Mefuta ea cortisol e fokolang e amahanngoa le ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo ho hlahella ha chelete ho latela chelete e sa sebeliseng chelete ho batho ba nang le papali ea papali ea chelete (2014)

Pele Behav Neurosci. 2014 Mar 25; 8: 83. Doi: 10.3389 / fnbeh.2014.00083. eCollection 2014.

Li Y1, Sescousse G2, Dreher JC1.

inahaneloang

Ho becha ka tsela ea tlhaho ke mokhoa o lemalloang o lemalloang ke ho sitoa ho hanela takatso ea ho becha. E arolelana lintho tse ngata tse tšoanang le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi. Li-hormone tsa Glucocorticoid ho kenyelletsa cortisol ho nahanoa hore li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa tlokotsing ea boits'oaro bo bobebe, ka ho sebetsa tseleng ea moputso oa mesolimbic. Re ipapisitse le tlaleho ea rona ea nakong e fetileng ea maikutlo a ho leka-lekana le litšusumetso tsa chelete le tse sa ananeleng licheleteng tsa bashebelli ba methapo (PGs), re fuputse hore na ho se leka-lekane hona ho kopantsoe ke liphapang tsa motho ka mong maemong a cortisol a emeng. Re sebelisitse imagonance imaging imaging e sebetsang hantle (fMRI) mme ra hlahloba kamano lipakeng tsa maemo a cortisol le likarabo tsa neural ho li-chelete ha li bapisoa le mekhoa e seng ea chelete, athe li-PG le taolo e phetseng hantle li ne li etsa mosebetsi oa ho lieha ho lieha ho laola meputso ea chelete le e litšila. Re fumane khokahano e nepahetseng lipakeng tsa maemo a cortisol le likarabo tsa boemo ba moea litabeng tsa lichelete le likotlo tse bohloko tsa PG, empa eseng ka taolo e phetseng hantle. Sena se bontša hore sebaka sa "ventral striatum" ke sebaka sa bohlokoa moo cortisol modulates e khothalletsang tšusumetso ea papali ea chelete mabapi le tšusumetso e amanang le papali ea chelete ea marang-rang ea PG. Liphetho tsa rona li holisa karolo e reriloeng ea lihormone tsa glucocorticoid ts'ebelisong ea lithethefatsi ho joala boits'oaro, hape re thusa ho utloisisa phello ea cortisol ts'ebetsong ea ts'usumetso ea meputso ho li-PG.

Keywords: cortisol, moputso, papali ea chelete ea ho becha, fMRI, ventral striatum, bokhoba, tšusumetso, lihormone tsa glucocorticoid

Selelekela

Lihormone tsa Glucocorticoid (cortisol ho batho le corticosterone ka litoeba) li hlahisoa ke adrenal cortex ka mor'a hore axis ea hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) e hlohlelletsoa ke kelello kapa bohloeki ba mmele bo hlasimollang (Sapolsky et al., 2000; Herman et al., 2005; Ulrich-Lai le Herman, 2009). Lihormone tsena li na le likarolo tsa bohlokoa lits'ebetsong tse tloaelehileng tsa 'mele, joalo ka ho etsa lintho tse khahlanong le khatello ea maikutlo le li-anti-inflammatory, mme ka ho etsa joalo li na le litlamorao tse fapaneng boitsong. Lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng, karolo e ka bang teng ea li-hormone tsa glucocorticoid ho mafu a kelello e fumane tlhokomelo e eketsehileng (Meewisse et al., 2007; Wingenfeld le Wolf, 2011). Haholo-holo, ha a batla mabaka a kotsi ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi, bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha bo supa khokahano lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea HPA le phumaneho ea lithethefatsi (Stephens le Wand, 2012). Mohlala, khokahano e ntle pakeng tsa maemo a glucocorticoid le ho itaola ha psychostimulants e bonoe litšoantšong (Goeders le Guerin, 1996; Deroche et al., 1997). Ho feta moo, tsamaiso ea lithethefatsi e hlahisa likarabo tse kang khatello ea cortisol (Broadbear et al., 2004) ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, taolo e matla ea cortisol e phahamisa takatso ea cocaine ho batho ba its'episang ka koae (Elman et al., 2003). Liphumano tsena ha li supe feela khokahano lipakeng tsa li-hormone tsa glucocorticoid le ho lemalla (Lovallo, 2006), empa hape o hatisa tlhokahalo ea ho theha likhopolo tse kopanyang tse hlalosang mekhoa eo li amang boitšoaro ba tlatsetso.

