Phuputso e mabapi le tšusumetso ea ho lemalla marang-rang le tšusumetso ea mekhoa ea boipheliso boemong ba bophelo bo amanang le bophelo livietnam tsa bacha (2017)

Lilemong tse 20 tse fetileng, inthanete e se e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea maphelo a rona le sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa bakeng sa tšebelisano 'moho le puisano [1]. Ho fihlella marang-rang ho theko e tlaase ebile ho bile le kholo e potlakileng ea basebelisi linaheng tse tsoelang pele. Ts'ebeliso e ngata ea inthanete e hlahisitse litlamorao tse mpe bophelong ba basebelisi [2].

Sehlopha sa lipatlisiso se fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang e ka nkuoa e le mokhoa o lemalloang [3, 4]. Matšoao le matšoao a bokhoba ba marang-rang (IA) a kenyelletsa ho nahanisisa, matšoao a ho feto-fetoha ha maemo ho lumellana le ho tlohela, nako e ngata e sebelisoang (mamello) le ho sitisoa ha ts'ebetso kapa litlamorao tse mpe ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e feteletseng. IA e ka kenyelletsa lipapali tsa marang-rang le mefuta e meng ea tšebeliso ea marang-rang e kenyelletsang ho kenyelletsa ho jarolla ka ho feteletseng, ts'ebeliso ea liwebosaete tseo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho tsona le mabenkele a marang-rang [5]. Le ha inthanete e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea bophelo ba rona ba letsatsi le letsatsi, IA e ntse e ata haholo har'a bacha 'me e fetohile seoa lefatšeng ka bophara [6]. Bakeng sa bacha, tšehetso e futsanehileng ea sechaba le ho itšehla thajana li bontšitsoe ho fella ka IA [7]. Ntle le moo, IA e kanna ea ba le tšusumetso e mpe lithutong tsa kahisano, le likamano tsa batho [8]. Kahoo, ho bohlokoa ho lekola kamano lipakeng tsa tšusumetso ea batho ba inthaneteng le IA hobane bacha ba nang le lefu la IA hangata ba lihlong [9le ho ba le boiphihlelo bo tlase sechabeng [10]. Liphello tse mpe tsa bokhoni bo tlase ba sechaba bo amanang le IA bo lula bo sa tsejoe [2]. Ha ho lithuto tse tlang ho tla fihlela joale tse ileng tsa hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa IA le tšusumetso ea batho ba inthaneteng.

IA e lebisa liphellong tse mpe bophelong ba kelello. Tlhahlobo ea meta e nang le bakuli ba 1641 ba nang le taolo e phetseng hantle ea IA le 11210 e fumane hore IA e ne e amana haholo le tšebeliso e mpe ea joala, tlhokomeliso ea tlhokomelo le khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho [5]. IA e kanna ea amahanngoa le mefuta e meng ea bokhoba ba ho lemalla ho tsuba le ho itlopa joala [11, 12]. Andrews et al. (2002) e fumane hore litšusumetso tsa lithaka li kentse letsoho ts'ebelisong ea lithethefatsi har'a bacha.13]. Ntle le mathata a kelello a bohloko, IA e boetse e baka mathata a 'mele ho kenyelletsa bohloko le mokokotlo [14]. Haeba IA e sa kenelletse qalong, e ka lebisa litlamong tse mpe 'meleng le kelellong ho bacha.

