Tlhaloso ea li-neurobiological ea moputso tebello le phello ea tlhahlobo tabeng ea papali ea papali ea chelete (2014)

Pele Behav Neurosci. 2014 Mar 25; 8:100. Doi: 10.3389 / fnbeh.2014.00100. eCollection 2014.

Linnet J1.

Boitsebiso ba Mongoli

  • 1Tleliniki ea Patlisiso mabapi le Mathata a Papali ea Chelete, Sepetlele sa Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark; Setsi sa Neuroscience e Sebetsang e Sebetsa, Univesithi ea Aarhus Aarhus, Denmark; Karolo mabapi le ho lemalla, Cambridge Health Alliance Cambridge, MA, USA; Lefapha la Psychiki, Sekolo sa Bongaka sa Harvard, Univesithi ea Harvard Cambridge, MA, USA.

inahaneloang

Boloetse ba papali ea chelete bo khetholloa ke boits'oaro bo sa khaotseng ba boits'oaro ba papali ea chelete, bo lebisang ho holofetseng kapa khatello ea maikutlo ea bongaka. Boloetse bona bo amahanngoa le ho se sebetse hantle tsamaisong ea dopamine. Likhoutu tsa sistimi ea dopamine li putsa tebello le tlhahlobo ea sephetho. Tebello ea moputso e bolela ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic pele ho moputso, ha tlhahlobo ea sephetho e bua ka ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic kamora moputso. Sengoliloeng sena se lekola bopaki ba ts'oaetso ea dopaminergic tebellong ea tebello le tlhahlobo ea sephetho bothateng ba papali ea chelete ho tloha lintlheng tse peli tsa pono: mohlala oa ponelopele ea moputso le phoso ea ho bolela esale pele ka Wolfram Schultz et al. le mohlala oa "ho batla" le "ho rata" ke Terry E. Robinson le Kent C. Berridge. Mefuta ka bobeli e fana ka leseli la bohlokoa mabapi le ho ithuta ka mathata a dopaminergic a ho lemalla, le litlamorao tsa ho ithuta ka mathata a dopaminergic bothateng ba papali ea chelete.

LINKOTSO:

tebello; dopamine; bothata ba ho becha; khothalletso ea ho hlohlona; ho becha ka methapo; tebello ea moputso; moputso oa ho bolela phoso

Litekanyetso tsa Neurobiological tsa tebello ea moputso le tlhahlobo ea sephetho bothateng ba papali ea chelete

Boloetse ba papali ea chelete ea ho becha bo tšoauoa ka boitšoaro bo bobe bo phehellang le bo sa khaotseng ba ho tsuba, bo lebisang ho senyeha kapa khatello ea maikutlo (American Psychiatric Association [DSM 5], 2013). Boloetse ba ho becha bo sa tsoa kopanngoa ho tsoa ho “papali ea papali ea chelete” (bothata ba taolo ea ts'usumetso) ho "tloaelo ea boitšoaro" tlasa mokhatlong oa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, e totobatsang kamano lipakeng tsa bothata ba ho becha le mefuta e meng ea bokhoba.

Boloetse ba ho becha bo amahanngoa le ho se sebetse hantle tsamaisong ea dopamine. Sisteme ea dopamine e amehile ka ts'usumetso ea boits'oaro e amanang le moputso oa chelete, haholo-holo ho ventral striatum (Koepp et al., 1998; Delgado et al., 2000; Breiter et al., 2001; de la Fuente-Fernández et al., 2002; Zald et al., 2004). Matšoao a dopaminergic dysfunctions ho ventral striatum a hokahane le bokuli ba ho becha (Reuter et al., 2005; Abler et al., 2006; Linnet et al., 2010, 2011a,b, 2012; van Holst et al., 2012; Linnet, 2013).

Likhoutu tsa dopamine system lebella moputso 'me tekolo ea sephetho. Tebello ea moputso e bua ka ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic pele ho moputso, athe tlhahlobo ea sephetho e bua ka ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic kamora moputso. Sengoloa sena se lekola bopaki bo mabapi le mathata a dopaminergic dysfunctions ka tebello ea moputso le tlhahlobo ea sephetho bothateng ba papali ea chelete ho tloha lintlheng tse peli tsa maemo: mokhoa oa ho bolela moputso le phoso ea ho bolela moputso ke Schultz et al. (Fiorillo et al., 2003;; Schultz, 2006; Tobler et al., 2007;; Schultz et al., 2008), le mohlala oa "ho batla" le "ho hokahanya" ke Robinson le Berridge (Robinson le Berridge, 1993, 2000, 2003, 2008; Berridge le Aldridge, 2008; Berridge et al., 2009). Ho fanoa ka maikutlo a hore bothata ba papali ea chelete ba ka fana ka "tlholeho" ea tšenyo ea mekhoa ena e 'meli, e sa sitisoeng ke ho kenella linthong tse kantle.

