Mathata a Fronto-striatal ka ho lemalla lithethefatsi le papali ea papali ea chelete: Ho se lumellane ho lumellanang? (2013)

Kliniki ea meriana. 2013; 2: 385-393.

E phatlalalitsoe marang-rang Mar 5, 2013. Doi:  10.1016 / j.nicl.2013.02.005

PMCID: PMC3777686

Sehlooho sena se bile teng e boletsoeng ke lihlooho tse ling ho PMC.

Eya ho:

inahaneloang

Liphetoho ts'ebetsong ea takatso ea lijo ke karolo ea mantlha mehopolong e meholo ea kelello ea bokhoba, ka likhakanyo tse fapaneng tse entsoeng ke khaello ea moputso, litšekamelo tsa ho hlohlelletsoa, ​​le tšusumetso ea maikutlo. MRI ea ts'ebetso e fetohile mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa ho lekola likhakanyo tsena esale pele, ka liteko li bonts'a ts'itiso ea boemo ba striatum, medial prefrontal cortex le libaka tse hokahaneng. Leha ho le joalo, lipontšo tsa hypo-ketso le hyper-Ts'ebetso ea potoloho ena lihlopheng tse lemaletseng lithethefatsi e tlalehiloe ka tekanyo e lekanang. Ho fumanoe lintho tse tšoanang ho lingoliloeng tse buuoang tse buang ka papali ea chelete ea ho becha ea methapo, eo haufinyane e boneng lilemo li tla. Morero oa pele oa sengoloa sena ke ho hlahloba likarolo tse ling tsa liteko tse ka susumetsang tataiso e shebiloeng ea litla-morao tsa sehlopha, ho kenyelletsa boemo ba motheo, sebopeho sa liteko le nako, le mofuta oa litabatabelo (tse amanang le lithethefatsi). , chelete, kapa meputso ea mantlha). Morero oa bobeli ke ho totobatsa mohopolo o hlakileng o fanoang ke papali ea chelete ea maiketsetso, e le mohlala oa bokhoba ba ho 'beha joala mahala' le bokuli moo mesebetsi ea matlafatso ea chelete e fanang ka 'mapa o tobileng ho thepa e hlekefelitsoeng. Sephetho sa rona ke hore liqeto tse poteletseng moqapi oa mesebetsi li bonahala li khona ho tsamaisa liphapang tsa sehlopha mekhatlong ea mekhatlo ea batho ba litereke tse fapaneng ka hohle-hohle, esita le ka mesebetsi le mesebetsi e fapaneng ka mokhoa o tšoanang. Phapano lipakeng tsa likhopolo tsa bokhoba ba taolo e tla hloka bophara ba meralo ea liteko, ka lipatlisiso tse ling tse hlokahalang mabapi le ho sebetsana le litabatabelo tsa mantlha tsa takatso ea lijo, ts'ebetso ea morao-rao le lihlopha tse kotsing.

Keywords: Tlatsetso, Papali ea papali ea tlhaho, fMRI, Ventral striatum, ts'ebetso ea ho amohela

1. Selelekela

Likhopolo tse teng hona joale tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi li tsebisoa haholo ke motheo oa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso, ka sepheo sa mantlha ts'ebetsong ea takatso ea lijo. Likhopolo tse ngata tsa kelello li behiloe pele ho supa liphetoho lipakeng tsa takatso ea takatso ea lijo kapa e hlalosang phetoho ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi. Mohlala, ba khaello ea moputso hypothesis (Blum et al., 2012; Metsoako le Blum, 2000) e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho hloka matla ho amanang le tšebeliso ea tšusumetso ea tlhaho ho etsa hore motho a nke tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi joalo ka mokhoa oa puseletso. Ho hlohlelletsa bohloka or tlhokomeliso liak'haonte (Robinson le Berridge, 1993, 2008etsa tlhahiso ea hore karabelo ea boko ho lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso e ka ba teng ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e phetoang, e le hore ho batla lithethefatsi ho tle ho laole boits'oaro bo tataisoang ke sepheo holima boits'oaro bo putsitsoeng. Lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, lithuto tse sebetsang tsa MRI (fMRI) tsa batho ba lemaletseng li fetohile mokhoa oa mantlha oa ho tseka lipakeng tsa liakhaonto tsena, kaha litsamaiso tsa meputso ea boko li ka lekoa ka katleho le li-probe tse ngata tse tsebahalang tsa ts'ebetso, joalo ka Knutson's Monetary Incentive Delay Task (MIDT ) (Knutson et al., 2001). Ka kutloisiso e ngoe, liteko tsena li bonts'a botsitso bo tsotehang, ka hore ka mokhoa o hlakileng ba kenya ts'ebeliso ea litekanyetso tsa litekanyetso libakeng tse fumanehang sebakeng sa dopamine le tsa bongaka sa preortal cortex (mPFC). Leha ho le joalo, tataiso ts'ebetso ha e lumellane hantle, liteko tse ngata tse phahameng li bonts'a hypo-mesebetsi kapa hyper-Mesebetsi ea libaka tse tšoanang tsa moputso (Hommer et al., 2011). Morero oa pele oa sengoloa sa morao-rao ke ho hlahloba likarolo tse ling tsa moralo oa liteko tsena tse ka bonts'ang tataiso e sebetsang.

Morero oa bobeli ke ho nahana ka karolo e pharaletseng ea likhathatso tse lemalloang tse tla ananeloa kahare ho DSM5, e reriloeng ka kotloloho ho kenyelletsa ho becha ha li-pathological (ho reoa lebitso la 'Disordered Kamari') e le sebopeho se tsoetseng pele sa boitšoaro ba ho lemalla boitšoaro. Lithuto tsa pele tsa neuroimaging tsa ho becha tsa methapo li phatlalalitsoe bohareng ba 2000s (Potenza et al., 2003a, 2003b; Reuter et al., 2005), 'me selemong se fetileng, lefapha lena le se le holile ka ho tlaleha lithuto tse matla tse matla tsa FMRI ho fihlela joale (Balodis et al., 2012a; Miedl et al., 2012; Sescousse et al., 2010; van Holst et al., 2012b). Joalo ka lithuto tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, lipampiri tsena tse papaling ea papali ea methapo ea methapo li arotse libaka tsa "striatum" le mPFC joalo ka ha li le kahare ho netweke ena e senyehileng, empa hape, tataiso ea litlamorao ho lithuto tsena tse 'ne ha e lumellane. Ha re nahana ka liphumano tsena, re tla totobatsa likarolo tsa papali ea methapo eo re lumelang hore e e etsa mohlala oa tlhahlobo bakeng sa tšibollo ea litheko, le tlatsetso e ka fuoang ke bokuli bona bakeng sa ho rarolla tlholeho ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. .

2. Likhopolo tsa kelello mabapi le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi

Li-circuits tsa boithuto li ne li bile le tšusumetso e matla ho tlatselletsoang ke ho bona hore lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li eketsa phetiso ea dopamine ka hara mekotla ena (Bohlale, 2004). Sepheo sa mantlha sa likhopolo tsena e bile ts'ebetsong ea takatso ea lijo e laolang mokhoa oa boitšoaro, le taolo e thibelang mekhoa ena ea mekhoa (Bechara, 2005; Goldstein le Volkow, 2002; Jentsch le Taylor, 1999). Ka har'a moralo ona, bokhoba ba tahi bo ka amana le keketseho ea boits'oaro bo amanang le tšusumetso e amanang le lithethefatsi, kapa ho fokotseha ha taolo ea thibelo. Le ha likhopolo tsa sejoale-joale li lumela lits'ebetso tsena ka bobeli, li-account tse fapaneng li fapana ka boima boo ba bo fuoang. Ntle le moo, litlaleho li hlakisa ka mokhoa o fapaneng mabaka a tlokotsi a khethollang tšekamelo ea bokhoba ba tahi kapa lits'ebetso tsa phetoho ho tloha ts'ebelisong e tloaelehileng ho ba tahi e felletseng. Ka bomalimabe, likhopolo tse hlalositsoeng ka tlase li fana ka likhakanyo tse fapaneng mabapi le hore na batho ba lemaletseng ba ka bontša ho eketseha, ho tloaelehileng kapa ho fokotseha karabelo ea neural ho lithahasello tse amanang le bokhoba, kapa litakatso tse sa amaneng le lithethefatsi. Boikemisetso bo joalo bo bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa ho etsa liteko ka fMRI.

