Mohlala oa Boraro oa ho Bapala ha Inthaneteng oa ho Bapala (2017)

. 2017; 8: 285.

E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2017 Dec 14. doi:  10.3389 / fpsyt.2017.00285

PMCID: PMC5735083

inahaneloang

Ho bapala lipapali tsa Inthanete ho hlahile e le mohopolo o ntseng o hola oa boithabiso bo atileng. Maemong a mang, papali e feteletseng e ka lebisa ho matšoao a kang a bokhoba le litlamorao tse nyarosang tse ka bonoang ke ba bang e le lipontšo tsa bokhoba ba boitšoaro. Leha tumellano mabapi le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea lipapali tsa video e fetelletseng e e-so fihlelle mme mohlomong hobane tšimo e hloka patlisiso e eketsehileng, mesebetsi e mengata e hlahlobile antecedents le sephetho sa seo ho thoeng ke ts'ebeliso ea lipapali tsa marang-rang. Sehloohong sena, re ikemiselitse ho akaretsa maikutlo le liphumano tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo e ka tlisoang ke IGD le 'mapa liphetho tse joalo ho sisteme e laolang boitšoaro le ho etsa liqeto, bofokoli boo ho bonahetseng hore bo amana le litlatsetso tse ngata. mathata. Moetso ona oa "tripartite system" o kenyelletsa lits'ebetso tse tharo tse latelang tsa boko: (1) sistimi e sa tsitsang, eo hangata e arolelanang boits'oaro bo potlakileng, bo sa itjarang, bo sa sebetseng; (2) sistimi e bonts'ang, e nahanang ka ho nahanisisa, ho rera, ho hakanya sephetho sa kamoso sa boits'oaro bo khethiloeng, le ho fana ka taolo ea thibelo; le (3) sistimi e hlokisang kutloisiso, e hlahisang boemo ba ho lakatsa ka ho fetoleloa hoa lipontšo tsa somatic ho ba naha e kenang ea drive. Re fana ka maikutlo a hore ho theha le ho hlokomela lintho tsa IGD ho ka amahanngoa le (1) sistimi e "susumetsang" haholo " (2) sistimi e "bontshang" e matlafatsang, joalo ka ha e bonts'oa ke (3) sistimi e nang le tsebo ea kutloisiso e ka ntlafatsang ts'ebetso ea sistimi e sa tsitsang, le / kapa ho tjeka lisebelisoa tsa kelello tse tsamaeang ka sepheo se hlokahalang bakeng sa ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea sistimi e bonts'ang. Ho latela tlhahlobo ena, re fana ka litlhahiso tsa mekhoa ea ho ntlafatsa kalafo le kalafo ea IGD le ho fokotsa kotsi ea ho khutla har'a batho ba IGD.

Keywords: Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete, insula, ho etsa liqeto, fMRI, striatum

Selelekela

Marang-rang a fana ka mefuta e mengata ea lipapali tsa video, ho kenyelletsoa Motho oa Pele kapa Ego-Shooters (FPS), Lipapali tsa Maqhubu a Marang-rang. , e kenyeletsang likarolo tsa bobeli tsa MOBA le FPS. MMORPG ke mofuta oa lipapali o tummeng ho feta har'a batho ba baholo ba banyenyane ebile e bile sepheo sa lithuto tse ngata tsa IGD (). Ho sa tsotelehe mofuta oa papali le mofuta oa papali, li-videogames li kanna tsa lemalla kaha li fana ka meputso e matla eo ho leng thata ho e hanela, mme e khothalletsoang haholo ke baetsi ba videogame e le ho netefatsa hore libapali li tsoelapele ho sebelisa lipapali tsa bona (). Mohlala, ba fana ka litlhoko tse fapaneng tsa basebelisi, joalo ka tlhoko ea ho baleha, katleho ea bochaba, le ho etsa lintho hantle, ka hona, li khahla bacha ba bangata ba baholo ().

Patlisiso e bontšitse hore ho fanoa ka melemo e joalo ea kelello e hlahisoang ke litlhoko tse fanoang ke videogames le ho sitoa ha batho ba bang ho laola mekhoa ea bona ea ho batla moputso, libapali tse ling li ka hlahisa matšoao a kang a tlhekefetso kamanong le videogames le hore matšoao ana a ka hlahisa mefuta e fapaneng ea litlamorao, ho bana (, ), bacha-baholo (, ), le basebetsi ba mokhatlo (-). Mohopolo oa bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang (IGD) o khothalelitsoe e le mokhoa oa ho kopanya liketsahalo le matšoao a joalo. IGD ke litekanyetso tsa boits'oaro ho bongata ba bokhoba ba marang-rang. E ka hlalosoa e le tšebeliso e sa khaotseng le e sebelisoang khafetsa ea marang-rang ea ho etsa lipapali, hangata le libapali tse ling, e lebisang ho senyeha kapa khatello ea maikutlo ka nako ea likhoeli tsa 12 (, ). Boithuto bo bongata bo sebelisitse li-adaptation kapa litlhaloso tsa tlhaloso ena, leha ho sa na le pherekano e kholo mabapi le meeli ea IGD le tekanyo ea eona (). Ho ata ha conceptualizations le mehato e ka kenyang sekhahla sa litekanyetso tse fapaneng tse hakanyetsoang lithutong tse fapaneng; ho tloha 0.1% ho isa ho 50% ().

