Aberrant neural signatures ea ho etsa liqeto: Batho ba bapalang papali ea chelete ba bontša hore hypticensitivity ea cortico-striatal e fetela papali ea chelete e feteletseng

• Sofie V. Gelskov^{a, b,,,,} ,
• Kristoffer H. Madsen^{a, c},
• Thomas Z. Ramsøy^{a, d, 1},
• Hartwig R. Siebner^{a, e, 1}

doi: 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2016.01.002

  Open Access

Lintlha-khōlō Tsa

• Batho ba betang ka mokhoa oa peto ba bonts'a karabelo ea "neural" e hlophisitsoeng joaloka "neural" ho li-beets tse ratang ho phehella.
• Hypersensitivity ena e fumanoa marang-rang a cortico-striatal, e leng, caudate le DLPFC.
• Sensitization ea marang-rang ena e ka ba letšoao la neural la papali ea chelete.
• Ho tla tsepamisoa maikutlo bokamosong ba marang-rang ona le mekhoa e amanang le sephetho.

inahaneloang

Ho becha ka tsela ea tlhaho ke bokuli bo lematsang bo tsebahalang ka takatso e ke keng ea hanyetsoa ea ho becha le ha ho bile le litlamorao tse mpe. E 'ngoe ea matšoao a boloi ba methapo ea methapo ea kutlo ke ho se sebetse hantle le ho etsa liqeto tse behang bophelo kotsing, tse amanang le ho se sebetse hoa libaka tse amanang le moputso tse kang "ventral striatum". Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tsa pejana li hlahisitse likhang tse hanyetsanang mabapi le moelelo oa marang-rang ana, li senola hypo- kapa hypersensitivity ho melemo le tahlehelo ea chelete. Tlhaloso e 'ngoe e ka ba teng ke hore boko ba papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete bo ka ba ba bolela hampe melemo le litšenyehelo ha ba lekanya sephetho, eseng melemo le tahlehelo ka sekala. Ho sebetsana le bothata bona, re fuputse hore na ho becha ho amanang le lefu la sethoathoa ho amana le ts'ebetso e sa sebetseng ea kelello nakong ea liqeto tse lekang ts'ebeliso ea melemo e ka bang teng khahlano le tahlehelo e ka bang teng. Barekisi ba bophelo bo botle le lithuto tsa batho ba phetseng hantle ba ile ba nahana ka tsela e itseng ha ba ntse ba amohela kapa ba hana ho becha ka menyetla e mengata ea ho hlapela kapa ea ho lahleheloa ke menyetla e mashome a mahlano a metso e mehlano ea ho hapa kapa ho lahleheloa. Khahlano le batho ba phetseng hantle, barekisi ba marang-rang ba bontšitse karabelo ea "U" e bonts'ang boemo bo hlakileng ba maikutlo a ho tsosa takatso le takatso e matla ka ho fetisisa marangrang a cortico-striatal e phahameng ho kenyeletsa le cortex ea dorsolateral pele. Marang-rang ana a amehile ka ho hlahlojoa ha maemo a tšohanyetso a sephetho, ho shebisisa liketso tsa morao-rao le ho lebella litholoana tsa ona. Ts'ebetso ea marang-rang ena e ikhethang, haholo bakeng sa ho becha haholo ka litlamorao tse kholo, e fana ka kutlwisiso e ncha ea motheo oa neural oa ho becha ka methapo mabapi le litloaelano tse haelloang lipakeng tsa liketso tsa papali ea chelete le tšusumetso ea tsona ea lichelete.

Keywords

• Ho etsa liqeto;
• Ho becha ka tsela ea tlhaho;
• Cortico-striatal hypersensitivity;
• fMRI;
• Ho lahleheloa ke kelello;
• Moputso

Selelekela

Ho becha ka tsela ea tlhaho ke bokuli ba kelello bo tsejoang ke takatso e ke keng ea hanoa ea ho becha ka chelete leha ho na le litlamorao tse mpe. Ka kakaretso e fihla 1-2% lichabeng tse ngata tsa Bophirimela (Welte et al., 2008 'me Wardle et al., 2010), bokuli bona bo baka bothata bo tebileng ba bophelo ba motho le ba motho. Mokhoa oa papali ea thuto ea kelello o sa tsoa hlalosoa e le tšebeliso ea boitšoaro ebile o arolelana matšoao a mantlha ka lithethefatsi tse joalo ka ho tlosoa, ho mamellana le ho tsepamisa mohopolo (Petry, 2007 'me Leeman le Potenza, 2012).

Ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi ke letšoao la bohlokoa papaling ea papali ea chelete. Ka sebele, ba bechang ba mamella haholo kotsi (Clark, 2010 'me Li-brows et al., 2013), le papali ea methapo ea methapo ea maoto e hokahantsoe le liphetoho tsa libaka tsa dopaminergic tse hokahantsoeng le moputso, kotsi, le tšusumetso, joalo ka "ventral striatum" le "cortex" ea "ventral" le "vmPFC" (van Holst et al., 2010, Limbrick-Oldfield et al., 2013 'me Potenza, 2014). Leha ho le joalo, leha lithuto tse ling li fumane hypots'ebetso ea tsela ea moputso oa mesolimbic ho arabela tebello kapa sephetho sa meputso ( Reuter et al., 2005, de Ruiter et al., 2009 'me Balodis et al., 2012), lithuto tse ling li tlalehiloe hyperts'ebetso ea tsela e ts'oanang ea moputso o lebelletsoeng ( van Holst et al., 2012 'me Worhunsky et al., 2014), tahlehelo e lebelletsoeng (Romanczuk-Seiferth et al. 2015), kapa likotsi tsa ho becha ( Crockford et al., 2005 'me Goudriaan et al., 2010). Ho khahlisang, lithuto tsa positron emission tomography (PET) ha li hlahise liphapang tse akaretsang lipakeng tsa papali ea chelete le batsamaisi ba phetseng hantle ka boholo ba tokollo ea dopamine ( Joutsa et al., 2012 'me Linnet et al., 2011) empa o bontšitse khokahano e nepahetseng lipakeng tsa tokollo ea dopamine le ho tsitsa ha papali ea chelete (Joutsa et al. 2012), le tokollo ea dopamine le nyakallo ea papali ea chelete (Linnet et al. 2011). Mekhoa ena ea karabelo e sa hlaloseheng e bonahala litlalehong tse peli tsa sehlooho tsa papali ea chelete ea ho becha. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, khopolo ea khaello ea moputso e bolela esale pele mokhoa oa moputso oa hyposensitive ka lebaka la dysfunctional dopamine D2 receptor e fumanoang ho lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi ( Blum et al., 1990 'me Noble et al., 1991) le papali ea chelete ( Comings et al., 1996 'me Comings et al., 2001). Molumo o tlaase oa dopaminergic bokong o sutumetsa ba bechang hore ba batle meputso e phahameng, e le hore ba fihle monyako oo ho oona "mosesisi oa meputso" a qalileng bokong. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mohopolo oa matlafatso o bolela esale pele khetho e matla ea lintho tse lemalloang ( Robinson le Berridge, 1993 'me Robinson le Berridge, 2008) e lebisang ho hypersensitivity libakeng tsa dopaminergic. Ho papali ea papali ea chelete, sepheo sa papali ea chelete se ka susumetsoa ke likotsi tsa papali ea chelete tikolohong, tse ka eketsang boleng bo fetelletseng ba mehloli e meng ea moputso ( Goldstein le Volkow, 2002 'me Goldstein et al., 2007).

Lintho tsena tse sa tšoaneng li tiisa hore metheo ea papali ea papali ea methapo ea kutlo. Leha lithuto li bapisa likotlo le chelete ea moputso li ka rarolla tsela eo melao-motheo e hlophisitsoeng ka teng bokong, ha e bue ka hore na meputso le tahlehelo li kopantsoe joang nakong ea papali ea chelete. Haufinyane tjena, re qapile mosebetsi oa papali ea chelete o lekang boholo ba phaello le tahlehelo ka kotlolloho, le hore na meputso le tahlehelo li lekane hakae 'marakeng o “kopaneng” (phaello / tahlehelo)Gelskov et al. 2015). Ha ho leka-lekana katleho le tahlehelo, batho ba sekaseka khafetsa ho tahlehelo e ka bang teng ho feta melemo e lekanang, qeto e tsejoang ka ho hloloheloa tahlehelo (Kahneman le Tversky 1979). Ka ts'ebetso, batho ka tloaelo ba hana ho becha ha 50 / 50 ntle le haeba ba ka hapa ka makhetlo a mabeli ho feta kamoo ba ka lahlehang. Boithuto bo fetileng bo sebelisang metjeko e kopaneng le barupeluoa ba phetseng hantle ba fumane hore theko e nyane ea litheko le tahlehelo li kenyeletsa libaka tse amanang le moputso, haholoholo ea ventral striatum le vmPFC (Tom et al. 2007). Leha ho le joalo, ha papali ea chelete eohle ea phaello / tahlehelo e nkuoa hloko (ke hore, phaello e ka bang teng, tahlehelo e ka bang teng, le litlamorao tsa ho hapa kapa ho lahleheloa ke tsona), lithuto tse ling li fumane karolo ea bohlokoa ho amygdala ho hlohlelletsoeng tahlehelo (De Martino et al., 2010 'me Gelskov et al., 2015). Thutong ea hona joale, re sebelisitse mosebetsi ona bathong ba nang le bothata ba ho lemalla ho becha e le mokhoa oa ho fumana kutloisiso mabapi le ho etsa liqeto tse thehiloeng holima boleng.