Li-ventral striatum le li-nucleus accumbens (NAcc) li bapala karolo ea mantlha mefuteng eo ka bobeli, e lumellanang le se fumanoeng ke dysamine dysfunctions ho ventral striatum boteng ba papali ea chelete. Ka hona, tlhahlobo ena e shebile haholo ka "ventral striatum" mabapi le bothata ba ho becha. Libaka tse ling tse amehang li kenyelletsa cortex ea pele (mohlala, orbitofrontal cortex) le libaka tse ling tsa basal ganglia (mohlala, putamen, nucleus kapa caudate).

Polelo ea moputso le phoso ea ponelo-pele ea moputso

Phatlalatso ea moputso e bua ka tebello ea moputso, athe phoso ea ho bolela moputso e bolela ho lekola sephetho. Phekolo ea moputso le phoso ea ponelo-pele ea moputso li amahanngoa le ho ithuta ka thepa ea meputso. Ho latela Wolfram Schultz (2006), ponelopele ea moputso le phoso ea ho bolela moputso e tsoang ho Kamin's molao oa thibelo (Kamin, 1969), e fanang ka maikutlo a hore moputso o boletsoeng esale pele ha o kenye letsoho ho ithuteng. Khothatso e ka profetiloeng ka ho felletseng ha e na leseli le lecha, mme ka hona tekanyo ea phoso ea ho bolela esale pele ea moputso ke zero. Rescola le Wagner ba hlalositse seo ho thoeng Molao oa ho ithuta oa Rescola-Wagner (Rescola le Wagner, 1972), e bolelang hore ho ithuta ho ea butle butle ha ts'episo e ntse e boleloa esale pele.

Maemong a sephetho sa sephetho sa binary, mohlala, moputso vs. moputso, bohlokoa bo lebelletsoeng (EV) ke boleng bo bohareng bo ka lebelloang ho tsoa ho khothaletso e fanoeng, e leng ts'ebetso ea mela ea menyetla ea moputso. Ka papiso, ho se ts'oane, e ka hlalosoang e le phapano (σ2) ea ho tsamaisoa ha monyetla (Schultz et al., 2008), ke kheloho e pharalletseng ho tloha ho EV, e leng ts'ebetso e fapaneng ea sebopeho sa U. Midbrain le striatal dopamine coding ea EV le ho hloka botsitso li latela mesebetsi le tatellano ea polelo ea moputso e ts'oanang le litlhaloso tsa bona tsa lipalo (Fiorillo et al., 2003; Preuschoff et al., 2006;; Schultz, 2006). Sisteme ea dopamine e boetse e hlahisa phokotso e le phello ea ponelopele ea moputso, ke hore, phoso ea bolepi ea moputso: "… dopamine neurons e fana ka letšoao le sebetsang (ts'ebetso) ha ketsahalo e monate e ntle ho feta ho boleloa esale pele, ha ho na lets'oao (ha ho phetoho mosebetsing) ha takatso ea lijo Ketsahalo e etsahala joalo ka ha ho boletsoe esale pele, 'me letšoao le lebe (mosebetsi o fokotsehile) ha ketsahalo ea takatso ea lijo e le mpe ho feta e boletsoeng pele [le] dopamine neurons e bonts'a ho beha likh'outu tsa liphoso tse boletsoeng esale pele tsa moputso, ho latela karabelo ea Dopamine = Moputso o etsahetse "Moputso o boletsoe esale pele" (Schultz, 2006, maq. 99-100).