Liphuputso tse entsoeng ka liphoofolo le batho li bontšitse hore ho lemalla ho kenyelletsa ho fetoloa hoa ts'ebetso ea moputso oa mesolimbic (Koob le Le Moal, 2008; Koob le Volkow, 2010;; Schultz, 2011). Mohala o mong oa lipatlisiso o bonts'itse hore karabelo e fetotsoeng ea HPA e amahanngoa le liphetoho taolong ea dopaminergic (Oswald le Wand, 2004; Alexander et al., 2011) le hore lihormone tsa glucocorticoid li na le litlamorao tsa ho lokolloa ha dopamine tseleng ea mesolimbic, haholo-holo ka li-nucleus accumbens (NAcc; Oswald et al., 2005; Wand et al., 2007). Ha re theha bopaki bona, ho hlahisitsoe hore lihormone tsa glucocorticoid li na le litlamorao ho karabelo ea boitšoaro ho lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, le hore litlamorao tsena lia kenngwa tšebetsong dessyecik Ketso ea ts'ebetso ea moputso oa mesolimbic (Marinelli le Piazza, 2002; de Jong le de Kloet, 2004). Ntle le moo, motheong oa mohopolo oa tšusumetso ea maikutlo o reng tsamaiso ea moputso oa mesolimbic e sebelisana le temallo e amanang le bokhoba ba taolo (Robinson le Berridge, 1993; Vezina, 2004, 2007; Robinson le Berridge, 2008), ho bile le tlhahiso ea hore lihormone tsa glucocorticoid li kenya letsoho tlatsong ea lithethefatsi ka ho fetolela sisteme ena ka kotloloho (Goodman, 2008; Vinson le Brennan, 2013).

Ho becha ka tsela ea tlhaho ke tšibollo ea boitšoaro e khetholloang ke boitšoaro bo qobelloang ba papali ea chelete le tahlehelo ea taolo, e fumaneng tlhokomelo e ngata haufinyane (van Holst et al., 2010; Conversano et al., 2012; Achab et al., 2013; Clark le Limbrick-Oldfield, 2013; Petry et al., 2013; Potenza, 2013). Kaha ts'ebetso ea ho becha ea pathological e arolelana lits'oants'o tse ngata le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi ho latela ts'ebetso ea bongaka (mohlala, ho lakatsa, ho mamella, ts'ebeliso e qobelloang, kapa matšoao a ho tlohela), heritability, le profeobi ea neurobiological (Potenza, 2006, 2008; Petry, 2007; Wareham le Potenza, 2010; Leeman le Potenza, 2012), le eona e ka ba tlasa ts'usumetso ea lihormone tsa glucocorticoid. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho tsejoe hanyane ka tšebelisano lipakeng tsa lihormone tsa glucocorticoid le ts'ebetso ea moputso oa ts'ebetso ho papali ea papali ea chelete. Thutong e teng hona joale, re hlahlobile hore na cortisol ea morao-rao e sebetsa joang ts'ebetsong ea litheko tsa chelete le tseo e seng tsa lichelete ho li-PG. Ho fihlela sepheo sena, re sekaseka data e phatlalalitsoeng e neng e hatisitsoe pele re sebelisa moroalo oa ho lieha ho etsa meputso ea chelete le litheolelo ho li-PG le taolo e phetseng hantle (Sescousse et al., 2013), mme e entse tlhahlobo e tsoelang pele ea lipakanyo lipakeng tsa basal cortisol le likarabo tsa neural. Ho ipapisitsoe le karolo ea lihormone tsa glucocorticoid ts'ebelisong ea lithethefatsi, re ne re lebelletse hore maemo a cortisol a amanang le tsoelo-pele a ka amahanngoa le likarabo tsa neural ho li-cues tse amanang le bokhoba le litheko tse amanang le bokhoba. Haholo-holo, kaha tlhahlobo ea rona e neng e phatlalalitsoe pejana e fumane karabelo e fapaneng ho lithahasello tsa lichelete le litheko tse tsosang takatso ho beng ka barekisi (Sescousse et al., 2013), re ne re lebelletse hore maemo a phahameng a cortisol a ka amahanngoa le karabelo e eketsehang ka tebello ea moputso oa chelete le likotlo tse bohloko tsa PGs.

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

Lihlooho

Re ile ra lekola lithuto tsa taolo e phetseng hantle ea 20 le 20 PG. Bohle e ne e le banna ba letsohong le letšehali. Re khethile ho ithuta banna feela hobane banna ka kakaretso ba arabela haholo lithutong tsa botona le botšehali ho feta tsa basali (Hamann et al., 2004; Rupp le Wallen, 2008) hape hobane ho na le keketseho e phahameng ea ho becha ha bana ho feta har'a basali (Blanco et al., 2006; Kessler et al., 2008). Lethathamo la lintlha tsena le se le sebelisitsoe thutong ea rona e hlahisitsoeng ea tšebetso ea boselamose e hlalosang (fMRI) e ikemiselitseng ho bapisa meputso ea mantlha le ea bobeli maemong a phetseng hantle a taolo e ntle le li-pathological (PGs; Sescousse et al., 2013). Tlhahlobo ea rona ea hajoale e shebisisa ka ho khetheha kamano le maemo a cortisol mme ka hona e ne e le ea mantlha ka botlalo. Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe ho Sescousse et al. (2013), tlhahlobo ea rona e phatlalalitsoeng e kentse data ho li-PG tse peli, ka lebaka la mathata a mahlale a nehelano ea mosebetsi boemong bo le bong, le ka lebaka la boitšoaro bo sa lumellaneng hantle ho latela litekanyetso tsa hedonic mosebetsing oohle. Thutong ea hajoale, re boetse re lahla data ho tsoa ho mothetsi e mong oa methapo, ka lebaka la ho se khone ho bokella disampole tsa mali ka katleho. Ka hona, liphetho tse tlalehiloeng li ipapisitse le lithuto tsa 20 tsa taolo e phetseng hantle le 17 PG. Lithuto tsohle li fane ka tumello e ngotsoeng e nang le tsebo ea ho nka karolo teko eo. Boithuto bona bo amohetsoe ke komiti ea boitšoaro ea lehae (Center Léon Bérard, Lyon, France).

