Sam-Wook ChoiTlhahisoleseling e amanang
, Chul Shin ea lilemong tsa bochaTlhahisoleseling e amanang
, Jung Yeon MokTlhahisoleseling e amanang
, Dai-Jin KimTlhahisoleseling e amanang
, Jung-Seok ChoiTlhahisoleseling e amanang
, Samuel Suk-Hyun HwangTlhahisoleseling e amanang
5Depheo la Psychology, Univesithi ea Naha ea Chonnam, Gwangju, Korea
* Sengoli se lumellanang: Samuel Suk-Hyun Hwang; Lefapha la Psychology,
Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757,
Korea; Fono: + 82 62 530 2651; Fekse: + 82 62 530 2659; Lengolo-tsoibila: hwansama@hanmail.
* Sengoli se lumellanang: Samuel Suk-Hyun Hwang; Lefapha la Psychology,
Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757,
Korea; Fono: + 82 62 530 2651; Fekse: + 82 62 530 2659; Lengolo-tsoibila: hwansama@hanmail.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.010
Ena ke sengolo sa phihlello e bulehileng se tsamaisitsoeng tlasa maemo a laesense ea Creative Commons Attribution, e lumellang tšebeliso e sa thibeloang, phetiso, le tlhahiso hape ka mokhoa o mong le o mong bakeng sa merero e seng ea khoebo, ha feela moqapi oa mantlha le mohloli ba ngolisoa.
inahaneloang
Ka morao le sepheo
Boloetse ba ho becha (GD) bo arolelana lintho tse ngata tse tšoanang le mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi maemong a bongaka, a methapo ea kutlo, le methapo ea kutlo, ho kenyelletsa le ho etsa liqeto. Re ile ra lekola likamano lipakeng tsa, GD, ho etsa liqeto, le neurotrophic factor (BDNF), joalo ka ha ho lekantsoe le maemo a serum BDNF.
mekhoa
Bakuli ba banna ba mashome a mabeli a motso o mong ba nang le GD le 21 lihlooho tse nepahetseng tsa taolo ea thobalano le lilemo tse lekantsoeng li ile tsa hlahlojoa bakeng sa litloaelano lipakeng tsa serum BDNF le bothata ba ho becha ka bothata ba Gombi, hammoho le lipakeng tsa serum BDNF Task le Iowa Task (IGT) li-indices.
Results
Litekanyetso tsa serum BDNF e ile ea eketseha haholo ho bakuli ba nang le GD ha ba bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle. Khahlano e kholo pakeng tsa maemo a serum BDNF le lintlha tsa PGSI e fumanoe ha ho laoloa lilemo, khatello ea maikutlo le nako ea GD. Kamano e mpe e mpe e fumanoe pakeng tsa maemo a serum BDNF le lintlha tsa ntlafatso tsa IGT.
Puisano
Liphumano tsena li tšehetsa khopolo-taba ea hore maemo a serum BDNF a theha lihlahisoa tse peli tsa biomarker bakeng sa liphetoho tsa neuroendocrine le ho teba ha GD ho bakuli. Boemo ba Serum BDNF bo ka sebetsa e le sesupo sa ts'ebetso e fosahetseng ea ho etsa liqeto le ho ithuta ho GD le ho thusa ho tseba ho hlaka ho tloaelehileng lipakeng tsa GD le SUDs.
Keywords:bothata ba ho becha, brain-based neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Mosebetsi oa ho becha oa Iowa (IGT), boitšoaro ba ho lemalla boitšoaro
Selelekela
Boloetse ba ho becha (GD), mofuta oa bokhoba ba boitšoaro, bo tšoauoa ka boitšoaro bo bobe bo phehellang le bo sa khaotseng bo lebisang liphellong tse kholo tsa molao, tsa lichelete le tsa kelello (Grant, Kim, & Kuskowski, 2004). GD e arolelana likarolo tse ngata tse tšoanang tsa kliniki le tsa neurobiological tse nang le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (SUDs), joalo ka liphetoho tsa tsela ea moputso oa mesolimbic dopamine (Potenza, 2008) hammoho le likarolo tse amanang le methapo ea kutlo, ho kenyelletsa liqeto tse fosahetseng.