Haufinyane tjena, boithuto bo mabapi le boits'oaro bo fumane hore batho ba bapalang papali ea chelete ha ba lahleheloe haholo ke lithuto tse laoloang (Ba qhekellang et al. 2012, empa bona hape Giorgetta et al. 2014). Mona, re botsa hore na ts'ebeliso ea papali ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo e ka bonts'a ho leka-lekana ha meputso e ka bang teng lipakeng tsa tahlehelo nakong ea ho etsa liqeto. Phuputsong ea morao tjena, re fumane hore tšebetso ea amygdala le ventral striatum li bonts'a tekanyo ea tahlehelo ea tahlehelo ho barupeluoa ba phetseng hantle ha ba etsa qeto ea ho amohela kapa ho hana ho becha ka mokhoa o feteletseng (Gelskov et al. 2015). Mona, re sebelisitse mokhoa oa motho oa ho becha ho etsa lipatlisiso hore na mohato oa ho etsa liqeto o hlophisoa joang ka ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo le batho ka tsela e fapaneng, le hore na ho lahleheloa ke boitšoaro ho boetse ho bonahala libakeng tse amanang le moputso oa mesolimbic ho ba bechang. . Ho sebetsana le litaba tsena, re sebelisitse fMRI le papali ea chelete eo ho eona barupeluoa ba ileng ba tlameha ho amohela kapa ho lahla lipapatso tse tsoakaneng motheong oa phaello lipakeng tsa phaello e felletseng le boleng ba tahlehelo. Moralo oa rona oa ho ithuta o re lumelletse ho shebana le hore na bashemane ba ts'ebelisang 'mele ba ts'oara litekanyetso tse nepahetseng le tse fosahetseng ka mokhoa o fapaneng le taolo e ntle le hore na ho kenyeletsoa ha litekanyetso tsa tahlehelo lipapatsong tsa papali ea chelete ho amana le ts'ebetso e sa tloaelehang libakeng tsa boko tse nkang karolo ho etseng qeto.

Lintho tse bonahalang le mekhoa

barupeluoa ba

Baroetsana ba leshome le metso e mene ba batona, ba sa tsebisehang ka methapo ea methapo ea methapo (ba bolela lilemo ka lilemo: 29.43; SD: 6.05; mefuta: 20-40) le lithuto tsa taolo e phetseng hantle tsa 15 (kaofela e le banna; ho bolela lilemo ka lilemo: 29.87; SD: 6.06; mefuta: 21-- 38) li ile tsa hiroa ka ho khetheha bakeng sa thuto ena. Batho ba bang ba babeli ba neng ba batla ho becha ba ile ba hlahlojoa pele empa ba sa kenngoe pele ho tlhahlobo hobane ba sa utloisise mosebetsi. Motho e mong o ile a araba ha a amohela ho becha, athe e mong ea nkang karolo o ne a nahana hore papali ea chelete eohle e tla lefelloa qetellong ea thuto. Batho ba betšang ba ile ba hiroa ka setsi sa kalafo sa Danish bakeng sa papali ea chelete. Ha ho motho ea nkang karolo ea ileng a ba le mathata a eketsehileng a bophelo bo botle ba kelello ntle le papali ea methapo ea methapo e thehiloeng tlhahlobisong ea bongaka ea DSM-IV, Axis I (SCID-I, mofuta oa lipatlisiso, mofuta oa bakuli le bao e seng bakuli; Pele et al. 2002), ho kenyelletsa le mathata a kang ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi kapa ho ikemela. Ho ba teng ha papali ea chelete ea marang-rang ho netefalitsoe ke lipuisano tse hlophisitsoeng tse thehiloeng ho module ea SCID bakeng sa papali ea chelete ea methapo. Barekisi bohle ba ne ba e-na le sekepe sa South Oaks Gurb Screen (SOGS) kaholimo ho 5 (Lethathamo 1; Lesieur le Blume 1987; Mefuta ea Danish ea SOGS le li-module tsa SCID li fetoletsoe ke J. Linnet). Barupeluoa ba ile ba hlahlojoa hore na ba ka bapisoa le MR, nalane ea mathata a methapo ea kutlo le liforomo tsa tumello tse saennoeng. Boithuto bona bo ananetsoe tlasa protocol ea melao ea boitšoaro KF 01-131 / 03, e fanoeng ke komiti ea boitšoaro ea lehae.

Tafole 1.

Mekhoa ea demographic le neuropsychological ea bankakarolo.

Selelekela: SOGS, Sesebelisoa sa Papali ea Oaks sa Boroa; Tlhahlobo, Teko ea Boitsebiso ea Ho Tseba Joala; WAIS, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BIS-11, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, 11th ed., GAD-10, Teko ea Khatello ea Khatello ea Kakaretso; DOSPERT, sekhahla sa ho ipeha kotsing ka ho khetheha le kotsi e ikhethang.

a

Boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ba thuto (ho hlaba lintlha): 1 = Sekolo se tlase se tlase / se akaretsang, 2 = thuto ea matsoho le koetliso, 3 = sekolo se phahameng se phahameng, 4 = degree ea koleche ea botsebi, 5 = degree ea bachelors kapa e tšoanang, 6 = degree ea masters.

b

Motho e mong ea bechang o ne a sa tlatsa skrineng ea AUDIT, e mong ha a ka a tlatsa skrine ea ho tsuba le ea thuto. Taba e le 'ngoe ea taolo ha ea ka ea tlatsa potso ea BIS-11.

c

Teko ea tumello e se nang parameetric e sebelisoang ka lebaka la kabo e seng e tloaelehileng.

Litlhahlobo tsa lipapali

Barupeluoa ba ile ba lekoa ka matsatsi a mabeli a arohaneng ka libeke tse 1-2. Nakong ea thupelo ea pele ea liteko, bankakarolo ba ile ba etsa liteko tsa kelello, lipotso tsa lipotso le lipuisano (bona Lethathamo 1). Barupeluoa le bona ba fuoe 200 Danish Kroner (ke hore, chelete ea chelete ea Denmark, DKK, 1 DKK ≈ 0.16 dolara ea Amerika), eo ba ileng ba bolelloa hore ba e khutlise bekeng e hlahlamang bakeng sa teko ea fMRI e le thupa ea papali ea chelete.

Mosebetsi oa papali ea chelete ea ho becha le maemo

Nakong ea seboka sa FMRI, barupeluoa ba ile ba etsa papali ea papali ea chelete, e neng e ba hloka hore ba amohele kapa ba hane menyenyetsi ea ho lahleheloa ke phaello ka tekanyo e tšoanang ea ho hapa kapa ho lahleheloa ke (Feie. 1A). Tekong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, lithuto li ne li hlahisoa ka chate ea phae e nang le monyetla oa ho fumana phaello kapa palo ea tahlehelo, ho latela maemo a mantlha (ke hore, "tahlehelo pele" kapa "fumana pele" maemo). Kamora nako e fapaneng ea pontšo (2-5 s), palo ea bobeli ea papali e kopaneng e ile ea hlahisoa mme lithuto tsa etsa qeto ea ho amohela kapa ho hana papali eo ea hajoale ka ho tobetsa e 'ngoe ea likonopo tse peli ho skena. Ka bobeli, "mohato oa pele oa tlhahiso" le "mohato oa liqeto" o ileng oa ts'oaroa ka mehato ea 0.5 s (ke hore, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, le 5 s) pseudo-ka boiketsetso ho tloha nyeoeng ho isa nyeoeng. Litaelo li ile tsa balloa barupeluoa ka lentsoe le phahameng, moo kamora ho qeta thupelo e khuts'oane ho fihlela ba tloaelane le mosebetsi. Barupeluoa ba ile ba bolelloa hore ha ho karabo e tla fanoa ka sephetho sa libete tse le 'ngoe nakong ea ho sekena, empa hore kamora seboka sa fMRI, komporo e tla khetha libethe tse peli tse sa reroang: tse neng li entsoe E amohelehile nakong ea thuto ea papali ea papali ea chelete, e ne e tla "bapaloa" mme barupeluoa ba ne ba ka lahleheloa ke chelete ea bona kapa ba fumana chelete e eketsehileng, athe haeba ba ne ba lahlile ho becha, ha ho papali ea chelete ea 50 / 50 e bapaloang. Barupeluoa ba ile ba bolelloa hore ba latele maikutlo a bona 'mme ha ho karabo e nepahetseng kapa e fosahetseng.

Setšoantšo sa 1. 

Mosebetsi oa papali ea chelete ho scanner, stimulus matrix, le boits'oaro ba khetho. A) Paradigm e amanang le ketsahalo ea fMRI; bankakarolo ba ile ba qala ka ho amohela tahlehelo e ka bang teng kapa bokalo ba monyetla oa phaello (ke hore, karolo ea "Presentation" e kholo). Joale, ha lichelete tseo ka bobeli li hlahisoa, bankakarolo ba ile ba khetha ho amohela kapa ho hana papali eo (ke hore, "Karolo ea" Qeto "). Likarolo tsa liteko tse arohaneng. NB: "kr" = "DKK". B) 'Mapa oa mocheso o nang le mebala o emelang litekanyetso tsa papali ea chelete (phaello / tahlehelo). Stimuli e na le likarolo tse 64 tse fapaneng tsa phaello-tahlehelo, tse tsamaellanang le chelete e ka bang 8 ea phaello (68-166 DKK; likeketso tsa 14) ka palo e ka bang 8 ea tahlehelo (34-83 DKK; likeketso tsa 7). Ho ngola mebala ho bonts'a lipalo ho tloha tlase (0.82) ho ea holimo (4.9). Litekanyo tsohle tsa phaello / tahlehelo li hlahisitsoe habeli ka tatellano e hlophisitsoeng, hang ho "phaello ea pele" mme hang ho "tahlehelo ea pele" C) Limmapa tsa mocheso tse nang le mebala tse emelang mekhoa ea khetho bakeng sa papali ea chelete (ka ho le letšehali) le taolo (ka ho le letona) Ho khetholla mebala ho tloha botšo ho ea bofubelu ho ea bosehla ho ea ho tšoeu ho bonts'a liperesente tse ntseng li eketseha tsa papali ea chelete e amoheloang (e tsoeu e ntšo: 0-100%). D) Ho ba le sekhahla sa phokotso ea tahlehelo, lambda (λ), bakeng sa bankakarolo bohle. Hlokomela kabo e nepahetseng ea skewed. Teko ea tumello e seng ea parametric e bonts'itse tloaelo ea ho fokotsa tahlehelo e tlase ho batho ba papali ea papali ea chelete ha ba bapisoa le taolo e nepahetseng (P = 0.077).