Bafo ba entse tlhahlobo ea lipotso tse hlophisitsoeng (Nurnberger et al., 1994) e etsoang ke ngaka ea mafu a kelello. Li-PG tsohle li kopane le DSM-IV-TR [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis shida (khatiso ea bone, ntlafatso ea mongolo)] bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea methapo ea methapo ea mafu. Bakuli ba ne ba e-na le boemo bo tlase ba 5 ho lipotso tsa South Oaks Gurb Screen (SOGS; bophara: 5-14) (Lesieur le Blume, 1987). Taba ea bohlokoa ke hore, bohle e ne e le ba bechang, 'me ho ne ho se na ea neng a le tlas'a mofuta oa kalafo kapa kalafo. Lithuto tsa taolo e phetseng hantle li ne li e-na le lintlha tsa 0 ho lipotso tsa SOGS, ntle le taba e le 'ngoe e neng e na le lintlha tsa 1. Lihlopheng tsena ka bobeli, nalane ea pherekano e kholo kapa tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi / ho ikemela (ntle le ts'epo ea nicotine) selemong se fetileng e ile ea nkuoa e le mokhoa oa ho khetholla. Mathata ohle a DSM-IV-TR axis I a ne a sa kenyelletsoe ka thoko ho ipolaea bophelo bohle.

Re sebelisitse lipotso tse 'maloa ho hlahloba lithuto tsa rona. Teko ea Fagerstrom ea Nikotine Dependence (FTND; Heatherton et al., 1991) ba lekantse ho teba ha bona le nicotine; Teko ea Boitsebahatso ba Kotsi ea Ts'ebeliso ea Tahi (AUDIT; Saunders et al., 1993) o ne a hiretsoe ho lekanya tšebeliso ea bona ea joala; tekanyo ea ho tšoenyeha le ho sithabela ha Sepetlele (HAD; Zigmond le Snaith, 1983) e ne e sebelisoa ho lekola matšoao a hajoale a sithabetsang le matšoenyeho; 'me qetellong ke "ArArability Inventory ea Thobalano" (SAI; Hoon le Chambless,) 1998) e ne e sebelisetsoa ho lekola takatso ea bona ea thobalano. Lihlopha tsena ka bobeli li ne li tsamaisana le lilemo, ho ts'epa nicotine, thuto, tšebeliso ea joala le matšoao a sithabetsang (Tafole (Tafole1) .1). Li-PG li ile tsa ipeha hanyane hanyane hanyane ka hanyane ho tsitsipano ea lipotso tsa HAD. Taba ea bohlokoa ke hore, lihlopha tsena tse peli li ne li sa fapana holima sekhahla sa moputso le thobalano ea thobalano (Tafole (Tafole1), 1), ka tsela eo re netefatsa tšusumetso e tšoanang ho pholletsa le lihlopha bakeng sa meputso ea chelete le e fosahetseng.

Lethathamo 1 

Litšoaneleho tsa palo ea batho le tsa kliniki tsa li-PG le taolo e phetseng hantle.

Ho lekola sepheo sa lithuto bakeng sa chelete, re ba botsitse hore na ba tla khetha chelete ea bokae ea 0.20 € ho tloha seterateng ka tekanyo ho tloha 1 ho 5 (Tobler et al., 2007) le ho tsamaisana le lihlopha tse peli ho ipapisitse le ntlha ena (Tafole (Tafole1) .1). Ho etsa bonnete ba hore lithuto tsohle li ka ba maemong a tšoanang a tšusumetso ea ho bona maikutlo a makatsang, re ba kopile ho qoba thobalano efe kapa efe nakong ea 24 h pele ho seboka sa ho hlahloba. Qetellong, re boetse re batla ho ntlafatsa sepheo sa chelete ka ho bolella lithuto hore puseletso ea lichelete bakeng sa karolo ea bona e tla eketsa likotlo tse bokelletsoeng ho e 'ngoe ea tse tharo. Bakeng sa mabaka a boitšoaro, leha ho le joalo, 'me ho sa tsejoe ke lithuto, kaofela ba fumane chelete e lekantsoeng qetellong ea tlhahlobo.

Lithuto tsohle li ne li se na meriana 'me li laetsoe hore li se ke tsa sebelisa ntho efe kapa efe ea tlhekefetso ntle le koae ka letsatsi la scan.