Hypothesis ea tlhaelo ea moputso e bolela hore menyetla ea ho lemalla e bakoa ke ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic kapa e sa sebetseng.Metsoako le Blum, 2000). Sebakeng sena, meputso ea tlhaho e tla fana ka karabelo e fokolitsoeng, joalo ka ha tšusumetso e putsang e ke ke ea khannela sistimi ea dopaminergic moeling o hlokehang ho baka 'moputso oa phallo ea kelello' (Blum et al., 2012), le liphihlelo tse tloaelehileng li ka se be le tšusumetso e lekaneng ho boits'oaro bo susumetsoang. Ka lebaka leo, motho ka mong o ne a tla batla liphihlelo tse matla - ho kenyeletsoa empa ho se na lithibelo tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi - ho khanna ho lokolloa ha dopamine le ho kenya ts'ebetsong moputso oa papali. Hypothesis ea khaello ea moputso e simolohile ho datha ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e bonts'ang hore phapang e teng ho dopamine D2 receptor gene (Taq1A DRD2) e ne e atile ho bakuli ba lemaletseng joala.Blum et al., 1990; Noble et al., 1991) hape e ne e amahanngoa le naha ea hypo-dopaminergic. Mofuta ona oa morao-rao o ile oa hokahana le mathata a mang a lemallo, ho kenyeletsa le papali ea chelete ea methapo (Comings et al., 1996, 2001). Hypo-dopaminergic state e matla e ka boela ea hlaha ka mekhoa ea tikoloho joalo ka ha nako e telele le khatello ea maikutlo (Blum et al., 2012; Madrid et al., 2001). Bathong, lithuto tsa positron emission tomography (PET) li bonts'itse hore tlhahiso ea dopaminergic e hlahisitsoeng ke methylphenidate e tlase ho batho ba lemaletseng, ha e bapisoa le taolo (Martinez et al., 2007; Volkow et al., 1997). Leha ho le joalo, leha liphetho tsena li hlahisa boemo ba hypo-dopaminergic bokong bo lemaletseng, ho etsa joalo ho ke ke ha thehoa. Hypo-dopaminergic state e ka emela ho ba kotsing ea pre-morbid, kapa e ka ba litholoana tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi.

Mohlala o fapaneng, ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso, o boetse o shebana le ho supa dopaminergic ea mokhoa oa ho atamela (Robinson le Berridge, 1993, 2001, 2008), empa e bolela esale pele hore boko bo lemaletseng bo teng ka har'a hyper-dopaminergic state. Ho hlohlelletsoa hoa mohopolo oa dopamine ho tsejoa ho baka keketseho ea ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic e hananang le ho lula, ho fapana le karabelo meputsong ea tlhaho (Di Chiara, 1999). Ka tsamaiso e pheta-phetohang karabelo ea dopaminergic e fetoha e khothatsang (Robinson le Becker, 1986). Ntle le moo, ho kopanya lithethefatsi khafetsa (ho tsosa karabelo e kholo ea dopaminergic) ka tšusumetso e amanang le tikoloho (mohlala, lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi), ho lebisa lithutong tsena ho fumana ho se sebetse hantle le ho hapa tlhokomelo, ho feta ka mokhoa oa tlhaho o susumetsang o khotsofatsang (Robinson le Berridge, 1993). Ho fapana le phokotso ea khaello ea moputso, ha ho na tlhokahalo ea tlhekefetso ea pele ho morbid ts'ebetsong ea meputso ea tlhaho, ha tlhekefetso e hlaha ka lebaka la tokollo ea dopamine e khannoang haholo. Mefuta ea liphoofolo e fane ka tšehetso e ngata bakeng sa mohlala ona (mohlala, Di Ciano, 2008; Harmer le Phillips, 1998; Taylor le Horger, 1999); mohlala, likhoto tse pepesitsoeng pele ho koae li bontšitse ho ithuta ha ho kopanngoa le tšusumetso ea buka ea ho tlatsa le se matlafatsoang se neng se kile sa entsoe ka koae (Di Ciano, 2008). Leha ho le joalo, bopaki bo tobileng ho batho ha bo na khatello e matla. Mohlala, lithuto tsa PET li supa a ho fokotseha ka li-receptor tsa dopamine tsa striatal ho batho ba lemaletseng (Martinez et al., 2004; Volkow et al., 1990), e bolelang a hypo-Sensitive dopamine sistimi. Robinson le Berridge (2008) hatisa hore maikutlo a ka hlalosoa feela maemong a itseng a kelello, joalo ka tikoloho ea lithethefatsi tse tloaelo ho e-na le sebaka sa lipalesa tse kang sa skena sa boko, se fanang ka mohopolo o thata ho o lekola ka ts'ebetso e sebetsang.

Sehlopha sa boraro sa mohlala se hatisa khaello ea taolo e holimo-tlase ea thibelo ea lithethefatsi, ka phetoho molemong oa maikutlo oa neuroanatomical ho tloha striatum ho ea ho PFC (Bechara, 2005). Ho phahamisoa ha boitšoaro molemong oa ho hlaseloa habonolo le mofani oa bona oa neuropsychological, taolo e fokolang ea thibelo, ho ka baka teko ea teko ea pele ea lithethefatsi hammoho le phetoho ea tlhekefetso le ts'episo (Verdejo-García et al., 2008). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho khothalelitsoe hore nako ea bocha e ka emela nako e mahlonoko ea ho kena bohlankeng, eo ka nako eo maemo a eketsehang a boitšoaro a tlohelang motho a le tlokotsing ea kholo ea ts'ebetso ea temallo (Litho tsa et al., 2003). Hypothesis e sa susumetsoang ha e fane ka boima bo itseng ho matlafatsong e amanang le lithethefatsi, ka hona liphetoho tse tšoanang li ka lebelloa ha ho kenella ts'ebetsong ea meputso ea tlhaho. Ntle le moo, ka ho totobatsa taolo e holimo-tlase ea ho araba, tšusumetso ea maikutlo e ka ba bonolo ho amohela monyetla oa hore ho lemalla ho ka amahanngoa le maikutlo a fokotsehileng a ho kheloha litlamorao, ebang ke ho e-na le kapa ho tlatselletsa ho phetoho efe kapa efe ts'ebetsong ea takatso ea lijo. MPFC e bontšitsoe e le bohlokoa ho boloka thibelo e atlehileng mefuteng ea liphoofolo, hobane liso tsa sebaka sena li etsa hore ho be le khatello e eketsehileng (Gill et al., 2010). Ho batho, phuputso ea MRI e hlophisitsoeng ho barupeluoa ba phetseng hantle e tlalehile hore bophahamo ba mPFC bo ka mothong bo ne bo kopantsoe le mehato ea bohloka (Cho et al., 2012). Mofuta oa karabo e sa senyeheng le sebopeho sa litšusumetso (I-RISA) mohlala oa temallo (Goldstein le Volkow, 2002; Goldstein et al., 2009) e ntlafalitsoe ho hokahanya ho thella ho hoholo ha litheko tse amanang le lithethefatsi ka lebaka la tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi (tumellanong le mofuta oa tšusumetso ea ts'usumetso), le bofokoli ba pele ho boitšoaro bo bobe bo tlamang le taolong e tlase e tlohelang motho a le mothating oa ho lemalla. .