Fiorillo et al. (2003) ho fuputsa ts'ebetso ea dopamine ponelopele ea moputso le phoso ea ho profeta mabapi le EV le ho hloka bonnete (ke hore, phapang phello). Phuputsong, litšoene tse peli li ile tsa hlaha li hlohlelletsa ka menyetla e fapaneng ea moputso (P = 0, P = 0.25, P = 0.5, P = 0.75 le P = 1.0). Tekanyetso ea ho nyeka ha litebele le ts'ebetso ea li-dopamine neurons ka har'a "ventral midbrain" (sebaka A8, A9 le A10) li tlalehiloe. Dopaminergic coding ea polelo ea moputso e lekantsoe e le phasic lets'oao hang kamora tlhahiso ea ts'usumetso, ha ho ntse ho kopitsoa phoso ea ho bolela moputso esale e le lets'oao la phasic hang kamora sephetho sa tlhahiso (moputso kapa moputso). Dopaminergic coding ea ho hloka botsitso e ne e lekantsoe e le a e ts'ehetsoe lets'oao ho tloha tlhahiso ea khothaletso ho fihlela sephetho.

Bangoli ba tlalehile litholoana tse tharo tse kholo. Taba ea pele, menyetla ea meputso ea susumetso e ne e amana le sekhahla se lebelletsoeng sa ho nyeka le karabelo e lebelletsoeng ea phasic dopamine. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore menyetla ea moputso e matlafalitse ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic le karabelo ea boitšoaro. Taba ea bobeli, karabelo ea dopamine e tsitsitseng e lebisang ho maemo a sa tsitsang, e latela, e ne e le kholo ho lebisa ho susumetso ka menyetla ea moputso oa 50% (P = 0.5), e nyane mabapi le ho susumetsoa ke P = 0.75 le P = 0.25, 'me e nyane hanyane ka hanyane ho susumetsoa ke P = 1.0 le P = 0.0. Taba ea boraro, meputso e khothatsoang ka menyetla e tlase ea moputso e bile le karabelo e kholo ea phasic dopamine kamora moputso, e bonts'ang letšoao le leholo la tebello ea moputso o moholo; susumetsoa ke meputso e nang le monyetla oa moputso o phahameng o bile le karabelo e nyane ea phasic dopamine kamora moputso, e bonts'ang pontso ea phoso e nyane ea ponelopele e nyane.

Lithuto tsa Neurobiological tsa ho becha ho batho li ts'ehetsa bopaki ba ho bolela moputso le phoso ea ho profeta. Abler et al. (2006) e sebelisitse imagingance resonance imaging (fMRI) e sebetsang ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le moputso le phello ea ho bolela moputso mosebetsing oa khothatso moo barupeluoa ba ileng ba bontšoa lipalo tse hlano tse amanang le menyetla e fapaneng ea moputso (P = 0.0, P = 0.25, P = 0.50, P = 0.75, le P = 1.0). Liphetho li bonts'itse ts'ebetso e kholo ea ts'ebetso ea oksijene ea mali (BOLD) ho NAcc, e neng e lekana le monyetla oa moputso. Ntle le moo, ho bile le tšebelisano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa sephetho le ts'ebetso ea BOLD ho NAcc, moo ts'ebetso ea BOLD e ne e phahame ha ts'usumetso ea maemo a tlase e ne e putsoa, ​​'me e le tlase ha ts'usumetso e phahameng e ne e putsoa.

Preuschoff et al. (2006) o sebelisitse mosebetsi oa ho nahana ka karete ho fuputsa kamano lipakeng tsa kotsi le ho se tsitsinyehe mabapi le moputso o lebelletsoeng. Mosebetsi o ne o e-na le likarete tsa 10 ho tloha 1 ho 10, moo ho neng ho huloa likarete tse peli ka tatellano. Pele ho setšoantšo sa karete ea bobeli barupeluoa ba ile ba tlameha ho hakanya hore na karete ea pele e tla ba holimo kapa e tlase ho feta karete ea bobeli. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore menyetla ea moputso e ne e amana hantle le ts'ebetso e potlakileng ea BOLD: monyetla o phahameng oa moputso o ne o amahanngoa le pontšo e potlakileng ea BOLD, 'me menyetla ea moputso o tlase e ne e amana le lets'oao le tlase le lebelletsoeng la BOLD. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho hloka botsitso ho bonts'itse kamano e sa lumellaneng le sebopeho sa U se nang le ts'ebetso ea morao-rao BOLD: matšoao a BOLD a lebelletsoeng ka ho fetisisa a bonoa a pota-potiloe ke ho hloka botsitso ho feteletseng (P = 0.5) le matšoao a BOLD a lebelletseng a tlase a ile a bonoa haufi le netefatso e phahameng (P = 1.0 le P = 0.0).