Ho 2013, phetolelo e nchafalitsoeng ea Diagnosis and Statistical Manual for Mental Dis shida (DSM-5) e kenyellelitse IGD ho sehlomathisong sa eona mme ea fana ka litlhahiso tse robong tsa ho tšoaea lefu lena (, ). Mekhoa ena ke:

  • ho ameha haholo ka lipapali tsa inthanete
  • matšoao a ho khaola a ho teneha, ho tšoenyeha kapa ho hlonama
  • nts'etsopele ea mamello
  • liteko tse sa atleheng tsa ho laola boitšoaro
  • ho lahleheloa ke thahasello mesebetsing e meng
  • Ts'ebetso e tsoetseng pele ntle le tsebo ea mathata a kelello
  • ho thetsa ba bang mabapi le nako e sebelisitsoeng papaling
  • tšebeliso ea tloaelo ena ho baleha kapa ho imolla mohopolo o mobe
  • senya / lahleheloa ke kamano ea bohlokoa / mosebetsi / monyetla oa thuto.

Litekanyetso tsena li amahantsoe le moetlo o amanang le lithethefatsi (). Bafo ba lokela ho araba ka che / che ho lipotso tse kang, "Na u qeta nako e ngata u nahana ka lipapali le ha u sa bapala, kapa u rera ha u ka bapala ka nako e latelang?"; ho na le sebaka sa tlhahlobo se khaotsoeng sa litekanyetso tse hlano ho DSM-5 (). Leha ho le joalo, ho fana ka litlhahiso tse joalo le lits'oants'o ho hlahisitse matshwenyeho a mangata mabapi le ho tsitsa ha bona, ho itšetleha ka mehlala ea litheko ho tsoa libakeng tse ling, le ho its'etleha lipatlisisong tsa pele, tseo maemong a mangata li sebelisitseng mehlala e seng ea bongaka (). Kahoo, ba bangata ba phethela ka hore ho ea pele re hloka ho etsa lipatlisiso tse ling mabapi le IGD le / kapa ho kopanya lithuto tsa pele hantle (). Mona, re ithaopela ho fana ka lipatlisiso tsa lipatlisiso tsa pejana mabapi le IGD, re sebelisa sebopeho se ikhethileng, e leng neuro-cognitive.

Motheong oa meetso ea morao-rao ea neuro-cuffitive ea bokhoba ba tahi (-), le ho tšoana ho teng lipakeng tsa IGD le litumelo tse ling (, -), re fana ka maikutlo a hore likarolo tsa neural tse amehang ho nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea IGD li ka kenyelletsa lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa tsa boko tse laolang boitšoaro le ho etsa liqeto. Lits'oants'o lits'ebetsong tse joalo li bonts'itsoe hore li amana le mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea lits'ebetso, ho kenyelletsa le tsa boitšoaro). Ho lumellanya pono ena, re pheha khang ea hore IGD e kanna ea amahanngoa le ho se lekane pakeng tsa lits'ebetso tse 'maloa tse hokahaneng tsa neural: (1) system e "potlakisang" e potlakileng, e iketsang, ebile e sa tsebe letho; e phahamisa liketso tse iketsang le tse etsahalang; (2) sistimi e “bonts'ang” e khanyang ebile e sebetsa ka boomo, e bolela esale pele litlamorao tsa boitšoaro le ho fana ka taolo ea thibelo; le (3) sistimi ea tlhokomeliso e kopanyang, e fetotsang matšoao a tlase a ho etsa maemo a iketelletsang a litakatso, e leng se ka hlahisang ts'ebetso ea sistimi e sa tsitsang, le / kapa ho bokella lisebelisoa tsa tlhokomeliso tse tsamaeang le sepheo tse hlokahalang bakeng sa ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea mokhoa oa ho bonahatsa (). Paleng ena, re hlalosa khokahano lipakeng tsa lits'ebetso tsena tse tharo tsa neural le IGD le bopaki bo tšehetsang mohlala ona oa boraro. Re sebelisa litlhaloso tsena bakeng sa ho supa litšitiso le mekhoa e ka bang teng lithutong tse tlang.

Lits'ebetso tsa ho bapala Lipapatso Inthaneteng

Meetso ea bokhoba ba ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso (sensitization process)) e fetolang boits'oaro ho tloha ho se qobellehe ho ba ho qobella. E ts'oanang le mathata a mang a lemallo a shebang boitšoaro (mohlala, papali ea chelete), linyeoe tsa IGD li nts'etsapele maemo a lemallo ntle le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Sena se ka etsahala ha ho na le thepa e ntle le e kenelletseng ea livideogames (, ) le bokhoni ba bona ba ho sebetsana le litlhoko tse ngata tsa tšebetso tsa motho (). Tsena li kenyelletsa: ho aha likamano, ho baleha, tlhoko ea ho fihlela katleho, le ho ithuta mechanics ea papali. Khothatso e joalo e eketsa nako ea ho bapala le takatso ea ho bapala ho feta (), eo ka nako e ts'oarellisang ts'ebetso ea moputso oa boko (, ) hape e ka lebisa matšoao a ho lemalla bathong ba tlokotsing ().

Ha se libapali tsohle tse tla hlahisa matšoao a kang a ho lemalla le ho fihlela mekhoa ea IGD, le haeba e bapalla nako e telele (). Patlisiso e bontšitse hore litšobotsi tsa botho bo kang mekhoa ea ho qoba, botho ba schizoid, ho fokotsa boitšoaro, narcissism, le boitšepo bo tlase li amana haholo le IGD (). Kahoo, batho ba nang le mekhoa e joalo ba ka ba le tšekamelo ho feta ho hlahisa batho ba IGD. Ntle le moo, lintlha tse amang tikoloho le tikoloho tse kang khatello e tsoang sekolong (), e batlang e phahame haholo Asia Bochabela, e kanna ea nyolla sekhahla se phahameng sa linyeoe tsa IGD linaheng tsa Asia (, ). Ba batona ba bonahala ba hlahisa litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa IGD ha li bapisoa le basali (); mme sena sea fetoha ha se shebaneng feela eseng lipapaling, empa haholo ho ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (). Ntle le tšebeliso ea maano a thibelo ea likotsi le a kotsi ao batsoali le matichere ba ka a latelang, batho ba baholo ba lilemong tse ngata ba potlakile ho feta ba bang ho lahleheloa ke taolo papaling ea marang-rang ().