Lihlopheng tse tharo tsa mehlala e etsa lipapatso tse fapaneng mabapi le motheo oa ts'oaetso, mme haholoholo ka keketseho kapa ho fokotseha hoa ts'ebetso e amanang le moputso lihlopheng tse lemaletseng tlhekefetso. Mabapi le ts'ebetso ea suboportical dopaminergic, tlhahiso ea bosholu ba moputso e fana ka maikutlo a ho fokotseha ts'ebetsong e amanang le moputso, e ka amang takatso e amanang le lithethefatsi le e seng e amanang le lithethefatsi ka mokhoa o ts'oanang. Litšusumetso tse susumetsang le boikemisetso ba tšusumetso ea maikutlo li susumetsa ka bobeli hore karabelo ea bongoaneng ba dopaminergic lithutong tse amanang le lithethefatsi ke e eketsehile; leha ho le joalo, litlaleho tsena tse peli li fapana lipontšong tsa bona mabapi le karabelo molemong oa takatso ea lijo e sa amaneng le lithethefatsi: litheko tsa ts'usumetso e kholo ka mokhoa o hlakileng holima tšusumetso e joalo, athe ts'ebetso ea ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso e bolela esale pele hypersensitivity ea kakaretso ea moputso oa subcortical. Ntle le moo, hypothesis ea impulsivity e na le karolo ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea mPFC, e lokelang ho fokotsoa mme e amanang le taolo e fokolang ea inhibitory. Hypothesis ea impulsivity e boetse e amohela hamolemo phetoho leha e le efe ea karabelo ea neural liketsahalong tse khelohang.

Le ha tse ling tsa liketsahalo tse boletsoeng esale pele li hanyetsana ka mokhoa o hlakileng, motho o lokela ho hopola hore temallo ke bothata bo matla bo nang le mekhahlelo ea nakoana ea nakoana. Mefuta e ikhethileng e kanna ea hlalosa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng boemo bo tlokotsing le tšekamelo ea ho qala ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (khaello ea moputso) kapa phetoho ea ho nka lithethefatsi tse tlamang (ts'usumetso ea ho hlohlona). Hang ha ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e thehiloe, ho na le mokhoa o mong oa potoloho, ho tloha ho itlopa joala kapa ho tahoa ho isa setulong le ho ama hampe, ho nahana le ho lebella.Koob le Le Moal, 1997). Mehato ena e kanna ea ama litsamaiso tse susumetsang ka mokhoa o fapaneng; ha e 'ngoe' e phahameng 'nakong ea botahoa e khetholloa ke phetisetso e fetisisang ea dopamine (Volkow et al., 1996), 'me ho ikhula ho amana le ts'ebetso ea hypo ea litsela tse ts'oanang (Martinez et al., 2004, 2005; Volkow et al., 1997). Ka hona, heterogeneity ea bongaka le nako ea tlhahlobo e amanang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ea ho qetela e ka ba le phello e boletsoeng mesebetsing e amanang le moputso. Mefuta e meng ea morao-rao e nyane e se e qalile ho hokahanya mohopolo ho latela mehato e fapaneng ea bokhoba ba tahi (Blum et al., 2012; Leyton, 2007). Phokotso ea ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso e lumela hore bofokoli bo ka fokotsang ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi bo ka hlalosa hore na ke hobaneng feela ke batho ba fokolang ba nang le lithethefatsi tse lemalloang ba tsoelang pele ho theha temallo (Robinson le Berridge, 2008). Mefuta e 'meli ea dopamine ka Leyton (2007) e fana ka maikutlo a hore potoloho ea ts'usumetso e matla ke ho arabela maemong a amanang le bokhoba, empa sena se ka etsa hore ho fokotsehe boleng ba litakatso tse sa amaneng le lithethefatsi ha nako e ntse e ea, e le hore ts'ebetso ea neural ea meputso ea tlhaho e ka ba teng kahara mmuso empa ea fokotsoa lihlopha tse lemaletseng.

3. Ho sebelisa fMRI ho fuputsa motheo oa neural oa ho lemalla

Tekanyetso ea oksijene ea mali (BOLD) e lekantsoeng nakong ea fMRI e fana ka letšoao le sa tobang la ts'ebetso ea neural e hlahisoang ke liphetoho phallo ea mali a mokelikeli, eo ka lehlakoreng le leng e bonts'ang likhahla tse eketsehileng tsa matla tse hlahisoang ke ts'ebetso ea neural. Ha ho shejoa maikutlo mokhoeng oa kelello oa ho lemalla phetisetso ea dopamine, ho bohlokoa ho amohela hore lets'oao la fMRI ke mehato e 'maloa e tlositsoeng ho dopaminergic neurons ea netweke ea moputso, e le hore lits'itiso mabapi le liphetoho mesebetsing ea dopaminergic li lokela ho etsoa ka hloko e kholo.

Litsela tsa dopamine li simoloha ho dopaminergic midbrain nuclei, leha ho le thata ho li bona li-nuclei tsena ka fMRI (Düzel et al., 2009; Limbrick-Oldfield et al., 2012), 'me liphuputso tse ngata li shebisisa libaka tse fumanang lipallo tse tsoang ho dopaminergic midbrain: dorsal and ventral striatum, le likarolo tse ngata tsa cortex ea pele. Libaka tsena li kholo, ha li na lerata la 'mele,' me ho bonoa molumo oa BOLD o lumellana hantle le menyetla ea tšimo ea lehae e bonts'ang lipallo tsa tikoloho le ts'ebetso ea li-interneurons tsa lehae (Logothetis, 2003). Le ha liphetoho mesebetsing e meng ea "meputso e mengata ea moputso 'e se e fetoletsoe e le phetisetso ea lipallo tse tlasa dopaminergic, sebaka se ts'oanang le striatum se fumana litlatsetso tse ngata mme se na le li-neuromodulators ntle le dopamine. Ha ho toloka fMRI ho hlahisa sephetho sa hypo- kapa hyper-, motho o boetse o tlameha ho tseba hore fMRI e sitoa ho khetholla pakeng tsa tšebetso ea neural le e thibelang, ka hona sebaka se ka fetoha 'khatello ea kelello' ka lebaka la keketseho e kholo ea inhibitory ts'ebetso.

