Mokhoa oa ho ba le boloetse ba ho becha le ho lemalla lithethefatsi ke kakaretso le liphetoho tse ncha (2008)

 

Filos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2008 October 12; 363(1507): 3181-3189.

E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2008 July 18. doi:  10.1098 / rstb.2008.0100

inahaneloang

Papali ea chelete ke mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa boithabiso. Hoo e ka bang 5% ea batho ba baholo ba hakanngoa hore ba na le mathata ka ho becha. Tsela e mpe ka ho fetisisa ea papali ea chelete, papali ea chelete ea papali ea mali (PG), e amoheloa e le boemo ba bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Maikutlo a mang a mabeli a sa lumellaneng a PG a nahane hore ke khatello ea ho qobella batho ba bang le ea boitšoaro. Tlhaloso e nepahetseng ka ho fetisisa ea PG e na le moelelo oa bohlokoa oa theknoloji le oa bohlokoa. Lintlha li bontša kamano e haufi pakeng tsa mathata a PG le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho fapana le e teng pakeng tsa PG le bothata ba ho qobella-ho qobella. Leqephe lena le tla hlahloba boitsebiso bo mabapi le neurobiology ea PG, e nahane ka ho nahana ka tsela ea ho itšoara hampe, ho buisana ka ho se tsitsisehe ha ho hahoa, le ho fumana liphuputso tse ncha tsa boko bo etsoang lipatlisisong tsa li-neural correlates tsa litakatso tsa PG ha li bapisoa le tse itšetlehileng ka li-cocaine. Tlhaloso ea mekhoa ea ho thibela le ea phekolo e tla tšohloa.

Keywords: papali ea chelete, ho lemala, ho se be le boikutlo bo botle, bothata ba ho laola maikutlo, ho nahana ka boko, litšoantšo tse sebetsang ka matla a motlakase

1. Ho bapala papali ea chelete, bothata le bothata ba papali ea chelete

Papali ea chelete e ka hlalosoa e le ho beha ntho ea bohlokoa kotsing ka tšepo ea ho fumana ntho ea bohlokoa haholo (Potenza 2006). Bongata ba batho ba baholo ba bapala papali, 'me ba bangata ba etsa joalo ntle le ho kopana le mathata a bohlokoa. Leha ho le joalo, mathata a papali ea chelete har'a batho ba baholo a hakanngoa a le a phahameng ho feta 5%, a na le lihlopha tse itseng (bacha ba baholo, batho ba nang le mathata a bophelo ba kelello le batho ba koalloang)Shaffer et al a. 1999). Papali ea chelete ea papali ea mali (PG), e emelang mofuta o matla ka ho fetisisa oa papali ea chelete (bona ka tlase), e na le tekanyetso ea ho ata ha hoo e batlang e le 0.5-1% (Petry et al a. 2005). Ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha papali ea chelete e ngolisitsoeng ka molao le ho tsebahala ha eona lilemong tse mashome a seng makae tse fetileng, tlhokomelo e eketsehileng litabeng tsa bophelo ba mekhoa e itseng ea papali ea papali ea chelete e nepahetse (Shaffer le Korn 2002).

E ne e se ho fihlela 1980 hore Buka ea ho tseba le ho bala lintlha (DSM) e hlalositse maemo a ho ba le bothata ba papali ea papali ea chelete (Mokhatlo oa Maiketsetso oa Ma-Amerika 1980). Mantsoe a reng 'PG' a khethiloe ho latela melaetsa e meng (mohlala, papali ea papali ea papali ea chelete) eo ka ho hlakileng e neng e sebelisoa haholo ka nako eo, mohlomong ka boiteko ba ho khetholla boloetse bona ho tsoa holellong e se nang boikaketsi. Hammoho le pyromania, kleptomania, trichotillomania le bothata ba ho phatloha ha likokoanyana, hona joale PG e khetholloa e le 'boloetse ba ho laola maikutlo (ICD) ha ho libakeng tse ling li arolelanoa' DSM. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Sebopeho sa Machaba sa Mahlomola, bothata bona bo khetholloa tlas'a 'Matšoao a mekhoa ea boipheliso' le pyromania, kleptomania le trichotillomania. Lintho tse ngata tsa hona joale tsa ho hlahloba PG li arolelana likarolo le tse ling bakeng sa ho itšetleha ka lithethefatsi (DD). Ka mohlala, lits'ebetso tse lebisang tlhokomelo ho mamella, ho tlohela, ho leka ka makhetlo-khetlo boiteko ba ho fokotsa kapa ho khaotsa, le ho kena-kenana le maemo a maholo bophelong ba ho sebetsa ho na le litekanyetso tsa PG le DD. Lintho tse ling li atolosoa ho etsa lintho tse hlollang, likokoana-hloko, mafu a bophelo, liphatsa tsa lefutso le libaka tse ling tsa tlhaho (Goudriaan et al a. 2004; Potenza 2006; Brewer & Potenza 2008), ho phahamisa lipotso mabapi le hore na PG e ka 'na ea khethoa ka ho fetisisa e le ho lemalla boitšoaro.

2. PG e le lithethefatsi

Haeba PG e emela lithethefatsi, e lokela ho arolelana le lintlha tsa motheo tsa DD. Lintho tse ka sehloohong tsa lithethefatsi li 'nile tsa etsoa ho kenyelletswa (i) ho tsoela pele ho kopanela boitšoarong ho sa tsotellehe liphello tse bohloko, (ii) ho fokotsa boits'oaro mabapi le ho itšoara ka boitšoaro, (iii) ho qobella ho kopanela boitšoarong, le (iv) takatso ea takatso kapa ho lakatsa boemo pele ho ts'ebeliso ea boitšoaro (Potenza 2006). Tse ngata tsa likarolo tsena, hammoho le tse ling, tse kang ho mamella le ho tlohela, li bonahala li lekana le PG le DD (Potenza 2006). Liphuputso tse tšoanang tsa PG le DD li lokela ho thusa ho hlalosa likarolo tse amanang le lithethefatsi. Ka mantsoe a mang, lithethefatsi li ka 'na tsa ama bokhoni ba boko le ho sebetsa ka litsela tse bohareng kapa tse sa amaneng le ts'ebetso ea lithethefatsi. PG eo e ka 'na ea nkoa e le lithethefatsi ntle le lithethefatsi, phapang e tobileng ea mathata a mabeli a ka fana ka temohisiso ka likarolo tsa mantlha tsa ho lemala le ho tataisa nts'etsopele le tlhahlobo ea phekolo e sebetsang.

3. Mekhoa ea li-neurotransmitter le PG

Li-neurotransmitters tse khethehileng li 'nile tsa fetisetsoa ho amana le likarolo tse sa tšoaneng tsa PG. Ho itšetlehile ka lipatlisiso tsa PG le / kapa mathata a mang, noradrenaline e fetiselitsoe ho ICDs hore e be ea bohlokoa haholo ho likarolo tsa ho tsosoa le thabo, serotonin ho qalella boitšoaro le ho khaotsa, dopamine ho putsa le ho matlafatsa, le li-opioid bakeng sa menyaka kapa likōpo. Tsamaiso ena le tse ling li nkoa ka tlase.

(a) Noradrenaline

Liphuputso tse entsoeng nakong ea 1980 li bapisa banna le PG ho ba se nang 'me ba fumanoa ke maemo a phahameng a noradrenaline kapa metabolite ea eona meleng, mali kapa cerebrospinal fluid samples pele (Roy et al a. 1988), le mehato ea noradrenergic e amanang le litekanyo tsa ho tlatlapa (Roy et al a. 1989). Papali ea chelete kapa litloaelo tse amanang le tsona li amana le ho tsosoa ha botsitso, ka papali ea pachinko le casino blackjack e amanang le ho phahama ha pelo le ho eketseha ka mehato ea noradrenergic (Shinohara et al a. 1999; Meyer et al a. 2000). Nakong ea casino ea blackjack papali ea papali ea chelete, lebelo la pelo le litekanyo tsa noradrenergic li phahame haholo ho banna ba nang le mathata a papali ea chelete ha ba bapisoa le ba se nang (Meyer et al a. 2004). Ntle le ho khoneha ho tsosa kapa ho thaba, noradrenaline e ka 'na ea amana le likarolo tse ling tsa PG. Ka mohlala, mosebetsi oa noradrenergic o susumetsa mosebetsi oa prefrontal cortical le marang-rang a tlhokomelo ea morao-rao, le meriana (mohlala, transport ea noradrenaline inhibitor atomoxetine le alpha-2 adrenergic agonists clonidine le guanfacine) e sebetsang ka mekhoa ea adrenergic e bontšitsoe e le ea bohlokoa ho phekoloa tlhokomelo ho kula ho se nang matla le ho kula ha mafu a mang (Arnsten 2006). Lithethefatsi tsa Adrenergic li bontšitsoe hore li susumetse likarolo tse itseng tsa ho laola maikutlo ho liphoofolo le lithuto tsa batho (Chamberlain le Sahakian 2007). Liphuputso tsena li bontša mesebetsi e mengata e ka khonehang bakeng sa mosebetsi oa adrenergic PG le phekolo ea eona, 'me lipatlisiso tse ling li hlokahala sebakeng sena ho hlahloba menyetla ena.