Mosebetsi oa liteko

Re sebelisitse mosebetsi oa ho lieha ho khothatsa ka meputso e mebe le ea chelete (Setšoantšo (Figure1A) .1A). Palo eohle ea liteko e ne e le 171. E 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tsona e ne e na le mekhahlelo e 'meli: tebello ea moputso le sephetho sa moputso. Nakong ea tebello, lithuto li bone e 'ngoe ea likhakanyo tsa 12 tse phatlalatsang mofuta (chelete / erotic), monyetla (25 / 50 / 75%) le botebo (bo tlase / bo phahameng) ba moputso o tlang. Cue e 'ngoe ea taolo e ne e amahanngoa le menyetla ea moputso o nyane. Kamora nako e fapaneng ea ho lieha (letšoao la lipotso le emelang setšoantšo sa pseudo-tlhahlobo), lithuto li ile tsa botsoa ho etsa mosebetsi oa khethollo ea bonono. Haeba ba arabile ka nepo ka nako e ka tlase ho 1 s, ba ne ba lumelloa ho bona sephetho sa tefo ea pseudo-random. Litekong tse fuoeng, sephetho e ka ba setšoantšo se sa utloiseng letho (se nang le lintlha tse ngata tse phahameng kapa tse tlase) kapa setšoantšo sa ho bua ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng hore na chelete e hapiloe (e phahameng [10 / 11 / 12 €] kapa e tlaase [1 / 2 / 3 € ]). Kamora phello e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea moputso, lithuto li ile tsa botsoa ho fana ka tekanyo ea hedonic ka sekhahla se tsoelang pele sa 1-9 (1 = khahliloe haholo; 9 = e thabile haholo). Litekong tse sa lefelloeng le ho laoloa, lithuto li hlahisitsoe ka litšoantšo tse "hatisitsoeng". Qetellong sefapano sa "fixation" se ile sa sebelisoa e le tšubuhlellano ea nako ea liteko.

Setšoantšo sa 1 

Khothatsa mosebetsi oa ho lieha le liphetho tsa boitšoaro. (A) Batho ba qalang ho bona lintho ba qala ho ba tsebisa ka mofuta oa eona (pipi), botebo (boholo ba pipi ena) le menyetla e tla ba teng (chate chart) ea moputso o tlang. Ho na le linyeoe tse tharo mona: monyetla oa ho fumana 75% ...

E hlohlelletsa

Ho sebelisitsoe lihlopha tse peli (tse phahameng le tse tlase) tsa litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso le phaello ea chelete. Ka lebaka la bosoasoi, e le eona ntho e ka sehloohong e khannelang moputso oa boitšoaro bo bobe, re ba arotse sehlopha sa "boholo bo tlase" ba bonts'a basali ba apere liaparo tsa ka tlung kapa liaparo tsa ho hlapela le sehlopha se “matla haholo” se bontšang basali ba hlobotseng boemelong bo botle. Setšoantšo se seng le se seng se fosahetseng se hlahisitsoe hanngoe nakong ea mosebetsi ho qoba ho lula. Ntho e ts'oanang ea ho makatsoa e hlahisitsoe bakeng sa moputso oa chelete ka ho feto-fetoha ho sa lekanyetsoang ha likotsi tse leng kotsing (litefiso tse tlase: 1, 2, kapa 3 €; litefiso tse phahameng: 10, 11, kapa 12 €). Litšoantšo tse bontšitsoeng litekong tse sa lefelloeng le tse laoloang e ne e le mehlala ea litšoantšo tse sebelisitsoeng litekong tse putsoeng, ka hona li na le tlhaiso-leseling e ts'oanang le chromaticity le luminance.

Litekanyo tsa plasma cortisol

Bakeng sa ho fokotsa phello ea methapo ea li-hormone tsa circadian, re ile ra tsamaisa likarolo tsohle tsa fMRI pakeng tsa 8.50 le 11.45 AM. Nakoana pele ho seboka sa ho hlahloba, mehlala ea mali e ile ea bokelloa (e bolelang nako, 9.24 AM ± 0.27 mn) ho lekanya maemo a plasma cortisol bakeng sa thuto e ngoe le e ngoe. Metsoako ea cortisol e lekantsoe ke radioimmunoassay e sebelisang antiserum e holisitsoeng ka 'mutla o ts'oaroe ka cortisol 3-O (carboxy-methyl oxime) bovine serum albumin conjugate, 125Ke cortisol e le tracer le buffer e nang le 8-anilino-1-naphtalene sulfonic acid (ANS) bakeng sa ho ikopanya ha cortisol-corticosteroid-binding globulin. Ka tlase ke tlhaloso ea ts'ebetso. 100 μL ea 125I cortisol (10000 dpm) e ne e kopantsoe le maemo kapa sampole (10 μL), buffer (500 μL) le 100 μL ea tharollo ea antiserum. Mehlala e ne e etselitsoe 45 min ho 37 ° C le 1 h ho 4 ° C. Cortisol e se nang moeli le e sa lefelloeng e ile ea aroloa ke temallo ea motsoako oa PEG — anti-mmutla oa gamma globulin. Kamora nako ea bohareng, radioacaction ea supernatant, e nang le cortisol e tlameletsoeng ho antibody, e ile ea baloa ho papali ea gamma. Li-coefficients tse ka hare le tse lipakeng tsa phapang li ne li le tlase ho 3.5 le 5.0% ka tatellano boemong ba 300 nmol / L cortisol. Mokhoa ona o netefalitsoe ke mehato ea khase ea chromatography / litekanyo tsa bongata ba maqhubu (Chazot et al., 1984).