Ts'ebetso e mpe ho Iowa Gask Task (IGT), e etselitsoeng ho lekola liqeto tse kotsi, e fumanoe e sa feto-fetohe har'a li-SUDs (Noel, Bechara, Dan, Hanak, & Verbanck, 2007). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, bakuli ba nang le GD ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e kholo ea ho beha ts'ebetsong mosebetsi (Lawrence, Luty, Bogdan, Sahakian, & Clark, 2009). Leha motheo oa tlhaho ea ho etsa liqeto o sa utloisisoe hantle, lits'ebetso tsa neural tse amanang le ts'ebetso e kholo le mohopolo li bile le tšusumetso (Moetso, Recknor, Grabenhorst, & Bechara, 2007).
Protheine e le 'ngoe e amanang le mesebetsi e fapaneng ea kelello e kang ho etsa liqeto le ho hopola ke taba e tsoang ho bokong (neurotrophic factor (BDNF))Yamada, Mizuno, & Nabeshima, 2002). BDNF e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho pholoheng ea neuronal, neurogeneis, le polasetiki ea synaptic. Boithuto bo bontšitse likamano lipakeng tsa BDNF le liphetoho mokhoeng oa boitšoaro le psychopathology ho mafu a mafu a kelello joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo, lefu la kelello le lefu la ho ferekana kelellong (Montegia et al., 2007), hammoho le lefu la likhathatso tsa autism (Wang et al., 2015). Keketseho ea maemo a serum ea BDNF e se e hlokometsoe bokhobeng ba lithethefatsi (Angelucci et al., 2010), moo ho kenya letsoho ha BDNF sebakeng sa tšebetso ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo (VTA-NAc) ho kentsoeng ts'ebetso (Pu, Liu, & Poo, 2006).
Ho fapana le hoo, ke lithuto tse fokolang feela tse ileng tsa hlahloba setsoalle pakeng tsa BDNF le GD (Angelucci et al., 2013; Geisel, Banas, Hellweg, & Muller, 2012), le hore na maemo a BDNF a amana joang le ho teba ha GD le boemo ba ho senyeha hoa mesebetsi ea methapo e lula e sa hlaka. Serum BDNF e fokotsehileng e fumanoe e amana le ts'ebetso e mpe ho IGT (Hori, Yoshimura, Katsuki, Atake, & Nakamura, 2014) le mohopolo oa kapele (Zhang et al., 2012) ho bakuli ba lefu la kelello. Likamano pakeng tsa maemo a tlase a BDNF le ho senyeha ha kelello li tiisitsoe haholoanyane sechabeng se seholo sa batho ba baholo (Shimada et al., 2014).
Thutong ena, re ile ra hlahloba likamano lipakeng tsa GD, BDNF, le ts'ebetso ea ho etsa liqeto ho IGT mohlala oa bakuli ba GD mme ra bapisa maemo a serum BDNF ho bakuli ba GD le ba lithutong tsa taolo e phetseng hantle. Ka mor'a moo re ile ra etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le ho amahanya le maemo a serum BDNF le boima ba li-indices tsa GD le IGT.
mekhoa
barupeluoa ba
Bakuli ba mashome a mabeli a motso o mong ba phethahalitseng litekanyetso tsa DSM-5 bakeng sa GD ba ile ba hloaa hape ho tsoa tleliniking ea bana ea bongaka e sa sebetseng ea Lefapha la Psychiatry, Sepetlele sa Gangnam Eulji, Univesithi ea Eulji, Korea. Litlhahlobo li fumanoe ke ngaka e netefalitsoeng ke setho sa bongaka (SWC) ka tlhahlobo ea litlaleho tsa bongaka tse fetileng le tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng e kenyelletseng lipotso tse mabapi le boteng ba mathata a hlahang. Ho ile ha tsamaisoa le lipotso tse ikarabellang mabapi le lilemo, boima, bolelele, nalane e amanang le joala, tšebeliso ea meriana e tloaelehileng, nalane e amanang le papali ea chelete, le mefuta e fapaneng ea bongaka. Botebo ba GD bo ile ba hlahlojoa le bothata ba papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete (PGSI), tlhahlobo ea tlaleho ea lintlha tse robong e tlalehiloe e le molemo bakeng sa litekanyetso tsa bongaka le tse seng tsa bongaka (Mocha & Wohl, 2011). Matšoao a mood a ile a hlahlojoa a sebelisa Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Litekanyetso tsa ho khetholla sehlopha sa bakuli e ne e le 1) nalane efe kapa efe ea lefu le sa foleng la 'mele, 2) tšebeliso ea kamehla ea meriana efe kapa efe, le 3) ho ba teng ha mathata a kelello a kelello, ho kenyeletsa le joala le ts'ehetso ea nicotine. Sehlopha se laolang se ne se e-na le baithaopi ba lilemo li 21- le balekane ba phetseng hantle ba neng ba se na nalane ea morao-rao ea kelello kapa ea morao-rao ea tšebeliso ea meriana.