Ho 2013, tlhahlobo ea linaha tse tšeletseng e ile ea etsoa mme ea bapisa ho ata ha IA har'a bacha ba Asia Chaena, Hong Kong, Japane, Korea Boroa, Malaysia, le Philippines [15]. IA e ne e tloaelehile hara bacha lilemong tsena tsa Asia mme tlhaselo ea IA e ne e phahame haholo Philippines (21%). Lebaka la ho ata haholo ha IA hara bacha ba Asia e kanna ea ba hobane hangata ba tobana le likhohlano lipakeng tsa setso se kopaneng [16]17]. Mesebetsi ea inthaneteng e lumella bacha ba Asia ho qoba ho lemoha mathata a bona a sebele le a bophelo ba nnete [16]. Bacha ba Asia ba ka kenya letsoho liketsong tsa marang-rang tse kang papali ea inthanete ho qoba likhohlano lipakeng tsa setso se kopaneng le sebopeho sa boitsebahatso ba bona [16]. Chaena, tšebeliso ea mathata a marang-rang e ne e amahanngoa le matšoao a psychosomatic le ho se khotsofale ha bophelo [14]. Kua Taiwan, mabaka a neng a beha kotsi ho IA e ne e le bong ba banna, bophelo bo botle ba kelello le ts'ehetso e mpe ea sechaba [18]. Ho bohlokoa ho ithuta IA har'a bacha ba linaheng tse ling tsa Asia hobane bacha ba bopa boholo ba basebelisi ba marang-rang mme ba bang ba bona ba bonts'a boits'oaro bo bobebe ho marang-rang [18]. Naha e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa e sa kenyelelitsoeng tlhahlobisong ea linaha tse tšeletseng tsa 2013 e ne e le Vietnam.

Ho ata ha IA Vietnam ha ho tsejoe. Son et al. (2012) e fumane hore monna e monyane oa Moindonesia ea lemaletseng papali ea papali ea lipapatso tse ngata tsa inthanete o ne a e-na le lintlha tse phahameng maemong a kelello [19]. Ho lemalla papali ea inthanete ha ho emele batho bohle ba IA. Vietnam ke e 'ngoe ea moruo o hōlang ka potlako mme morabe oa Kinh o thehiloe ho pota 86% ea baahi. Boemo ba IA bo lula bo sa tsejoe hara morabe oa Kinh o hatelletsang ka tlamahano ea lelapa le bomoea e kenyelletsang ketso ea khumamelo ea baholo-holo. Ho 2015, Vietnam e ne e na le basebelisi ba marang-rang ba 44.4 ba limilione tse likete mme ho nahanoa hore e tla hola ho fihlela basebelisi ba marang-rang ba 55.8 ba limilione tsa 2018 [20]. Ka lebaka la tekanyo e phahameng ea ho kenella ka hare ho phallo ea marang-rang Vietnam, ha ho na pelaelo hore IA e ntse e mpefala le ho feta har'a bacha ba Vietnam. IA ha e ithutoe haholo Vietnam ha e bapisoa le linaha tse ling tsa Asia hobane tsamaiso ea tlhokomelo ea bophelo e shebile haholo ho mafu a 'mele [19]. Ntle le moo, ho na le tlhaiso-leseling ea IA ea mosali e monyane oa Vietnam.

Thutong ena, re ithutile tlhahlobo ea IA le boleng ba bophelo bo amanang le bophelo bo botle (HRQOL) ka marang-rang re shebile haholo bacha ba Vietnam ba hlaselehang ho IA ka lebaka la phihlello ea ho bala le ho ngola inthaneteng. Morero oa thuto ena e ne e le ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa mokhatlo oa IA, tšusumetso ea batho ba inthaneteng le HRQOL. Taba ea pele, re bapisa phapang pakeng tsa Vietnamese e nyane le IA ntle. Ka mor'a moo, re fuputse khokahano lipakeng tsa boits'oaro ba marang-rang, HRQOL, mathata a bophelo bo botle ba 'mele le kelello. Re ile ra nahana ka hore ho na le phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa Vietnamese e nyane le IA ntle ho (i) mekhoa ea sechaba le sechaba; (ii) likarolo tse fapaneng tsa tšusumetso ea motho ea inthaneteng; (iii) ho ba teng ha mathata a bophelo bo botle ba 'mele le kelello; (iv) HRQOL le (v) ho hlaha hoa mefuta e meng ea bokhoba ba ho lemalla. Ka ho supa lintlha tse amanang le HRQOL e sa sebetseng hantle, thuto ena e ikemiselitse ho supa sepheo sa ho kenella lipakeng tsa bophelo bo botle ho ntlafatsa HRQOL, bophelo bo botle ba 'mele le kelello ba bacha ba Vietnam nakong ea marang-rang le setso sa marang-rang.