Ts'ebetso ea ho fumana data ea magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) e sebetsang

Ho etsa litšoantšo ho ile ha etsoa skrineng sa 1.5 T Nokia Sonata, ho sebelisoa coil ea li-coil tsa li-radio tse robeli. Seboka sa scan ninete se ile sa aroloa likoto tse tharo. E 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tsona e ne e kenyelletsa ho pheta-pheta ha polelo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, ntle le boemo ba taolo, e phetoa makhetlo a robong. Sena se hlahisitse liteko tsohle tsa 171. Sebakeng se seng le se seng, tatellano ea maemo a fapaneng e ile ea etsoa pseudorandomized mme ea ntlafatsoa ho ntlafatsa qeto ea lets'oao. Ts'ebetso ea matha e ne e hanana pakeng tsa lithuto. Pele ho hlahlojoa, lithuto tsohle li ile tsa fuoa litaelo tsa molomo 'me tsa tloaelana le mosebetsi oa tlhahlobo-leseling ka nako e khuts'oane ea koetliso. E 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lits'ebetso tse tharo tse sebetsang li ne li e-na le li-volumer tsa 296. Linoko tse mashome a mabeli a metso e ts'eletseng tse kopaneng tse lumellanang le mohala oa anterior commissure-posterior commissure li ile tsa nkuoa ka molumo (tšimo ea pono, 220 mm; matrix, 64 x 64; saxel size, 3.4 x 3.4 x 4 mm; gap, 0.4 mm), using a gradient-echoechoplanar imaging (EPI) T2 *-boima bo latellanang (nako ea ho pheta-pheta, 2500 ms; echo nako, 60 ms; flip angle, 90 °). Ho ntlafatsa tšimo ea lehae ea homogeneity 'me ka hona, ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa ho senyeha sebakeng sa orbitofrontal, ho ile ha etsoa shimming ea letsoho sebakeng sa mokokotlo ho kenyelletsa orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) le basal ganglia. Scanor e nang le boima ba li-T1 tse nang le boima bo phahameng li ile tsa fumanoa kamorao ho thuto e ngoe le e ngoe.

Ts'ebetso ea tlhaiso-leseling ea matla a ts'ebetso ea matla a khoheli (fMRI)

Tlhahlobo ea data e entsoe ho sebelisoa Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM2). Ts'ebetso ea pele ho ts'ebetso e kenyelelitse ho hlakoloa ha likarolo tse 'ne tsa pele tsa ts'ebetso e' ngoe le e 'ngoe, khalemelo ea nako ea nako bakeng sa lipalo tse setseng le ho ikamahanya le maemo linthong tsa pele tsa tatellano ea nako ka' ngoe. Kamora moo, re ile ra sebelisa utdiffana utility1 ho batla maqhetsoana a lits'oants'o tsa nako 'me a li fetole ka li-regressor tsa dummy ka mehlala ea rona e akaretsang. Ebe litšoantšo tse sebetsang li ile tsa fetoloa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng ho Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) sebaka sa stereotaxic se sebelisang template ea EPI ea SPM2 mme se hlophisitsoe hantle ka 10 mm ka botlalo ka halofo e phahameng ea isotropic Gaussian kernel. Li-scat tsa anatomical li ne li etsoa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng sebakeng sa MNI li sebelisa "icbm152 template" ea template mme li theoletsoe ho feta lithuto. Setšoantšo sa anatomical se karolelitsoeng se sebelisitsoe e le template ho bonts'a tšebetso e sebetsang.

Kamora mohato o ntlafatsang, datha e sebetsang ho tsoa ho thuto e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ne e hlahlojoa ka ketsahalo ea lipalo-amanang le ketsahalo. Likarabo litabeng tsa lichelete le tse mpe li ile tsa tsamaisoa ka thoko le tšebetso ea koloi ea 2.5 s lebokoseng le notletsoe ho tloha qalehong ea thupa. Bakeng sa cue ka 'ngoe, li-regressor tse peli tsa orthogonal parametric li ile tsa eketsoa ho ikarabella bakeng sa phapano ea teko ho ea ho teko le menyetla. Boemo ba taolo bo ne bo etsoa ka har'a regressor e fapaneng. Likarabo tse amanang le sephetho li ile tsa fetoloa joalo ka ha liketsahalo li notletsoe ho hlaha ha moputso. Meputso e 'meli (chelete / erotic) le liphetho tse peli tse ka khonehang (moputso / o sa fuoang) li entsoe e le maemo a mane a arohaneng. Li-covariate tse peli tse etsisang mohlala oa monyetla ona le litekanyetso li ile tsa eketsoa ka boemo bo bong le bo bong ba moputso, ha mofuta o mong oa covariate o neng o etsoa oa monyetla o ne o eketsoa ka o mong le o mong oa maemo a sa putsoeng. Se-regressor sa ho qetela se etselitse ponahalo ea setšoantšo se ts'oaroang se maemong a taolo. Li-regressor tsohle hamorao li ile tsa kholisoa ka ts'ebeliso ea "canonical hemodynamic reaction function" mme tsa kenngoa tlhahlobisong ea boemo ba pele. Setsi se phahameng se fetisitsoeng se nang le 128 s se sebelisitsoe letotong la nako. Litšoantšo tse arohaneng li ile tsa baloa ho latela likhakanyo tsa paramente ka mohlala oa mola, 'me tsa fetisoa ka tlhahlobo ea sehlopha sa bobeli.