Mehato
Tekanyo ea litekanyo tsa serum BDNF.
Kakaretso ea li-ml tse 10 tsa mali li ile tsa huloa ho tsoa nthong e ngoe le e ngoe ka har'a tube ea karohano ea serum. Mehlala e ile ea lumelloa ho koala metsotso e 30 pele ho centrifugation bakeng sa 15 min hoo e ka bang 1000 g, kamora moo seramu e ile ea tlosoa. Disampole tsohle li ne li bolokiloe ho -80 ° C. Methati ea serum BDNF e ne e ikemiselitse ho sebelisa protocol ea ELISA ho latela litaelo tsa moetsi (DBD00; R & D Systems, Europe).
I.G.T.
Bakeng sa mosebetsi ona o laetsoeng ke k'homphieutha, barupeluoa ba ile ba kopuoa ho kha makharapa a mane a likarete. Mokatong o mong le o mong ho ne ho e-na le likarete tse tsamaisitsoeng ka mokhoa o sa reroang tse nang le meputso le likotlo tse fapaneng, 'me li eketsa sephetho sa net. Li-desks tse peli li ne li e-na le likarete tse nang le phaello e tlase (mohlala, $ 50) le likotlo (mohlala $ 40), empa sephetho sa bona se ne se le ntle (mohlala, $ 100); li-desks tse ling tse peli li ne li e-na le likarete tse nang le phaello e phahameng (mohlala $ 100) empa le likotlo tse phahameng (mohlala $ 200), e le hore sephetho sa bona se ne se sa khahlise (mohlala - $ 250).
Barupeluoa bohle ba ile ba laeloa ho leka ho fumana chelete e ngata kamoo ba ka khonang ka ho taka likarete tse le 'ngoe ka nako ho tloha deskeng eo ba e khethileng. Ba ile ba tsebisoa hore li-desks tse ling li ne li le molemo ho feta tse ling empa ha lia ka tsa bolelloa hore na li entsoe ka eng. Tsamaiso eohle ea IGT e phethetsoe ho ho taka likarete tsa 100.
Ho ile ha nkuoa lintlha tse tharo tsa IGT ka lintlha tse phahameng tse bonts'ang monahano o nepahetseng oa leano: lintlha kaofela, tse baloang e le palo ea li-desks tse tsoang ho li-desks tse nang le thuso (Barry & Petry, 2008); karolo ea likhetho tsa mekete ea melemo ho tsoa ho palo eohle ea likarete; le lintlha tsa ntlafatso, tse baloang ka ho tlosa lenane la palo eohle la likarete tsa 20 ho tloha ho block ea ho qetela.
Lipatlisiso tsa sethathamo
Tlhahlobo ea covariance, le lilemo, index ea boima ba 'mele (BMI), le lintlha tsa BDI tse kentsoeng e le li-covariates, li sebelisitsoe ho bapisa maemo a serum BDNF a bakuli le taolo. Kamano pakeng tsa maemo a serum BDNF le botebo ba GD bo thehiloeng ho lintlha tsa PGSI sehlopheng sa bakuli li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo ea ho ikamahanya le maemo a Pearson, ka ho laola lilemo, lintlha tsa BDI le nako ea bothata ba papali ea chelete. Qetellong, kamano pakeng tsa maemo a serum BDNF le ts'ebetso ea IGT e ile ea hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa o tšoanang. Lintlha tsohle li hlahisoa e le mokhoa oa ho kheloha maemo (SD). Boemo ba bohlokoa bo thehiloe ho p <0.05. Liphuputso tsohle tsa lipalo-palo li ile tsa etsoa ho sebelisoa SPSS, mofuta 18.1 (Chicago, Illinois, USA).