Mona, ntle le ho theola bohlokoa ba likarolo tse ngata tse lemalloang tsa lipapali tsa video, re totobatsa thepa e 'meli e hlokomolohuoang haholo eo li-videogames tse ngata li nang le eona mme e ka tsamaisang boitšoaro bo bobe, haeba motho a e-na le bofokoli tsamaisong ea boko e laolang ho etsa liqeto:

  • (1)
    Ho fana ka sebaka sa tokoloho bakeng sa libapali
    Tikoloho e fumanehang e bolela hore libapali li ka phethahatsa litakatso tsa bona tse neng li ke ke tsa fihlella bophelong ba 'nete,' me ka nakoana, batho ba bang ba nang le litšobotsi tse ntle [mohlala, khopolo ea False Online Self in Ref. ()]. Litšobotsi tsena li ka ba le moputso o motle, 'me li hlahise lebaka le ka hlahisang hore na ke hobaneng libapali tsa lipapali li phehella papaling ea marang-rang le ha ho e-na le liphetho tse tebileng?). Mohlala, nakong ea lipapali tse joalo, karolo e bapaloang ke sebapali e ka senya le ho lematsa ba bang lefats'eng mme ea ba le botho bo matla, bo ka fapana le boits'oaro ba sebapali. Sebaka sa papali se ka khahla hape hobane se lumella maemo a pefo ao hangata a sa lefelloeng lefatšeng la 'nete. Lipapali tse ngata tsa inthanete li na le lintho tse mabifi; tšobotsi ena e ka phahamisa thahasello lipapaling le ho e etsa hore e be le moputso o moholo, haholoholo ho bacha ba baholo ().
    Ntle le likarolo tsa pefo, lipapali tsa inthanete li fana ka tikoloho ho phethahatsa takatso ea libapali tsa ho theha setsoalle, ho phephetsa bokhoni ba hau le ho laela ba bang (, ). Ka mantsoe a mang, lefats'e lena le fana ka sebaka sa ho baleha khatello ea maikutlo ho tsoa bophelong ba nnete mme boemo ba maikutlo ba motho bo ka ntlafatsoa ka ho bapala inthaneteng (). Ho feta moo, lipapali tse ngata tsa inthanete li lumella libapali ho lefa bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa bokhoni ba avatar bo li emelang [ho bapaloa ha papali, bona, ka mohlala, Ref. ()]. Ts'ebetso ena e lumella ntlafatso e potlakileng le e bonolo ha e bapisoa le liteko tsa nnete tsa ho ntlafatsa setšoantšo sa motho le motho (). Kahoo, batho ba tlokotsing ba ka kenella lefatšeng la sebele mme ba qoba lefatše la 'nete (). Ka kakaretso, lefats'e la tlhaho le kenyelletsa lintho tse ngata tse thusang libapali tsa papali ho etsa lits'oants'o bophelong ba bona ba 'nete ebile li fana ka likguts'o tse monate tsa ho fihlela litabatabelo lefats'eng la papiso. Ts'ebetso ena e tlisa melemo kelellong, ka linako tse ling e feta bophelo ba 'nete. Ka hona e ka susumetsa tšusumetso eo ka nako e telele e ka fetohelang ho qobelloang.
  • (2)
    Ho se tsejoe
    Ka tloaelo ho tsejoa ho sa bonoe e le bokhoni ba ba bang ba ho khetholla motho (). Ho se tsebahale ho tloaelehile lipapaling tse ngata tsa video tseo ho tsona basebelisi ba sebelisang pseudonyms ho itlhalosa. Sena se fa libapali tsa Inthanete libapali tsa tšireletseho (ea bohata kapa che), e leng se etsang hore tikoloho e ntle e khahle haholo. Maemong a joalo, batho ba ka hlahisa boitšoaro bo sa tloaelehang mme ba lokolohile ho ahlola ka kotloloho; mohlala, batho ba hlaselehang habonolo ba ka bontša boitšoaro bo litšila lipapaling tsa marang-rang (). Boitšoaro bona bo nyefolang bo ka hokahana le tahlehelo ea taolo ea thibelo (). Ha ho le joalo, tikoloho eo ho nahanoang hore e ka ba e sireletsehileng e fuoang litšobotsi tse sa tsejoeng e lumella basebelisi ba lemaletseng ho etsa boitšoaro bo litšila, bo lumellanang le bofokoli ba bona matleng a boitaolo. Ha ho senoloa boitsebahatso ba 'nete ba motho, libapali tse khahlanong le sechaba ha li hloke ho jara boikarabello bakeng sa boitšoaro ba bona ba papali, le ho emisa ho natefeloa ha bona tikolohong e fumanehang (). Tlhokahalo ena e fokolisitsoeng ea ho ithiba e boetse e khahla haholo, e ka hlahisa meputso e matla ea kelello, 'me qetellong, ho basebelisi ba tlokotsing, e lebisa phetoho ho tloha papaling e tloaelo ho ea papaling e qobelloang.