Ka lehlohonolo, ha re fetole sephetho sa fMRI boinotšing. Phuputso ea seminal ea mefuta e mengata ea semmuso e kopantsoeng le litekanyetso tsa PET tsa dopamine li isoa mosebetsing o lefang khahlano le likarabo tse amanang le ketsahalo ea FMRI nakong ea tebello ea moputso ho barupeluoa ba tšoanang (Schott et al., 2008). Ho lokolloa ha dopamine ka har'a ventral striatum ho boletse esale pele boholo ba liphetoho tsa matšoao a BOLD ho dopaminergic midbrain ka bobeli le ventral striatum. Lintlha tsa phetolelo tse tsoang ho liphoofolo tse lekang li boetse li thusa ho tiisa litlhaloso tsa sephetho sa ho nahana; mohlala ka ho totobatsa likarolo tse sebetsang tsa striatum le PFC tse moeling oa tharollo ea sebaka sa fMRI. Mosebetsi ona o hokahanya dorsal striatum haholo le ho fumana mekhatlo ea karabo (meputso)Balleine le O'Doherty, 2010;; bona hape O'Doherty et al., 2004) le ho theha tloaelo (Haber le Knutson, 2010; Yin le Knowlton, 2006) athe ts'ebetso ea "ventral striatum" e bohlokoa mabapi le tebello le boporofeta bo amanang le moputso, le mahlahahlaha a karabelo (Balleine le O'Doherty, 2010; O'Doherty et al., 2004; Roesch et al., 2009). Ho se kopane ho kanna ha eba teng ho PFC, ka tikoloho ea medial orbitofrontal le karolo ea rostral ea cterrate e kenelletseng lipontšong tsa boleng ba tšusumetso, ho fapana le dorsal anterior cingulate e ts'oereng mekhatlo ea bohlokoa-ea bohlokoa (Rushworth et al., 2011).

4. Ts'ebetso ea Neural ea moputso bokhobeng ba lithethefatsi

Hommer et al. (2011) fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e nang le tlhaiso-leseling e nang le tlhaiso-leseling e hlahisang khaello ea moputso le litheolelo tse potlakileng, e phatlalalitsoeng ho fihlela 2010. Qeto ea bona ke hore ha bopaki ba PET ba ho fumaneha ha dopamine D2 le ho tlosoa ha dopamine ka ts'usumetso ea lithethefatsi bo rata haholo tlhahiso ea tlhaelo ea moputso (Fehr et al., 2008; Martinez et al., 2004; Volkow et al., 1997, 2001; Volkow et al., 2007), lingoliloeng tsa fMRI tse ngata haholo tsa ts'ebetso ea meputso li na le litlaleho tsa ho eketseha le ho fokotseha ha ts'ebetso ea moputso khatellong ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ka tekanyo e batlang e lekana. Lipampiri tsa morao-rao li tsoetse pele mokhoa ona oa ho se lumellane. E tloaelehileng maemong a mangata a lipatlisiso ho fMRI, mesebetsi e mengata e fapaneng e sebelisetsoa ho etsa lipatlisiso motheo oa ho lemalla. Leha ho le joalo, ena e ke ke ea e-ba eona feela tlhaloso ea liphapang tse bonts'itsoeng, kaha hypo-reactivity le hyper -acacionment li hlokometsoe mesebetsing e batlang e tšoana. Nahana ka lithuto tse peli tsa morao-rao tse nang le chelete ea ho lieha ho khothaletsa chelete (MIDT), mosebetsi o bonolo le o tsitsitseng o entsoeng ho fuputsa lits'ebetso tse amanang le moputso ho "ventral striatum", o shebane haholo le tebello ea moputso. Phuputso e entsoeng ka bacha ba tsubang ea lilemong tsa bocha e fumane tlaase karabelo ea boemo ba moea nakong ea tebello ea moputso, ha e bapisoa le batho ba sa tsubeng, le a mpe khokahano le maqhubu a ho tsuba, tumellanong le phokotso ea khaello ea moputso (Peters et al., 2011). Ha ho liphapang tsa sehlopha tse fumanoeng nakong ea ts'ebetso ea sephetho. Leha ho le joalo, thutong ea pele ea ho sebelisa MIDT ho itšetleha ka koae, Jia et al. (2011) e hlokometse E ntlafatsoa tse ling tse peli tse kopaneng hape le sephetho sa moputso, mme ts'ebeliso ea sena hape e senoletse sephetho sa kalafo e mpe (ho itlaleha ho tlaleha, ho senya moroto) ka mor'a likhoeli tse peli. Le lithutong tsohle tsa basebelisi ba lithethefatsi ba nang le sehlahisoa se tšoanang se ratoang, tataiso ea ts'ebetso e bonoa e khutla ka botlalo lithutong tse fapaneng; mohlala, ka ts'ebeliso ea joala (Beck et al., 2009; Bjork et al., 2008; Hlakola et al., 2007) kapa basebelisi ba cannabis (Nestor et al., 2010; van Hell et al., 2010) (bona Hommer et al., 2011 bakeng sa litlhaloso tse felletseng tsa lithuto tsena).

Tse ling tsa ho se lumellane ho teng tšimong li ka etsahala ka lebaka la maemo a bongaka kapa a lipalo a sebetsang joaloka li-moderator, joalo ka phapang lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa lithethefatsi (mohlala, li-stimulants vs. opiates) (McNamara et al., 2010), bong (Potenza et al., 2012), kapa boemo ba ho batla kalafo (Stippekohl et al., 2012). Mekhoa ea ho kenyelletsa e hlakile hore ke ea bohlokoa; mohlala, sehlopha sa sepheo ho Peters et al.'s (2011) Ho ithuta e ne e le bacha ba tlalehileng ho tsuba sakerete e le 'ngoe matsatsing a 30 a fetileng, ha Jia et al. (2011) e kenyeletsa basebelisi ba koae ba batlang kalafo. Kahoo, ho ts'oana ha moralo oa mesebetsi ho lokela ho lekantsoa lipakeng tsa phapang e kholo sethaleng le ho teba ha bokhoba. Le lithutong tsa basebelisi ba ratang moriana o le mong, ho ka ba le phapang e kholo litekanyetsong tsa ho kenyeletsoa. Mohlala, lithutong tsa bosholu ba joala. Beck et al. (2009) 'me Hlakola et al. (2007) kantle ho karolo bankakarolo ba nang le nalane ea tšebeliso e seng molaong ea lithethefatsi, le ha Bjork et al. (2008) e kenyelletsa basebelisi ba lithethefatsi tse seng molaong. Bolelele ba ho ithiba bo fapana ka mokhoa o ts'oanang 'me bo tsejoa ka ho ama likarabo tsa neural litloaelong tse amanang le lithethefatsi (David et al., 2007; Fryer et al., 2012).

Mekhoa e mengata e fapaneng ea moralo oa mosebetsi oa FMRI le eona e ka susumetsa tataiso ea litlamorao. Ka lebaka la likarolo tsa nakoana tsa lets'oa la BOLD, sebopeho sa teko e kanna ea ba sa bohlokoa ho feta tekano ea bongaka, mme ea ratoa e le e 'ngoe ea litlhaloso tse kholo bakeng sa liphetho tse sa lumellaneng tse hlahliloeng ke Hommer et al. (2011). Leha ho le joalo ka har'a mosebetsi o bonahala o lekantsoe joaloka MIDT, motho a ka makatsoa ke palo ea liphapang tse poteletseng tse teng (bona Setšoantšo sa 1). Litlaleho tse ling li matlafatsa matla phapusing ea thabo ka ho bapisa likhakanyo tse khafisitsoeng khahlano le litheko tse sa lefelloeng (Peters et al., 2011), athe tse ling li kenyelletsa boemo ba tahlehelo (Balodis et al., 2012a; Beck et al., 2009; Bjork et al., 2011; Jia et al., 2011; Nestor et al., 2010; Hlakola et al., 2007). Boithuto ho baithaopi ba phetseng hantle bo thehile ka mokhoa o hlakileng kutloelo-bohloko ea karabelo ea maikutlo litabeng tsena tsa maemo (Bunzeck et al., 2010; Hardin et al., 2009; Nieuwenhuis et al., 2005): mohlala, sephetho sa zero-win se sebetsoa ka mokhoa o fapaneng mesebetsing moo tahlehelo e ka bolokang. Khetho ea boemo ba mantlha e tla ba qeto e hlakileng ea hore na phapang ea sehlopha e bonts'a ho eketseha kapa ho fokotseha hoa ts'ebetso. Ha re sheba lingoliloeng tsa MIDT ho fihlela joale ho buisanoa ka mantlha, motheo oa mantlha o sebelisoang hangata ke polelo e sa nke lehlakore kapa sephetho (Bjork et al., 2008; Jia et al., 2011; Peters et al., 2011; Hlakola et al., 2007), empa lithuto tse ling li nka metheo e meng e tšoanang le ea nako ea liteko (Nestor et al., 2010).