Ethics
Komiti ea Boitšoaro ea Univesithi ea Eulji, Korea, e amohetse protocol ena ea thuto. Ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki, lithuto tsohle li ile tsa eletsoa ka mekhoa le ho saena tumello e ngotsoeng e nang le tsebo pele ba nka karolo.
Results
Lintlha tsa palo ea batho, litaba tsa bongaka tse amanang le ho becha, le li-indices tsa IGT li thathamisitsoe ho Lethathamo 1. Litekanyetso tsa serum BDNF e ile ea eketseha haholo ho bakuli ba nang le GD (29051.44 ± 6237.42 pg / ml) bapisoa le lits'ebetso tse phetseng hantle (19279.67 ± 4375.58 pg / ml, p <Setšoantšo sa 0.0001) 1). Hape re fumane khokahano ea bohlokoa pakeng tsa maemo a serum BDNF le lintlha tsa PGSI (r = 0.56, p <0.05) kamora ho laola lilemo, lintlha tsa BDI, le nako ea bothata ba papali ea chelete.
|
Tafole 1. Lintlha tsa palo ea batho, BDI, BDNF, index ea IGT, le mefuta e amanang le GD
| GD (n = 21) | Taolo (n = 21) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| E ka fetoha | M (SD) | M (SD) | Lipalopalo tsa liteko | p-senolo |
| Age | 40.52 (12.35) | 39.29 (3.96) | t = 0.438 | 0.664 |
| BMI | 25.17 (3.42) | 22.54 (2.43) | t = 2.873 | |
| BDI | 18.48 (11.78) | 4.10 (3.03) | t = 5.420 | |
| BDNF (pg / ml) | 29051.44 (6237.42) | 19279.67 (4375.58) | t = 5.877 | |
| Kakaretso ea kakaretso ea IGT | 9.14 (21.81) | |||
| Karolo e Molemo | 0.55 (0.11) | |||
| Moetso oa ntlafatso ea IGT | 2.86 (5.08) | |||
| EA-PGSI | 20.10 (4.79) | |||
| Nako ea GD (lilemo) | 8.14 (5.30) | |||
| Che. Ea mekhoa ea ho becha* | χ2 = 0.048 | 0.827 | ||
| One | 10 (47.6%) | |||
| Multiple (tse peli kapa ho feta) | 11 (52.4%) | |||
| Mofuta oa GD* | χ2 = 2.333 | 0.127 | ||
| Mofuta oa ketso | 14 (66.7%) | |||
| Mofuta oa ho baleha | 7 (33.3%) | |||
| Mokhahlelo oa papali ea chelete a * | χ2 = 2.333 | 0.127 | ||
| E sebetsang hantle | 7 (33.3%) | |||
| Bohlale | 14 (66.7%) |
Hlokomela: * Meetso e tšoailoeng e fapana ka lihlopha N (%), ka hona tlhahlobo ea Chi-mraba e sebelisitsoe. GD: bokuli ba ho becha; BMI: index ea boima ba 'mele (boima / bophahamo2); BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; BDNF: neurotrophic factor e tsoang bokong; Kakaretso ea kakaretso ea IGT: kakaretso e nang le monyetla ea ho sebelisa maemo Karolo e Molemo: Likarolo tse nang le monyetla oa ho khetha / ho khetha likarete kaofela (likarete tsa 100); Palo ea ntlafatso ea IGT: block5 IGT net score minus block1 IGT net lintlha; CPGI-PGSI: Bothata ba Papali ea Chelete ea Chelete ea Canada Borena ba Bothata ba Papali ea Chelete.
a Leano: papali ea papali ea casino (mohlala, Black-Jack); Bohloeki: ho becha lipapali, mabelo a lipere, mabelo a libaesekele, mabelo a libaesekele
Setšoantšo sa 1. Boemo ba serum ea BDNF bo eketsehile haholo ho bakuli ba nang le bothata ba papali ea chelete (29051.44 ± 6237.42 pg / ml) ha e bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle (19279.67 ± 4375.58 pg / ml, p <0.0001) ke ANCOVA ka lilemo, BMI, le bongata ba BDI joalo ka li-covariate. Morero oa mabokose o bonts'a li-median le li-quartiles, mme litelu tsa litelu tsa mabokose li bonts'a boleng ba 5 le 95th percentile .; * E bontša bohlokoa ba lipalo (F = 12.11, p 0.001)
Maemo a Serum BDNF le 'ona a ne a amana haholo le lintlha tsa ntlafatso ea IGT (r = -0.48, p <0.05), empa eseng ka kakaretso ea lintlha tsa IGT (r = –0.163, ns) kapa karolo e molemo (r = -0.19, ns).