Mokhoa oa ho khetha

Stimuli e ne e kenyelletsa mabenyane a tsoakaneng a neng a hlahisoa ho lichate tsa pie e mosehla le e pherese ka chelete e le 'ngoe (ke hore, menyetla le tahlehelo e ka bang teng ka chelete ea Danish) e hlahisitsoeng halofong e' ngoe le e 'ngoe ea chate (Feie. 1A). Kofuto ea 64 e kopantsoe le litheko tsa phaello ea 8 (68-166 DKK; ka li-extension tsa 14 DKK), le litekanyetso tsa tahlehelo ea 8 tse ka bang teng (34-83 DKK; in extension of 7 DKK; bona phaello ea phaello / tahlehelo ho Feie. 1B). Papali ea papali ea chelete e 64 e kopantsoeng e ile ea hlahisoa hanngoe ka "leruo la pele" mme hang maemong a "tahlehelo pele", ea hlahisa liteko tse 128 kaofela. E 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea litšusumetso e ne e le ea sehlopha se le seng sa 8, se khetholloang ke lehlakore la chate ea phae e neng e potoloha le 45 ° (0 ° -360 °) bakeng sa sehlopha ka seng. Kahoo, leha chelete e ngoe le e ngoe (mohlala, + 82 DKK) e hlahile makhetlo a 16, e ne e hlahisoa hang feela boemong ba 'mele skrineng ka boemo bo bong le bo bong (phaello kapa tahlehelo pele), ho qoba litlamorao tse phetoang tsa boemo bo tlase. Ho etsa bonnete ba hore lithuto li ela hloko mosebetsi ona le ho eketsa palo ea likhaohano tse ka tlase ho 1, re kentse liteko tse 18 tse seng ntle haholo tsa ho tšoasa. Liteko tsena li kopantse chelete ea 3 ea phaello e tlase (ke hore, 34, 41, 48 DKK) le li-3 tsa tahlehelo e phahameng (ke hore, 138, 152, 166 DKK). Lihlooho tsohle li hanne bonyane 89% ea liteko tsa ho tšoasa, ho bonts'a hore lithuto li hlokometse mosebetsi (batho ba bechang ba hanne 98% ea liteko tsohle tsa ho tšoasa; mefuta: 95-100%; bafo ba lahlileng ba hanne 98.9% ea liteko tsa ho tšoasa; mefuta ea 89-100 %). Ho ne ho se na phapang lipakeng tsa liteko tse hanetsoeng tsa ho ts'oasa litlhapi lipakeng tsa lihlopha (P = 0.61, t (27) = 0.52, SD = 2.99). Kamora nako, re kentse liteko tsa 24 "tsa mantlha": lichate tsa pie tse se nang letho ntle le tefo (hlokomela hore ha ho liteko tsa ho ts'oasa kapa liteko tsa mantlha tse sebelisitsoeng tlhahlobisong ea boits'oaro kapa ho kenyelletsoa joalo ka li-regress tsa lithahasello). Stimuli li ile tsa hlahisoa 'me ha hatisoa likonopo ho sebelisoa software ea E-Prime 2.0 (Psychology Software Tools, Pittsburgh, PA).

Ho ipapisitsoe le likhetho tsa monkakarolo litekong tse 128 tse tloaelehileng, re balile tekanyo ea motho ka mong ea tahlehelo, lambda (λ), ka ho beha khatello ea thepa karabong ea motsamaisi e mong le e mong ea kamohelo (amohela / hana). Ho fapana le Tom et al. (2007), re sebelisitse tekanyo e felletseng ea phaello / tahlehelo ea lipakete tse tsoakaneng e le boikemelo bo ikemetseng ba ho fumana "moeli oa qeto" oa li-lambda ho motho e mong le e mong ea nkang karolo. Sena se ne se bakoa ke ho tsepamisa mohopolo oa rona papaling ea papali ea fMRI, ho fapana le phaello e le 'ngoe le boleng ba tahlehelo. Lambda e hakantsoe joalo ka keketseho ea phaello / tahlehelo eo monyetla oa ho amohela teko e neng e lekana le monyetla oa ho se amohele nyeoe (ke hore 0.5).

Setšoantšo sa mahlaseli a resonance

Lisebelisoa tsa boko tse sebetsang le tse hlophiloeng li fumanoe ho sebelisoa sesebelisoa sa Nokia Magnetom Trio 3 T MRI se nang le kela ea hlooho ea 8-channel. MRI e sebetsang ka boemo ba oksijene ea mali (BOLD) e ile ea bokelloa ho sebelisoa tatellano ea litšoantšo tsa T2 * -weighted echo-planar (meqolo e 295; likotoana tse 41; tharollo ea 3 mm isotropic; nako ea ho pheta-pheta: 2430 ms; nako ea echo: 30 ms; flip angle: 90 °; tšimo ea pono: 192 mm, sefofane se rapameng) e ntlafalitsoeng bakeng sa ho fumana lets'oao la BOLD ho orbitofrontal cortex (Deichmann et al. 2003). Likarolo li ne li sekametse ka nqa e le 'ngoe' me tataiso ea mohato e ne e le ka pele-kamorao. Hlokomela hore tšimo ea pono ha ea ka ea lumella ho koaheloa ka botlalo ha parietal cortex e phahameng. Tlhatlhobo ea sebopeho se phahameng ea likarolo tse tharo ea boko bo felletseng e fumanoe ka tšebeliso ea matla a khoheli a T1 a hlophisitsoeng ka mokhoa o potlakileng oa ho fumana gradient echo (MPRAGE) molemong oa ho ingolisa ka letsoho (1 mm li-voxels tsa isotropic; FOV: 256 mm; ho fumana matrix 256 × 256; TR: 1540; TE: 3.93 ms, nako ea inversion: 800 ms, le flip angle ea 9 °) le ho theha template e ikhethileng ea sehlopha sa anatomical bakeng sa pontšo ea limmapa tse sebetsang lipalo. Meqolo ea pele e 'meli e ile ea lahloa e le mechini e lumellang tšimo hore e fihle maemong a tsitsitseng.

Tlhahlobo ea data ea fMRI

Lintlha tsa fMRI li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa software ea SPM8 (Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology). Ho e lokisa pele ho nako ho ne ho kenyelletsa khalemelo ea nako ea selae, tokiso ea sebaka sa setšoantšo se bolelang, ho ngolisa litšoantšo ka letsoho, ho tloaela setšoantšo se tloaelehileng sa EPI (ke hore, setšoantšo sa template ea MNI; li-voxels tse sebetsang tsa 2 × 2 × 2 mm), ho boreleli ho sebelisa isotropic 8mm bophara bo felletseng ka halofo ea kernel ea Gaussian, le ho sefa ho phahameng ho feta (maqhubu a khaotsoeng a 1/128 Hz). Moetso o akaretsang oa linear (GLM) o hakantsoe katoloso ea Volterra ea 24 ea lipalo tse 6 tse hakantsoeng tsa ho sisinyeha ha 'mele ka thata, tse kenyellelitsoeng joalo ka li-regressor tse sa khahliseng joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ho Friston et al. (1996). Hape re kenyelelitse li-regress tsa tlatsetso bakeng sa liteko tsa ho tšoasa, liteko tsa liphoso (ke hore, 250 ms> nako ea karabelo> 2500 ms le liteko tse se nang karabo) hammoho le "li-button-press regressor" tse peli tse hlahisang ts'ebetso ea makoloi e amanang le likonopo tsa menoana. Lithutong tse hlano, meqolo ea boko e ile ea qheleloa ka thoko ka lebaka la motsamao o feteletseng oa hlooho (ke hore, ho sisinyeha ha hlooho ea lefatše kaholimo ho 8 mm, motsamao oa hlooho ea lehae kaholimo ho 2 mm), le DVARS (ke hore, motso o bolela squared (RMS) phetoho ho lets'oao la BOLD ho tloha molumo ho bophahamo ba modumo, moo «D» e bolelang sehlahisoa sa nako ea lithuto tsa nako le «VARS» ho phapang ea RMS ho li-voxels tse kaholimo ho 5% ho fetoha ha lets'oao la BOLD lefats'e joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ho Matla et al., (2012)).

Ka karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, re nkile liphetoho tse amanang le BOLD tse amanang le mosebetsi re sebelisa GLM, e bonts'ang karolo ea tlhahiso ea kholo le karolo ea qeto ea teko ka 'ngoe (bona Feie. 1A). Liphetoho tsa BOLD nakong ea tlhahiso ea boholo ba eona li ne li arotsoe ka "liketsahalo tsa phaello" le "liketsahalo tsa tahlehelo," e mong le e mong a lekantsoe ka lipalo tsa bona e le li-module tsa parametric linear. Liphetoho tsa matšoao a BOLD nakong ea ho etsa liqeto li ne li hlophisitsoe hantle ka tekanyo ea phaello e felletseng ea kamohelo ea ho kenyelletsa palo ea pele (e bolelang) le ea bobeli (ke hore "quadratic)" polynomial modulation (ke hore (fumana / tahlehelo)²). Li-regresser tsohle tse khahlisang li ile tsa khothatsoa ka ts'ebeliso ea "canonical hemodynamic reaction function".