Lithuto tsa Neurobiological li tšehetsa khopolo ea dopaminergic dysfunctions ea moputso tebello bothateng ba papali ea chelete. van Holst et al. (2012) bapisa batho ba nang le bothata ba ho becha ba 15 ba nang le taolo e phetseng hantle ea 16 thutong ea fMRI e etsang lipatlisiso tsa moputso mabapi le tebello ea moputso oa karete. Ba nang le bothata ba ho becha ba bontsitse keketseho e kholo ea ts'ebetso ea BOLD ka har'a naha ea machabeng ea ventral striatum le ka lehlakoreng le letšehali la orbitof Pambal lebisa ho EV. Sena se bonts'a ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea BOLD mabapi le tebello ea moputso. Ha ho phapang pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea BOLD e fumanoeng mabapi le tlhahlobo ea sephetho. Linnet et al. (2012) bapisa ba nang le bothata ba papali ea chelete ea 18 le taolo e phetseng hantle ea 16 thupelong e ithutoang ea positron emission tomography (PET) ba sebelisa Iowa Gossip Task (IGT). Ho lokolloa ha dopamine seterekeng sa ba nang le bothata ba ho becha ho bontšitse tšibollo e kholo ea U-curve ka monyetla oa ts'ebetso ea IGT e ntle. Ba nang le bothata ba ho becha ba na le sephetho se setle sa ho tseba (P = 0.5) e ne e e-na le tlhahiso ea dopamine e kholo ho feta batho ba nang le ts'ebetso ea IGT ba haufi le melemo e itseng (P = 1.0) kapa tahlehelo e itseng (P = 0.0). Sena se lumellana le khopolo ea dopaminergic coding ea ho hloka botsitso. Ha ho na tšebelisano e fumanoeng pakeng tsa ho lokolloa ha dopamine le ho hloka botsitso lipakeng tsa lithuto tse laoloang ka bophelo bo botle, tse ka fanang ka khothaletso e matla haholoanyane ea boitšoaro ba papali ea chelete har'a ba nang le bothata ba ho becha. Ka hona, bothateng ba papali ea chelete ea ho becha dopaminergic tebello ea moputso le ho hloka botsitso e kanna ea emela tebello e sa sebetseng ea moputso, e matlafatsang boitšoaro ba papali ea chelete leha e le tahlehelo.

Thutong ea sephetho bopaki bo fana ka karabelo e hlakileng ea dopamine ho ba nang le bothata ba ho becha. Reuter et al. (2005) bapisa ba nang le bothata ba ho becha ba 12 ba nang le taolo e phetseng hantle ea 12 mosebetsing oa ho hakanya karete. Ba nang le bothata ba ho becha ba bonts'itse karabelo e tlase haholo ea BOLD maemong a pharalletseng a ho hapa ho bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle. Ntle le moo, ba nang le bothata ba papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete ba bontšitse phapang e mpe pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea BOLD le ho teba ha matšoao a papali ea chelete, e fanang ka maikutlo a tlhahlobo ea sephetho bothateng ba ho becha.

E 'ngoe ea meeli ea polelo ea polelo ea moputso le phoso ea ho bolela moputso ke hore ha se mohopolo oa bokhoba kapa bokhopo ba papali ea chelete, ka se. Ka mantsoe a mang, le ha ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea dopaminergic e lebisa ho ho se tsitsitseng e ka ba mochini o matlafatsong ea boitšoaro ba papali ea chelete, ha e hlalose hore na hobaneng batho ba bang ba lemalla ho becha, ha ba bang ba sa e etse. Ho fapana le seo, mohlala oa tšusumetso ea maikutlo a susumetsang o fana ka maikutlo a hore boitšoaro ba bokhoba bo kopantsoe le kopanyo ea matlafatso ea dopaminergic le liphetoho tsamaisong ea dopamine (sensitization) kamora ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi khafetsa.

Mofuta oa boitšisinyo oa "ho batla" le "ho rata"

Terry E. Robinson le Kent C. Berridge (Robinson le Berridge, 1993, 2000, 2003, 2008; Berridge le Aldridge, 2008; Berridge et al., 2009) li hlahisitse tlhahiso ea khothatsoa mohlala, o khethollang thabo ("ho rata") le tšusumetso ea ts'usumetso ea "ho batla") tlatsong. "Ho batla" ho amahanngoa le tebello ea moputso, athe "ho rata" ho amana le tlhahlobo ea sephetho.