Feie. 1 

Phapang ea meralo lipakeng tsa mesebetsi e 'meli e tloaelehileng e sebelisoang ho etsa lipatlisiso molemong oa tšebeliso ea takatso ea lijo. a) Mosebetsi oa ho hakanya o hlophisitsoeng ho tloha ho Yacubian et al. (2006), mme e sebelisoe ke van Holst et al. (2012) thutong ea ba bechang. Ka lekhetlo le leng le le leng, ...

Taba e potelletseng e teng kahara sebopeho sa mosebetsi, e le hore o ka hlakola maemo a fapaneng a kelello nakong ea teko. Mosebetsing o tloaelehileng oa takatso ea lijo, ho ka hlaha methati e mene (bona Setšoantšo sa 1): tlhahiso ea mohopolo o susumetsang o hlahisang tebello e ntle, e sa jeleng paate, kapa e mpe tekong eo, karabelo ea boits'oaro ba monkakarolo ketsahalong eo, mohato o lebelletsoeng (ekaba ho lieha kapa ho hohola ha lebili), mme qetellong phano ya sephetho. Ntle le karohano e lekaneng ea nakoana ea mekhahlelo ena ('jitter'), liphapang tsa sehlopha tse lemoha qetellong e ka tsamaisoa ke litlolo tse sa tloaelehang ho tsoa mekhahlelong ea pele, ha ho fanoa ka poleloana e monyebe ea lets'oa la BOLD. Kahoo, liphetoho tsa ho nahanisisa kapa ho nka likotsi nakong ea karabelo, kapa liphetoho ts'ebetsong e lebelletsoeng, li ka ferekanya liphetho. Joalo ka ha ho tsebahala haholo ho tloha mosebetsing ho liphoofolo tse lekang, ho supa dopaminergic ho ka etsahala ho tloha mosebetsing oa takatso ea lijo ho tsoa moputsong ka boeona (ke hore, karolo ea sephetho) ho susumetsa tse bolelang esale pele meputso eo (ke hore, methati ea methapo kapa ea litebello). Bophelong ba mefuta e mengata e sebelisitsoeng ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa bokhoba ba nako, nako eohle ea mosebetsi e ka khutsufatsoa haholo ka ho tlosa linako tsena tse betliloeng le ho hlahisa bonyane mehato e meng ka tatellano e potlakileng (Beck et al., 2009; Jia et al., 2011; Nestor et al., 2010; Hlakola et al., 2007). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, liteko tse ling li kentse lifensetere tse kentsoeng ka kotloloho ho etsa mohlala, ts'ebetso ea ho lokisa likoloi (e tsejoang ho hira libaka tsa khale) ka tebello ea moputso (Balodis et al., 2012a; Bjork et al., 2011; Peters et al., 2011), kapa moputso tebello e tsoang pheletsong ea moputso. Leha ho le joalo, esita le ho nka taba ena e mahlonoko, lithutong tse lekotseng tebello le sephetho re ntse re khona ho bona phapano ea hore na liphapang tsa sehlopha li etsahala ka tebello (Beck et al., 2009; Peters et al., 2011; Hlakola et al., 2007kapa sephetho sa moputso (Balodis et al., 2012a; Jia et al., 2011).

Ntlha e 'ngoe e amanang le moputso e ama mofuta oa moputso ka booona. Boholo ba lithuto tsa ho sebetsana le moputso bokhobeng ba lithethefatsi li sebelisitse matlafatso ea chelete (ho kenyeletsoa lithuto tsohle le MIDT). Leha mabaka a ts'ebeliso ea matlafatso ea chelete ho pholletsa le liteko tsa kelello tsa teko a hlakile (mohlala, litlamorao tse hlakileng tsa ts'usumetso, le bokhoni ba ho beha mohlala le tahlehelo kahare ho sebaka se le seng), chelete ke setsi se thata. Taba ea mantlha, bohlokoa ba eona bo ithutoa, leha e sa le ngoana hore kelello ea motho ha e se e le motho e moholo e ka talima chelete ka ho tšoana le moputso oa mantlha. Boleng ba eona ba subjential bo fapana pakeng tsa batho ka bomong e le ts'ebetso ea leruo ('Bernoulli Effect'; bona Tobler et al., 2007 bakeng sa neural instantiation ea ketsahalo ena), mme e nkiloe ho bokhoni ba eona ba ho fapanyetsana thepa e 'ngoe ea boleng (ke hore, e ka senyeha). Sena se baka bothata bo itseng lithutong tsa bokhoba, kaha chelete e fumanoeng tokisong ea liteko e ka fetoloa ka mora nako bakeng sa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, e li behe maemong a makatsang a ho hloka ts'usumetso. Ha ho hlake hore na e lokela ho nkoa e le sekhahla se amanang le bokhoba, kapa moputso oa tlhaho.

Ka lebaka la mathata ana ka tšebeliso ea matlafatso ea chelete lithutong tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, moralo o mong o thusang ho fumana matla lipakeng tsa maikutlo a tlholisano a kelello ke ho sebelisa litabatabelo tse seng tsa lichelete (le tse sa amaneng le lithethefatsi) tse kang erotica kapa litakatso tse monate. Lithuto tsena li hlahisitse mokhoa o ts'oanang oa ts'ebetso ea hypo libakeng tse amanang le moputso (Asensio et al., 2010; Garavan et al., 2000; Wexler et al., 2001). Mohlala, ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho tsoa ho International Affective Picture Series sehlopheng se seholo sa banna ba itšetlehileng ka koae, Asensio et al. (2010) o fumane marang-rang a tšoanang a hiriloeng ke litakatso tsa takatso ea lijo ka lihlopha tsena tse peli, empa a fokotsa ts'ebetso sehlopheng sa dorsal le ventral striatum le dorsomedial PFC sehlopheng sa koae. Lithuto tsena li ts'ehetsa hypothesis ea khaello ea moputso, empa e ka bolokoa le mefuta e fapaneng ea ho hlohlona ha ts'usumetso (mohlala, Leyton, 2007) e lumellang maikutlo a methapo e amanang le lithethefatsi ho tsamaisa tumellano karabelong ea matlafatso ea tlholeho.