Morero oa paramente ka kotloloho ea poloko ea litekanyetso tsa pele le tsa bobeli tsa tokiso ea phaello ea phaello e ile ea kenngoa tlhahlobisong e 'meli ea sehlopha sa bobeli. Liteko tsena tsa maemo a bobeli li kenyeletsa le tlhaiso ea tahlehelo ea motho ka mong (ke hore, lambda) joalo ka mohlala oa tšusumetso ea ho se tšoane ha tahlehelo ea motho ka mong. Mohlala o mong oa mekhahlelo ea bobeli o ne o kenyelletsa lintlha tsa SOGS ka bonngoe tsa bosholu ba papali ea chelete. Phapang ea karabelo ea BOLD ea tikolohong lipakeng tsa ba bechang le taolo e ile ea hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa liteko tsa liteko tsa liteko tse peli. Boemong ba sehlopha, lihlopha li ne li nkuoa li le bohlokoa haeba li feta moputso oa P <0.05 e lokisitsoe bakeng sa papiso e mengata le khalemelo e fosahetseng ea lelapa ka bokong (ke hore, sehlopheng), ho sebelisoa monyako oa P_{Ha ea hlophisoa} <0.001. Ntle le moo, ho tlalehiloe mefuta e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso ea li-cortico-limbic P_{Ha ea hlophisoa} <0.001. Lihokela li bonts'itsoe sebakeng sa MNI stereotactic space. Bakeng sa ho totobatsa lihlopha tse ka sehloohong tsa ts'ebetso ea BOLD (ke hore caudate le DLPFC, Feie. 4) le ho etsa lipalo tsa likhakanyo tsa paramethara tse ipapisitseng le boits'oaro ba motho ka mong (ke hore, ho rera ho lahleheloa ke tahi ka ho amygdala le ho teba ha ho becha ka mokhoa oa precuneus, Feie. 5), re thehile limmks tsa anatomical bakeng sa libaka tsena re sebelisa WFU PickAtlas (Maldjian et al. 2003). Bakeng sa limaske tse koahelang lefatše ka bobeli, ka li-amygdala, le li-precuneus, re sebelisitse limaske tse hlalositsoeng pele ke "AAL"Tzourio-Mazoyer et al. 2002), ha re le mask oa DLPFC, re thehile maske a koahelang libaka tsa Brodmann 8-10, 46, le gyrus e bohareng ea pele (MFG). Hlokomela hore ha ho le e 'ngoe ea limaske tsena e ileng ea sebelisoa ho khahlisa sephetho sa fMRI se tlalehiloeng sengolong se ka sehloohong kapa litafoleng.

Results

Lintlha tsa demographic le neuropsychological

Lintlha tsa demographic le neuropsychological li thathamisitsoe ho Lethathamo 1. Lihlopha ha lia ka tsa fapana haholo mabapi le lilemo, ho beleha, matšoenyeho ka kakaretso, kapa botahoa. Leha ho le joalo, ba bechang ba ile ba bontša ho ts'epa hofeta hanyane, boemo bo tlase ba thuto, ho ts'oaroa ho phahameng le ho fapana ka tsela eo ba lemohileng likotsi ka ho bapisoa le taolo e seng ea papali ea chelete. Habohlokoa, batsomi bohle ba ne ba e-na le SOGS ea ho feta 5, ho bonts'a hore kaofela ba ne ba le maemong a methapo ea methapo (mahareng: 10; bophara: 6-19). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lithuto tsohle empa tse peli feela tsa taolo li fumane 0 tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe (mokena-lipakeng: 0; lehloeo: 0-3), e bonts'ang mathata a papali ea chelete.

Ho sithabela maikutlo ke mokhoa o tloaelehileng o sebelisanang le papali ho tsa papali ea chelete, 'me khafetsa, re fumane le keketseho e kholo matšoao a sithabetsang sehlopheng sa papali ea chelete ha se bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo. Leha ho le joalo, ho ne ho se na khokahano lipakeng tsa boitšoaro ba papali ea papali ea chelete (ke hore, λ) le lintlha tsa BDI ho ba bechang (R = 0.2739, P = 0.3651).

Re boetse re fumane phapang e kholo ts'ebetsong ho li-subtest tsa WAIS patlisiso ea mantsoe le tsebo e akaretsang ("tlhahisoleseling"). Hape, ha rea ​​fumana kamano pakeng tsa mehato ena le boitšoaro ba papali ea chelete (ke hore, kamano pakeng tsa tlhaiso-leseling ea WAIS le: R = 0.0124, P = 0.9679; le lipakeng tsa pokello ea mantsoe ea WAIS le λ: R = 0.2320, P = 0.4456).

Lintlha tsa boitšoaro

Feie. 1C e bonts'a kabo ea papali ea chelete e amoheloang bakeng sa phaello e fanoeng ea phaello-tahlehelo bakeng sa batho ba bechang le taolo. Boholo ba bankakarolo ba ne ba lula ba bontša boits'oaro bo fosahetseng: Ba amohetse papali ea chelete e fanoeng ha feela chelete ea phaello e feta ka ho hlaka palo ea tahlehelo (ke hore, lambda> 1). Ho becha ho ne ho batla ho fokotsa tahlehelo. Karolo e bolelang ea liteko tse amoheloang khahlanong le tse lahliloeng ho bapapali ba papali ea chelete e ne e le 65% vs 35%, mme ho laola, 55% vs. 45%, empa phapang pakeng tsa batho ka bomong e ne e le kholo lihlopheng tsena ka bobeli: lambda e bohareng ho batho ba papali ea chelete e ne e le 1.45 (SD = 0.49; mean = 1.45; range: 0.56-2.59), e nang le kabo e netefalitsoeng ea λ's (coefficient ea skewness ea 0.42), ha lambda e bohareng ea taolo e nepahetseng e ne e le 1.82 (SD = 0.83; mean = 1.83; range: 1.01-3.83; ts'epo e nepahetseng: 0.93). Ka hona, phapang ea lambda lipakeng tsa lihlopha e fihlile feela moeling oa bohlokoa (P = 0.077; T (27) = 1.47). Hlokomela hore kabo ea lambda e ne e sa tloaeleha (Teko ea Shapiro-Wilks ea tloaelo: P = 0.0353, W = 0.9218). Ka hona, re sebelisitse tlhahlobo ea tumello e sa reroang e ipapisitseng le ho etsa bocha (e tsejoang hape e le tlhahlobo ea tlhaiso-leseling) ho lekola liphapang tsa lambda lipakeng tsa batho ba bechang ba sa sebetseng hantle le taolo e nepahetseng. Palo ea liphetolelo tse sebelisitsoeng e ne e le 10.000.

Palo ea liteko tsa liphoso e ne e bapisoa pakeng tsa lihlopha. Basebelisi e le sehlopha ba ne ba e-na le liteko tsa liphoso tsa 30 (15-karabo, karabo ea 15 e potlakileng haholo kapa e liehang) ka liteko tsa phoso tsa 0-8 ka thuto e ngoe le e ngoe. Lithuto tsa taolo tse entsoeng ka liphoso tsa 27 ka kakaretso (16 ha e arabe, likarabo tsa 11 kapele kapa likarabo tse potlakileng) ka liteko tsa phoso tsa 0-8 ka thuto e ngoe le e ngoe. Linako tsa karabelo li ne li boetse li tšoana lipakeng tsa lihlopha (P = 0.66; T (27) = 0.45; Batho ba papali ea chelete: 927 ms; EA-240-TZ taolo: 959 ms; EA-122-SD Liqeto tsa ho amohela kapa ho hana papali ea chelete li ne li le thata le ho feta ha tšebeliso ea phaello le tahlehelo e ne e ts'oana. Sena se bontšitsoe nakong ea karabelo, ha lihlopha ka bobeli li arabela butle ha sebaka sa Euclidian lipakeng tsa karolelano ea phaello / tahlehelo ea motho ka mong mme sehlopha se bolela hore lambda e fokotsehile (batho ba bechang: R = 0.15, P <0.001; laola: R = 0.15, P <0.001).

Keketseho ea methapo ea tšebetso ea neural e nang le keketseho ea phaello ea tahlehelo

Karolong ea ho etsa liqeto, sehlopha se seholo sa linaha tse ikhethileng kahare ho cterex cortex (ACC) le vmPFC (P <0.001; x, y, z = - 8, 40, 6; Z = 4.75; k = 759), cortex e bohareng ba cingular cortex le precuneus e haufi, (P <0.001; x, y, z = - 10, - 30, 52; Z = 4.43; k = 1933), le gyrus e ka pele e ka pele (SFG; P <0.001; x, y, z = 18, 38, 56; Z = 4.34; k = 633) e bonts'itse keketseho e lekanang ea karabelo ea BOLD ka lipalo-tahlehelo tse ntseng li eketseha tsa takatso-tahlehelo ho bankakarolo bohle ba 29. Feie. 2 e bonts'a hore ts'ebetso ena ea methapo e ne e khannoa haholo ke bats'oari, ba bonts'ang keketseho ea butle ea Karabelo ea BOLD ka litekanyetso tse ntseng li eketseha tsa takatso ea papali ea chelete papaling ea pele ea ACC (P <0.001; x, y, z = - 8, 36, 8; Z = 5.18; k = 518; Feie. 2A) le vmPFC e nepahetseng (P = 0.003; x, y, z = 8, 34, - 10; Z = 4.23; k = 307) hammoho le bohareng ba cingulum / precuneus (P = 0.031; x, y, z = - 10, - 30, 52; Z = 4.40; k = 188), gyrus / parahippocampus e tlase ka tlase (P = 0.002; x, y, z = 34, 2, - 30; Z = 4.23; k = 329), le gyrus ea postcentral (P = 0.001; x, y, z = 62; - 20, 44; Z = 4.11; k = 356). Bafo ba taolo, ka lehlakoreng le leng, ba bontšitse lihlopha tse qhalakaneng tsa ts'ebetso libakeng tse fapaneng (ho tloha precuneus: P <0.001; x, y, z = - 6, - 58, 32; Z = 4.72; k = 1010; gyrus ea puo e nepahetseng: P = 0.002; x, y, z = 18; - 86, - 8; Z = 4.67; k = 332; cuneus e letšehali: P = 0.028; x, y, z = - 14, - 100, 10; Z = 4.27; k = 193;; le lobe e kamorao ho le letona ea cerebellum: P = 0.001; x, y, z = 42, - 70, - 34; Z = 4.09; k = 351) ka ts'ebetsong ea tlhoro ho gyrus e ka lehlakoreng le letšehali (P <0.001; x, y, z = - 48, - 60, 30; Z = 5.06; k = 433; Feie. 2B). Leha re sa fumane phokotso e kholo ts'ebetsong bakeng sa ho becha ho ntseng ho eketseha, re fumane litabatabelo tsa kahare tsa sehlopha sa taolo (L: P <0.001, e sa nepahala; x, y, z = - 32, 24, - 2; Z = 3.83; k = 74; R: P <0.001, e sa nepahala; x, y, z = 42, 24, 4; Z = 3.64; k = 14). Ha ho bapisoa lihlopha, ha ho liphapang tse kholo tse fumanoeng. Leha ho le joalo, batho ba bechang ba bontšitse mokhoa o lebisang keketsehong e phahameng ea tšebetso ka papali ea chelete e ntseng e eketseha ea takatso ho ACC ea pele (P <0.001, e sa nepahala; x, y, z = - 8, 36, 6; Z = 4.33; k = 98;) Feie. 2C). Liphetho tse bonts'ang phello ea tekanyo ea tahlehelo ea tahlehelo ea motho ka mong ka keketseho ea melaetsa ea mesebetsi ea neural ka litekanyetso tse ntseng li eketseha li ka fumaneha ho Supplementary Fig. 1 le Supplementary Tafoleng 1.