Moetso oa ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso o lebisa tlhokomelo ho sisteme ea dopamine e le motheo oa ts'ebetso ea neurobiological. The ventral striatum le karolo ea eona e ka sehloohong ea NAcc li amahanngoa le bokhoba ba tahi. Liphetoho tsamaisong ea dopamine e amanang le ho pepesetsoa hoa lithethefatsi li fa li-circuits tsa "bongo" kapa "maikutlo" ho lithethefatsi kapa lithethefatsi. Sensitization ho tloha ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi khafetsa e ka ba teng le maemong a psychomotor kapa ts'ebetso ea locomotor. Sensitization e hokahane le ho hlohlona ho eketsehileng ha ts'usumetso, e leng ts'ebetso ea kelello e amanang le ho batla lithethefatsi le boits'oaro ba ho nka lithethefatsi. Tšusumetso ea "ts'usumetso" ("ho batla") e bua ka naha e susumetsang, e ka elang hloko kapa e sa tsebe letho, e nang le sepheo kapa e se nang sepheo, 'me e thabisa kapa e sa thabise:

"Qotsulo e tšoaea lentsoe" ho batla "e sebetsa e le taba ea ho amohela hore ho lula feela ka thoko ho bolela ho hong ho fapaneng le moelelo o tloaelehileng oa puo e batlang e le lentsoe. Taba e 'ngoe ke hore, "ho batla" ka mokhoa oa ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso ha ho hloke ho ba le sepheo kapa sepheo se hlakileng…. Ho hlohlella ka boiketsetso ho arohantsoe le litumelo le lipheo tse hlalosang tse hlahisang likarolo tsa kelello tsa "ho hloka" "(Berridge le Aldridge, 2008, maq. 8-9).

Ho hlohlelletsa litšusumetso ("ho batla") hoa eketseha kamora ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi le lits'ebeliso tsa lithethefatsi, ha monate ("ho rata") o lula o ts'oana kapa o fokotseha ha nako e ntse e tsamaea. Moetso oa tšusumetso ea "ho batla" le "ho rata" o fana ka tlhaloso bakeng sa makatso a hlakileng a hore batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi ba na le takatso e matla ea lithethefatsi leha ba sa natefeloe ke ho li sebelisa. "Li-hotspots" tse susumetsang li se li bonoe ho NAcc: ts'ebetso moqomong oa maqhubu oa NAcc e amana hantle le "rata", ha ts'ebetso hohle NAcc (haholo-holo potileng pallidum) e amana le "ho hloka" (Berridge et al., 2009).

Khothatso ea maikutlo e khothaletsa kamano lipakeng tsa ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso le maikutlo. Insishene ea ts'usumetso e tlameha ho kopantsoe le sensitization ho ikarabella bakeng sa boits'oaro bo eketsang: keketseho ea ho tlama ha dopamine ha e hlalose maikutlo a ts'usumetso, empa keketseho ea dopamine e tlamang mabapi le mekhoa e itseng ea lithethefatsi e etsa; ts'ebetso ea locomotor ha e bonts'e sensitization sensitization, empa ho potoloha ho fumana lithethefatsi ho etsa joalo; Ho ameha ka maikutlo a psychomotor ha ho bonts'e maikutlo a ho susumetsa, empa ho ba le takatso e matla ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi. Ka hona, mokhoa o bonolo oa ho matlafatsa boitšoaro ha oa lekana ho ikarabella bakeng sa boits'oaro bo lematsang.

"Mohopolo oa mantlha ke hore lithethefatsi tse lemalloang li lula li fetola methapo ea kelello e amanang le NAcc e buisanang le ts'ebetso ea mantlha e khothalletsang ts'usumetso, sepheo sa ho hlohlella. Ka lebaka leo, li-circuits tsena tsa neural li ka fetoha li-hypersensitive tsa nako e telele (kapa "li foufalitsoe") litlamorao ho lithethefatsi le litlamorao tse amanang le lithethefatsi (ka ts'ebetso ea mekhatlo ea SS). Phetoho ea boko e bakoang ke lithethefatsi e bitsoa neural sensitization. Re khothalelitse hore sena se lebise maikutlong le kelellong e kholo ea ho khothaletsa litlhahiso tse amanang le lithethefatsi, ho baka "ho batla" ho sebelisa lithethefatsi "(Robinson le Berridge, 2003, leq. 36).