(b) Serotonin

Ka tloaelo, mosebetsi oa serotonin o nkoa e le oa bohlokoa haholo ho phelisang tšusumetso ea tšusumetso. Batho ba nang le mekhoa e fokolang ea ho laola maikutlo, ho kenyelletsa le ba nang le PG (Nordin & Eklundh 1999) kapa khatello ea maikutlo (Linnoila et al a. 1983), li bontšitse maemong a tlase a serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxy indoleacetic acid. Batho ba nang le PG kapa mathata a mang kapa mekhoa e khetholloang ke ho laola maikutlo (mohlala, ho hlekefetsa maikutlo) ho bontša likarabo tse fapaneng tsa boitšoaro le likokoana-hloko ho lithethefatsi tsa serotonergic ho feta lihlooho tsa ho laola bophelo bo botle. Batho ba nang le PG ba tlalehile 'phahameng' ka mor'a ho tsamaisa pakane ea bona-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP), e leng agonist e nang le serotonin e ikarabellang e kopanyang ho multiple 5HT1 le 5HT2 li-receptors tse nang le kamano e phahameng haholo ea 5HT2c receptor (DeCaria et al a. 1998; Pallanti et al a. 2006). Karabo ena e ne e fapane le ea lihlooho tsa taolo 'me e ne e tšoana le litekanyetso tse phahameng tse tlalehiloeng pejana ke lihlopha tsa batho ba sa amaneng le maemo a mangata, moeli le moeli ka mor'a ho fumana lithethefatsi. Karabelo ea prolactin ho m-CPP e boetse e khetholla lihlopha tsa PG le tsa ho laola, ka holimo ho holimo ho ileng ha boleloa pele.

Li-probe tsa serotonergic li 'nile tsa sebelisoa hammoho le ho nahana ka boko ho batho ba nang le bokooa ba ho laola maikutlo. Batho ba nang le liketso tse sehlōhō ha ba bapisoa le ba se nang letho, karabo e fokolang ea prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) e bonahala ka ho arabela m-CPP (New et al a. 2002) kapa e sa tsejoeng ea agonist fenfluramine (Siever et al a. 1999), e lumellanang le se fumanoeng ke lino tse tahang (Sebahi et al a. 1997). Lipatlisiso tse joalo ha lia etsoa ho fihlela joale ho PG, le hoja lipatlisiso tse ling li amehile ka vmPFC tshebetso ho PG (bona ka tlaase).

Ho fanoe ka boitsebiso bo bontšang karolo ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea serotonin PG le ts'oaetso ea ho qoba ho sebelisa lithethefatsi, lithethefatsi tsa serotonergic li 'nile tsa fuputsoa kalafo ea PG (Brewer et al a. 2008). Serotonin reuptake inhibitors e bontša liphello tse tsoakiloeng. Ka tekanyo e 'ngoe e nyenyane e laoloang ke placebo, ea bobeli, e sa boneng, ea crossover ea fluvoxamine, matsoho a sebetsang le a maiketsetso a ne a khethollehile haholo nakong ea halofo ea bobeli ea nyeoe, ka lithethefatsi tse sebetsang li phahametse sebaka sa placebo (Hollander et al a. 2000). Teko e nyenyane e laoloang ke placebo ha e bone phapang pakeng tsa mafolofolo a pheko ea metsi le placebo (E tšoeu et al a. 2002). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, thuto e 'ngoe e hlophisitsoeng, e laoloang, ea bobeli e foufetseng ea paroxetine e bonts'e ho phahametse ha lithethefatsi tse sebetsang ho feta placebo (Kim et al a. 2002), athe thuto e kholoanyane, e mengata, e hlophisitsoeng ka mahlakoreng, e se nang bokooa ha e fumane phapang e khōlō pakeng tsa lithethefatsi tse sebetsang le li-placebo (Grant et al a. 2003). Liteko tsena tsa pele li atisa ho qheleloa batho ba nang le mathata a bakoang ke mafu a kelello. Teko e nyenyane, e bulehileng ea label ea escitalopram e lateloang ke ho khaotsa ho foufala habeli ho ile ha etsoa ka batho ba nang le PG le mathata a bakoang ke ho tšoenyeha (Grant & Potenza 2006). Nakong ea likhetho tse bulehileng, papali ea chelete le matšoenyeho li ntlafalitsoe ka mokhoa o fapaneng haholo. Randomization to placebo e ne e amahanngoa le ho qala ho becha le matšoenyeho, empa ho fetoha ha lithethefatsi ka mokhoa o sebetsang ho ne ho amahanngoa le likarabo tse tsitsitseng. Le hoja ho e-na le pele, liphuputso tsena li bontša hore ho na le phapang ea bohlokoa ho batho ba nang le PG, le hore ho se tšoane hona ho na le maikutlo a bohlokoa bakeng sa karabelo ea phekolo.

(c) Dopamine

Dopamine e amana le ho ba le mekhoa e metle le e matlafatsang boitšoaro le lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi (Nestler 2004). Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso tse fokolang li 'nile tsa batlisisa ka ho toba karolo ea dopamine ho PG. Liphuputso tse mpe li tlalehiloe bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa cerebrospinal fluid tsa dopamine le metabolite ea eona ho PG (Bergh et al a. 1997; Nordin & Eklundh 1999). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, thuto e 'ngoe ea pele ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ka PG e kentse letsoho la TaqA1 lefapheng la liphatsa tsa lefutso la dopamine DRD2 ka ho tšoanang ho feta PG, tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le mathata a mang a kelello (E tlisa 1998). Liphuputso tsa pele tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa PG li ne li atisa ho kenyelletsa mefokolo ea mekhoa e kang ho hloka taolo ka morabe kapa morabe le litekanyetso tse sa lekanyetsoang tsa ho hlahlojoa, le lithuto tse latelang ka mekhoa e laolang morabe / morabe le ho fumana litlhahlobo tsa DSM-IV ha li bone phapang lipakeng tsa TaqA1 allelic in PG (da Silva Lobo et al a. 2007). Litokomane tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka tse amanang le litaba tsa PG le lipatlisiso tsa dopamine (kapa tse ling) mekhoa e sebelisang mekhoa ea ligand ha e eo, 'me lithuto tse joalo li emela sebaka sa bohlokoa sa lipatlisiso tsa nakong e tlang.

PG le li-ICD tse ling li bonoe ho batho ba nang le lefu la Parkinson (PD), lefu le khetholloang ke ho senyeha ha dopamine le litsamaiso tse ling (Jellinger 1991; Potenza et al a. 2007). Batho ba nang le PD ba phekoloa ka lithethefatsi tse khothalletsang dopamine tshebetso (mohlala levodopa kapa dopamine agonists, tse kang pramipexole kapa ropinirole) kapa mehato (mohlala, boko bo tsosang boko) bo khothalletsang ho ntšetsa pele likokoana-hloko ka li-circuitries tse amanang le tsona (Lang & Obeso 2004). Ka hona, li-ICD tsa PD li ka 'na tsa hlaha ho tsoa pathophysiology ea boloetse, phekolo ea eona, kapa ho kopana ha eona. Lipatlisiso tse peli li ile tsa phenyekolla li-ICD ho batho ba bangata ba nang le PD (Bona et al a. 2006; Weintraub et al a. 2006). Li-ICD li ne li kopantsoe le sehlopha sa bo-agonists ba dopamine ho e-na le mahlahana a khethehileng, 'me batho ba nang le li-ICD ba ne ba le banyenyane' me ba ne ba e-na le lilemo tse fetileng ho PD. Batho ba nang le le ntle le ICDs ba boetse ba fapane le mabaka a mang a amanang le ho laola maikutlo. Phuputsong e 'ngoe, ba nang le ICD ba ka' na ba ba le phihlelo ea ICD pele ho PD ea pele (Weintraub et al a. 2006). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, liithuti tsa PD le tse se nang PG li ne li khetholloa ke mekhoa ea ho se tsitsisehe, ho batla mokhoa o ts'oanang le ho noa joala kapa ho ba le botsoalle (Bona et al a. 2007). Monehelo oa monyetla oa mefuta ena le mefuta e meng ea mefuta e fapaneng e hloka hore ho hlahlojoe ka ho eketsehileng ho lipatlisiso ka likokoana-hloko tsa likokoana-hloko le tsa phekolo ea li-ICD tsa PD. Le hoja li-anecdal and series series li fana ka tlaleho e ntlafatsang litabeng tsa symptomatology tsa ICD ka ho khaotsa kapa ho fokotsa li-dopamine agonists (Mamikonyan et al a. 2008), lithuto tsena ke tsa tlhaho ka tlhaho 'me ho latela maemo a tloaelehileng a liteko tse sa laoleheng. Ho feta moo, bakuli ba bang ba ka 'na ba se ke ba mamella litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa levodopa tse sebelisoang ho laola matšoao a PD athe ba bang ba ka sebelisa lithethefatsi hampe (Giovannoni et al a. 2000; Evans et al a. 2005). Ka kakaretso, liphuputso tsena li bontša hore lipatlisiso tse ling li hlokahala ho likokoana-hloko tsa likokoana-hloko le tsa phekolo bakeng sa li-ICD tsa PD.