5. Ho becha ka tsela ea tlhaho

Ho tloha ha e kenyelletsoa ho DSM-III ho 1980, papali ea methapo ea methapo e se e hlophisitsoe ka har'a mathata a taolo ea tšusumetso, hammoho le kleptomania, pyromania le trichotillomania. Tlhahiso ea DSM5 ea ho e hlophisa bocha sehlopheng sa lithekoHolden, 2010; Petry, 2010) e hlahisitsoe ke methati e mengata ea lipatlisiso, ho kenyelletsa bopaki bo matla ba ho lemalla ho lemalla joala (mohlala, Lind et al., 2012; Lobo le Kennedy, 2009; Slutske et al., 2000) le ho ts'oana ho ts'oanang hoa ts'ebetso ea neural e senotsoeng haholo ke fMRI (Leeman le Potenza, 2012; Potenza, 2008). Hape ke ho ba “ea jereng folakha” bakeng sa boitshwaro bokhoba, re lumela hore papali ea papali ea methapo ea bophelo bo botle e boetse e fana ka mohlala oa bohlokoa bakeng sa tšebeliso ea litheko ka botlalo, bonyane ka mabaka a mabeli. Lebaka la pele le mabapi le bothata bo ke keng ba khoneha ba 'khoho le lehe' lipatlisisong tsa bokhoba ba taolo (bona Ersche et al., 2010; Verdejo-García et al., 2008). Ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi tse ngata tsa tlhekefetso e amahanngoa le liphetoho tse mpe bokong, hore li-signature tsa neural tsa tlokotsi e ka se keng ea arohanngoa le liphetoho tse etsahetseng ka lebaka la tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Ho se sebetse hantle joalo ka marang-rang ho lokela ho ba sieo papaling ea papali ea methapo, 'me ehlile liphuputso tse peli tsa morao-rao tse sebelisang morphometry tse sa sebetseng li ne li sa khone ho bona liphetoho tse kholo lipuong tsa bohlooho kapa tse tšoeu ho li-golf tsa pathological (Joutsa et al., 2011; van Holst et al., 2012a), ho fapana le phokotso e kholo le e pharalletseng ea lintho tse putsoa sehlopheng se mosesane se itšetlehileng ka joala (Chanraud et al., 2007; van Holst et al., 2012a). Pheko e 'ngoe e hlahisoang ke phello e ts'oanang ke ea hore papiso ea sehlopha mabapi le ts'ebetso e khahlanong le taolo e phetseng hantle e ka ferekanngoa ke phapang ea bophahamo ba modumo, moo litlamorao tse joalo li leng teng tlatsong ea lithethefatsi. Ke 'nete hore ho batšoantšisi ba' mele ba tloaetseng ho bapala papali ea chelete, tloaelo ea ho hapa le ho lahleheloa ke mokhoa o tloaelehileng e ka hlahisa mohopolo o poteletseng haholoanyane.fetoha liphetoho tse ka 'nang tsa se bonoe habonolo ka liprothane tsa ho nahana ka sebopeho. Leha ho le joalo, ho ts'oana hoa phenotypic lipakeng tsa boloi ba methapo ea kutlo le lihlopha tse lemaletseng lithethefatsi, joalo ka tšusumetso ea sephetho le ts'ebetso ea neuropsychological ea ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi, e ka tsamaellana haholo le mekhoa e ka bang kotsi ho feta ts'ebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e sa foleng.

Mofuta oa bobeli oa temohisiso o kanna oa fanoa ho tsoa lipatlisiso mabapi le papali ea papali ea methapo ea methapo, o bua ka mofuta oa matlafatso lithutong tsa neuroimaging. Boiphihlelo ba ho hapa chelete, le boits'oaro bo matla ho fumana sephetho, ke likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa papali ea papali ea chelete, le mekhahlelo ea mantlha kholisong ea papali ea papali ea chelete (Blaszczynski le Nower, 2002). Kahoo, lipatlisisong ho batho ba nang le papali ea papali ea methapo ea methapo, "thepa" e hlekefelitsoeng e se e amana le teko ea ho matlafatsa chelete mesebetsing e thehiloeng moputsong. Ka bomalimabe, lingoliloeng tse ntseng li eketseha tse sebelisitseng mesebetsi ea chelete ho barekisi ba maiketsetso li na le bothata bona boo re bo hlalositseng kaholimo ho lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi. Boithuto bo tebileng haholo bo tsoang Reuter et al. (2005) o sebelisitse mosebetsi oa ho khetha karete o khethiloeng habeli ho bapisa karabelo ea boko le tahlehelo e bapisoang le tahlehelo ea papali ea papali ea chelete. Phetoho ea matšoao ho "ventral striatum" le "ventral medial" (vmPFC) e fokotsehile ho tsa papali ea papali ea chelete, 'me ea hokahana hampe le ho tsitsa ha papali ea chelete. Leha ho le joalo, thuto ena ha e a ka ea sebelisa maemo a sephetho sa ho se nke lehlakore, mme e bile mosebetsi o amanang le sephetho feela tekong ka 'ngoe. Motheo o sebelisitsoeng e ne e le liphetho tsa tahlehelo, ka hona liphapang tsa sehlopha li ka tsamaisoa ke liphetoho lipakeng tsa tahlehelo- kapa ts'ebetso e amanang le phaello. Mokhoa o batlang o tšoana le ona o tlalehiloe ka har'a polokelo ea motlakase bakeng sa karabo mabapi le mosebetsi o fetotsoeng oa ho ithuta ho barekisi ba maiketsetso (de Ruiter et al., 2009).

Boithutong bo sa tsoa feta bo khethollang matla a nakoana ka har'a teko, ho hlaha mokhoa o rarahaneng haholoanyane. Van Holst et al. (2012b) o sebelisitse papali ea khetho e makatsang e fapaneng le boholo le menyetla ea moputso o ka bang teng litekong, le likarabo tsa kelello nakong ea karolo ea tebello (bona Setšoantšo sa 1). Barekisi ba pathological ba bontšitse karabelo e kholo ho phapano ea boholo (win 5 euros and win 1 euro) ka dorsal striatum, bapisoa le lits'ebetso, le dorsal striatum le OFC le tsona li ile tsa lekola boleng bo lebelletsoeng bo amanang le phaello ho feta tekanyo e kholo ea ho becha ha li-pathological. Leha ho le joalo, ka pampiri e nahanang ka nako eo, Balodis et al. (2012a) e tlaleha phokotso ea li-circry-striatal circry tse sebelisang MIDT ho papali ea papali ea chelete. Mosebetsi oa bona o thusitse karohano ea nakoana ea tebello le sephetho, 'me nakong ea tebello, ba bechang ba ile ba bonts'a tšebetso e fokotsehileng ho li-ventral striatum le vmPFC maemong ohle a lebelloang (katleho le tahlehelo). Ha ba fumana phaello ea chelete, barekisi ba marang-rang le bona ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso ea vmPFC e fokotsehileng.

Ho se lumellane pakeng tsa liphetho tsena tse peli ho qabola, empa ho na le phapang ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa liteko tse ka fanang ka lintlha tse amanang le tšimo ea litheko. Taba ea mantlha ke hore, ha mesebetsi e ntse e sebelisoa ka bobeli ho matlafatsa chelete, mokhoa o hlakileng oa nehelano o ne o fapane haholo (Leyton le Vezina, 2012): Van Holst et al. (2012b) sebelisa likarete tsa ho bapala tsa sebele le litšoantšo tsa chelete ea 'nete (bona Setšoantšo sa 1), athe Balodis et al. (2012a) e ne e sa kenyeletse boemo ba 'nete ba papali ea chelete,' me a bolela hore na chelete e lokela ho fumanoa kapa ea lahleha ka mokhoa o bonolo oa mongolo. Motho ea bapalang papali ea chelete o ka bona mosebetsi oa pele e le tšilafalo ea papali ea 'nete, athe mosebetsi oa bobeli o kanna oa se kopane haufi le boits'oaro ba lemallo le ha o fumaneha ka matlafatso ea chelete. Leyton le Vezina (2012) fana ka maikutlo a hore lits'ebetso tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso e ka ba tse ikhethileng ho seteishene se tšesaane se amanang haufi-ufi le tšibollo. Ho boetse ho na le phapang lipakeng tsa mesebetsi e 'meli ntle le litekanyetso, ho kenyelletsa nako ea liteko le tlhahlobo. Van Holst et al. (2012b) o sebelisitse phapang ea tebello e kholo ea moputso khahlano le tebello e nyane ea moputso, athe Balodis et al. (2012a) o sebelisitse phapano ea mekhahlelo le nako ea tebello ea ho se nke lehlakore e le motheo. Liphapang tse hlakileng tsa sehlopha ts'ebetsong ea liphetoho tse kholo nakong ea tebello e fapane le phapang ea sehlopha ho ts'ebetsong tebello ea sephetho se khahlisang le se nke lehlakore.