Berridge le Aldridge (2008) fana ka mohlala oa mokhoa oa ho khothatsa batho le ho ba thusa ho etsa lipatlisiso ka tšibollo. Ka mokhoa ona, liphoofolo li koetlisoa tlas'a maemo a mabeli: pele, liphoofolo li khona ho sebetsa (tobetsa mohoma) bakeng sa meputso (mohlala, li-pellets tsa lijo), 'me li tlameha ho phehella ho sebetsa ho fumana meputso. Sebokeng se fapaneng sa koetliso liphoofolo li fumana meputso ntle le ho li sebeletsa, moo moputso o mong le o mong o amanang le molumo oa lentsoe oa 10-30 s, e leng tšusumetso e bitsoang (CS +). Kamora ho ikoetlisa, liphoofolo li hlahlojoa ka mokhoa oa "extination" paradigm moo "ho batla" ho lekanoang ha palo ea mechini e hatisang eo phoofolo e ikemiselitseng ho e etsa ntle le ho fumana moputso. Kaha liphoofolo ha li fuoe meputso, ho "batla" ha ho nyenyefatsoe ke tšebeliso ea moputso. Senotlolo sa paradigm ke ho leka liphetoho lipakeng tsa boitšoaro ha tšusumetso ea maikutlo e hlahisoang e le nakong ea linaha tse fapaneng tsa tšusumetso ea lithethefatsi. Lenaneong la lithuto, Wyvell le Berridge (2000, 2001) e bonts'itse hore likhoto tse kentsoeng le amphetamine microinjections khetla ea Nacc li ne li na le mechine ea khatiso ea lever ha tlhahiso ea tlhaiso ea maemo e hlahisoa ha e bapisoa le likhoto tse kentsoeng le saline microinjections. Thutong e amanang, Wyvell le Berridge (2000, 2001) e fumane hore litekanyo tsa ho rata (phello ea sefahleho ho amohela moputso oa tsoekere) li ne li sa fapana hore na liphoofolo li fumane saline kapa amphetamine microinjections. Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore amphetamine e amahantsoe le "tlhoko" e eketsehileng ea tlhokotseho, empa eseng ka thabo e eketsehileng ("ho rata") ho amohela moputso.

Litlhahiso tsa tšusumetso ea maikutlo a khothalletso ea "ho hloka" le ho fokotseha ha "ho rata" tlats'o li lumellana le liphumano tse tsoang ho lingoliloeng tsa bothateng ba papali ea ts'ebetso ea dopamine e eketsehang ho moputso o lebelletsoeng (Fiorillo et al., 2003; Abler et al., 2006; Preuschoff et al., 2006; Linnet et al., 2011a, 2012) le ts'ebetso ea dopamine e tlotsitsoeng ho fihlela sephetho sa moputso (Reuter et al., 2005). Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore dopaminergic dysfunctions to e lebeletsoe meputso, ho fapana le moputso oa 'nete, matlafatsa boitšoaro ba papali ea chelete har'a ba nang le bothata ba ho becha. Boikutlo ba ts'ebetso ea dopamine mabapi le meputso e lebelletsoeng ho e-na le moputso o sa lebelloang bo ka hlalosa hore na hobaneng batho ba nang le bothata ba ho becha ba tsoela pele ho becha le hoja ba lahlehetsoe, hape ba ka bapala karolo e kholo ho hlahiseng menahano e fosahetseng mabapi le monyetla oa ho hapa papali ea chelete ea ho becha (Benhsain et al., 2004).

E 'ngoe ea meeli ea mofuta oa ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso ea maikutlo ke hore batho ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ba na le tlhahiso e tlase ea dopamine le phokotso ea dopamine receptor le ha ba na le matla a ho susumetsa.