(d) li-opioids

Li-opioids li 'nile tsa kenngoa ts'ebetsong e thabisang le e putsang,' me mosebetsi oa opioid o ka susumetsa tsela ea ho ntša metsi mokhoeng o motlakase o tsoang sebakeng sa ventral tegmental ho ea nucleus accumbens kapa ventral striatum (Spanagel et al a. 1992). Motheong oa liphuputso tsena le ho tšoana pakeng tsa PG le meriana, joaloka ho itšetleha ka joala, bahanyetsi ba opioid ba 'nile ba hlahlojoa kalafo ea PG le tse ling tsa ICD. Litlhahlobo tse laoloang ke sebaka, tse peli tse foufetseng, liteko tsa randomise li lekantsoe ka katleho le katleho ea naltrexone le nalmefene. Sekhahla se phahameng sa naltrexone (karolelano ea ho qetela ea tekano = 188mgd-1;; ho fihlela ho 250mgd-1) e ne e phahametse sebaka sa placebo ho phekola PG (Kim et al a. 2001). Joaloka tšebeliso ea lino tse tahang, meriana eo e ile ea hlaha e le ea bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa batho ba nang le chelete ea ho becha ba khothalletsang phekolo. Leha ho le joalo, tlhahlobo ea ts'ebetso ea sebete e sa tloaelehang e ile ea bonoa ho feta 20% ea litaba tse fumanang lithethefatsi tse sebetsang nakong ea teko e khutšoanyane. Nalmefene, mohanyetsi oa li-opioid ha a amane le ho se sebetse ha sebete, o ile oa hlahlojoa (Grant et al a. 2006). Nalmefene e ne e phahametse sebaka sa placebo, 'me tlhahlobo ea sebete se sa tloaelehang ha sea ka sa hlokomeloa. Lethal dose e bontšang katleho le mamello e kholo ke 25mgd-1 dose, e leng e batlang e lekana le 50mgd-1 tekano eo hangata e sebelisetsoang phekolo ea joala kapa ho itšetleha ka opiate. Phuputso ea morao-rao ea phello ea phekolo ea PG e fumanang bahanyetsi ba li-opioid e khetholletse pale ea lelapa ea bothata ba joala kaha boholo ba eona bo amahanngoa le karabo e ntle ea lithethefatsi, ho fumanoa ho lumellana le libuka tsa joala (Grant et al a. 2008). Tsela eo lintlha tse ling tse amanang le phekolo ea kalafo ho bahanyetsi ba li-opioid ka bothata ba tahi (mohlala, mefuta e mengata ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse kenyelletsang li-opioid receptor; Oslin et al a. 2003) ho eketsa phekolo ea PG mandatory lipatlisiso tse tobileng.

(e) Glutamate

Glutamate, motsoako o moholo ka ho fetisisa oa li-neurotransmitter, e 'nile ea kenngoa litabeng tsa ho susumetsa le ho lemalla lithethefatsi (Likamore et al a. 2003; Kalivas le Volkow 2005). Ho itšetlehile ka lintlha tsena le liphuputso tsa pele li fana ka maikutlo a hore karolo ea phekolo ea glutamatergic e phethoa ho li-ICD tse ling (Coric et al a. 2007), moemeli oa modulating oa glutamatergic N-acetyl cysteine ​​e ile ea batlisisoa kalafo ea PG (Grant et al a. 2007). Tlhahlobo ea ho ithuta e ne e amana le phekolo ea li-label e hlahlamang e lateloa ke ho khaotsa ho se nang bobeli. Nakong ea phapang ea li-label, matšoao a papali ea chelete a ntlafetse haholo. Ka mor'a ho khaotsa ho pata habeli, ho ntlafatsoa ho ile ha ts'oaroa ho 83% ea ba arabelang ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang ho lithethefatsi tse sebetsang ha li bapisoa le 29% ea tse ling tse sa tloaelehang sebakeng se seng. Litlaleho tsena tsa pele li bontša tlhoko ea lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng ka menehelo ea glutamatergic ho PG le phekolo ea glutamatergic bakeng sa phekolo ea eona.

4. Mekhoa ea Neural

Lipatlisiso tse fokolang li 'nile tsa hlahloba kamoo liketso tsa boko li fapaneng kateng le batho ba nang le PG kapa tse ling tsa ICD ha bapisoa le ba se nang. Ponahalo e 'ngoe ea pele ea ho etsa litšoantšo tse hlahisang matla a khoheli (fMRI) e ile ea batlisisa maikutlo kapa litakatso ho banna ba nang le PG (Potenza et al a. 2003b). Ha u shebella lipapali tsa papali ea chelete, le pele ho e-ba le tšusumetso e ikhethang ea ho bapala papali ea chelete (PGers) ha e bapisoa le ho ithabisa, ho ne ho e-na le liphetoho tse fokolang tsa 'mele oa oksijene (BOLD) ka likarolo tse ka pele tsa cortical, basal ganglionic le thalamic brain . Phapang ena e pakeng tsa-sehlopha ha ea ka ea hlokomeloa nakong ea maemo a thabisang kapa a masoabi a lipapali tsa video nakong ea nako ea ho shebella lintho, 'me liphuputso li fapane le liphuputso tsa batho ba nang le bothata ba ho qobella batho ba nang le khatello e matla, bao ka tloaelo ba bontšang ho eketseha ha libaka tsena nakong ea lithuto tsa ho qholotsa matšoao (Moferefere le Rauch 1996). Nakong ea ho qetela ea ho bapala lipapali, nako eo ho becha ho matla ka ho fetisisa ho ileng ha etsoa ka eona, banna ba nang le PG ha ba bapisoa le ba ka ntle ba ne ba khetholloa ka ho bontša phetoho ea signal ea BOLD e fokolang ka vmPFC. Liphuputso tsena li bonahala li lumellana le tse tsoang liphuputsong tsa ho se sebetse ho laoloa ke tšusumetso libakeng tse ling tsa boitšoaro, haholo-holo tlhekefetso (Siever et al a. 1999; New et al a. 2002) le ho etsa liqeto (Bechara 2003).

Le hoja liphuputso tse ling tsa litšoantšo li amana le libaka tse ka pele ho PG (Crockford et al a. 2005), lipatlisiso tse ngata li hlokometse phapang pakeng tsa vmPFC ts'ebetso ho PG. Phuputso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea sebopeho ho sebelisa phetolelo e amanang le ketsahalo ea Stroop-mebala ea ho kena-kenana le molaetsa mosebetsi e fumane hore banna ba nang le PG ha ba bapisoa le ba se nang letho ba ne ba khetholloa haholo ke phetoho ea signal ea BOLD e fokolang ka letsohong le letšehali vmPFC ka mor'a tlhahiso ea boipiletso bo sa tsitsang (Potenza et al a. 2003a). Ha ba etsa paradigm e tšoanang le ea fMRI Stroop, batho ba nang le lefu la ho ferekana kelellong ba ne ba khetholloa ka ho fetisisa litabeng tse laoloang sebakeng se tšoanang sa vmPFC (Blumberg et al a. 2003), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore likarolo tse ling tse tloaelehileng mathateng (mohlala, ho se sebetse ho laola maikutlo, tsamaiso e fosahetseng ea maikutlo) arolelana li-neural substrates hohle meeli ea ho hlahloba. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi kapa ba se nang PG ba ile ba bontša ho se sebetse ho fokolang ka vmPFC ho feta ho ba le lihlopha tse laolang lipapaling tsa 'papali ea chelete'Tanabe et al a. 2007).

Phuputsong e 'ngoe ea fMRI, batho ba nang le PG ha ba bapisoa le ba se nang letho ba ile ba bontša ho se sebetse ho fokolang ha vmPFC nakong ea papali ea papali ea chelete ho bapisoa ho bapala le ho lahleheloa ke maemo, le phetoho ea signal ea BOLD ho vmPFC e amanang le ho teba ha papali pakeng tsa PGers (Reuter et al a. 2005). Thutong e ts'oanang le ho sebelisa phapang e tšoanang, mokhoa o tšoanang oa ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng o ile oa boleloa PGers ka striral, ventong e nang le dopaminergic innervation mme e amehang haholo ho lemalla lithethefatsi le ts'ebeliso ea moputso (Everitt & Robbins 2005). E thehiloe mosebetsing li-primates (Schultz et al a. 2000), lipatlisiso tsa moputso oa batho li kenyelelitse ts'ebetsong ea thibelo ea ventral ka tebello ea ho sebetsa bakeng sa moputso oa lichelete le ts'ebetso ea vmPFC ka ho fumana meputso ea chelete (Knutson et al a. 2003). Tsamaiso ena ea potoloho e bonahala e sebetsa ka ho khetheha bakeng sa ho sebetsana le meputso e potlakileng ha ho khethoa moputso o moholo o liehang ho akarelletsa marang-rang a mangata a marang-rang (McClure et al a. 2004). Blackjack papali ea chelete ha e bapisoa le ho bapala blackjack bakeng sa lintlha tse amanang le liketso tse kholo tsa corticostriatal PGers (Hollander et al a. 2005). Leha ho le joalo, thuto ena ha ea ka ea kenyelletsa lithuto tse se nang PG 'me kahoo ha ea ka ea batlisisa hore na litaba tsa PG li fapane joang le tse se nang bothata. Ho fumanoa ha mosebetsi o fokolang oa ventral striatum ho PGers ka papali ea papali ea paradigm (Reuter et al a. 2005) e lumellana le liphuputso tse tsoang liphuputsong tsa moputso oa tebello ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi kapa ba bonahalang eka ba kotsing ea mathata a joalo. Ho etsa mohlala, ho qeta ho fokotseha ha ventral striatum ha ho lebelloa hore moputso oa chelete o tlalehoe ho batho ba nang le bothata ba joala (Hommer 2004; Ntle ho moo et al a. 2007) kapa ho itšetleha ka k'hok'heine (CD; Pearlson et al a. 2007) hammoho le ho bacha ho bapisoa le batho ba baholo (Bjork et al a. 2004) le ba nang le lelapa la histori ea tahi ha ba bapisoa le ba se nang (Sebahi et al a. 2004). Ka kakaretso, lipatlisiso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore tlhahiso e fokolang ea ventral striatum nakong ea tebello ea phaello ea ts'ebeliso ea moputso e ka 'na ea emela phantotype ea bohlokoa ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le li-ICD.