Setšoantšo sa 2. 

Limmapa tsa lipalo-palo tse khethiloeng ka mebala: Libaka tsa boko tse bonts'a kamano e ntle pakeng tsa karabelo ea BOLD le likhahla tse ntseng li eketseha tsa phaello-tahlehelo ea papali ea chelete A) ho bapapali ba papali ea chelete, B) ho taolo, le C) ho fapana le lihlopha tsena tse peli. Ha lihlopha tse fapaneng, ts'ebetso ea BOLD e senola phapang ea mokhoa ho li-ACC tsa pele (papali ea chelete> taolo). Limmapa li thibetsoe ka P <0.001 (e sa nepisoang) ebe e bonts'oa sehlopheng se ikhethileng se ikhethileng sa sehlopha se ipapisitseng le litšoantšo tsa T1.

Mokhoa oa ho khetha

Keketseho ea makhetlo a mararo ea mesebetsi ea neural e nang le keketseho ea phaello ea tahlehelo

Ha o kopanya letšoao la BOLD ho tsoa ho bohle ba nkang karolo, netweke e kholo ea libaka tse tlang pele kahare ho dorsal le matial frontal lobe e bontšitse keketseho e makatsang ea mesebetsi ea neural ka keketseho ea phaello ea tahlehelo ea tahlehelo e ntseng e eketseha ka letsohong le letona la SFG (P <0.001; x, y, z = 12, 24, 60; Z = 5.38; k = 1769). Liketso tse ling tsa phapang ena li ne li kenyelletsa gyrus e ka pele e ka pele ka ho le letšehali (P <0.001; x, y, z = - 38, 10, 50; Z = 4.81; k = 605), gyri ea mahlakore a mabeli (L: P = 0.022; x, y, z = - 42, - 64, 40; Z = 4.24; k = 227; R: P <0.001; x, y, z = 52, - 56, 38; Z = 4.68; k = 488), e setseng gyrus e ka tlase e ka pele (P = 0.004; x, y, z = - 42, 26, - 16; Z = 4.09; k = 330), 'me ka ho le letona gyrus ea tlase ea nakoana (P = 0.001; x, y, z = 66, - 14, - 22; Z = 4.30; k = 409). Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Feie. 3, litlhahlobo tse ikhethileng bakeng sa sehlopha ka seng li senola hore phello ena e ne e lumellana feela ho ba bechang. Ho bashebelli, libaka tse 'maloa tsa boko li bontšitse keketseho ea makhetlo a marang-rang e le ts'ebetso ea litekanyetso tsa motjeko, ho kenyelletsa sehlopha se seholo sa lefatše se ka pele se koahelang likarolo tse ka morao tsa gyri e bohareng le e phahameng, le setsi se ikhethileng se koahelang hlooho le' mele oa li-caudate tse ka bobeli le tse ka morao. nuclei (Feie. 3A; lenane le felletseng la ts'ebetso le ka fumaneha ho Lethathamo 2). Ho fapana le hoo, boemo ba ts'ebetso ea taolo ha bo a ka ba bonts'a modumo o mong le o mong oa tšebetso o nang le keketseho ea phaello ea tahlehelo (Feie. 3B; Lethathamo 2).

Setšoantšo sa 3. 

Limmapa tsa t-lintlha tsa makolopetso a mebala-bala: Libaka tsa Brain tse bonts'ang kamano e ntle pakeng tsa karabelo ea BOLD le palo e ntseng e eketseha ea tahlehelo ea mabenyane ho A) libapali, B) taolo, le C) li bapisa lihlopha tseo tse peli. Limmapa li thibelloa ho P <0.001 (e sa nepahala).

Mokhoa oa ho khetha

Tafole 2.

Liphetho tsa MRI ea ts'ebetso: keketseho ea quadratic ea ts'ebetso ea BOLD ea tikoloho le litekanyetso tse ntseng li eketseha tsa papali ea chelete.

P <0.05, FWE e lokisoa maemong a sehlopha.

⁎

Maxima ea lehae kahare ho lesihla le lintlha tsa Z> 4.

Litlhahlobo tsa lipapali

Ha ho bapisoa papali ea chelete le likoloi tsa taolo, re fumane ho feto-fetoha ho matla ha liketsahalo tsa neural ka tekanyo ea tahlehelo ea tahlehelo likarolong tse kholo tsa boko (Feie. 3C), ho kenyelletsa sehlopha se seholo sa naha ea naha ea cortico-striatal. Ka har'a sehlopha sena, khubu ea caudate ea letsoho le letšehali e bontsitse phapang e matla ea sehlopha maemong a subcortical mme DLPFC e nepahetseng e bontsitse phello e matla ea sehlopha maemong a cortical. Lethathamo le felletseng la lihlopha tsa ts'ebetso li fanoe ka Lethathamo 2. Ho hlokomelehang, ha ho lihlopha tse bonts'itseng liphetoho tse matla tsa makhetlo a 3 tsa liketsahalo tsa neural ka tekanyo ea tahlehelo ea tahlehelo lipapisong ha li bapisoa le ba bechang.

Re lokela ho hlokomela hore palo e nyarosang ea BOLD e ntse e eketseha ho ba ho becha, 'me e ntse e le teng, le ha ho kenyeletsoa BDI kapa lintlha tsa WAIS e le li-covariate litekong tsa t-level tsa bobeli (joalo ka mohlala sephetho sa khatello ea maikutlo, mantsoe kapa maemo a kakaretso a tsebo. , tse neng li fapana lipakeng tsa lihlopha ho latela liteko tsa boitšoaro, bona Lethathamo 1). Liphetho, moo phello ea khatello ea maikutlo e emisitsoeng ka lebaka la keketseho ea quadratic ea mesebetsi ea neural ka tekanyo e ntseng e eketseha, e ka fumanoa ho Supplementary Fig. 2.

Ho bontša sebopeho se ka tlase sa modumo oa quadratic oa letšoao la BOLD nakong ea ho etsa liqeto, re ile ra abela e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lipalo tsa 64 tsa phaello ea tahlehelo ho e 'ngoe ea li "bins" tsa 16 tse haufi le GLM ea poso. Ha re rera ho kenya ts'ebetsong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea likheo tsena e le ts'ebetso ea keketseho ea phaello ea tahlehelo, re ile ra fumana hore boemo ba BON ea karabelo ho ba bechang e ne e le sebopeho sa U (Feie. 4B). Bakeng sa ho fumana hore na mohala kapa mofuta oa li-cubic o ne o loketse haholoanyane ho hlalosa phello, re ile ra leka hore na phapang e hlalositsoeng ka ho kenyelletsa mantsoe a mangata a polynomial (quadratic and cubic) e ne e le a bohlokoa. Ho papali ea chelete empa e se taolo, setaele sa "regadratic" se netefalitseng hore quarratic e ne e nepahetse haholo ho hlalosa sebopeho, ho fapana le ho lekana. Hlokomela hore lintlha tsena tse hlalosang ha lia lokela ho bonoa e le sephetho se arohaneng, empa ke feela tlhahlobo e tlatselletsang ho bonts'a sebopeho sa likarolo tsa likarabo tsa BOLD.

Setšoantšo sa 4. 

Mod-U-sebopeho sa karabelo ea BOLD ho keketseho ea phaello ea tahlehelo ho ba bechang. A) 'Mapa oa lipalo-palo tse nang le' mala o kopantsoeng oa mebala o bonts'ang lihlopha tse nang le kutloisiso e phahameng ho litekanyetso tse ntle le tse mpe tsa phaello ho barekisi ha li bapisoa le taolo. Limmapa li thibelloa ho P <0.001 e sa nepahala. Ho totobatsa libaka tse peli tse ka sehloohong tse fapaneng lipakeng tsa lihlopha, ho sebelisoa masking ea caudate nuclei (holimo) le DLPFC (tlase). B) Merero ena ea ho hasanya e ipapisitse le tlhahlobo ea "post hoc" ea GLM e etselitsoeng ho etsa lipapiso, moo lipalo tse haufi tsa phaello-tahlehelo li kopantsoeng 'moho ho "li-bar" tsa 16 (mefuta ea li-ratios e bonts'itsoe ho x-axis). The-axis e bonts'a tšebetso ea tikoloho ea methapo (joalo ka ha ho hakantsoe ke karabelo ea BOLD sebakeng sa 8-voxel se potolohileng ts'ebetso e phahameng) mohatong oa liqeto bakeng sa batho ba papali ea chelete (bofubelu) le taolo (e ntšo). Moetso oa khatello ea sehlaha o fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso e ka hlalosoa hamolemo ke quadratic ha e bapisoa le kamano e lekanang le phaello-ea tahlehelo mokokotlong oa caudate (P = 0.02) le DLPFC (P = 0.02) ho bapapali ba papali ea chelete (phanele e ka letsohong le letšehali) empa eseng litsamaisong (phanele e ka ho le letona)

Mokhoa oa ho khetha

Kameho ea ho lahleheloa ke motho ka mong

Hoo e ka bang lihlopha ka bobeli, tekanyo ea ho hloloheloa ea tahlehelo, e bonts'itsoeng ke qeto ea moeli o le mong, e matlafalitse kutloisiso ea menyetla e mengata ea tahlehelo ea lithunya tse kopaneng khokahanong ea libaka tsa boko ka ts'ebetso e phahameng ea amygdala (P <0.001; x, y, z = 24, - 4, - 26; Z = 5.01; K = 1988). Ntle le tlhoro ea mantlha ea ts'ebetso ho amygdala, libaka li kenyelelitse DLPFC / SFG (P <0.001; x, y, z = 32, 24, 56; Z = 4.86; k = 2372), gyrus ea bohareng ba nakoana / parahippocampal gyrus (P <0.001; x, y, z = - 44, - 24, - 24; Z = 4.59; k = 1435), precuneus (P <0.001; x, y, z = - 4, - 62, 26; Z = 4.40; k = 1169), le vmPFC (P = 0.009; x, y, z = 8, 26, - 18; Z = 4.31; k = 281).