Litlhahlobo tsa boemo ba bobeli li shebile molemong oa tebello. Taba ea mantlha, re ile ra lekola phapang ea "chelete> ea bootsoa" ho batho ba papali ea papali ea chelete ba sa sebetseng. Phapang ena e ne e thibetsoe ho sebelisoa phoso e bohlale ea lelapa (FWE) e lokisitsoeng p <0.05. Joale, ho ipapisitsoe le mohopolo oa rona, re ile ra etsa lipatlisiso ka kamano lipakeng tsa metheo ea basal cortisol le karabelo e arohaneng ea boko litlamong tse amanang le tjhelete. Khokahano ena e ne e sebetsoa ka thoko bakeng sa sehlopha ka seng, ebe e bapisoa lipakeng tsa lihlopha. E ipapisitse le rona a priori hypotheses mabapi le karolo ea "ventral striatum" ea ho hlahisa litšusumetso tsa meputso, re sebelisitse tokiso e nyane ea molumo (SVC) e ipapisitse le li-radius tsa 7 mm tse hlahang haufi le li-voxels tse phahameng tse tlalehiloeng tlhahlobisong ea morao-rao ea ts'ebetso mabapi le ts'ebetso ea moputso (x, y, z = 12, 10, −6; x, y, z = −10, 8, −4) (Liu et al., 2011). Re sebelisitse mokhoa oa ho hlophisa tse bohlale tsa FWE p ≤ 0.05. Ho hlalosa meketjana ea ts'ebetso, re sebelisitse lebokose la lithulusi la EasyROI ho ntša likhakanyo tsa paramente ho lihlopheng tsa bohlokoa tse sehlohlolong sa ventral striatum.

Results

Lintlha tsa Hormonal

Ha ho phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa PG le lithuto tse phetseng hantle tse hlokometsoeng maemong a basal cortisol (PG: ho bolela = 511.59, SD = 137.46; Litaolo tse phetseng hantle: bolela = 588.7, SD = 121.61; t(35) = -1.81, p > 0.05). Sena se lumellana le liphuputso tse tsoang liphuputsong tsa morao-rao tse sa tlaleheng phapang lipakeng tsa basal cortisol lipakeng tsa boithabiso le li-PG (Franco et al., 2010; Paris et al., 2010a,b). Ntle le moo, re entse tlhahlobo ea khokahano lipakeng tsa cortisol le matšoao a papali ea papali ea chelete ho PGs joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ke sekhahla sa SOGS. Sephetho sa rona ha sea hlahisa khokahano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa lintho tsena ((r = -0.35, p = 0.17).

boitshwaro ja

Thutong ea rona e fetileng (Sescousse et al., 2013), sepheo sa mantlha sa boits'oaro e ne e le ts'ebelisano ea sehlopha sa moputso lenaneng la nako ea karabelo, e bonts'ang boikemisetso bo fokolang ba erotic ha bo bapisoa le meputso ea chelete ho ba bechang. Ka lebaka la hore thuto e le 'ngoe e lahliloe tlhahlobisong ea rona ea hona joale ka lebaka la ho se khone ho bokella lintlha tsa lihormone, re boetse ra etsa tlhahlobo ena ntle le taba ena. Tšebelisano ea sehlopha sa moputso oa sehlopha sa pejana e ile ea lula e le bohlokoa ntle le taba ena (F(1, 35) = 7.85, p <0.01). Ntle le moo, ea Tukey post-hoc t-liteko li netefalitse hore tšebelisano e ne e bakiloe ke linako tse fokolang tsa karabelo bakeng sa erotic (bolela = 547.54, SD = 17.22) ha e bapisoa le meputso ea chelete (bolela = 522.91, SD = 14.29) ho ba papali ea chelete papali ea chelete.p <0.01) (Setšoantšo (Figure1B) .1B). Leha ho le joalo, ho ne ho se na khokahano ea bohlokoa pakeng tsa maemo a basal cortisol le ts'ebetso mosebetsing oa khethollo ho sehlopha ka seng.

Brain-cortisol khokahano

Tlhahlobo ea rona e phatlalalitsoeng pejana e senotse tšebelisano ea sehlopha sa meputso ho sehlopha sa ventral striatum, e bonts'a karabelo e kholo ho litheko tsa lichelete le li-PGs ha li bapisoa le taolo (Sescousse et al., 2013). Khatisong ea rona ea hajoale, liphetho tsa tšebelisano ea sehlopha sa moputso oa sehlopha li ne li ntse li le bohlokoa kamora ho tlosa sehlooho se lahliloeng (x, y, z = −9, 0, 3, T = 4.11; 18, 0, 0, T = 3.88; p(SVC) <0.05, FWE). Tlhatlhobo ea hajoale e shebile hore karabelo ena ea phapano e amana joang le maemo a "endis" a cortisol. Liphuputso tse pakeng tsa-taba tsa khokahanyo li senotse kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa maemo a cortisol le likarabo tsa BOLD litabeng tsa chelete khahlanong le maikutlo a litšila ho ventral striatum ea batho ba bechang (x, y, z = 3, 6, −6, T = 4.76, p(SVC) <0.05, FWE; Setšoantšo Figure2A), 2A), empa ha ho kamano e joalo taolong e phetseng hantle. Papiso e tobileng pakeng tsa lihlopha le eona e ne e le ea bohlokoa (x, y, z = −3, 6, −6, T = 3.10, p(SVC) ≤ 0.05, FWE; Setšoantšo Figure2B) .2B). Re boetse re ile ra lekola hore na maemo a cortisol a ne a amana le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko ka thoko, ka ho bapisoa le cue ea taolo. Tlhahlobo ena ha ea ka ea senola khokahano efe kapa efe ea bohlokoa ho "ventral striatum" sehlopha ka seng p <0.001 e sa nepahala).