5. Kopo ea takatso e matla e bolelang PG le CD

Tšusumetso ea takatso ea maikutlo kapa litakatso hangata li nka pele ho kenya letsoho liketsong tse kotsi joaloka ho becha bakeng sa PGers kapa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho lemalla lithethefatsi. Ka lebaka leo, kutloisiso ea li-neural correlates tsa linaha tsena li na le maikutlo a bohlokoa a kliniki (ditjeo et al a. 2006). Ho latela maikutlo a saense, lipatlisiso tsa ts'ebetso tse tšoanang, tse kang ho lakatsa ho boleloa ho batho ba nang le PG kapa ba nang le DD, li ka hlakisa lintlha tse ka sehloohong bakeng sa mekhoa e susumetsang ea mathata hohle, ntle le liphello tsa ho hlaseloa ke lithethefatsi tse matla kapa tse sa foleng.

Ho etsa lipatlisiso, re sebelitse boitsebiso bo tsoang liphuputsong tsa rona tsa khatiso tsa papali ea chelete papali ea PG (Potenza et al a. 2003b) le takatso ea lithethefatsi ka CD (Wexler et al a. 2001). Ha thuto ea papali ea chelete e ne e ameha feela ka lihlooho tsa banna, re ne re thibela banna ho hlahloba, ho hlahisa mohlala o kenyeletsang litaba tsa 10 PG le ba nang le papali ea chelete ea 11 (CPG lihlooho) ba neng ba talima ho becha, li-videothala tse bohloko le tse thahasellisang nakong ea fMRI, le lihlooho tsa CD tsa 9 le banna ba bapisoang ke lisosa tsa 6 tse se nang cocaine (CCD lihlooho) tse neng li sheba cocaine, maemo a utloisang bohloko le a thabisang, joalokaha ho hlalositsoe pejana. Re ile ra batlisisa ka tsela e latelang tekanyetso eo boko bo sebetsang ka eona mosebetsing oa ho susumetsa le oa maikutlo bo ts'oanang kapa bo fapaneng ka ho lemalla boitšoaro bo kang PG ha ho bapisoa le CD ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi. Re ne re nahana hore libaka tsa boko tseo mosebetsi oa tsona li neng li susumelitsoe ke k'hok'heine, tse kang ka pele le ka hare ho li-cingulate cortex, li ne li tla kenella ka tsela e sa tšoaneng ho litakatso tsa cocaine ka CD le ho becha ho khothaletsa PG.

Re sebelisitse mokhoa o sebelisoang ke voxel-based based randomisation ho fana ka bohlokoa ba lipalo palo ea plimmapa tse khethollang liphapang ka tsela eo boko ba lihlooho bo sebetsang bo fapaneng ka teng le ba taolo hohle ho becha le lihlopha tsa cocaine nakong ea ho shebella bokhoba, livideo tse thabileng le tse bohloko (Wexler et al a. 2001; Potenza et al a. 2003b). Bakeng sa sehlopha ka seng sa sehlooho se shebang mofuta o mong le o mong oa theipi, re hlahisitse a t-e bapisoa le nako ea ho shebella ha ho bapisoa le mekhahlelo e tloaelehileng ea li-pre-post-tepe-gray screen. E latelang, bakeng sa mofuta o mong le o mong oa theipi, re hlahile t-Ka khetholla mekhoa eo lihlooho tse amehileng ka eona (mohlala, PG) li fapaneng le liphatlalatso tsa bona (mohlala, CPG), ho hlahisa PG-CPG phapang. Ka mor'a moo, re ile ra fapana le mokhoa oo lihlopha tse amehileng li neng li amehile ka oona li fapane le taolo ea meriana ((PG-CPG) - (CD-CCD); tafole 1a, bona setšoantšo sa 1A ka boitsebiso bo eketsehileng ba elektronike). At p<0.005 le ho sebelisa lesihla la 25 ho eketsa stringency (Friston et al a. 1994), liphapang tse amanang le taolo ka phapang pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa lihlopha tse amehileng le tse sa amehang li ile tsa hlokomeloa nakong ea ho shebella litebelisoa tsa lithethefatsi (tafole 1a;; sheba setšoantšo sa 1A ka lintho tse ling tsa elektronike) empa eseng maemo a bohloko kapa a thabisang (a sa bontšoe). Ho ne ho khetholloa libaka tsa li-ventral le li-dorsal anterior tse fokolang le tse nepahetseng tsa parietal lobule nakong ea ho shebella maemo a ho lemalla, le ho fokotsa mesebetsi e itseng (PG-CPG) phapang ha e bapisoa le (CD-CCD) papiso. Ka hare-lihlopha tsa lihlopha tsa lihlopha tse fapaneng li hlahisoa (tafole 1a). Sebaka sa khale se nang le lik'hemik'hale, sebaka sa boko se kenyelletsoeng ho sebetsana le maikutlo le kutloisiso ea kutloisiso ka bophelo bo botle (Bush et al a. 2000) le lihlooho tsa CD (Goldstein et al a. 2007), e bontšitsoe hore e sebelisoe nakong ea takatso ea cocaine (Ho ba le bana et al a. 1999). Tsamaiso ea Cocaine e etsa hore ho be le mekhoa e mengata ea ho etsa joalo (Febo et al a. 2005), le nako le mohlala oa tsamaiso ea cocaine e susumetsa anterior cingulate function (Harvey 2004). Phapang ho ts'ebetsong e tlase ea ho sebetsana le liphallelo hohle lihlopha tsa lihlopha li bontša phapang e khōlō lihlopheng tsa ho laola lipapali tsa papali ea chelete le tsa cocaine. The lobule e tlase ea parietal e 'nile ea kenngoa ka likarolo tsa ho thibela tšebetso ea tšusumetso (Menon et al a. 2001; Sekepe et al a. 2006). Ka hona, liphuputso li bontša hore ho shebella litepisi tsa litaba tse sa tšoaneng (mohlala, litlhaloso tsa boitšoaro bo amoheletsoeng ke batho (papali ea chelete) ha li bapisoa le mosebetsi o seng molaong (tšebeliso e sebelisoang ka k'hok'heine) ho thibela.

Lethathamo 1

Mesebetsi ea bongoli PG le CD ha e bapisoa le litaba tse laolang.

Ka mor'a moo re ile ra batlisisa libaka tsa boko tse tloaelehileng litakatsong tsa k'hok'heine le papali ea papali ea papali ea papali ea chelete, ho fetisa hore re tla khetholla libaka tsa boko bo 'nileng tsa ameha ka CD le PG, tse kang ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea ventral ho ts'ebetso ea moputso ho amehang ha ho bapisoa le litaba tsa taolo (Reuter et al a. 2005; Pearlson et al a. 2007). Bakeng sa sehlopha ka seng sa sehlooho se shebang mofuta o mong le o mong oa theipi, re hlahisitse a t-e bapisoa le nako ea boemo ba ho shebella ho latela mekhahlelo ea li-pre-post-tape. E latelang, bakeng sa mofuta o mong le o mong oa theipi, re bōpile t-e leng likarolo tse bontšang ho etsa lintho tse sa tloaelehang lihlopheng tsa mokuli ka ho fapana le sehlopha se seng le se seng sa bakuli se nang le matla a ho laola, ho hlahisa PG-CPG le CD-CCD phapang. Litšoantšiso tse entsoeng ke lik'homphieutha ho lintlheng tsa bohlokoa tse latellanang (p<0.005, p<0.01, p<0.02 le p<0.05) li entsoe ho khetholla libaka tseo PG-CPG le CD-CCD mefuta e fapaneng e ile ea bonahatsa lintho tse tšoanang. Sehlopha ka bomong p-a mekhahlelo e ne e sebelisetsoa ho khetholla libaka tsa boko bo tlatsetsang liphuputsong tsena. Ha ho libaka tsa boko tse ileng tsa khetholloa ho sebelisa mokhoa ona bakeng sa ho lemala, lik'hamera tse thabileng le tse bohloko. Ha lipatlisiso tsa rona tsa pele li bontšitse hore nako ea pele ea tepi e shebile, pele ho tlaleho e ts'oanang ea ho susumetsa maikutlo / maikutlo, e ne e amahanngoa le phapang pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa li-videotapes (Wexler et al a. 2001; Potenza et al a. 2003b), re ile ra etsa lipatlisiso tse tšoanang ka nako ea pele ea ho shebella tepi ha e bapisoa le motheo oa pele oa tepi. Mokhoa ona o khetholla libaka tse ngata tsa boko (tafole 1b;; sheba setšoantšo sa 1B ka lintho tse tlatsetsang tsa elektronike) ho bontša liphetoho tse tšoanang tsa mesebetsi ho phapang pakeng tsa lithethefatsi le ho laola nakong ea ho shebella litebelisoa tse nang le lithethefatsi, 'me ha ho libaka tse ileng tsa fumanoa ka papiso e amanang le litheipi tse bohloko kapa tse sa thabiseng.