Ho papali ea papali ea chelete, tekanyo ea motho ea tahlehelo ea tahlehelo e ne e amana le kutloisiso e ntlafalitsoeng ea keketseho e kholo ea tahlehelo morerong oa mantlha oa dorsal le tlhoro e phahameng ea tikoloho ho DLPFC (Feie. 5A; bona hape Lethathamo 3 bakeng sa lenane le felletseng la ts'ebetso). Khokahano ena ea cortical e ne e tšoana hantle le libaka tsa pele tse bonts'ang keketseho ea ts'ebetso e etselitsoeng U e nang le keketseho ea tahlehelo ea tahlehelo ho barekisi ba hlahisitsoeng Feie. 3.

Setšoantšo sa 5. 

Ho feto-fetoha ha likamano tsa sebopeho sa U pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea neural le palo ea tahlehelo ea tahlehelo ke A) tekanyo ea tahlehelo ea tahlehelo le B) botebo ba papali ea chelete. A) 'Mapa oa lipalo-palo tse nang le' mala o kopantsoeng oa mebala o bonts'ang bokhopo ba tahlehelo ea motho ka mong (bo bonts'itsoeng ke boleng bo phahameng ba motho oa mong) bo matlafalitseng likamano tsa sebopeho sa U pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea neural le likotsi tsa papali ea papali ea papali ea papali ea marang-rang (liphanele tse ka letsohong le letona). Graph e ka tlase e bonts'a kamano pakeng tsa khakanyo ea motho ka mong bakeng sa kamano ea sebopeho sa U pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea neural le tekanyo ea tahlehelo ea tahlehelo (y-axis) le ho lahleheloa ke motho ka mong (x-axis) ho bilisal amygdala (taolo: P <0.001; R² = 0.83; papali ea chelete: P = 0.11; R² = 0.71). B) Holimo: 'Mapa oa lipalo-palo oa lipalo-palo o bonts'ang sehlopha se kopaneng sa precuneus, moo kutloisiso ea methapo ea kutlo ho papali ea chelete e fetelletseng e eketsehile ka matla a papali ea chelete ho batho ba papali ea chelete. Ka ho le letona: Morero oa hasanya o bonts'a kamano e telele (P = 0.016; R² = 0.63) lipakeng tsa likhakanyo tse ikhethileng tsa kamano e bopehileng joaloka U lipakeng tsa karo-karolelano le tšebetso ea methapo ea kutlo tikolohong ea precuneus (y-axis) le matla a motho ka mong a papali ea chelete a hlahisoang ke lintlha ka seng tsa SOGS (x-axis). Mesebetsi eohle ea BOLD ke ts'ebetso eohle ea boko e bonts'itsoeng monyako P <0.001 (e sa nepahala).

Mokhoa oa ho khetha

Tafole 3.

Liphetho tsa MRI e sebetsang: litlamorao tsa tahlehelo ea tahlehelo holima keketseho e lekantsoeng ea mesebetsi ea BOLD ea tikoloho ka likotsi tsa papali ea chelete.

P <0.05, FWE e lokisoa maemong a sehlopha.

⁎

Maxima ea lehae kahare ho lesihla le lintlha tsa Z> 4.

Litlhahlobo tsa lipapali

Litabeng tsa taolo eo e seng ea papali ea chelete, marangrang a marang-rang le a kamorao a bontšitse kutloisiso e matlafalitsoeng ea tekanyo ea papali ea papali ea chelete joaloka ts'ebetso ea tahlehelo ea tahlehelo, mme amygdala e nepahetseng e na le boholo bo matla ba phello (Feie. 5A, sethala se bohareng bohareng; Lethathamo 3). Papiso e tobileng ea lihlopha tsena tse peli e hlahisitse phello e matla le ho feta ea tahlehelo ea boemo ba tšebetso ho DLPFC bakeng sa ba bechang ha ba bapisoa le taolo (Lethathamo 3), athe litla-morao tsa phallo ea tahlehelo ea tahlehelo mesebetsing ea amygdala li ne li sa fapana haholo pakeng tsa lihlopha.

Ha u rera likamano lipakeng tsa litekanyetso tsa BOLD paramente le ho lahleheloa ke tahlehelo, tahlehelo ea motho ka mong taolong ea bophelo bo botle (empa eseng bathethehi) e matlafalitse likamano tsa sebopeho sa U pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea neural ho amygdala (Feie. 5A, graph e ka tlase. Hlokomela hore sephetho sena e ne e le matla ho kenyelletsa sehlooho se laolang taolo e mpe ka ho fetisisa). Kantle ho li-voxel tse 'maloa ho amygdala e nepahetseng (bona Feie. 5A, karolo e bohareng), ho hlohlona ha tahlehelo ho bataki ba methapo ea kutlo ho ne ho sa amanngoe le karabelo e fetotsoeng ea amygdala nakong ea ho etsa liqeto.

Kameho ea ho teba ha papali ea chelete ea ho becha

Re ile ra etsa lipatlisiso tsa hore na ho teba ha papali ea chelete papaling ea chelete ho bontšitsoe ke lintlha tsa SOGS ho fetotseng karabelo ea U ho maemo a feteletseng nakong ea ho etsa liqeto. Patlisiso e felletseng ka kelellong e senotse ntlafatso ea botebo ba maikutlo le litekanyetso tse fetelletseng ka ho teba ha papali ea chelete papaling e 'ngoe ea lefatše (P = 0.003; x, y, z = - 6, - 48, 40; Z = 4.59; k = 335; Feie. 5B, karolo e kaholimo). Ka hona, khokahano lipakeng tsa liperesente tsa BOLD e fetoha sebakeng sa naha e 'ngoe ea naha (ho thibela tšebetso tikolohong ena ka ho koala masapo) le ho teba ha papali ea chelete ho ne ho le bohlokoa haholo (Feie. 5B, graph e ka tlase).

Buella likarabo ho fumana melemo le tahlehelo e le 'ngoe

Kaha palo ea ho hlapela le tahlehelo ea papali ea chelete e kopaneng e hlahisitsoe ka mokhoa o tšoanang tekong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, re ile ra khona ho nka liphetoho tsa tikoloho ka lets'oa la BOLD le tsamaisanang le menyetla le tahlehelo e le 'ngoe (empa bona hape le puisano ea jittering e sebelisitsoeng ho Puisano karolo). Nakong ena ea tlhahlobo ea bohlophisi, re batlile liphapang tse lipakeng tsa sehlopha ka karabelo ea BOLD ho fumana katleho, tahlehelo, phaello e ntseng e eketseha, le tahlehelo e ntseng e eketseha. Ha ho na liphapang tse kholo tsa sehlopha bakeng sa karohano ena, empa re fumane mokhoa o kopaneng o lebisang karabong e phahameng ea BOLD ho menyetla e ka bang teng ho papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete ha e bapisoa le taolo ea amygdala (L: P <0.001, e sa nepahala; x, y, z = - 26, 2, - 22; Z = 3.19, k = 6; R: P <0.001, e sa nepahala; x, y, z = 24, - 2, - 10; Z = 3.43; k = 7).

Puisano

Ho bapisa liqeto tse nepahetseng tsa bophelo le tsa 'mele le mosebetsi o tsoakaneng oa papali ea chelete, re ile ra lekanya tšebetso e amanang le neano nakong ea liqeto tsa papali ea chelete, tse neng li hloka hore barupeluoa ba rekise phaello e ka bang teng ka tahlehelo e ka bang teng. Ho papali ea chelete ea marang-rang, marang-rang a dorsal cortico-striatal network a ne a bonahatsa maikutlo a phahameng a neural ho litakatso tsa ho lahla takatso le ho hloloheloa ha a bapisoa le taolo e lumellanang. Ho ts'oaroa ho matla ha libaka tsa dorsal cortico-striatal ho fihlela phaello e fetisisang ea tahlehelo ea chelete e bontša hore ba bechang ba beha boima bo fetisisang ba liqeto tse fanoang ke mosebetsi oa papali ea chelete. Habohlokoa, karabelo ena ea sebopeho sa U-sebopeho sa papali ea papali ea chelete ha ea ka ea bonoa taolong, e fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'oaetso ena e ikhethileng ea maemo a feteletseng e fana ka lets'oao la neural la ho tsuba.

Ho khahlisang ke hore, mokhoa oa U oa ho hlophisa mesebetsi ea neural ho ea ho likhethong tse utloang ka ho fetisisa le tse sa thabiseng ha oa ka oa boleloa libakeng tsa mantlha tsa marangrang a meputso, joalo ka cortex ea ventral striatum kapa orbitofrontal cortex. Sebakeng seo, e ne e hlalosoa ka mokhoa o kopantsoeng khokahanong ea "dorsal cortico-striatal" Associative "kapa" Executive ", ho kenyeletsoa le" caudate nucleus "le DLPFC. DLPFC e hiriloeng e kenyelelitse gyri ea dorsal le mesial e holimo le e bohareng, e tsamaeang le BA 6 / 8 / 9 le "9 / 46d" (Badre le D'Esposito, 2009 'me Goldstein le Volkow, 2011). Network ena ea dorsal cortico-striatal e tsejoa ho nka karolo ho lekola liketso tsa morao-rao le ho lebella sephetho sa bona (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bona Yin le Knowlton 2006). Haholo-holo, naleli ea motho ea bitsoang caudate e bile le tšusumetso ho matlafatseng ea lietsahala tsa sephetho-tsa sephetho (Knutson et al., 2001, O'Doherty et al., 2004, Tricomi et al., 2004 'me Delgado et al., 2005).