Puisano
Thutong ena, re fumane maemo a phahameng haholo a serum BDNF har'a bakuli ba nang le GD ho feta taolong e phetseng hantle, le kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa serum BDNF le botebo ba GD. Liphumano tse joalo li lumellana ka tsela e lekanang le lithuto tse fetileng tse bonts'ang hore maemo a serum BDNF a eketsehile ho GD (Angelucci et al., 2013; Geisel et al., 2012), leha lithuto tsena li hlahisa litholoana tse fapaneng mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa serum BDNF le sekhahla sa GD. Phapang e joalo e kanna ea amana le lintlha tsa kantle tse amang maemo a serum BDNF, ho kenyeletsoa BMI, khatello ea maikutlo le mabaka a mang a ferekanyang (Piccinni et al., 2008). Hammoho le lithuto tsena tse peli tse fetileng (Angelucci et al., 2013; Geisel et al., 2012), seo re se fumaneng se fana ka maikutlo a hore litabatabelo tsa boitšoaro li ka amahanngoa le polasetiki ea neural e tšoanang le liphetoho tse bonoang ho li-SUD. Ho eketseha ha serum BDNF ho ka emela mochine o qobellang ho fetisa phetisetso ea dopaminergic ho VTA le NAc (Geisel et al., 2012). Tlhaloso e 'ngoe e hlakileng ke hore BDNF e eketsehang e bapala karolo ea ts'ebetso ea ho thibela pelehi le khatello ea maikutlo ho bakuli ba nang le GD, haholo-holo maemong a sithabetsang, joalo ka ha ho fumanoe ho ba nang le SUDs (Bhang, Choi, & Ahn, 2010; Geisel et al., 2012).
Leha thuto e sa tsoa etsoa (Kang et al., 2010) e bonts'itse hore polymorphism ea BDNF Val66Met e ka ama ts'ebetso ea ho etsa liqeto joalo ka ha e lekantsoe ke IGT, ho ea ka tsebo ea rona, thuto ea rona ke ea pele ho bonts'a kamano e kholo pakeng tsa maemo a serum BDNF le lintlha tsa ntlafatso tsa IGT. Letšoao la ntlafatso la IGT le bontša ka ho khetheha mekhoa ea ho ithuta e itshetlehileng hodima tlhahlobo ea sephetho sa meputso le likotlo tse lebisang ho leruo kapa tahlehelo ea nako e telele. Ho ithuta hona ho kenyelletsa ho theola meputso hang hang ha o theha leano le letle le ipapisitseng le liphetho tsa nakong e fetileng. Phuputso ea morao-rao (Kräplin et al., 2014) e fumane hore barekisi ba mathateng ba bonts'a ho ts'usumetso e phahameng ho bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle le 'khetho e phahameng' ea khetho ha ho bapisoa le sehlopha sa Tourette syndrome, empa maemo a tšoanang a ho ts'oaroa joalo ka sehlopha se ts'epahalang ho joala. Khokahano e phahameng ea BDNF e boetse e kopantsoe hantle le ho ts'oaroa ho phahameng ho bakuli ba PTSD (Martinotti et al., 2015) ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ho qobella ho ka amahanngoa le polelo e kholo ea BDNF Ntle le moo, mefuteng ea murine, BDNF e kentse letsoho liketsong tsa serotonergic neurons, haholoholo ho mabifi le ho se utloisisane (Lyons et al., 1999). Ka bobeli BDNF le serotonin li laola nts'etsopele le polasetiki ea li-circuits tsa neural mathateng a maikutlo (Martinowich le Lu, 2008). Ho batho, polymorphism ea BDNF Val66Met ho bakuli ba schizophrenia e amahantsoe le boitšoaro bo mabifi (Spalletta et al., 2010), ha serotonin e fumanoe e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho ithuteng le ho hopoleng (Banna le Liy-Salmeron, 2012). Ha re kopantsoe hammoho, liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a hore BDNF e kanna ea bapala karolo lits'ebetsong tsa ho ithuta, le hore kamano pakeng tsa BDNF le serotonin e hloka ho hlahlojoa ka ho eketsehileng.