IGD le Tsamaiso ea Brain System e Tsamaisang (System 1)

Nakong ea bokhoba ba ho lemalla, kutloelo-bohloko ea litloaelo tse amanang le ntho e lemalloang kapa boitšoaro e ntse e eketseha butle-butle, 'me likarabo li fetoha ka tsela e iketsang kamora ho pepesehela tšusumetso ea bokhoba ba tahi (). Ts'ebetso ena e ka fetohela boits'oarong bo tataisoang ke sepheo ho etsa boits'oaro bo qobelloang, moo ketso e ikemiselitseng ntle le boleng ba sepheo, 'me e hlahise boitšoaro bo sa susumetseng (). Patlisiso e fetileng e bonts'a hore ho qobella ho tsamaisana le ho batla bocha le ho nka liqeto tse mpe mme ho ka lebisa litlamorao tse mpe tse kang tahlehelo ea chelete kapa ho se atlehe sechabeng; ka hona, e theha nts'etsopele le ho boloka boikemelo ba mmuso ().

Boithuto ba morao-rao bo fumane hore sistri-cortical system ke ea mantlha ea ho sebetsa pele ho nako ntle le ponelo-pele (). Sisteme ena e kenyelletsa striatum (dopaminergic system) le amygdala, e leng meetso ea bohlokoa e thehang tsamaiso e sa tsitsang, le ho kenyelletsa moputso ka ho batla le ho qobella, ka ho susumetsa maikutlo (). Ka hona, amygdala e tlalehiloe khafetsa hore e kenya letsoho liketsong tse behang motho kotsing; letsoalo le tlase la litaba tsa bohlooho ho amygdala le fumanoe linyeoeng tse ngata tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi (, ) mme e ka bonoa e le sesupo sa ho etsa hore sistimi ea amygdala-striatal e sebetse haholoanyane (, ).

Patlisiso e boetse e supa karolo ea sistimi ea amygdala-striatal ho nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea IGD. Meetso ea sistimi e sa susumetseng e fetohile nakong ea phetoho ho tloha sepheo se lebisitsoeng ho sepheo sa boitšoaro bo tlamang (). Mohlala, ho bapala lipapali tse ngata tsa inthanete ho ne ho amahanngoa le likarolo tse ikhethang tsa polasetiki ea sebopeho libakeng tsa litereke. Boithuto ba positron emission tomography bo fumane hore, kamora ts'ebeliso ea nako e telele ea inthanete, boemo ba dopamine D2 receptor le baeti ba teng kahare ea likarolo tsa striatum bo fokotsehile ha bo bapisoa le taolo (, ). Patlisiso ea morphometry e thehiloeng ho Voxel e khothalelitse hore ho bapala lipapali tsa Inthanete khafetsa ho amahanngoa le lipalo tse phahameng tsa papali ea striatal le caudate e nepahetseng ha e bapisoa le libapali tsa lipapali tse sa lekanyetsoang (, ), empa amygdala ea naha e 'ngoe e ne e na le bothata bo tlase ba bohlooho litabeng tsa IGD ha li bapisoa le taolo (). Ho feta moo, ka ho pheta-pheta boiphihlelo ba papali ea marang-rang le ho pepesehela tlhahisoleseling e amanang le papali, libapali li ithuta ho amahanya papali le moputso, 'me butle-butle e ba hypersensitive ho litefiso tse amanang le papali (). Ts'ebetso ena e ka theha khokahano lipakeng tsa lintlha tse amanang le papali le maikutlo a matle, tse ka eketsang tšebetso ea dopaminergic le maemo a dopamine ().

Ho feta moo, motho ea hlahisang matšoao a IGD a ka fetoha hypersensitive ho lintlha tse amanang le papali; ka mantsoe a mang, hlaolela khethollo malebana le mekhoa e amanang le papali (), e ka hlahang litabeng tse kang ho kheloha ha nako (). Boitšoaro ba motho bo khethoa ke likarolo tse peli tsa mohopolo, ho ba le tsebo e hlakileng, e kenyelletsang setsoalle sa memori le maemo a boemo, le tlhalohanyo e hlakileng, e kenyelletsang ho lemohuoa le ho etsa liqeto ka boomo (). Ho ea ka tlhahlobo e kopanetsoeng ea mokhatlo, e sebelisetsoang ho bapisa mekhatlo e sa ts'oaneng, libapali tse nang le IGD li na le karabelo e khothatsang e hlakileng ho li-skrini tsa lipapali (), ho kenyelletsa le maemong a motho ea thuntseng oa motho oa pele le lipapali tsa mabelo (). Liphumano tsena li bonts'a setsoalle se matla lipakeng tsa bosholu bo sa bonahaleng le boits'oaro bo sa laoleheng. Ho lemoha ka botlalo ha ho emele feela karabelo ea boithatelo ba ntho e itseng empa e ka boela ea ama boits'oaro bo itseng, joalo ka ho bapala videogames inthaneteng. Hobane ho lemoha lintho tse sa phethahalang ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa boits'ebetsong ba ho lemalla ho pholletsa le tloaelo ea mekhoa ea ho itlela ka tsela e iketsang, 'me likhopolo tsena hangata li kopantsoe. dessyecik sistimi ea amygdala-striatal, modumo ea sistimi ena e ka amahanngoa le boits'oaro bo lematsang (, ), ho kenyelletsa tšebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea mahlale le tšebeliso ea mathata a litheknoloji ((, , , , , , ).