Liphetho tsa rona tsa hona joale li fana ka maikutlo a hore marang-rang a dorsal cortico-striatal network a bapala karolo ea bohlokoa liqetong tsa papali ea chelete tse etsoang ke ba bechang. Lits'enyehelo tsa tahlehelo e fetisisang ea boleng ba tahlehelo li bonts'oa e le tse bohlokoa haholo ho latela liphetho tse ka khonehang: sepheo sa ho becha ho feta tekano, ho bohlokoa le ho feta ho e amohela; Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha ho becha ho u emisang ho feta tekanyo, ho bohlokoa le ho feta ho e hana. Lithutong tse phetseng hantle, dorsal striatum e fumanoe e le ho ts'oarella ho hlohlona kapa ho hlasimoloha, ho fapana le ho eketsa boleng ba subjective (Barta et al. 2013). Rea tseba hore ho marang-rang a marang-rang, marang-rang a dorsal cortico-striatal network ke a boikaketsi mme a boima ba ona bo fetang tekanyo ea tahlehelo ea tahlehelo ho feta lithutong tse phetseng hantle, ha a etsa liqeto tsa papali ea papali ea chelete.

Likhopolo tsa hona joale tsa methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea mafu li ts'oenyeha habonolo, ka ho bolela esale pele hore hypo- kapa hypersensitivity ea ventral striatum le likarolo tse ling tsa mantlha tsa sistimi ea moputso joaloka vmPFC. Ka lebaka leo, lithuto tsa nakong e fetileng tsa ho becha li bontšitse hore li fokotsehile (Balodis et al. 2012) kapa e ntlafalitsoe (van Holst et al., 2012 'me Worhunsky et al., 2014) ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea "ventral striatum" nakong ea tebello ea moputso oa chelete. Phuputsong ea hona joale, ha ho phapang pakeng tsa tšebetso ea neural lipakeng tsa papali ea papali ea chelete le tse ling tse sa tsubeng ho hlaha papaling ea moputso oa moea ha ba lekola tahlehelo e le 'ngoe kapa phaello nakong ea karolo ea tlhahiso e kholo kapa ha ba lekana phaello le tahlehelo ea menyakoe e kopaneng karolo ea qeto. Ke amygdala feela ea leqeleng le letšehali e bonts'itseng mokhoa o lebisang karabelong e matla ea neural ho menyetla e ka bang teng nakong ea karolo ea pele. Ka mantsoe a mang, qeto ea ho amohela kapa ho hana papali ea chelete e ne e sa amane khahlano le hyperensitivity ea system ea moputso. Phumano ena e mpe e lumellana le phuputso ea morao-rao moo ba bechang ba bonts'ang tloaelo e tloaelehileng ea "" ventral striatum "litabeng tsa meputso ea chelete empa maikutlo a sa utloahaleng a litheko tse boletsoeng esale pele tse tsosang takatso (Sescousse et al. 2013). Ho haella ha mokhoa o ts'oanang ka har'a lingoliloeng tsena, ka litlamorao ho ka ba le litholoana tse sa lumellaneng kapa ho se be le litlamorao ho hang, ho bonts'a hore ho hlalosa mokhoa oa ho becha ka tšohanyetso le ka melao e tlase ho ka nna ha se lekane. Ho 'nile ha fanoa ka maikutlo a hore khaello ea ho etsa liqeto e bonoang ho papali ea methapo ea methapo e ka hlaha ho se leka-lekanang pakeng tsa lits'ebetso tsa dopaminergic tse kenyelletsang likarolo tsa methapo ea maoto le likarolo tsa taolo ea pele, ho fapana le tšitiso ea karolo e ngoe le e' ngoe.Clark et al. 2013). E mong oa likhetho tse ntle tsa marang-rang a joalo a cortico-striatal ke loop ea dorsal cortico-striatal, e kentsoeng ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso le ts'ebetso ea lietsahala tsa sephetho sa tšebetso (Yin le Knowlton, 2006 'me Seo et al., 2012). Hlokomela hore liqetong tsa morao-rao tsa ho ithuta li etsoa ho ipapisitse le lipontšo tsa kahare tsa phapang pakeng tsa phaello le tahlehelo ho fapana le lits'ebetso tse lumellanang le sephetho. Mohlomong ke lona lebaka le etsang hore re fumane libaka tse amanang haholo le khetho ea ketso (ke ho amohela kapa ho hana ho becha), ho fapana le ho ngola libaka ka nepo bakeng sa ho lebella kapa ho amohela sephetho.

Mona, taolong eo eseng ea papali ea chelete, ho lahleheloa ke boitšoaro bo fapaneng nakong ea papali ea papali ea chelete ho ne ho amahanngoa le maikutlo a matla ho feta tekanyo ea tahlehelo e matla ea amygdala. Liphetho tsena li tsamaisana hantle le seo re se fumaneng haufinyane sehlopheng se ikhethileng sa batho ba phetseng hantle (Gelskov et al. 2015), moo barupeluoa ba bangata ba lahlehetsoeng ke tahlehelo ba bonts'itseng kutloisiso e eketsehileng ea methapo ea kutlo ho amygdala ho ea ho phaello e fetelletseng ea tahlehelo ea papali ea chelete. Liphetho tsena li ile tsa tsoela pele leha ho bile le phapang e poteletseng lipakeng tsa lithuto. Barupeluoa ba sebele ba papali e bapalitsoeng ho skena ba ile ba lula ba ts'oana (ke hore, kabo ea chelete, nako, le jittering ea tšusumetso ea pono, jj.). Leha ho le joalo, ts'ebetso ea limpho e fapane hanyane. Thutong ea hajoale, bankakarolo ba fumane likoloto tsa 'nete tsa chelete (200 DKK) tseo ba li bolokileng libeke tse 1-2 pele ba li kenya e le karolo ea papali ea chelete, ha ba le thutong e fetileng, bankakarolo ba ile ba lumeloa hore ba ka lahleheloa ke chelete ho tloha qalong matlafatso. Phapang ena ea leano la limpho e kanna ea hlalosa hore na hobaneng lithuto tsa taolo e phetseng hantle thutong ea hajoale li ne li batla li lahlehetsoe hanyane (medda lambda ea 1.82) ha li bapisoa le thuto ea rona ea pele (median lambda ea 2.08). Le ha phapang ea lipalo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli tse phetseng hantle e ne e se bohlokoa (P = 0.18, teko ea tumello), phapang ea lambda lipakeng tsa sehlopha se fetileng se phetseng hantle le sehlopha sa hajoale sa bapapali ba papali ea chelete e ne e le ea bohlokoa (P = 0.004, tlhahlobo ea tumello). Phapang e ngoe e totobetseng lipakeng tsa lithuto ke phapang ea lilemo, kaha sehlopha sa taolo ea hajoale se ne se le seholo molemong oa ho ts'oana le batho ba papali ea chelete (P = 0.0175, t (29) = 2.52; 2-sampole t-teko). Leha ho le joalo, haeba ho na le letho, phapang ena e lokela ho bolela phello e fapaneng ho lambda, hobane lithuto tsa khale tse phetseng hantle li tloaetse ho lahleheloa haholo ho feta tse nyane. Ntle le moo, lithuto tse peli li ne li fapane hanyane ka tsela eo litekanyo tsa papali ea chelete li neng li etsisoa. Thutong ea rona ea pele, re fumane hore amygdala e ne e nahanela mefuta e fapaneng ea phokotso ea tahlehelo mabapi le "moeli oa liqeto" o ikhethileng ka sehlooho (ke hore, palo ea motho ka mong ea lambda, λ). Moetso ona o ka nahanoa e le karabelo ea "V" e bopehileng joaloka "BOLD" ho sekhahla se ntseng se eketseha, moo "ntlha e tlase" ea V e neng e le sekhahla sa λ. Li-regressor tse peli tse fapaneng tsa parametric li ntan'o arola karolelano e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea liteko e le tse batlang li le bobebe kapa tse khelohileng, ho latela hore na li fapane joang le λ ka bomong (ke hore, liphapano tse fapakaneng <motho ka mong λ <litakatso tse khahlisang). Leha ho le joalo, thutong ea hajoale, re ne re ke ke ra theha mohlala oa rona ho li-λ-scores, hobane bankakarolo ba fokolang ba ne ba e-na le litefiso tse phahameng haholo kapa tse tlase haholo. Kahoo, re sebelisitse karolelano ea phaello-tahlehelo e sa fetoloang ho lekola karabelo ea methapo ho palo e felletseng ea likhakanyo (ke hore, "U" - karabelo e bopehileng ea BOLD ho karolelano). Hlokomela hore ts'ebeliso ea mofuta ona o fapaneng hanyane oa quadratic e kanna ea ba lebaka la hore re se ke ra pheta ketsahalo ea amygdala bakeng sa papali ea chelete e ntseng e eketseha e hlasimollang le e khelohileng lithutong tse phetseng hantle. Ho kanna ha ba joalo hore amygdala e shebane le moeli oa liqeto, λ, le ts'ebetso ea amygdala thutong ea rona e fetileng e ka amana le ho kenyelletsoa ha lintlha tsa λ ho li-regressor tsa mantlha. Tlhaloso ena e tsamaellana le taba ea hore mekhoa ka bobeli ea tlhahlobo e bonts'itse hore boits'oaro bo hlephileng ba papali ea papali ea chelete bo amahanngoa le kutloisiso e phahameng ea amygdala liphellong tse matla le tse khahlisang haholo nakong ea ho etsa liqeto. Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, liphuputso tsena li supa karolo ea bohlokoa ea amygdala ho kheloseng liqeto tse khelohang ho batho ba phetseng hantle.