"Leha ho le joalo, ho tlameha ho amoheloa hore lingoliloeng tsa hona joale li na le liphetho tse hananang ka liphetoho tsa dopamine ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi. Mohlala, ho tlalehiloe hore lithethefatsi tse tlohelletsoeng tsa koae li hlile li bontša ho fokotseha hoa tokollo ea dopamine ho fapana le keketseho e lemositsoeng e hlalositsoeng kaholimo…. Ntho e 'ngoe eo batho ba e fumaneng e bonahala e sa lumellane le maikutlo ke hore batho ba lemaletseng koae ba na le litekanyetso tse tlase tsa li-receptor tsa driamine esita le kamora ho qeta nako e telele…. Hona ho supa boemo ba hypodopaminergic ho fapana le boemo bo ikutloang bo le matla ”(Robinson le Berridge, 2008, leq. 3140).

Ha litheko tse tlamang tse tlase li tlalehoa mathateng a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, ha ho na bopaki ba hore litokelo tse fokotsang tsa ho itlama ka lingoliloeng tsa bothateng ba papali ea chelete (Linnet, 2013). Ka hona, bothata ba papali ea chelete ea ho becha bo ka sebetsa e le bothata ba "mohlala" oa tlhotlheletso, joalo ka ha papali ea papali ea chelete e sa hlapisoe ke ho kenella ha lintho tse kantle.

Litlamorao tsa tebello ea moputso le tlhahlobo ea sephetho bothateng ba papali ea chelete

Mehlala ea Schultz et al. mme Robinson le Berridge ba fana ka leseli la bohlokoa thutong mabapi le bothata ba ho becha. Bokapele ba moputso le mohlala oa phoso ea ho profeta phoso ke Schultz et al. e fana ka tlhaloso bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea tebello ea moputso litabeng tsa bokhoba, ha mokhoa oa tšusumetso ea maikutlo oa Robinson le Berridge o hlalosa mekhoa ea ho "batla" le "ho rata" ho lemalla. Ka nako e ts'oanang, bothata ba papali ea chelete ea ho becha bo ka sebetsa e le bothata ba "mohlala" ho sebetsana le likarolo tse ling tsa mehlala ena e 'meli.

Taba ea pele, maemo a tlase a tlamang a tlalehiloeng ho ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ha a bonoe bothateng ba papali ea chelete (Linnet et al., 2010, 2011a,b, 2012; Clark et al., 2012; Boileau et al., 2013). Sena se kanna sa fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'usumetso ea ho susumetsa e ka hlaha ka boikemelo ea ho tlama dopamine ea mantlha ho ts'ehetsa mofuta oa ts'usumetso ea matla a ho susumetsa.

Taba ea bobeli, ha lithuto li ngotsoe ke Fiorillo et al. (2003) le Preuschoff et al. (2006) tšehetsa maikutlo a ts'ebetso ea dopamine e tsitsitseng mabapi le ts'ebetso e sa tsitsang, ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng ho fumana hore na mochine ona o amana le dopaminergic dysfunctions bothateng ba papali ea chelete.

Taba ea boraro, lingoliloeng tse sebetsanang le ho becha li bonts'a ts'ebetso ea kholo ea ts'ebetso mabapi le tebello ea moputso le ho kenya ts'ebetsong tlhahlobo ea sephetho. Sena se tsamaisana le tlhahiso ea tlhahiso ea maikutlo e khothalletsang ea ho "batla" empa e fokotsehile "ho rata" ts'ebelisong le mohopolo oa ts'ebetso ea dopamine e tsitsitseng ponelisong ea moputso. Ho hloka taolo ea dopaminergic ka tebello ea moputso ho ka baka mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho lemalla, hobane o etsahala ha ho sa na moputso. Ka hona, tebello ea moputso e ka ba le ts'ebetso e ts'oanang (dys), ekaba moputso ke lijo, lithethefatsi kapa papali ea chelete. Lithuto tse ling li lokela ho sebetsana le tebello ea moputso le tlhahlobo ea sephetho bothateng ba papali ea chelete.

Khohlano ea polelo ea thahasello

Sengoli se phatlalatsa hore lipatlisiso li entsoe kamora ho se be le kamano efe kapa efe ea khoebo kapa ea lichelete e ka nkuoang e le khohlano e ka bang teng ea phaello.

lumela hore baa fokola

Phuputso ena e tšehelitsoe ke chelete e tsoang ho Danish Agency bakeng sa Science, Technology le Innovation nomoro ea liphallelo 2049-03-0002, 2102-05-0009, 2102-07-0004, 10-088273 le 12-130953; le ho tsoa ho Ministry of Health Health XXUMX le 1001326.

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