Libaka tsa boko li khetholloa e le ho bontša mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ts'ebetso ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi khahlanong le lihlopha tsa lihlooho tse kenyeletsang lithethefatsi ho kenyeletsa libaka tse tlatsetsang ho sebetsanang le maikutlo le maikutlo a susumetsang maikutlo, moputso oa lichelete le ho etsa liqeto, ho thibela ho arabela, le phello ea phekolo ea meriana. Maemong a mangata, libaka tsena li ne li lumelloa lihloohong tse laolang empa li se li lemalletse. Ho fokotseha ka tsela e fokolang ea tlhahiso ea ventral striatum e ne e bonoa litabeng tse lemalloang ha li bapisoa le litaba tse laolang, tse lumellanang le se fumanoeng mesebetsing e amanang le moputso o sebetsanang le lihlopha tsa lihlopha tsa PG le tsa CD (Reuter et al a. 2005; Pearlson et al a. 2007). Li-Ventral likarolo tsa prefrontal cortex, haholo-holo li-orbitofrontal cortex, li 'nile tsa ameha ha ho etsoa meputso (Schultz et al a. 2000; Knutson et al a. 2003; McClure et al a. 2004), le sebaka sa lateral ho nahanoa hore se tla sebetsa ha ho hlokahala boitsebiso bo eketsehileng ho tataisa liketso tsa boitšoaro kapa ha ho etsa liqeto ho akarelletsa ho tlosoa ha likarabo tse fetileng tse putsitsoeng (Elliott et al a. 2000). Likarolo tsa morao-rao tsa prefralal cortex tsa ventral, tse kang li-gyrus tse tlaase, li nkoa e le tsa bohlokoa haholo ha ho e-na le tšireletso le ho laola maikutlo (Chamberlain le Sahakian 2007). Libaka tse ling tsa bokobo tseo liketso tsa ts'ebetso li neng li khetholla lihlooho tse lemalloang le tse sa tsitsang thuputsong ea hona joale li kentse letsoho ho kopanyang taolo ea tšusumetso. Ka mohlala, ho ea ho ea / ho ea NoGo paradigm e amanang le litaba tse phetseng hantle, li-insula, precuneus le posterior cingulate li ile tsa ts'oaetso nakong ea ho sebetsana le phoso le orbitofrontal cortex le li-gyrus tse ling nakong ea ho thibela ho arabela (Menon et al a. 2001). Ho kenya letsoho ho kenya letsoho ho boetse ho tlatsetsa liketsong tse hlokoang 'me kahoo ho ka ba le tšusumetso ea ho etsa liqeto ka ho lemalla (Craig 2002; Naqvi et al a. 2007). Ho hlōleha ha lithethefatsi tse nang le lithethefatsi tsa ho kenya libaka tsena libakeng tse qalang tsa ho arabela lits'etsong tse etsang hore e be tsa bohlokoa ho ka tlatsetsa boemong bo bobe ba ho itšoara le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi hamorao. Liphuputso tsena li na le moelelo oa phello ea phekolo bakeng sa lithethefatsi tsa PG le lithethefatsi. Ka mohlala, tšenyo ea insula e 'nile ea amahanngoa le mekhoa ea ho itšehla thajana joalokaha ho bontšoa ke ho hlōleha ho fetola likoloto mabapi le litekanyetso tsa ho hlōla,' me kahoo ho se sebetse ho sebetsa ho ka 'na ha e-ba le bohlokoa haholo ho PG (Clark et al a. 2008). Ka mor'a hore ho be le tšebeliso ea li-videocapine tsa k'hok'heine nakong ea ho shebella li-cocaine ho ne ho amahanngoa le liphello tsa kalafo litabeng tsa CD, le ba neng ba khona ho qoba ho kenya ts'ebetso ea sebaka sena sa boko (ditjeo et al a. 2006). Ka hona, le hoja liphello tsena li lokela ho nkoa e le tsa pele ho fanoa ka mehlala e nyane ea sehlopha ka seng, liphuputso li tlatsetsa lingoliloeng tse khōloanyane ka PG, ho lemalla lithethefatsi, taolo ea ho susumetsa maikutlo le li-correlates tsa neuro ea phekolo ea lithethefatsi. Lipatlisiso tse ling tse amanang le lisebelisoa tse kholo le tse fapaneng li hlokahale ho netefatsa le ho atolosa liphuputso tsena.

6. Liphello le litaelo tsa nakong e tlang

Le hoja tsoelo-pele e khōlō e entsoe ka kutloisiso ea rona ea PG lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, likheo tse ngata li ntse li le teng kutloisisong ea rona ea bothata. Boholo ba lithuto tsa likokoana-hloko ho fihlela joale li amana le mehlala e nyenyane ea banna kapa ba khethehileng feela, ho phahamisa litlhokofatsang mabapi le hore na ho fumanoe eng ka ho feletseng, haholo-holo ho basali. Ho se tšoane ho kopanela liphate boitšoarong ba papali ea chelete ho tlalehiloe ka bobeli mabapi le mefuta ea mathata a papali ea chelete ho basali ha e bapisoa le banna hammoho le mekhoa ea ntlafatso ea mathata a papali ea chelete (Potenza et al a. 2001). Ka mohlala, ts'ebetso ea 'telescoping', ts'ebetso e buang ka nako e khethiloeng pakeng tsa ho qalisoa le maemo a thata a boitšoaro, e ile ea hlalosoa ka lekhetlo la pele bakeng sa tahi ea tahi, morao tjena bakeng sa DD, le haufinyane tjena bakeng sa bothata le PG (Potenza et al a. 2001). Kaha ho na le phapang e joalo ea kliniki, lipatlisiso tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa PG li lokela ho nahana ka tšusumetso e ka bakoang ke thobalano. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, mekhahlelo e sa tšoaneng ea papali ea chelete e lokela ho nkoa ka lipatlisiso tsa likokoana-hloko, ho fanoe ka boitsebiso bo bontšang phapang e fapaneng ea li-neurocircuitry (mohlala ventral versus dorsal striatum) kaha mekhoa e tsoelang pele ho tloha lenaneong kapa ho susumelletseha ho tloaela kapa ho qobella (Everitt & Robbins 2005; Likamore et al a. 2007; Belin le Everitt 2008; Brewer & Potenza 2008). Lintlha tse ling li kenyelletsa mofuta oa ho se ts'oane le kamano ea eona le lik'homphieutha le lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi. Ke hore, ho ka etsahala hore tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e ka lebisa ho papali ea chelete, ho becha ho ka lebisa tšebelisong ea lithethefatsi, kapa hore lintho tse tloaelehileng tse kang ho tsuba li ka tlatsetsa ho kenya letsoho ka mokhoa o feteletseng mocheng o mong le o mong. Ho hlakisa menyetla ena liphoofolong tsa liphoofolo le tsa sebele-bophelo bo emela sepheo se sebetsang sa bongaka le saense (Dalley et al a. 2007). Ka lebaka la hore ho se tsotelle ke mohaho o rarahaneng o nang le mekhoa e metle (Moeller et al a. 2001), ho utloisisa hore na likarolo tse fapaneng tse amanang le mafu a likokoana-hloko le tsa phekolo ea meriana ea PG le lithethefatsi ke tsa bohlokoa. Qetellong, PG ke ka ho fetisisa e ithutoang ka ho fetisisa ea sehlopha sa li-ICD tseo hona joale li arolelanoang hammoho libukeng tsa ho hlahloba. Lipatlisiso tse ling li hlokahala ho tse ling tsa ICD le li-neurobiology, thibelo le kalafo, haholo-holo ha mathata ana a amahanngoa le matšoao a psychopathologia e kholoanyane 'me a hlaha hona joale hore a ee hangata a sa fumanoe litabeng tsa kliniki (Grant et al a. 2005).

lumela hore baa fokola

Bruce Wexler le Cheryl Lacadie ba fane ka thuso ka mosebetsi o sebetsang oa ho nka litšoantšo oa matla a khoheli o hlahisitsoeng. E tšehelitsoe ka karolo ke: (i) Setsi sa Naha sa Tlhekefetso ea Lithethefatsi (R01-DA019039, R01-DA020908, P50-DA016556, P50-DA09241, P50DA16556, P50-AA12870) le Setsi sa Naha sa Tlhekefetso ea joala le joala (RL1-AA017539 , P50-AA015632), le Setsi sa Naha sa Lisebelisoa tsa Patlisiso (UL1-RR024925); (ii) Patlisiso ea Basali ea Bophelo Yale; (iii) Ofisi ea Patlisiso ka Bophelo ba Basali; le (iv) Lefapha la Litaba tsa Veterans la US VISN1 MIRECC le REAP.