Setšoantšo sa 2 

Kamano lipakeng tsa ho ts'oaroa hape ha methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea kutlo le maemo a basel a cortisol ho ba bechang. (A) Likarabo tse tebileng tsa maikutlo a marang-rang litabeng tsa papali ea chelete le litheko tse ts'oaroang ka ho becha li tsamaellana hantle le maemo a basal cortisol. Morero o hasaneng o bontša sena ...

Puisano

Ka tsebo eohle ea rona, sena ke thuto ea pele e lekolang kamano pakeng tsa maemo a cortisol le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso nakong ea ts'usumetso ea ho lieha ho li-PGs. Tumellanong le ea rona a priori hypothesis, re hlokometse hore maemo a hloahloa a cortisol a phahameng a ne a hokahana le karabelo e eketsehang ea neural ea karabelo ho tsa lichelete le likotlo tse tšosang tsa papali ea chelete ea bohlasoa ha e bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle. Sena se bonts'a karolo e ikhethang ea cortisol ho susumetseng maikutlo a papali ea chelete ea ho becha mabapi le lithahasello tse seng tsa chelete. Ka hona, cortisol e ka kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong ea bokhoba ho li-PG ka ho ntlafatsa sesosa sa litloaelo tse amanang le papali ea chelete ho feta tse ling. Hobane ts'usumetso e matlafalitsoeng ea litšusumetso tse amanang le papali ea chelete ho PGs e tsosa takatso ea papali ea chelete, sena se tšehetsa kamano pakeng tsa tšusumetso ea cortisol le PGs ea ho lelekisa meputso ea chelete.

Mochine o mong o ka sebelisang cortisol eo ka eona o ka sebelisang ho susumetsa tšebetso ea boko bo bonohileng ke li-glucocorticoid receptors ho NAcc. Ho bontšitsoe hore lihormone tsa glucocorticoid li sebetsa bokong ka ho tlama ka li-receptor tse peli tse ka sehloohong: mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) le glucocorticoid receptor. Lihormone tsa Glucocorticoid li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa boitshwarong bo amanang le moputso dessyecik tšusumetso ea bona ho mesolimbic dopamine circry le NAcc ka ho khetheha. Mohlala, bopaki ba liphoofolo bo bontša hore lihormone tsa glucocorticoid li tsamaisa phetisetso ea dopamine khetla ea NAcc ka li-receptor tsa glucocorticoid (Marinelli le Piazza, 2002). Lipatlisiso tsa Microdialysis li tlalehile hore corticosterone e na le litlamorao tse matlafatsang phetisong ea dopamine ho NAcc (Piazza et al., 1996). Ho feta moo, infusion ea glucocorticoid receptor antagonists e na le phello e thibelang ho lokolloa ha lithethefatsi tsa dopamine ho NAcc (Marinelli et al., 1998). Tumellanong le liphumano tsena ho liphoofolo, lithuto tsa batho li fumane bopaki ba hore litekanyetso tsa cortisol li ne li amana hantle le tokollo ea dopamine ea amphetamine-induced dopamine ho ventral striatum (Oswald et al., 2005).

Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore ha rea ​​ka ra hlokomela phapang lipakeng tsa basal cortisol lipakeng tsa PG le li-control. Le ha ho fumaneha hona ho lumellana le litlaleho tse fetileng tse sa bontsheng phapang lipakeng tsa basal cortisol lipakeng tsa PG le papali ea boithabiso (Meyer et al., 2004; Paris et al., 2010a,b), ha ho bolele hore ha ho na dysfunction ea HPA ho li-PG. Ho joalo, le ha lithuto tse ngata tse fetileng tse ntseng li hlahloba maemo a cortisol ho li-PG li tsepamisitse maikutlo likarabo tsa HPA ho likhatello tse bakang khatello ea maikutlo, joalo ka litheko tsa papali ea chelete (Ramirez et al., 1988; Meyer et al., 2000; Franco et al., 2010), thutong ea hona joale re lekantsitse cortisol ea motheo le kamano ea eona le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea striatal. Ho feta moo, lintlha tse ling, joalo ka nako ea letsatsi leo mali kapa sesepa se bokelloang bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea cortisol, li hloka ho tsotelloa hobane ho na le phapang e tsejoang ea diurnal ea methapo ea cortisol, e ka fapana lipakeng tsa PG le taolo e phetseng hantle kapa papali ea papali ea boithabiso. Haholo-holo, li-PG li ka ba le ho phahama ho hoholo ha cortisol ho latela ho tsosa ho feta ba bapalang papali ea boithabiso (Wohl et al., 2008).