Lithuto tsa fMRI li boetse li supa liphapang lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea boko ba ts'ebetso e sa tsitsang ea linyeoe tsa IGD tse seng tsa IGD. Bobeli ba arterial spin-labeling perfusion le tšebetso e sebetsang ea matla a matla a phello ea matla a khoheli a fumaneng phapang nakong ea ho phomola: Lihlooho tsa IGD li bonts'itse phallo ea mali a konkreite e phahameng haholo ho parahippocampal le amygdala () mme e senotsoe e fokotseng khokahano ea tšebetso ka li-circuits tsa fronto-striatal (, ). Boithuto bo sebelisang "cue-reactivity paradigm" bo bonts'itse ts'ebetso e phahameng ea striatum har'a lithuto tsa IGD, ha e bapisoa le taolo (, ). Ba boetse ba khothaletsa phapang ea tšebetso lipakeng tsa karohano ea methapo le methapo. Kamora ho hlahisa tšusumetso e amanang le papali le tšusumetso ea ho se nke lehlakore, ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea litho tsa IGD ea leqele e bontšitse ho ikamahanya hampe le ho lakatsa ho hoholo, empa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea dorsal e ne e tsamaisana hantle le nako ea IGD. Ka hona, phetoho ea ho tloha ho kenella hare ho ea ho dorsal striatal process ea litloaelo tse amanang le bokhoba e ka ba teng hara batho ba IGD ().

Ka kakaretso, ho bapala ka marang-rang ka ho tsoelang pele ho ka theha setsoalle se matla lipakeng tsa moputso le boitšoaro bo botle, 'me mokhatlo ona o kopantsoe haholo le tsamaiso ea amygdala-striatal (); ho senyeha ha sistimi ena ho ka amahanngoa le bokhoba ba litheko ka kakaretso () mme ka ho khetheha IGD (, ). Ho senyeha ha ts'ebetso e qobelloang ho ka tšoana le ho ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le boits'oaro bo nang le mathata (). Ka hona, ha ho makatse ho bona tlhekefetso ea sebopeho, e sebetsang le e hokahaneng tsamaisong ena maemong ao ho nahanoang hore ke IGD.

IGD le Reflective Brain System (System 2)

Sisteme e bonts'ang e ka nkuoa e le taolo ea khothalletso ho moputso o amanang le bokhoba le boitšoaro bo sa tsitsang bo hlahisoang ke ts'ebetso e sa tsitsang. Sistimi e bonts'ang ponelo-pele ea litholoana tsa hona joale ebile e lumella ho phehella ho phehella lipheo tsa nako e telele. Sisteme ena e na le lits'ebetso tse peli tsa neural system: sistimi e "pholileng" (e hlahisoang ke mathata a sa tsejoeng, a khethiloeng, 'me e bua ka ts'ebetso ea mantlha ea ho sebetsa, ho thibela maikutlo le ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo) le ts'ebetso ea "ho chesa" (e amehang ho tsosa linaha tse itseng ho tsoa mohopolong, tsebong, ho hlokeng kelello, le ho kenya tšebetsong likarabo tse ngata tse ananelang / maikutlo (tse itseng) tse hananang le tse ling) ().

Boithuto bo bontšitse hore mesebetsi e metle ea bolaoli e itšetlehile haholo ka li-cortices tsa morao-rao tse tlase le tsa dorsolateral pele, le anterior cingulate cortex, le hore ba kenya letsoho mefuteng e 'maloa ea karabelo ea kelello, joalo ka ho fetoha lipakeng tsa mesebetsi e mengata le ho nchafatsa kapa ho boloka ts'ebetso e sebetsa. mohopolo (). Ho fapana le mesebetsi e metle ea bolaoli, orbitof Pambal cortex (OFC) le li-cortex (VMPFC) ea mantlha li etsa sebopeho sa mantlha sa mesebetsi e phahameng e chesang. Tsena li kentse letsoho tšebelisanong lipakeng tsa karabelo e ananelang / ea maikutlo le linaha tse ling tse hlahisang matšoao a nepahetseng kapa a fosahetseng a amanang le khetho ea boits'oaro ().

IGD le Ts'ebetso ea Tsamaiso e Chesang

Tšitiso ea ts'ebetso e phahameng ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e bontšitsoe qalong lipatlisisong tsa kliniki ea bakuli ba nang le ts'oaetso libakeng tsa pele tsa lobe. Lithuto tsena li bonts'itse hore ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso e chesang e senya ts'ebetso e ts'oanang le e fumanoeng maemong a ho senyeha ho kotopo e ka pele (, ). Iowa Gask Task (IGT) e sebelisitsoe ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng lithutong tse joalo tsa bokhoba ba ho lemalla, ho hlahloba bokhoni ba ho etsa liqeto tlasa maemo.). Paradigm ena e ile ea hlahisoa e le sesebelisoa sa ho lekanya "tebello ea kotsi", e kenyelletsang ho ithuta ka mokhoa oa nakoana dessyecik meputso ea chelete le likotlo (). Liphetho tsa lithuto tsa IGT li bonts'itse bokhoni bo fokotsehileng ba ho etsa liqeto ha bo bapisoa le taolo nakong ea mosebetsi; li boetse li bonts'a linyeoe tsa IGD tse entseng liqeto tse mpe le ho feta ho feta taolo e ntle (, , ). Ho bapala papali e ngata ho fella ka matšoao a kang a ho lemalla, ka hona, ho ka amahanngoa le bokhoni bo fokolang ba ho hokahanya liphihlelo tsa nakong e fetileng tsa maikutlo / litefello tsa likotlo kapa likotlo, ho susumetsa le ho kenya letsoho molemong oa ho thibela le ho tsosa likarabo tse itseng.