Litlhaloso. Dr Potenza o tlaleha hore ha a na likhohlano tsa thahasello lilemong tse 3 tse fetileng ho tlaleha joalo ka ha li amana le taba ea tlaleho. Ngaka Potenza o fumane tšehetso ea lichelete kapa matšeliso bakeng sa ba latelang: Ngaka Potenza o kopa maikutlo ebile ke moeletsi oa Boehringer Ingelheim; e rerile ebile e na le lithahasello tsa lichelete Somaxon; o amohetse tšehetso ea lipatlisiso ho tsoa ho Mekhatlo ea Naha ea Bophelo, Tsamaiso ea Veteran, Mohegan Sun, le Laboratories ea Forest, Ortho-McNeil le meriana ea Oy-Control / Biotie; o nkile karolo lipatlisisong, posong kapa lipuisanong tsa mohala tse amanang le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, li-ICD kapa lihlooho tse ling tsa bophelo bo botle; e rerile liofisi tsa molao le Ofisi ea 'Muelli oa' Muso oa Federal litabeng tse amanang le li-ICD; e phethile litlhahlobo tsa lithuso bakeng sa Mekhatlo ea Naha ea Bophelo le mekhatlo e meng; o fane ka lipuo tsa thuto meketjaneng e meholo, liketsahalo tse tsoelang pele tsa thuto ea bongaka le libaka tse ling tsa bongaka kapa tsa mahlale; e hlahisitse libuka kapa likhaolo tsa libuka bakeng sa baphatlalatsi ba litemana tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello; hape e fana ka tlhokomelo ea bongaka Lefapheng la Connecticut la Bophelo bo Botle ba kelello le Lits'ebeletso tsa Lithethefatsi Lits'ebeletso Lenaneo la Litšebeletso tsa Ho becha.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

Tlatsetso e le 'ngoe ea 17 Tlatsong ea Seboka sa Puisano' Mokhoa oa ho ba le bothata ba ho lemala: lits'ebeletso tse ncha '.

Boitsebiso bo Eketsehileng

Setšoantšo sa 1A:

Setšoantšo sa 1B:

Setšoantšo sa papiso:

References

  • Mokhatlo oa Maiketsetso oa Amerika. Mokhatlo oa Maiketsetso oa Amerika; Washington, DC: 1980. Buka ea ho hlahloba le ea lipalo-palo ea mafu a kelello.
  • Matšoao a AF a Arnsten a ho hloka tlhokomelo-ho hloka thuso / boloetse bo bobebe: lipotoloho le litsela. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2006;67(Suppl. 8): 7-12. [E fetotsoe]
  • Behara A. Khoebo e kotsi: maikutlo, ho etsa liqeto le ho lemalla. J. Gambl. Seithuti. 2003;19: 23-51. doi: 10.1023 / A: 1021223113233 [E fetotsoe]
  • Belin D, Everitt BJ Cocaine ho batla mekhoa e itšetlehile ka ts'ebetso e nang le dopamine e itšetlehileng ka ventral le dorsal striatum. Neuron. 2008;57: 432-441. doi: 10.1016 / j.neuron.2007.12.019 [E fetotsoe]
  • Bergh C, Eklund T, Sodersten P, Nordin C. E fetoletse dopamine ts'ebetsong ea papali ea chelete. Psychol. Med. 1997;27: 473-475. doi: 10.1017 / S0033291796003789 [E fetotsoe]
  • Bjork JM, Knutson B, Fong GW, DM Caggiano, Bennett SM, Hommer DW Boithaopi-bo entse hore boko bo sebelisoe lilemong tsa bocha: ho tšoana le ho se tšoane ho tloha ho batho ba baholo. J. Neurosci. 2004;24: 1793-1802. doi: 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI.4862-03.2004 [E fetotsoe]
  • Blanco C, Petkova E, Ibanez A, Saiz-Ruiz J. Leeto la lifofane le laoloang ka placebo la fluboxamine bakeng sa papali ea papali ea chelete. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry. 2002;14: 9-15. [E fetotsoe]
  • Blumberg HP, le al. Thuto e entsoeng ka matla ea ho nahana ka matla a ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo a ho ferekana ha maikutlo a ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo a ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo a ho ferekana ha maikutlo: ho se sebetse ho amanang le boemo le mekhoa ho li-cortices tsa pele. Sethapo. Gen. Psychiatry. 2003;60: 601-609. doi: 10.1001 / archpsyc.60.6.601 [E fetotsoe]
  • Breiter HC, Rauch SL MRI e sebetsang hantle le ho ithuta ka OCD: ho tloha matšoao a ho qholotsa litsebi tsa liketso tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa cortico-striatal tsamaiso le amygdala. Nako ea mokokotlo. 1996;4: S127-S138. doi: 10.1006 / nimg.1996.0063 [E fetotsoe]
  • Brewer JA, Potenza MN Theourobiology le liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa mathata a ho laola maikutlo: likamano le meriana ea lithethefatsi. Likokoana-hloko. Pharmacol. 2008;75: 63-75. doi: 10.1016 / j.bcp.2007.06.043 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Brewer JA, Grant JE, Potenza MN Kalafo ea papali ea chelete. Bothata ba ho lemala. Tšoara. 2008;7: 1-14. doi:10.1097/ADT.0b013e31803155c2
  • Bush GW, Luu P, Posner MI Tšusumetso ea kelello le maikutlo maikutlong a anterior cingulate cortex. Litsela tsa Tsela. Sci. 2000;4: 215-222. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01483-2 [E fetotsoe]
  • Chamberlain SR, Sahakian BJ Khotsofalo ea ho se ts'oanehe. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry. 2007;20: 255-261. [E fetotsoe]
  • Chambers RA, Taylor JR, Potenza MN Developmental neurocircuitry ea ts'ebeliso ea bocha: nako ea bohlokoa ea ho lemalla ho lemala. Na. J. Psychiatry. 2003;160: 1041-1052. doi: 10.1176 / appi.ajp.160.6.1041 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Likamore RA, Bickel WK, Potenza MN Khopolo ea mekhoa e se nang litekanyetso tsa khothatso le ho lemalla. Neurosci. Biobehav. Tšen. 2007;31: 1017-1045. doi: 10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2007.04.005 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Childress AR, Mozely PD, McElgin W, Fitzgerald J, Reivich M, O'Brien CP Limbic activation nakong ea takatso ea cue-e bakiloeng ke cocaine. Na. J. Psychiatry. 1999;156: 11-18. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Clark, L., Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Aitken, MRF, Sahakian, BJ & Robbins, TW 2008 Litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa liso tsa insort le tsa ventromedial prefrontal cortex ha ho etsoa liqeto tse kotsi. boko131, 1311-1322. (doi: 10.1093 / boko / awn066) [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Comings DE Li-molecular genetics tsa papali ea chelete. CNS Spectr. 1998;3: 20-37.
  • Coric V, Kelmendi B, Pittenger C, Wasylink S, Bloch MH Litholoana tse kotsi tsa antiglutamatergic agent riluzole ho mokuli ea nang le trichotillomania. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2007;68: 170-171. [E fetotsoe]
  • Craig AD U ikutloa joang? Ho kheloha lipotso: boikutlo ba boemo ba 'mele ba' mele. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2002;3: 655-666. doi: 10.1038 / nrn894 [E fetotsoe]
  • Crockford DN, Goodyear B, Edwards J, Quickfall J, el-Guabely N. e entsoeng ke bokooa ba bokooa ba batho ba nang le bothata ba papali ea chelete. Biol. Psychiatry. 2005;58: 787-795. doi: 10.1016 / j.biopsych.2005.04.037 [E fetotsoe]
  • Dalley JW, et al. Nucleus accumbens D2 / 3 receptors e bolela esale pele hore ho na le tšusumetso e mpe le ho ts'ehetsa k'hok'heine. Saense. 2007;315: 1267-1270. doi: 10.1126 / science.1137073 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • da Silva Lobo DS, Vallada HP, Knight J, Martins SS, Tavares H, Gentil V, Kennedy JL Dopamine liphatsa tsa lefutso le papali ea papali ea chelete ho sa utloisisane bana ba babeli. J. Gambl. Seithuti. 2007;23: 421-433. doi: 10.1007 / s10899-007-9060-x [E fetotsoe]
  • CCC, T Begaz, Hollander E. Serotonergic le mosebetsi oa noradrenergic ho papali ea chelete. CNS Spectr. 1998;3: 38-47.
  • Elliott R, Dolan RJ, Frith CD Dissociable e sebetsa mesebetsing ea mekhoa ea boipheliso le ea lateral orbitofrontal cortex: bopaki bo tsoang lithutong tsa batho ba nang le maikutlo a ho qetela. Cereb. Cortex. 2000;10: 308-317. doi: 10.1093 / cercor / 10.3.308 [E fetotsoe]
  • Evans AH, Lawrence AD, Potts J, Appel S, Lees AJ Lintho tse susumetsang ts'oaetso ho qobella ho sebelisoa ha lithethefatsi meleng ea Parkinson. Neurology. 2005;65: 1570-1574. doi: 10.1212 / 01.wnl.0000184487.72289.f0 [E fetotsoe]
  • Everitt B, Robbins TW Neural systems ea ts'ebeliso ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi: ho tloha liketsong ho ea ho tloaelehileng. Nat. Neurosci. 2005;8: 1481-1489. doi: 10.1038 / nn1579 [E fetotsoe]
  • Febo M, Segarra AC, Nair G, Schmidt K, Duong TK, Ferris CF Liphello tsa neural tsa ho hlahisa li-cocaine tse hlahisitsoeng ke MRI e sebetsang ho tsoha litoe. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;30: 936-943. doi: 10.1038 / sj.npp.1300653 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Friston KJ, Kors Worsleym, Frackowiak RSJ, Mazziotta JC, AC Evans Hlahloba bohlokoa ba lits'ebetso tse sebelisoang ho sebelisa sebaka sa bona sa libaka. Hum. Brain Mapp. 1994;1: 214-220. doi: 10.1002 / hbm.460010207
  • Garavan H, Hester R, Murphy K, Fassbender C, Kelly C. Likarohano tse ling ka mokhoa o sebetsang oa ho sebetsana le ho thibela ho thibela. Resin ea Boko. 2006;1105: 130-142. doi: 10.1016 / j.brainres.2006.03.029 [E fetotsoe]
  • Giovannoni G, O'Sullivan JD, Turner K, Manson AJ, Lees AJL Hedonic homeostatic dysregulation ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la Parkinson kalafong ea kalafo ea dopamine. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 2000;68: 423-428. doi: 10.1136 / jnnp.68.4.423 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Goldstein RZ, Tomasi D, Rajaram S, Cottone LA, Zhang L, Maloney T, Telang F, Alia-Klein N, Volkow ND Role of the anterior lebit orbitofrontal cortex ha ho sebetsana le lithethefatsi ka lebaka la ho lemalla k'hok'heine. Khopolo-taba. 2007;144: 1153-1159. doi: 10.1016 / j.neuroscience.2006.11.024 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Goudriaan AE, Oosterlaan J, de Beurs E, van den Brink W. Papali ea papali ea chelete: tlhahlobo e feletseng ea liphuputso tsa boits'oaro. Neurosci. Biobehav. Tšen. 2004;28: 123-141. doi: 10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2004.03.001 [E fetotsoe]
  • Grant JE, Potter MN Escitalopram kalafo ea papali ea papali ea chelete e nang le ho tšoenyeha ho kopanetsoeng: ho ithuta ka lifofane tse sa bulehileng ka ho khaotsa ho patala. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2006;21: 203-209. efe: 10.1097 / 00004850-200607000-00002 [E fetotsoe]
  • Grant JE, Kim SW, Potenza MN, Blanco C, Ibanez A, Stevens LC, R. R. Paroxetine kalafo ea papali ea papali ea chelete: e leng teko e mengata e laoloang ka nako e telele. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2003;18: 243-249. efe: 10.1097 / 00004850-200307000-00007 [E fetotsoe]
  • Grant JE, Levine L, Kim D, Potenza MN Bothata ba ho laola maikutlo ho batho ba baholo ba nang le mafu a kelello. Na. J. Psychiatry. 2005;162: 2184-2188. doi: 10.1176 / appi.ajp.162.11.2184 [E fetotsoe]
  • Grant JE, Potter MN, Hollander E, Cunningham-Williams RM, Numinen T, Smits G, Kallio A. Multicenter lipatlisiso tsa mohanyetsi oa li-opioid tse sebetsanang le phekolo ea papali ea chelete. Na. J. Psychiatry. 2006;163: 303-312. doi: 10.1176 / appi.ajp.163.2.303 [E fetotsoe]
  • Grant JE, Kim SW, Odlaug BL N-acetyl cysteine, moemeli oa modulatate, ea phekolo ea papali ea chelete: ho ithuta sefofane. Biol. Psychiatry. 2007;62: 652-657. doi: 10.1016 / j.biopsych.2006.11.021 [E fetotsoe]
  • Grant, JE, Kim, SW, Hollander, E. & Potenza, MN 2008 Ho bolela esale pele karabelo ho bahanyetsi ba opiate le placebo kalafong ea papali ea chelete. Psychopharmacology (doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1235-3) [E fetotsoe]
  • Harvey JA Cocaine liphello ho boko bo ntseng bo hōla. Neurosci. Biobehav. Tšen. 2004;27: 751-764. doi: 10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2003.11.006 [E fetotsoe]
  • Hollander E, DeCaria CM, Finkell JN, Begaz T, CM ea Wong, Cartwright C. Tlhahlobo ea fluvoxamine / placebo crossover e sa hlokomeleheng ka linako tse ling. Biol. Psychiatry. 2000;47: 813-817. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00241-9 [E fetotsoe]
  • Hollander E, Pallanti S, Rossi NB, Sood E, Baker BR, Buchsbaum MS Imaging moputso oa chelete ho batho ba bapalang papali ea chelete. World J. Biol. Psychiatry. 2005;6: 113-120. doi: 10.1080 / 15622970510029768 [E fetotsoe]
  • Hommer, D. 2004 Khothatso ea joala. E Int. Conf. ho Lik'homphieutha tsa Neuro tse ts'oanang le ho noa ho tlōla, New Haven, CT.
  • Hommer D, Andreasen P, Rio D, Williams W, Rettimann U, Monenan R, Zametkin A, Rawlings R, Linnoila M. Liphello tsa m-chlorophenylpiperazine boemong ba boko bo sebelisoang ke boko: boemo ba positi bo bapisoang le lihlooho tsa tahi le taolo. J. Neurosci. 1997;17: 2796-2806. [E fetotsoe]