Mefokolo e meng ea puisano ena e netefatsang; boholo ba rona ba mohlala bo ne bo itekanetse 'me bo na le bakuli ba GD feela ba banna, ka hona ho fokotsa kakaretso ea sephetho sa rona. Maemo a Serum BDNF a ile a hlahlojoa ho fapana le litekanyetso tsa methapo ea methapo ea BDNF. Leha melaoana ea BDNF maling a potoloho e ntse e sa utloisisoe hantle, lits'ebetso tsa "peripheral" li sebelisoa ka bongata joalo ka seipone sa "paramente e tšoanang"Yamada et al., 2002). Hobane BDNF e tsejoa ho tšela tšitiso ea mali le bokong ka mahlakoreng ka bobeli, karolo e kholo ea BDNF e ka 'nang ea hlaha e tsoa liseleng tsa methapo ea methapo e kholo (Karege, Schwald, & Cisse, 2002). Hona joale, likamano pakeng tsa BDNF, ho teba ha koluoa, le ho nka liqeto ho bakuli ba GD ha li hlakisoe hantle, 'me lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho nahana ka meeli ena meralo ea bona bakeng sa kutloisiso e ntle ea likamano tse joalo. Ntle le moo, ha rea ka ra ela hloko lintlha tsa botho sebopeho sa rona sa ho ithuta. Boithuto ba pejana bo khothalelitse likamano lipakeng tsa papali ea papali ea chelete le litšobotsi tsa botho tse kang ho batlana le ho itlhalosa (Jiménez-Murcia et al., 2010; Martinotti et al., 2006), empa tumellano mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa maemo a BDNF le litšobotsi tsena tsa motho ha e-so fihlellehe ka lebaka la liphetho tse sa lumellaneng (Maclaren, Fugelsang, Harrigan, le Dixon, 2011). Liphetho tsa thuto ea rona li lokela ho hlalosoa ka hloko ka lebaka la meeli e joalo.
Nahanisisa
Se fumanoeng ke lipatlisiso tsena se tšehetsa khopolo ea hore maemong a serum BDNF e ka sebetsa e le khetho ea biomarker bakeng sa neural polasetiki le boteng ba GD ho bakuli bana. Ho feta moo, maemo a phahameng a serum BDNF ho GD a ka supa ts'ebetso e fosahetseng ea ho etsa liqeto, tšobotsi e hlahang ho li-SUD. Boithuto bona, ka hona, ke tlatsetso e matla ho 'mele o ntseng o hola oa lipatlisiso o ts'ehetsang ts'usumetso e tloaelehileng ea li-SUDs le GD.
Menehelo ea bangoli
S-WC e kentse letsoho ho fumana chelete, mohopolo oa ho ithuta le moralo, ho fumana, ho sekaseka le ho hlalosa data; Y-CS e kentse letsoho ho fumana chelete, le mohopolo oa ho ithuta le moralo le tlhaiso-leseling ea litaba; JYM e kentse letsoho ho ithuteng mohopolo le moralo, ho fumana, ho sekaseka le ho toloka data; D-JK le J-SC ba kentse letsoho ho ithuteng mohopolo le moralo, le tlhaiso-leseling ea lintlha; 'me SS-HH e kentse letsoho ho hlahlobisiseng le ho hlalosetsa boitsebiso le ho ngola le ho ntlafatsa morolo. Bangoli bohle ba ne ba na le phihlello e felletseng ea datha tsohle thutong mme ba nka boikarabello bo felletseng bakeng sa botshepehi ba data le ho nepahala ha tlhahlobo ea data.
Khohlano ea thahasello
Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa thahasello.
Liteboho
Re leboha bakuli ba nang le GD ba nkileng karolo phuputsong ena. Re boetse re leboha mothusi oa lipatlisiso Minsu Kim ka ts'ehetso ea hae ea lipatlisiso tsena.
References
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