Morero oa thuto ena ea bo-pula-maliboho e ne e le ho utloisisa tšebelisano lipakeng tsa IA, tšusumetso ea batho ba inthaneteng le HRQOL har'a bacha ba Vietnam. Maikutlo a hore ho bile le phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa Vietnam le bacha ntle le IA maemong a fapaneng a tšusumetso ea motho ea inthaneteng, ho hlaha ha mathata a bophelo bo botle ba 'mele le kelello le HRQOL li tiisitsoe. Ho fapana le moo, maikutlo a hore ho bile le phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa Vietnam le mocha ntle le IA litšobotsing tsa sechaba le ho hlaha ha mefuta e meng ea bokhoba ha bo a netefatsoa.

Thutong ena, ho ata ha IA e ne e le 21.2% mme e thehiloe ke lekhotla la lipotso le netefalitsoeng, IAT e ileng ea khona ho nka likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa IA [11]. Tekanyo ea rona ea tšoaetso e phahame kapa e tšoana le lithuto tse ling tsa Asia (ho ata ha IA Philippines e ne e le 21% (Mak et al. 2014); Korea e ne e le 20% [31]; Taiwan e ne e le 17.9% [18]; Singapore e ne e le 17.1% [32], Hong Kong e ne e le 16.4% [15]; Malaysia e ne e le 14.1% [15]; Korea Boroa e ne e le 9.7% [15] mme Japane e ne e le 6.2% [15]). Ho ata ha IA Vietnam ho phahame haholo ho feta ho ata ha IA e tlalehiloeng China [15, 33]. Ho ata ha IA ho tlalehiloe ho fapana haholo ho tloha ho ithuteng [14]. Phapang e ka bakoa ke liphapang tsa mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea IA, hammoho le phapang ea naha ho ateng ea IA ka lebaka la liphapang tse fapaneng tsa setso le sechaba [14]. Ho na le monyetla oa hore IA ke bothata bo hlahang le ho ata ha IA ho eketsehile ho tloha 2009. Ho bohlokoa haholo ho naha e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho etsa lithuto ho lekola ho ata ha IA ka linako tsohle.

Khahlano le seo ba se fumaneng lithutong tse fetileng tsa Asia, ho ne ho se na phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa IA le bao eseng IA ka tekanyo ea bong le ha lithuto tsa pejana tsa Asia li tlaleha hore bong ba banna ke ntho e kotsi ho IA [14, 18]. Bafuputsi ba boetse ba tiisa hore lipapali tsa marang-rang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke mabaka a mantlha a tlatsetsang ho IA ho bahlankana. Seo re se fumaneng se fana ka maikutlo a hore basali ba bacha ba kotsing ea ho IA. Ho bona sena ho ka bakoa ke taba ea hore bahlankana le banyane ba tloaetse ho lekana linthong tse ngata tsa bophelo ho kenyeletsoa le marang-rang. Ho hlokahala lithuto tse ling ho hlokomela ho se tšoane hoa bong ho IA linaheng tse ling. Vietnam le bacha ba Vietnam ba neng ba se na menyetla ea ho tsuba, ba tsubang lipompo tsa joala le joala ha ba bapisoa le balekane ba bona ntle le IA. Sena se ka hlalosoa ke hore morabe oa Kinh o talima ho tsuba-pompo ea metsi a tsubang e le karolo ea litloaelo tsa bona tsa setso mme ba sa amaneng le IA.