Ho ea ka somatic marker hypothesis, karabelo ea motho a le mong e na le maemo a mangata mme boiphihlelo ba maikutlo bo hlahisoang ke moputso kapa kotlo tlasa maemo a ho etsa liqeto, bo tla fetoha le boemo ba somatic (). Ho fetolela pono ena, motho a ka pheha khang ea hore IGD e kanna ea amahanngoa le moputso o sa lebelloang le tebello ea kotlo le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso. Ts'ehetso ea pono ena e filoe phuputsong e mabapi le mekhoa e ka tlase e etsang qeto ea liqeto tse kotsi maemong a IGD. Nakong ea Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART), ts'ebelisano e kholo ea tšebelisano lipakeng tsa boemo ba kotsi le ts'ebetso ea bilatal ventral medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) e bontšitsoe (). Phuputso e 'ngoe, e sebelisang mosebetsi o fetotsoeng oa ho fokotsa litšenyehelo, le eona e khothalelitse hore linyeoe tsa IGD li khetha khetho ea likotsi kapa e kotsi; e boetse e bonts'itse hore ho na le khokahano e nepahetseng pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea lits'ebetso tsa maemo a tlase a boemo bo tlase le litheko tsa theolelo tse tsoang ().

Ho fapana le hoo, bopaki bo tsoang ho Motho oa Pele kapa libapali tsa Ego-Shooters bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ho bapala videogame ka mokhoa o feteletseng ho ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ho IGT ha e bapisoa le taolo (), ha boiphihlelo ka lipapali tsa Motho oa Pele kapa lipapali tsa Ego-Shooters li ne li amana hantle le ho ts'oaroa, le boiphihlelo ka lipapali tsa maano li ne li amana hantle le ho qobelloa (1).). Tlhaloso e 'ngoe e utloisisang ke hore lipapali tsa Motho oa Pele kapa Ego-Shooters li kenyelletsa lintho tse ngata tse mabifi, tse ka tsosetsang ts'ebetso e sa tsitsang (, ). Mofuta o tsebahalang oa papali, Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game, o ka ba le liketsahalo tse mabifi (). Ho joalo, liphuputso li bontša kamano pakeng tsa IGD le mabifi (), e ka bonts'ang ho tloha ho haella ho sisteme e chesang ea inhibition / control system. Ka mantsoe a mang, kamora ho pepesetsoa nako e telele lipapaling tsa pefo, linyeoe tsa IGD li ka hlaha mabifi ho feta lithuto tse phetseng hantle, tse ka khothaletsang sepheo sa bona le boits'oaro ba bona ba ho beha bophelo ba bona kotsing ().

Boithuto bo 'maloa bo boetse bo tlaleha hore ho senyeha hoa sebopeho ka orbital frontal cortex maemong a IGD. Lits'oaetso tsena li kenyelletsa metabolism e sa tloaelehang ea tsoekere, ho ba boima ba cortical le ho tenyetseha ha lintho tse tšoeu tsa fiber (-). Ntle le moo, ha ho bapisoa le litšoantšo tse sa nkeng lehlakore, litšoantšo tsa papali li ile tsa kenya tšebetsong OFC, li-nucleus tse nepahetseng tsa bokellane le li-Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) tse ka lehlakoreng le letona (). Liphetho tsena li bonts'a hore cortex ea orbital e kenelletse ho fetoheng ha mabifi a sebetsang; beha feela "orbital" pele e etsoang ka kotloloho e sa atleheng ho “thibela” ho ba mabifi ho arabela linthong tse bonoang tikolohong ().

Ho e khetholla ho tsoa linthong tse ling tse lemalloang le boits'oaro, sebapali sa video se fana ka mefuta e fapaneng ea litšoantšo le tikoloho tse ka khothalletsang tšebeliso, meputso, pefo le mofere-fere. Karolo ena ea maikutlo e hlahang haholo lipapaling tsa pefo e ka lebisa ho liphetoho tsa maikutlo le ho sitisa ho kenella ha lipallo tsa maikutlo le tsa kelello ho orbital frontal cortex (). Ts'ebetso ena e ka eketsa khatello ea maikutlo, tloaelo ea ho nka likotsi le ho hlokomoloha litlamorao tse mpe ha u ntse u batla meputso e eketsehileng. Boitšoaro bo sa tsotelleng har'a linyeoe tsa IGD bo bontša setsoalle pakeng tsa mabifi le ho bapala ho feteletseng ha videogames tse mabifi (). Ka kakaretso, ho bapala lipapali tse ngata tsa inthanete ho ka senya tsamaiso e phahameng ea tsamaiso ka litsela tse peli. Taba ea mantlha, ho se sebetse hantle ha "PFC medial" ho ama boleng ba tlhahlobo ea meputso le likotlo (). Taba ea bobeli, lithahasello tse amanang le papali li tsosa mohono ka mabifi, 'me sena se ka ama ho kopanngoa ha lipallo tsa maikutlo le ho etsa liqeto. Boemo ba somatic bo tla susumetsoa ke mabifi, 'me ka lebaka leo, linyeoe tsa IGD li ba le tšusumetso e joalo ka ha ho bonahatsoa ho senyeha ho orbital frontal cortex mme ho lekantsoe botsitso bo pakeng tsa orbital le ventral medial cortices.

IGD le Cold Executive Function

Bokhoni ba ho hatella boits'oaro bo itlhommeng pele le bo ka sebelisang bo bohlokoa ho thibela mekhoa e lemalloang. Ka hona, linyeoe tsa IGD li bontsitse ho senyeha ha taolo ea thibelo ho lithuto tsohle tse ngata (, ). Phokotso ea thibelo ea likarabo tse ka bang teng pele e ka etsa hore mekhoa ea ts'usumetso e be matla le ho eketsa maemo a bona hore e be mokhoa o “iketsang”). Sena se etsahala hobane tšitiso e sa senyeheng ea karabelo e ka lebisa ho seseng ho sa tloaelehang ho litheko tse amanang le papali maemong a IGD.

