MJ, Steininger TL, Zhang M, Haber SN. Ts'ebeliso e lekantsoeng ea letsatsi le leng le le leng ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo (chokolete netefatso (R)) e fetolang polelo ea mofuta oa "striatal enkephalin". Koranta ea Europe ea Neuroscience. 2003; 18 (9): 2592-2598. [E fetotsoe]
  • Koob GF, Le Moal M. Tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi: dysregulation ea hedonic homeostatic. Mahlale. 1997; 278 (5335): 52-58. [E fetotsoe]
  • Koob GF, Volkow ND. Neurocircuitry ea ho lemalla. Neuropsychopharma-cology. 2010; 35 (1): 217-238. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Le Magnen J. Karolo ea li-opiate moputsong oa lijo le bokhoba ba lijo. Ka: Capaldi PT, mohlophisi. Latsoang, boiphihlelo, le ho fepa. Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Psychological; 1990. maq. 241-252.
  • Liang NC, Hajnal A, Norgren R. Sham ho fepa oli ea poone ho eketsa li-dopamine ka hara rat. Koranta ea Amerika ea Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2006; 291 (5): R1236-1239. [E fetotsoe]
  • Martin WR, Wikler A, Eds CG, Pescor FT. Ho mamella le ho itšetleha ka 'mele ho morphine ho likhoto. Psychopharmacologia. 1963; 4: 247-260. [E fetotsoe]
  • Oswald KD, Murdaugh DL, King VL, Boggiano MM. Ho susumetsa lijo tse matlafatsoang leha ho na le litlamorao molemong oa phoofolo ea ho itlopa lijo. Koranta ea Machabeng ea Khatello ea ho ja. 2010 (Epub pele ho khatiso) [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Leqephe la RM, Brewster A. Tlhahiso ea lijo joalo ka ho ba le thepa e kang lithethefatsi lipapatsong tsa lijo tse thelevisheneng tse lebisitsoeng ho bana: litšoantšo tse hlalosoang e le thabo e ntlafatsang le ho lemalla. Tlaleho ea Tlhokomelo ea Bophelo ba Bakuli. 2009; 23 (3): 150-157. [E fetotsoe]
  • Pelchat ML, Johnson A, Chan R, Valdez J, Ragland JD. Litšoantšo tsa takatso: ts'ebetso e lakatsang lijo nakong ea fMRI. Neuroimage. 2004; 23 (4): 1486-1493. [E fetotsoe]
  • Pothos E, Rada P, Mark GP, Hoebel BG. Dopamine Microbalalysis ea ka har'a nucleus e bokellanang nakong ea morphine o boima le o sa foleng, kalafo e tlisoang ke ho ikhula le kalafo ea clonidine. Patlisiso ea Brain. 1991; 566 (1-2): 348-350. [E fetotsoe]
  • Rada P, Avena NM, Hoebel BG. Ho itlopa joala letsatsi le leng le le leng ka tsoekere ho pheta dopamine khafetsa kholopong ea li-alevi. Neuroscience. 2005; 134 (3): 737-744. [E fetotsoe]
  • Rufus E. Lefu la tsoekere: tataiso ea mohato ka mohato bakeng sa ho hlola temallo ea tsoekere. Bloomington, IN: Elizabeth Brown Rufus; 2004.
  • Spangler R, Wittkowski KM, Goddard NL, Avena NM, Hoebel BG, Leibowitz SF. Litlamorao tse kang tsoekere ho polelo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso libakeng tsa moputso oa boko ba rat. Patlisiso ea Brain Research ea Mele. 2004; 124 (2): 134-142. [E fetotsoe]
  • Stunkard AJ. Mekhoa ea ho ja le botenya. Psychiatric Quarterly. 1959; 33: 284-295. [E fetotsoe]
  • Teegarden SL, Bale TL. Ho theoha ha khetho ea lijo ho hlahisa maikutlo le menyetla ea ho ja hape. Psychology. 2007; 61 (9): 1021-1029. [E fetotsoe]
  • Teegarden SL, Nestler EJ, Bale TL. Liphetoho tse kopantsoeng le Delta FosB tse hlalosoang dopamine li thathamisitsoe ke lijo tse matlafatsang tse nang le mafura a mangata. Psychology. 2008; 64 (11): 941-950. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Turchan J, Lason W, Budziszewska B, Przewlocka B. Liphetho tsa tsamaiso e le 'ngoe le e pheta-phetoang ea morphine ho prodynorphin, proenkephalin le dopamine D2 receptor gene expression bokong ba mouse. Neuropeptides. 1997; 31 (1): 24-28. [E fetotsoe]
  • Uhl GR, Ryan JP, Schwartz JP. Morphine alters preroenkephalin gene expression. Patlisiso ea Brain. 1988; 459 (2): 391-397. [E fetotsoe]
  • Unterwald GR, Ryan JP, Schwartz JP. Morphine alters preroenkephalin gene expression. Patlisiso ea Brain. 1988; 459 (2): 391-397. [E fetotsoe]
  • Vigano D, Rubino T, Di Chiara G, Ascari I, Massi P, Parolaro D. Mu opioid receptor e tšoaea maikutlo a morphine. Neuroscience. 2003; 117 (4): 921-929. [E fetotsoe]
  • Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Thanos PK, Fowler JS. Ho tšoana pakeng tsa botenya le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi joalo ka ha ho hlahlojoa ke monahano oa neurofunctional: tlhahlobo ea mohopolo. Tlaleho ea Tlokotsi e Tlatsetsang. 2004; 23 (3): 39-53. [E fetotsoe]
  • Way EL, Loh HH, Shen FH. Teko e lekanang ea tekanyo e tšoanang ea mamello ea morphine le ho itšepa ho 'mele. Tlaleho ea Phekolo ea Bongaka le Litlhahlobo. 1969; 167 (1): 1-8. [E fetotsoe]
  • Widman CH, Nadzam GR, Murphy HM. Litlamorao tsa phoofolo ea mofuta oa temallo ea tsoekere, ho ikhula le ho khutla hape bakeng sa bophelo bo botle ba motho. Nuroscience ea Nutla. 2005; 8 (5-6): 269-276. [E fetotsoe]
  • Wise RA, Newton P, Leeb K, Burnette B, Pocock D, Justice JB., Jr Fluctuation in nucleus accumbens dopamine mahlasipa nakong ea taolo e matla ea koae ho litheko. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1995; 120 (1): 10-20. [E fetotsoe]