Mabapi le mefuta ea litšusumetso tsa batho ba tsoang kamanong ea marang-rang, likamano tsa inthanete li bontšitse litšusumetso tse phahameng haholo mekhoeng ea boits'oaro le mekhoa ea bophelo ho Vietnam e monyane e nang le IA. Phuputso ena e boetse e bonts'a hore MoVietnam e monyane ea nang le IA o ne a khona ho etela libaka le ho etsa lintho tse khothaletsoang ke metsoalle ea bona ea inthaneteng. Tsena ke liphetho tse khahlisang kaha ha ho na lithuto tse fihlang ho fihlela joale tse ileng tsa hlahloba litšusumetso tsa batho ba inthaneteng mabapi le mekhoa ea boits'oaro le boitšoaro ho bacha ba nang le lefu la IA. Liphumano tsena li sebetsa e le phepelo hape li hloka ho phetoa hape linaheng tse ling. Ena ke ntho e lebelletsoeng ho fihlela hobane Vietnamese e nyane e nang le IA e qeta nako e ngata inthaneteng. Marang-rang ke ona feela mokhoa oa bophelo sechabeng hobane ho haella ha tšehetso ea sechaba ho tsoa ho ba lelapa le metsoalle eo eseng ea marang-rang ke lisosa tse ka sehloohong tsa IA [7]. Ho tsoa ponong ea kelello, batho ba nang le IA ba hloka boiteko bo matla ba kelello ba ho etsa qeto [34]. Ka lebaka leo, ba kanna ba khetha ho batla boeletsi ho lithaka tsa marang-rang ho ba thusa ho etsa qeto ka mesebetsi kapa ho etela libaka. Ho tsoa ka maikutlo a sechaba, tlhaloso e 'ngoe ke hore bacha ba nang le IA ba ikutloa ba sireletsehile kapa ba phutholohile haholoanyane ka puisano ea inthanete [2], haholoholo hara ba nang le bothata ba IA le ho jeoa ke bolutu [18]. Ka lebaka leo, bacha ba nang le IA ba bulehetse litlhahiso tse ngata ke metsoalle ea bona ea inthaneteng. Ha ho makatse hore ebe MoVietnam e monyane ea nang le IA o sebelisitse nako e ngata haholo mecheng ea litaba tsa sechaba joalo ka Facebook letsatsi le letsatsi.

Vietnamese e nyane e nang le IA e ne e le monyetla oa ho tlaleha ho hlaha ha ho ba le mathata mesebetsing ea ho itlhokomela le mesebetsing e tloaelehileng, bohloko kapa ho se khotsofale, matšoenyeho kapa khatello ea maikutlo. Liphetho tsena li tsamaisana le lipatlisiso tse fetileng tse bonts'itseng likamano pakeng tsa IA le bokuli bo botle ba kelello [11, 14, 18]. Liphumano tsa rona li tiisa hore IA e ka senya boiketlo ba kelello ba Vietnamese e ncha. Cao et al. (2009) e khothalelitse hore tšebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete hangata e lebisa hofetong ea kelello le ho fella ka mathata a bophelo bo botle [14]. Lingaka tsa tlhokomelo ea mantlha li hloka ho lekola boemo ba bophelo bo botle ba 'mele le ba kelello ba bacha ba nang le IA linaheng tse tsoelang pele. Ntle le moo, mabapi le HRQOL, Vietnamese e nyane e nang le IA e ne e le tlase haholo lenaneong la EQ-5D le EQ-5D VAS. Liphumano tsena li tsamaellana le litlaleho tsa pejana ho IA le ho se khotsofale ke bophelo [14]. Se fumanoeng hajoale se tiisa liphetho tsa lipatlisiso tsa pejana tse boneng hore nako e telele ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e lebisa ho senyehileng ho sebetsang [18]. Tlhahlobo ea regression e bontšitse hore IA le ts'ebeliso ea joala li kenya letsoho ho HRQOL e mpe ho Vietnamese e nyane. Ho fumana sena ho fana ka maikutlo a hore IA e ka ba kotsi joalo ka bokhoba ba tahi.

Phuputso ena e fumane hore IA ke bothata bo tloaelehileng ho Vietnamese e nyane mme ho ata ha IA ke eona e holimo ka ho fetisisa ha e bapisoa le linaha tse ling tsa Asia. Basali ka bobeli ba kotsing ea ho tšoaroa ke IA. Boithuto ba rona bo kentse letsoho kutlwisisong ea tšebelisano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa IA, tšusumetso ea batho ba inthaneteng le HRQOL ho Vietnamese e nyane. Se fumanoeng se thusa litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle ho etsa meralo e thehiloeng bopaking ho sebetsana le litšusumetso tse mpe tsa batho ba inthaneteng tse amanang le IA ho Vietnamese e ncha.

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