Ho feta moo, phapang e hlalositsoeng ke sehlopha van Holst et al. (2012b) 'me Balodis et al. (2012a) lithuto li bua ka likarolo tse ikhethileng tsa striatum. E ntlafalitsoe ho senya ketsahalo ea thuto ea van Holst (2012b) e ka hlalosoa e le bopaki ba hore batho ba betang ba ikemiselitse ho theha mekhatlo ea liketso nakong ea papali ea chelete, athe ho itšunya-tšunya ho ventral striatum in Balodis et al.'s (2012a) ho ithuta ho ka bonts'a ho hloka botsitso ho ntlafatsa boleng ba moputso (bakeng sa puisano bona Balodis et al., 2012b; van Holst et al., 2012c). Kahoo, karolo ea likarolo tse arohaneng tsa litereke e ka ba ea bohlokoa ha ho tluoa liphetho tsena.

Boithuto bo bong ba neuroimaging bo bontša hore liphapang tsa sehlopha lipakeng tsa papali ea papali ea papali ea chelete le taolo li ka ipapisa le maemo a itseng a mosebetsi. Phuputso ea fMRI ea blackjack e bonts'itse mosebetsi o ntlafalitsoeng o ka pele oa gyrus le thalamus ho barekisi ba mathata feela nakong ea liteko tse phahameng; ha ho na liphapang tsa sehlopha tse ileng tsa bonoa nakong ea liteko tse kotsi e tlase (Miedl et al., 2010). Liphetho tsena li kopantsoe le EEG, moo barekisi ba mabenkele ba bonts'itseng kholo e kholo holima kotara e ka pele litekong tse behiloeng kotsing e kholo, athe ha ho khethollo ea sehlopha e ileng ea bonoa litekong tse kotsing e tlase (Hewig et al., 2010; Oberg et al., 2011). Liphetho tsena li tsamaisana le tlhahiso ka Leyton le Vezina (2012), hore lits'ebetso tsa ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso ho bataki li ka ba tse tobileng haholo ho menyetla e menyenyane ea kotsi e kholo.

Kameho e ikhethileng ea ho matlafatsa chelete papaling ea papali ea chelete le eona e lumella papiso e tobileng ea moputso oa 'ho lemalla' khahlano le moputso oa tlhaho, joalo ka lijo kapa tšusumetso ea thobalano. Sena se thehile mabaka kamora teko ea boraro ea morao-rao ea papali ea papali ea chelete ea marang-rang, ho bapisa karabelo ea neural le meputso ea lichelete le meputso e makatsang ea pono, ba sebelisa mosebetsi oa ho lieha ho khothaletsa (Sescousse et al., 2010). Nakong ea tebello, basomi ba methapo ea methapo ba ile ba supa a e fokotsehile karabelo ea neural ka har'a ventral striatum bakeng sa meputso e makatsang ha e bapisoa le taolo, e lumellanang le thuto mabapi le ts'ehetso ea koae e hlalositsoeng ka holimo (Asensio et al., 2010). Nakong ea tebello, ho ne ho se na phapang karabelong ea meputso ea lichelete. Leha ho le joalo, nakong ea karolo ea sephetho, karabelo ea neural liphethong tsa lichelete e bile e eketsehile litabeng tsa metjeko ea pathological ha li bapisoa le lits'oants'o tsa cortex ea orbitofrontal. Mokhoa ona oa liphetho ha o amoheloe hantle ke efe kapa efe ea litlatsetso tse boletsoeng ka holimo, haeba li nkuoa ka boyena. Ho fapana le moo, datha e ts'ehetsa mokhoa oa ho etsa lintho tse peli, ebang moo tšebetso e matla ea meputso e tlatsetsang e bonts'a karabelo ea meputso ea tlhaho (Leyton, 2007) kapa moo khaello ea moputso oa mantlha e tlatsetsoang ke ts'ebetso ea ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso ho lithahasello tse amanang le bokhoba (Blum et al., 2012). Hlokomela hore mochine oo o nka ts'ebetso ea ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso e tsamaisoang feela ka boits'oaro, ntle le tlhahiso ea dopamine ea kantle. Mohato o latelang o hlakileng oa ho arola menyetla ena e ka ba ho khetholla sehlopha se kotsing e kholo bakeng sa papali ea chelete ea ho becha, joalo ka beng ka motho oa pele, ho ikhetholla ba tšoaeang kotsing.

Phuputso ea ho qetela ea basomi ba methapo ea methapo e amohetse mokhoa o makatsang oa ho nka litšoantšo tsa neural tsa moputso e le ts'ebetso ea phetoho ho lieha ho ea moputsong (theolelo ea nakoana) le ho se tšepe moputso (menyetla ea phokotso) (Miedl et al., 2012). Litekanyetso tsa boitšoaro tse ka tlase li thehiloe hantle: bothateng ba papali ea chelete le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, ho na le litheko tse eketsehang tsa meputso e lietsitsoeng (ke hore, khetho ea moputso o potlakileng) le phokotso ea meputso e sa tsitsang (ke hore, ho qoba ho se be kotsing) (Madden et al., 2009). The Miedl et al.'s (2012) teko e kentse boleng ba subjective bakeng sa likhetho tse liehang le tse batang bakeng sa motho ka mong, 'me litekanyetso tsena li ne li hokahanngoa ka ts'epahalo le ts'ebetso ea boko ho porral striatum. Bareki ba ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea papali ea methapo ba bonts'itse lipontšo tsa boleng bo holimo ho beng ba litheko mosebetsing, empa ba fokotsa lipontšo tsa boleng nakong ea mosebetsi oa ho fokotsa litheko, ho bapisoa le taolo. Liphetho tsena li hlahisa karohano ea mesebetsi ea boleng e amanang le moputso nako le ho se tsitsinyehe ho barekisi ba mathata, mme mesebetsi e thehiloeng boikhethong e fetoha phepelo e tšoanang ea mantlha ea pathophysiology joalo ka ha e senotsoe ke mesebetsi e susumetsang mosebetsing o kaholimo.