  • Hommer DW, Bjork JM, Knutson B, Caggiano D, Fong G, Danube C. Tšusumetso ho bana ba joala. Joala. Clin. Exp. Res. 2004;28: 22A. efe: 10.1097 / 00000374-200408002-00412
  • Jellinger KA Pathology ea lefu la Parkinson: mafu a mang ntle le tsela ea nigrostriatal. Mol. Chem. Neuropathol. 1991;14: 153-197. [E fetotsoe]
  • Kalivas PW, Volkow ND Mokhoa oa neural oa ho lemalla: lefu la ts'oaetso le khetho. Na. J. Psychiatry. 2005;162: 1403-1413. doi: 10.1176 / appi.ajp.162.8.1403 [E fetotsoe]
  • Kim SW, Grant JE, Adson DE, Shin YC Habeli-foufetseng naltrexone le phapang ea placebo ho ithuta ho phekola papali ea chelete. Biol. Psychiatry. 2001;49: 914-921. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01079-4 [E fetotsoe]
  • Kim SW, Grant JE, Adson DE, Shin YC, R. Zaninelli R. Tlhahlobo e laoloang ka bobeli e foufetseng, e sebelisoang ke placebo ea ts'ebetso le ts'ireletso ea paroxetine ho phekola boloetse ba papali ea papali ea chelete. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2002;63: 501-507. [E fetotsoe]
  • Knutson B, Fong GW, Bennett SM, Adams CM, Hommer D. Sebaka se khethollang likorte se nang le likarolo tse atlehileng ka nako e lekaneng: ho khetholla le fMRI e amanang le ketsahalo e potlakileng. Nako ea mokokotlo. 2003;18: 263-272. doi:10.1016/S1053-8119(02)00057-5 [E fetotsoe]
  • Kosten TR, Scanley BE, Tucker KA, Oliveto A, Prince C, Sinha R, Potenza MN, Skudlarski P, Wexler BE Boiketsetso bo bakoang ke boko bo sebetsang le bo khutlisetsoa ho bakuli ba itšetlehileng ka cocaine. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;31: 644-650. doi: 10.1038 / sj.npp.1300851 [E fetotsoe]
  • Lang AE, Obeso JA Mathata a lefu la Parkinson: ho khutlisetsa sistimi ea nigrostriatal dopamine ha ea lekana. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3: 309-316. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00740-9 [E fetotsoe]
  • Linnoila M, Virkunnen M, Scheinen M, Nuutila A, Rimon R, Goodwin F. Low moriana o motsoako oa 5 hydroxy indolacetic acid li khetholla maikutlo a se nang maikutlo a se nang tšusumetso e mabifi. Bophelo Sci. 1983;33: 2609-2614. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(83)90344-2 [E fetotsoe]
  • Mamikonyan E, Siderowf AD, Duda JE, Potenza MN, Horn S, Stern MB, Weintraub D. Ts'alo-morao ea nako e telele ea mathata a taolo ea ts'usumetso ho lefu la Parkinson. Mov. Mathata. 2008;23: 75-80. doi: 10.1002 / mds.21770 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • McClure S, Laibson DI, Loewenstein G, Cohen JD e arohaneng le neural systems ea bohlokoa kapele le ho lieha ho fumana meputso ea chelete. Saense. 2004;306: 503-507. doi: 10.1126 / science.1100907 [E fetotsoe]
  • Menon V, Adleman NE, White CD, Glover GH, Boitsebisong bo amanang le bokooa bo amanang le phoso nakong ea sekolo sa Go / NoGo tšebetso ea thibelo. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2001;12: 131-143. doi:10.1002/1097-0193(200103)12:3<131::AID-HBM1010>3.0.CO;2-C [E fetotsoe]
  • Meyer G, Hauffa BP, Schedlowski M, Pawluk C, Stadler MA, Exton MS Casino papali ea chelete e eketsa lebelo la pelo le cortisol e bolokang lipapali tsa papali ea chelete. Biol. Psychiatry. 2000;48: 948-953. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00888-X [E fetotsoe]
  • Meyer G, Schwertfeger J, Exton MS, Janssen OE, Knapp W, MA Stadler, Schedlowski M, Kruger TH Neuroretocrine karabelo ho papali ea papali ea chelete ho bapala papali ea chelete. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004;29: 1272-1280. doi: 10.1016 / j.psyneuen.2004.03.005 [E fetotsoe]
  • Moeller FG, Barratt ES, Dougherty DM, Schmitz JM, Swann AC Psychiatric likarolo tsa ts'oaetso. Na. J. Psychiatry. 2001;158: 1783-1793. doi: 10.1176 / appi.ajp.158.11.1783 [E fetotsoe]
  • Naqvi NH, Rudrauf D, Damasio H, Bechara A. Tšenyo ea lihlekehleke tsena e sitisa ho tsuba koae ka tsuba. Saense. 2007;5811: 531-534. doi: 10.1126 / science.1135926 [E fetotsoe]
  • Nestler EJ Mekhoa ea likokoana-hloko tsa lithethefatsi. Neuropharmacology. 2004;47: 24-32. doi: 10.1016 / j.neuropharm.2004.06.031 [E fetotsoe]
  • New AS, et al. Blunted prefrontal cortical 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron tlhahiso ea tomography karabo ho pakane ea bona-chlorophenylpiperazine ka bohale bo sa tsitsang. Sethapo. Gen. Psychiatry. 2002;59: 621-629. doi: 10.1001 / archpsyc.59.7.621 [E fetotsoe]
  • Nordin C, Eklundh T. A fetolelitse boikutlo ba CSF 5-HIAA bathong ba papaling papali ea banna. CNS Spectr. 1999;4: 25-33. [E fetotsoe]
  • Oslin DW, Berrettini W, Kranzler HR, Pettinate H, Gelernter J, Volpicelli JR, O'Brien CP Polymermorphism e sebetsang ea li-mu-opioid receptor gene e amahanngoa le karabelo ea naltrexone ho bakuli ba itšetlehileng ka joala. Neuropsychophamacology. 2003;28: 1546-1552. doi: 10.1038 / sj.npp.1300219 [E fetotsoe]
  • Pallanti S, Bernardi S, Quercioli L, DeCaria C, Hollander E. Serotonin ho se sebetse ho batho ba nang le papali ea papali ea chelete: ho eketsa karabo ea prolactin ho molomo oa m-CPP khahlanong le placebo. CNS Spectr. 2006;11: 955-964. [E fetotsoe]
  • Pearlson, GD, Shashwath, M., Andre T. . Ka Sekolo sa Amerika sa Neuropsychopharmacology Seboka sa Selemo le Selemo, Boca Raton, FL.
  • Petry NM, Stinson FS, Grant BF Co-morbidity ea DSM-IV ea papali ea papali ea chelete le mathata a mang a mafu a kelello: sephetho se hlahisitsoeng ke Phuputso ea National Epidemiologic mabapi le Joala le Maemo a Amanang. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2005;66: 564-574. [E fetotsoe]
  • Potenza MN Na mathata a ho lemalla a lemalla a kenyeletsa maemo a sa amaneng le lintho? Mathata. 2006;101(Suppl. 1): 142-151. doi: 10.1111 / j.1360-0443.2006.01591.x [E fetotsoe]
  • Potenza MN, Steinberg MA, McLaughlin S, Wu R, Rounsaville BJ, O'Malley SS Phapang e amanang le tekano litsobetsong tsa batho ba nang le bothata ba papali ea chelete ba sebelisang mohala oa thuso oa papali ea chelete. Na. J. Psychiatry. 2001;158: 1500-1505. doi: 10.1176 / appi.ajp.158.9.1500 [E fetotsoe]
  • Potenza MN, Leung H.-C, Blumberg HP, Peterson BS, Skudlarski P, Lacadie C, Gore JC FMRI Stroop tlhahlobo ea lipatlisiso tsa prefrontal cortical mosebetsing oa lipapali tsa papali ea papali ea chelete. Na. J. Psychiatry. 2003a;160: 1990-1994. doi: 10.1176 / appi.ajp.160.11.1990 [E fetotsoe]
  • Potenza MN, Steinberg MA, Skudlarski P, RK Fulbright, Lacadie C, Wilber MK, Rounsaville BJ, Gore JC, Wexler BE Ho bapala papali ea chelete ho batho ba nang le bokooa: papali ea fMRI. Sethapo. Gen. Psychiatry. 2003b;60: 828-836. doi: 10.1001 / archpsyc.60.8.828 [E fetotsoe]
  • Potenza MN, Voon V, Weintraub D.Temoho ea lithethefatsi: mathata a taolo ea ts'usumetso le kalafo ea dopamine ho lefu la Parkinson. Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurosci. 2007;3: 664-672. doi: 10.1038 / ncpneuro0680 [E fetotsoe]
  • Reuter J, Raedler T, Rose M, Hand I, Glascher J, papali ea chelete ea Buchel C. Pathological e amana le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea moputso oa moputso. Nat. Neurosci. 2005;8: 147-148. doi: 10.1038 / nn1378 [E fetotsoe]
  • Roy A, et al. Papali ea papali ea chelete. Thuto ea psychobiological. Sethapo. Gen. Psychiatry. 1988;45: 369-373. [E fetotsoe]
  • Roy A, de Jong J, Linnoila M. Extraversion ho bapalami ba papali ea papali ea chelete: e amanang le likarolo tsa mosebetsi oa noradrenergic. Sethapo. Gen. Psychiatry. 1989;46: 679-681. [E fetotsoe]
  • Schultz W, Tremblay L, Hollerman JR Reward e sebetsanang le lichelete tsa orbitofrontal cortex le basal ganglia. Cereb. Cortex. 2000;10: 272-284. doi: 10.1093 / cercor / 10.3.272 [E fetotsoe]
  • Shaffer HJ, Korn DA ea papali ea chelete le mathata a kelello a amanang le ona: tlhahlobo ea bophelo bo botle ba sechaba. Annu. Rev. Sechaba sa Bophelo. 2002;23: 171-212. doi: 10.1146 / annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140532 [E fetotsoe]
  • Shaffer HJ, Hall MN, Vander Bilt J. Ho hakanya ho ata ha papali ea chelete ho sa tsotellehe ho becha United States le Canada: phuputso ea lipatlisiso. Na. J. Sechaba sa Bophelo. 1999;89: 1369-1376. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Shinohara K, Yanagisawa A, Kagota Y, Gomi A, Nemoto K, Moriya E, Furusawa E, Furuya K, Tersawa K. Liphetoho tsa liphetoho lipapaling tsa Pachinko; beta-endorphin, catecholamines, immune system dintho le lebelo la pelo. Appl. Human Sci. 1999;18: 37-42. doi: 10.2114 / jpa.18.37 [E fetotsoe]
  • Siever LJ, Buchsbaum MS, New AS, Spiegel-Cohen J, Wei T, Hazlett EA, Sevin E, Nunn M, Mitropoulou V. d,l-Fenfluaramine karabo ka ho hloka boikutlo bo sa tsitsang botho bo hlahlojoang le [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron tlhahiso ea tomography. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999;20: 413-423. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(98)00111-0 [E fetotsoe]
  • Spanagel R, Herz A, Shippenberg TS Ho hanyetsa mekhoa e metle ea opioid e tsitsitseng e itekanetse ka tsela e tloaelehileng. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 1992;89: 2046-2050. doi: 10.1073 / pnas.89.6.2046 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Tanabe J, Thompson L, Claus E, Dalwani M, Hutchison K, Banich Mo khato ea pele ea cortex e fokotsoe ho becha le basebelisi ba lithethefatsi nakong ea ho etsa liqeto. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2007;28: 1276-1286. doi: 10.1002 / hbm.20344 [E fetotsoe]
  • Voon V, Hassan K, Zurowski M, de Souza M, Thomsen T, Fox S, Lang AE, Miyasaki J. Ho ata ha boits'oaro bo pheta-phetang le ho batla moputso ho lefu la Parkinson. Neurology. 2006;67: 1254-1257. doi: 10.1212 / 01.wnl.0000238503.20816.13 [E fetotsoe]
  • Voon V, Thomsen T, Miyasaki JM, de Souza M, Shafro A, Fox SH, Duff-Canning S, Lang AE, Zurowski M. Lintho tse amanang le papali ea chelete e amanang le ts'oaetso ea lithethefatsi ea dopaminergic ea lefu la Parkinson. Sethapo. Neurol. 2007;64: 212-216. doi: 10.1001 / archneur.64.2.212 [E fetotsoe]
  • Weintraub D, Siderow A, Potenza MN, Goveas J, Morales K, Duda J, Moberg P, Stern M. Sethapo. Neurol. 2006;63: 969-973. doi: 10.1001 / archneur.63.7.969 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Wexler BE, Gottschalk CH, Frbright RK, Prohovnik I, Lacadie CM, Rounsaville BJ, Gore JC Mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le matla a motlakase oa tlhaho ea cocaine. Na. J. Psychiatry. 2001;158: 86-95. doi: 10.1176 / appi.ajp.158.1.86 [E fetotsoe]
  • Wrase J, et al. Ho se sebetse ha moputso ho sebetsana le ho labalabela tahi ka lino tse tahang. Nako ea mokokotlo. 2007;35: 787-794. doi: 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2006.11.043 [E fetotsoe]