Ka lipapatso tsa ho emisa-lets'oao () and mesebetsi ea ho ea / ho se ee (), bafuputsi ba ka lekanya bokhoni ba ho thibela karabelo ea menyetla e sa amaneng le mosebetsi kapa sehlooho se teng. Lintho li ne li hlokahala ho thibela karabelo ha ho ntse ho hlaha lets'oao le itseng la ho emisa (mosebetsi oa ho emisa. Linyeoe tsa IGD li bonts'itse taolo ea ho thibela ts'ebetso ha ba ntse ba etsa mesebetsi e loketseng ho ea / ho se ee (joalo ka ho araba litšoantšo tse khothatsang kapele ho fapana le ho nka litšoantšo le ho etsa likarabo tse fosahetseng ho feta lithuto tse phetseng hantle) (-). Setšoantšo se ts'oanang se hlahile lithutong tse thehiloeng ho mosebetsi oa lets'oao la ho emisa (, ). Ha re nahana ka litšobotsi tsa lipapali tsa marang-rang, tse kenyelletsang tse ngata tse hlophisitsoeng hantle (mohlala, litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso kapa litšoantšo), mosebetsi oa video-e khethehileng-ho ea / ho se ee kae kae o nkoa o loketse lipatlisiso tsa bokhoba ba videogame.

Liphetho tse tsoang liphuputsong tsa morao-rao tsa monahano oa boko li khothalelitse hore IGD e ka amahanngoa le tšitiso ea methapo ea boko e kenyelletsang thibelo ea karabo ea makoloi. Phihlelo e fetelletseng ea papali e amahanngoa le ho eketseha ha bohlooho ka sebopeho se nepahetseng sa hippocampal, PFC ea dorsolateral, le cerebellum ea linaha tse peli (, ). Lithuto tsa mmuso tse phomotsang li fumana khokahanyo e sebetsang ea PFC-potoloho ea litulo maemong a IGD (). U sebelisa mosebetsi oa ho ea kapa che, ho ferekanya khatello e matla haholo ka lehlakoreng le letona le ka ho le letona le ka lehlakoreng le letona nakong ea liteko tse sa tsamaeeng ho fumanoe (). Ho sebelisa setšoantšo se amanang le papali e le litheko, taolo e phetseng hantle e eketse ts'ebetso ea boko ho PFC e nepahetseng ea dorsolateral ha e bapisoa le linyeoe tsa IGD (). Ho feta moo, kalafo ea likhoeli tsa 6 ea Bupropion, e sebelisoang ho phekola mafu a lithethefatsi, e fokolitse ts'ebetso e loketseng ho araba mekhoa e amanang le papali, maemong a IGD (). Liphetho tsena li supa litlolo tse ka etsahalang maemong a nahanoang a IGD mabapi le ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi bo batang. Li bontša hore ho bapala nako e telele, ho utloa lits'ebetso tsa ts'ebetso ea kelello le ha li tsamaisana le bofokoli taolong e kholo (), e ka lebisa bothateng ba ho thibela likhahla tsa papali ea pele le ho hlaha ha matšoao a kang a bokhoba ba tahi ().

Morero oa mekhoa e fapaneng (System 3)

Patlisiso e fetileng e khothalelitse hore sistimi ea ho nahana e ka fetolela tekatekano lipakeng tsa litsamaiso tse susumetsang le tse bonts'ang, le hore ho se leka-lekane ho hoholo ho ka thusa ho boloka bokhoba ba tahi (). Mosebetsi oa mantlha oa mekhoa ea puisano ke ho bona ho se leka-lekane maikutlong le 'meleng le ho arolelana matšoao a karabelo ka mokhoa oa manyala, ho lakatsa, ho khothaletsa, joalo-joalo e le mokhoa oa ho paka tlhokeho ea ho khutlisa homeostasis. Tabeng ea bokhoba, ts'ebetso ena e hokahanya tebello ea moputso ka ho fetolela matšoao a senang maikutlo a motho maikutlong a hae a takatso ea ho etsa boitšoaro (-). Ts'ebetso ena haholo e its'etleha ka sebopeho sa "cortex" ea linaha tse peli.).

Insula le IGD

Boithuto bo bonts'itse hore "cortex" ea insular e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho itšetleheng ka lintho le ho batla (, ). Sena se etsahala hobane ho fetoleloa hoa lipontšo tsa nako e le ngoe boiphihlelo bo ikhethileng ba ho lakatsa ho eketsa maikutlo a mabapi le lithahasello tse amanang le bokhoba ebile ho ka fokotsa ho fumaneha ha lisebelisoa., ). Kannete, ts'ebetso ea "cortex" ea ts'ireletso e entsoe maemong a fapaneng le boits'oaro, joalo ka ho lebella sephetho sa kamoso mabapi le phaello ea chelete () kapa tahlehelo (). Ka hona, bophahamo ba cortex ea insular bo ne bo amahanngoa hampe le karabelo ea ho pepeseha hoa koae (), leha tšenyo ea cortex e ka hare e ka senya ho tsuba koae; ba tsubang ba nang le tšenyo ea ho tsuba ba tlohela ho tsuba habonolo mme ba bonts'a tekanyo e phahameng ea ho khaotsa ho tsuba e batlang e le makhetlo a 100 ho feta ena ea batho ba tsubang ntle le tšenyo ea insula ().