Ho papali ea papali ea chelete, kamano e lipakeng tsa tahlehelo e fapaneng ea boitšoaro le tšebetso ea boiketsetso mabapi le papali ea papali ea chelete, e senotse tloaelo e seng ea bohlokoa feela ho amygdala. Sebakeng seo, ts'ebetso e amanang le liqeto ho DLPFC e fetotsoe e le ts'ebetso ea ho haelloa ke tahlehelo. Tšusumetso ena e ne e le matla haholo bakeng sa ba bechang ha ba bapisoa le taolo. Ho khahlisang, phello ena e ile ea fihla sebakeng se le seng ho DLPFC moo re fumaneng matla a matla a ho feta tekanyo e fetisisang ea litekanyetso tse amanang le taolo. Sena se bonts'a hore ho batho ba tsubang, tekanyo ea ho hloloa ha tahlehelo ea motho ka mong ha e bonahatsoe ke libaka tse boletsoeng esale pele ka maikutlo a bohlokoa kapa boleng ba ts'usumetso joalo ka amygdala le ventral striatum, empa ho fapana le ketsahalong ea DLPFC. Bathong bona, ho bonahala eka sebaka sa taolo se sebetsanang le taolo ea maemo a tlase joalo ka ho hopola, ho chencha mesebetsi le ho emela meketjana ea ho etsa lintho (Elliott, 2003, Monsell, 2003 'me Seo et al., 2012) e tlatsana le "amygdala in" biasing lahleheloa ke mefuta e fapaneng ea papali ea papali ea chelete. Leha ho le joalo, tlhahiso ena e hloka ho hlahlojoa ka ho eketsehileng lithutong tsa ho becha tse tlang.

Ho khahlisang, re fumane tšekamelo ea ho khesa ho becha ka ho becha. Ho ea ka likhopolo tsa setso tsa moruo, mokhoa ona o nkang liqeto tse sa utloahaleng o na le moelelo o hlakileng oa hore batho ba betang ba ne ba sebelisa mabaka a fetang a taolo. Leha ho le joalo, tlaleho ea ho iphetola ho hoholo ha tlhaiso-leseling e mabapi le tahlehelo ea tahlehelo ea tahlehelo e ka bolela hore khethollo e sebelisitse sepheo sa ho tataisa liqeto tsa tlhaho ha u batla lijo. Ho joalo, ho nyatsuoa ha tahlehelo ho tlalehiloe litlalehong tse tlase joalo ka litšoene tsa capuchin (Chen et al. 2006; empa bona hape Silberberg et al. 2008) e bonts'a hore ho kheloha tahlehelo ke tataiso e thehiloeng linthong tse tebileng eo e kanna ea ba leeme ka ho fetesisa Conservatism. Phuputso ea morao tjena ke Giorgetta et al. (2014) ba fumane hore batho ba betšang ba tsa maikutlong ba neng ba le maemong a morao a kalafo ea bongaka ba ne ba lahlehetsoe haholo ke libapali tseo e neng e le tsa kalafo ea pejana. Ho khahlisang, ba fumane hore ba bechang e le sehlopha (maemong a kalafo) ba ne ba lahlehile haholo ho feta taolo e ntle. Ho fapana le hoo, phuputso e fetileng e neng e etsa lipatlisiso ka tahlehelo ea tahlehelo ea batho ba lemaletseng ho becha e fumane hore batho ba betang (ba sa keneng kalafo) ba lahlehetsoe haholo ke tsela eo ba laoloang ka eona (Ba qhekellang et al. 2012). Sena se hlahisa potso ea hore na kalafo e atlehang e ka etsa hore libapali tsa lefutso li lahlehe. Thutong ea hona joale, bashebelli ba ile ba hloa setsing sa kalafo, 'me boholo ba bona ba ile ba kenya letsoho kalafong ea kelello. Mohlomong, lena ke lona lebaka le entseng hore re se ke ra fumana phapang e kholo ea boitšoaro lipakeng tsa papali ea chelete le batsamaisi ba bophelo bo botle empa e le tšekamelo ea tataiso ena.

Kamora nako, re fumane hore barekisi ba nang le matšoao a matla a papali ea chelete, joalo ka ha a lekantsoe ke sekhahla sa SOGS, ba ne ba le seabo se eketsehileng ha ba hlahloba litekanyetso tse phahameng le tse tlase tsa papali ea chelete. Precuneus le posterior cingrate cortex hangata li fumanoa ha li arabela mesebetsing ea boiphetetso (bona tlhahlobo ka Cavanna le Trimble 2006), mme patlisiso e sa tsoa etsoa e neng e etsa lipatlisiso tsa boitšoaro ho batho ba bechang e bonts'itse lipontšo tsa motlakase tse fetelletseng ka holim'a "cortex" ea morao-rao e sebelisang MEG (Thomsen et al. 2013). Matšoao ana a khelohileng a hokahane le 'nete e netefalitsoeng ea hore basomi ba marang-rang ba utloa bohloko ka lebaka la ho nkeha maikutlo le boitšoaro bo tlase. Boithutong ba rona, modumo ea liketsahalo tsa precuneus e le ts'ebetso ea ho tsitsa ha papali ea chelete e ka bonts'a mekhoa e ts'oanang ea boits'oaro. Leha ho le joalo, likhopolo-taba tsena mabapi le tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea "li-precuneus papaling ea papali ea methapo" li lokela ho rarolloa ka molao lithutong tse tlang.

Liphetho tsa rona li senotse mokhoa o fetohileng oa sebopeho sa ts'ebetso bakeng sa nucleus ea caudate le DLPFC ha ba bechang ba liphatlalatso ba hlahloba lieta tsa lichelete. Leha mokhoa ona oa ts'ebetso o ka hlaha ka tšohanyetso, empa ha o amanang, ho se sebetse hantle ha likarolo tsena tsa boko, o ka hlaha le ka liphetoho lipokellong tsa ona tse sebetsang. Lithuto tse fetileng lithutong tse phetseng hantle li fane ka bopaki bo bongata ba khokahano lipakeng tsa caudate le PFC, ka ho itšetleha ka tšebetso ka bobeli (mohlala, Robinson et al. 2012) le sebopeho (mohlala Verstynen et al. 2012) khokahano ea cortico-striatal. Ho a khonahala hore ts'oaetso ea papali ea papali ea chelete e bonts'a liphetoho tse fetotsoeng tsa neural ho potoloho ena e ikhethileng ea liqeto tsa cortico.

Joalo ka lithutong tse ngata tsa ho becha tse fetileng, re kenyelelitse lithuto tsa banna feela (mohlala van Holst et al., 2012, de Ruiter et al., 2009, Linnet et al., 2011 'me Sescousse et al., 2013). Leha ho le joalo, leha lithuto tsa mafu a tšoaetso li bontša hore banna ba emetse bongata ba ba bechang ba lefu la sethoathoa (Kessler et al. 2008), ho becha ha li-pathological ho boetse ho ama basali. Hobane lithuto li bonts'itse phapang lipakeng tsa basali le banna malebana le khetho ea papali ea chelete. ; sheba tlhaiso ka Raylu le Oei 2002), liphetho tsa hona joale li ka se akaretse ho palo ea basali. Ka hona, ho sa ntse ho tla hlakisoa hore na bats'oaruoa ba basali ba tla bonts'a matšoao a tšoanang a ho etsa liqeto e le bathahaselli ba banna thutong ena.

Ntlha ea ntlafatso bakeng sa lithuto tsa nako e tlang ke palo ea lithuto tsa papali ea chelete tse kenyellelitsoeng thutong ena (n = 14). Le ha boholo ba sehlopha bo ne bo ka bapisoa le lithuto tsa pejana tsa fMRI (Crockford et al., 2005, Reuter et al., 2005, Thomsen et al., 2013 'me Balodis et al., 2012) mme bakuli ba ne ba tsebahala hantle, ho ka be ho lakatseha ho ithuta sehlopha se seholo. Meeli e meng e kenyelletsa mokhoa oa ho qhekella lipakeng tsa liketsahalo tse khahlisang. Kaha papali ea papali ea chelete e potlakileng ebile e se na sekoli e ne e behiloe pele, re ile ra khetha ho qabola liketsahalo ka botsona, 'me ra se hlahise karohano e pakeng tsa liteko (ITI) lipakeng tsa bona, leha ho ne ho na le ITI ea 1.2 s lipakeng tsa karolo ka' ngoe ea ho etsa liqeto le nehelano e kholo ho haella ha jitter mona ho ka tlatsetsa ntlheng ea hore ha rea ​​fumana phapang lipakeng tsa lihlopha mokhahlelong o moholo oa nehelano.

Ka kakaretso, re bonts'a marangrang a dorsal cortico-striatal network a amehang liketsahalong tsa sephetho-le liphetho a hlahisa boikemelo ho isa tekanyong e kholo ea tahlehelo ea batho ba bechang. Boemo ba karabelo ea U mabapi le DLPFC le precuneus bo ne bo amana le sekhahla sa tahlehelo ea tahlehelo nakong ea papali ea papali ea chelete le ho teba ha papali ea papali ea methapo ea methapo. Liphetho tsena li hlohlelletsa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang ho eketsa sepheo sa neuroimaging ho tsoa ho sistimi ea moputso oa mantlha ho ea marang-rang a dorsal cortico-striatal network papaling ea papali ea methapo.

lumela hore baa fokola

Re leboha ka tieo bohle ba nkileng karolo bakeng sa nako ea bona hape le Setsi sa Danish bakeng sa Ludomani ka ho theha setsoalle le sechaba sa papali ea chelete. Re leboha Sid Kouider ka litlhaloso tse ntle mabapi le buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho le Christian Buhl ka ho thusa ka pokello ea data. Mosebetsi ona o ile oa tšehetsoa ke Lekhotla la Danish bakeng sa Patlisiso e Ikemetseng ho Saense ea Sechaba ka thuso ea Dr. Ramsøy ("Qeto ea Neuroscience Project"; ha ho fanoe. 0601-01361B) le ke Lundbeck Foundation ka thuso ea Grant ea Motlotlehi ("ContAct"; fa che. R59 A5399) ho Dr. Siebner. Mosebetsi o entsoeng ke Dr. Gelskov ho Laboratoire de Science Cognitives et Psycholinguistique e tšehelitsoe ke lithuso tsa ANR (ANR-10-LABX-0087 'me ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02). Scanner ea MR e fanoe ke Simon Spies Foundation.

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Sengoli se lumellanang le sehlopha sa Brain and Consciousness (EHESS / CNRS / ENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, 29 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.

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Bangoli ba baholo ba kentse letsoho ka ho tšoana pampiring.

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