Karolo e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa e lokelang ho nahanoa ke hore le ha cortisol e sebelisoa khafetsa joaloka biomarker ea khatello ea kelello, kamano e pakeng tsa cortisol le mehato e meng ea matšoao a amanang le endocrine ea HPA ha e hlile ha e eo (Hellhammer et al., 2009). Ntle le moo, ho ba sieo ha likamano lipakeng tsa ketsahalo e amanang le moputso le maemo a basal cortisol maemong a phetseng hantle ho tsamaisana le litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le litlamorao tsa cortisol tse boletsoeng sengoloeng se buang ka ts'ebetso ea moputso ho batho ba phetseng hantle. Mohlala, phuputso ea morao-rao e tlalehile hore khatello ea maikutlo e fokotsa ts'ebetso ea NAcc ho arabela meputso, empa cortisol e hatella kamano ena, kaha cortisol e phahameng e ne e amana le ts'ebetso e matla ea NAcc ho arabela moputsong (Oei et al., 2014). Phuputso e 'ngoe e tlalehile hore khatello ea maikutlo e matla e fokotsehile karabo ea dorsal (eseng ventral) leriC le litlamorao tsa lichelete (Porcelli et al., 2012), leha ho bile le phapang e ileng ea bonoa ho NAcc lipakeng tsa sehlopha sa khatello ea maikutlo le sehlopha sa taolo se sebelisang mokhoa oa ho hlasimolla maikutlo (Ossewaarde et al., 2011). Ka kopanelo, bopaki bo tsoang liphuputsong tsa fMRI bo bonts'a likamano tse senang boikakaso lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo, maemo a cortisol le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello mme li fana ka maikutlo a hore khatello ea maikutlo le cortisol li ka bapala likarolo tse arohaneng tsa ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo ho hlahisa maikutlo a ka bang teng ka tšohanyetso ea ventral striatum.

Ho na le meeli e 'maloa ea thuto e teng hona joale. Taba ea pele, ke banna ba PG feela ba ileng ba kenella thutong ea morao tjena. Ha ho ntse ho sa hlaka hore na seo re se fumaneng hajoale se ka fetela ho bataki ba basali. Ena ke potso ea bohlokoa hobane phapang ea thobalano e teng ka likarolo tse 'maloa tsa tšebetso ea ho becha (Tschibelu le Elman, 2010; Grant et al., 2012; González-Ortega et al., 2013; van den Bos et al., 2013). Ho feta moo, phello ea modulatory ea lintlha tse 'maloa tsa li-hormonal mabapi le ts'ebetso ea kelello e fapana lipakeng tsa thobalano (Kivlighan et al., 2005; Reil, 2012; Vest le Pike, 2013). Boithuto ba hajoale bo kenyelletsa banna feela hobane hangata ba arabela ka mokhoa o khahlisang oa thobalano e bonahalang ho feta basali (Stevens le Hamann, 2012; Wehrum et al., 2013) le ho bontša kotsi e phahameng ea mathata a papali ea chelete kapa ho becha ho tebileng ha ho bapisoa le basali (Toneatto le Nguyen, 2007; Wong et al., 2013). Taba ea bobeli, re ke ke ra etsa infusions mabapi le litlamorao tsa cortisol ho likarabo tsa neural hobane liphetho tsa rona li ipapisitse le lihlahlobo. Moralo oa pharmacological o nang le tsamaiso ea kantle ea cortisol ha o bapisoa le boemo ba placebo o tla hlokahala ho lekola karolo ea cortisol ea ho lemalla ho tsuba. Leha ho na le meeli ena, re lumela hore seo re se fumaneng hajoale se fana ka motheo oa ho etsa lipatlisiso tse ling mabapi le tšebelisano lipakeng tsa cortisol le likarabo tsa boko ho li-centiire tsa tšusumetso.

Nahanisisa

Re fumane hore, ho li-PG, maemo a cortisol a amanang le nako a amana le ts'ebetso e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso ea "ventral striatum" mabapi le ts'usumetso e amanang le papali ea chelete e amanang le tšusumetso e amanang le papali ea chelete. Liphetho tsa rona li supa bohlokoa ba ho hokahanya endocrinology le mokhoa o hlokolosi oa tsebo ea methapo ea kutlo ho hlakisa mekhoa le methapo e ka sehlohlolong ea boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho becha. Kamora nako, thuto ena e ka ba le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa ho etsa lipatlisiso tse ling hape mabapi le karolo ea cortisol mabapi le ts'oaetso ea ho holisa boits'oaro ba boits'oaro bo kang ho ts'oaroa hoa marang-rang.

Khohlano ea polelo ea thahasello

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

lumela hore baa fokola

Mosebetsi ona o ile oa etsoa ka har'a sebopeho sa LABEX ANR-11-LABEX-0042 ea Université de Lyon, ka har'a lenaneo "Investissements d'Avenir" (ANR-11-IDEX-0007) e sebelisoang ke Setsi sa Lipatlisiso sa Sechaba sa French (ANR) . Yansong Li e tšehelitsoe ke botsoalle ba PhD bo tsoang ho Pari Mutuel Urbain (PMU). Guillaume Sescousse e tšehelitsoe ke borutehi bo tsoang Lefapheng la Lipatlisiso la Fora le Setsi sa Patlisiso ea Bongaka. Re leboha P. Domenech le G. Barbalat bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bongaka ea li-PG. Re leboha Dr. I. Obeso bakeng sa tlhahlobo e thusang mabapi le buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho le basebetsi ba CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant bakeng sa thuso e ntle mabapi le ho bokella data.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

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