6. Qeto

Ho tloha setšoantšong se rarahaneng se hlalositsoeng kaholimo, ho bohlokoa ho lemoha ts'ebelisano e matla ea liphapang tsa sehlopha ho lemalla ho potoloha ho amanang le moputso ho kenyelletsoang ke "ventral striatum" le "medral" ea semorafe. Ke tataiso e sa lumellaneng ea litla-morao tsa potoloho ena e etsang sehlooho bakeng sa lipuisano, e emelang kaha e etsa tšitiso e kholo tšebelisong ea data ea fMRI bakeng sa ho ahlola lipakeng tsa likhopolo tsa kelello tsa ho lemalla. Pono e 'ngoe e ka ba ea hore tlhaiso-leseling e teng e hlakisa ho sitisoa ka hara sistimi ena, le hore tataiso e tobileng e kanna ea ba ea bohlokoa. Leha ho le joalo, maikutlo a rona a ho fuputsa mofuta ona oa lipatlisiso ke hore liqeto tse bohlale tse poteletseng boemong ba moralo oa mosebetsi, sebopeho sa liteko, le ho sekaseka li ka ba le phello e matla phapusing ea sehlopha e boneng. Le ha melaomotheo ena e amoheloa hantle lithutong tsa ho nahana ka litšoantšo, re ka khothaletsa bafuputsi hore ba hlokomele mohopolo oa hore liqeto tse joalo li ka tsamaisa karohano ea lihlopha maemong a hanyetsanang ka botlalo, le ho nahana ka litšusumetso tsena tsa ts'ebetso pele u buella tšehetso ea khopolo e thehileng. Ho na le mabaka a 'maloa a bohlokoa ho sena: 1) ho kenyelletsa liphetho tse ntle, tse mpe le tse sa jeleng paate mosebetsing o tšoanang, kapa papiso ea maemo a nepahetseng feela le a ho se nke lehlakore. Litaba kapa liphetho tse sa nke lehlakore (tse bonoang ke boemo ba mantlha ba motheo) li tsejoa li sebetsoa ka tsela e fapaneng maemong ana a mabeli (mohlala, Nieuwenhuis et al., 2005); 2) linako tse lekiloeng mabapi le karohano ea nakoana ea khetho / karabelo, tebello, le ts'ebetso e amanang le sephetho. Le ha e ntse e leka ho beha pele mesebetsi e mekhutšoanyane, 'me mosebetsi oa pele sebakeng sena o ne o hangata o putlama ka mekhahlelo e meng, sena se ka baka tšitiso ea tumellano; le 3) mofuta oa litakatso tsa takatso ea lijo; esita le ka har'a mesebetsi u sebelisa mofuta o tšoanang oa cue (mohlala, liphetho tsa lichelete), ho ka ba le tšusumetso e ntle ea pontšo ea litšoantšo, joalo ka litšoantšo tsa lichelete tsa tšepe le maikutlo a lengolo la sephetho sa lichelete (bona Setšoantšo sa 1), e kanna ea lekana ho tsamaisa ts'ebetso e amanang le bokhoba.

Ka lebaka la litaba tsena tsa moralo, lipatlisiso tse tsoelang pele tse sebetsang tsa ho lemalla lithethefatsi li ka una molemo mefuteng e mengata e fapaneng ea meralo ea ho ithuta. Ho khetholla hantle lipakeng tsa mefuta e metle ea maikutlo, mefuta e meraro ea meralo e matla haholo. Ho na le monyetla oa hore litekanyetso tse amanang le lithethefatsi li sebetsoa ka mokhoa o fapaneng le litabatabelo tse ling tse sa amaneng le litabatabelo bathong ba lemaletseng, leha lithuto tse fokolang haholo li bapisitse ka kotloloho lihlopha tsena tsa cue ka moralo o le mong (bona Sescousse et al., 2010 bakeng sa mokhelo). Ka lebaka la mathata le tšebeliso ea chelete e le mokhoa o ka ntlafatsang tšebelisong ea lithethefatsi, mokhoa o behang litholoana ke ho lekanya likarabo tsa neural ho meputso ea mantlha e kang erotica kapa litakatso tse monate (Asensio et al., 2010; Garavan et al., 2000; Horder et al., 2010). Taba ea bobeli, ho thata ho hlakola likhopolo tsa kelello tse hlahelletseng lithutong tsa batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi, moo mabaka a tlokotsing (a joalo ka moputso oa hyposensitivity) a ka beng a se a fetotsoe ke liphetoho tsa ts'ebetso ea ho lemalla, ho kenyelletsa liphetoho tsa neurotoxic le neuroadaptive tse hlahisoang ke nako e telele. ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Patlisiso ka lihlopha tse kotsing e kholo ka lebaka la nalane ea lelapa, genotype, kapa litšobotsi tsa botho tse joalo ka tšusumetso ea boitšoaro, e hlokahala hore e be le matšoao a tlokotsing ea sekhahla ka seng, mme lipatlisiso mabapi le papali ea chelete ea marang-rang li ka ba le thuso ntlheng ena. Taba ea boraro, ka bohlokoa ba nalane ea mosebetsi oa ho tsepamisa maikutlo sebakeng sa takatso ea lijo, mosebetsi o fokolang haholo o batlile o khaotsa ho sebetsa ka mokhoa o feteletseng ka ts'ebelisong. Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso tse 'maloa tsa kelello tsa mafu a kelello li hlalositse karabelo e lumellaneng le lithahasello tse mpe tsa batho ba lemaletseng bokhobeng, ho kenyeletsa le bofokoli maemong a ts'abo a Pavlovian (Brunborg et al., 2010; McGlinchey-Berroth et al., 1995, 2002), le negativity e amanang le phoso (Franken et al., 2007). Ha mosebetsi oa pele oa fMRI o ntlafalitse mosebetsi o amanang le tahlehelo ea litheko setorong, kantle le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi (de Ruiter et al., 2012; Foran et al., 2004; Kaufman et al., 2003), lithuto tsena li ntse li lokela ho nahana ka litaba tse kang mofuta oa mothating le bohato ba ho sebetsana (mohlala, tebello ea ho hanyetsa le phello) e hlahisitsoeng lithutong tse ngata tse ngata tsa takatso ea takatso.

Qetellong, re tla totobatsa leseli le fanoang ke lipatlisiso ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebetso ea papali ea chelete ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo. Liphuputso tsa ba bechang ba li-pathological li ka senola ho kenella ka tlase ho lekhoba la bokuli ho bokuli bo sa ferekaneng ke litlamorao tse hlahisitsoeng ke tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi; ka sebele liteko tsa morao-rao tsa VBM ho tsa papali ea papali ea papali ea chelete li sa fumane liphapang tsa bohlokoa tsa sebopeho (Joutsa et al., 2011; van Holst et al., 2012a). Ntle le moo, re totobalitse mathata a mang ka ho sebelisa chelete e le matlafatso lithutong tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi; ke hore ke mokhoa o thata o ithutoang o ithutoang (bonyane ka molao) oa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. Ho fanoa ka ts'ebeliso e sebetsang ea ho sebelisa matlafatso ea chelete mesebetsing ea neuroimaging, papali ea papali ea methapo ea methapo e emetse boemo moo ho nang le kopanyo e tobileng ea mosebetsi oa ho tiisa le ho lemalla: bakeng sa papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete. is lefapha le amanang le bokhoba. Lingoliloeng tsa FMRI mabapi le papali ea papali ea methapo ea methapo li se li tsofetse lilemong tse peli tse fetileng, 'me le ha mosebetsi oa nako e tlang o ntse o ka hlakisa litsebi tsa bohlokoa tsa kliniki joalo ka bolelele ba ho ila, le boemo ba ho batla kalafo, ba seng ba sa nahanisisoa haholo ho fihlela joale, tsoelo-pele ea bohlokoa e se e entsoe . Taba ea bohlokoa ke hore ha ho hlokahale hore ho ila thipa bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa papali ea papali ea methapo ea methapo, ka lebaka la khaello ea litlamorao. Ka hona, sena se ka fa bafuputsi monyetla oa ho fuputsa methati eohle ea potoloho ea bokhoba. Ha ts'ebetso ea ho becha ea methapo ea methapo e arotsoe le lithahasello tsa litheko ho DSM5 e tlang, re lebelletse mela e meng ea ho fetoha ho tloha papaling ea papali ea methapo ea mali ho ea bokhobeng ba lithethefatsi le joala.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

naleliEna ke sehlooho se bulehileng sa ho finyelloa tlas'a melao ea License ea Creative Commons Attribution, e lumellang hore ho sebelisoe, ho abeloa le ho thibela ho thibela mekhoa eohle, ho fana ka moqolo le mohloli oa pele.

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