Sebopeho sa boemeli ba tsamaiso ea kutloisiso ka ts'ebetso ea insort cortex ke sa bohlokoa bakeng sa ho etsa liqeto mabapi le lintlha tse fanoang pele (). Ha ho nahanoa ka boemo ba cortex ea insular bokong, e ka bonoa e le borokho bo lipakeng tsa ventromedial le OFC le libaka tse tsamaeang le tsamaiso. Ka lebaka leo, ts'ebetso e khothalelitsoe hore e sebetse e le sehokahanyi se fetolelang matšoao a itseng ebile se baka linaha tsa 'mele (). Tšebelisano ea ts'ebelisano pakeng tsa insula le "cortex" ea ts'ebetso e senotsoe nakong ea tlhahiso ea matšoao a somatic a neng a kenyelletsa likahlolo tsa litšupiso (). Ka ho sebetsa 'moho le vmPFC, mohloli o ka hlakisa kamano lipakeng tsa lintho tsa ka ntle le likarolo tse ka hare tsa maikutlo a motho, mme oa hlasela' mele oa motho.

Boithuto ba morao-rao bo boetse bo fana ka maikutlo a hore insula e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho IGD. Ba senotse ho fokotsa ts'ebelisano pakeng tsa insula le motor / Executive cortices (joalo ka dlPFC, OFC, cortex cingex) maemong a IGD (, ). Ho fumana hona ho senotse kamano pakeng tsa insula le sistimi e bonts'ang batho ba IGD, e ka hlalosang tahlehelo ea taolo maemong a joalo. Ha ho le joalo, maemong a IGD ho ka etsoa hore insula e be le bokhoni bo sa tloaelehang ba ho buisana le tsamaiso e phahameng. Ha e ntse e pepesitsoe ke litšoantšo tse amanang le papali, insula e kentsoe tšebetsong mme ts'ebetso e ne e tsamaellana hantle le takatso ea boithati e tlalehiloeng ke lifoto (, ). Sena se ka senola hore ts'ebetso ea bohlale e amana le kamano lipakeng tsa litefiso tse ruisang molemo le boiphihlelo ba takatso e le 'ngoe.

Bopaki bo tsoang lipatlisisong tsa tšebelisano 'moho le bona bo khothalelitse setsoalle se matla pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea insula le lits'ebetso tse hohelang le tse bonts'ang; boteng ba likhoutu tse amanang le papali, mekhoa ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ho orbital frontal cortex, insula, cortex ea ka ntle, le cortex ea dorsolateral e se e bonoe (). Liphumano tsena li fana ka ts'ehetso e eketsehileng holima tšusumetso ea hore karolo ea bohlokoa ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ke ho sebeletsa e le setsi sa ho kopanya takatso ea ho hola ka puisano le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello.

Insula e boetse e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ntlafatsong le tlhokomelong ea bokhoba ba tahi; e hokahanya litlamorao tse khahlisang tsa lintho tse lemalloang kapa boits'oaro ho tsebisa batho, ho hopola, kapa ho etsa mesebetsi e meng (). Ho ts'ehetsa maikutlo ana, lipatlisiso li bonts'itse hore bofokoli ba karabo ea karabelo bo boleloa nakong ea boemo bo matla ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi () kapa ho noang joala (). Lits'oaetso tsena li ts'oaroa ke boemo bo phahameng ba nako nakong ea boikoetliso ha tšusumetso e amanang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e sebelisa lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa tlhokomelo mme e baka tšitiso ea taolo ea thibelo. Tlas'a ts'ebetso e ngata joalo ea tlhokomelo, khahleho e hlahisoang ke ts'usumetso e ka khothaletsa ho khutlela morao mme ea etsa hore ho be thata ho hlola boits'oaro bo lematsang (, ). Ka mantsoe a mang, baemeli ba maiketsetso ba ho khelosa ba na le bokhoni ba ho "ts'oara" lisebelisoa tsa kelello tse hlokehang bakeng sa ho fana ka taolo ea thibelo ea ho hanela moleko oa ho tsuba, ho sebelisa lithethefatsi kapa ho sebelisa mecha ea litaba ea sechaba ntle le tšohanyetso () ka ho sitisa mosebetsi wa kemiso ya pele (taolo / bontshang). Insula ea ka ntle e na le likhokahanyo tsa maikutlo ho amygdala, ventral striatum, le OFC. Insula e kopanya mmuso o hanyetsanang le maikutlo a ho lemoha le ho etsa liqeto tse kenyang likotsi tse itseng le meputso; e hlahisa ho fokotseha ha letheba la cortical maemong a IGD (, ). Ho haelloa ke sebopeho sa mokhoa oa ho hlasela ho ka boela ha sitisa temohisiso, e ka nkang sebopeho sa ho se lemohe bokuli (). Bacha ba baholo ba nang le maemo a phahameng a IGD le bona ba boetse ba hlahisa khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho, mabifi, kapa matšoao a phobias ea sechaba.). Matšoao a joalo a kanna a amahanngoa le ho se sebetse ha phetolelo ea matšoao a nahanang a tsoang libakeng tse itseng tsa maikutlo le tsa maikutlo (). Ho feta moo, matšoao a amohelang lintho tse hlokang thuso (mohlala, ha motho a sa khone ho bapala videogames le haeba a lakatsa ho etsa joalo) a ka boetse a sitisa bokhoni ba ho lemalla lithethefatsi (). Tekanyo ena e sa tloaelehang ea ho ikarola bathong ba lemaletseng, lipakeng tsa "ntho" le boemo ba "meta", e tsosa menyetla ea hore kutloisiso e mpe e lebisa ketsong le ho etseng liqeto le phetoho (). Kahoo, ha kahlolo e bohlale e ka senyeha haholo, ho pheta-pheta hoa mekhoa e lemalloang ho ka phahamisoa ke ho natefeloa ho hoholo ke bokhoba ba ho lemalla.

Maikutlo a mararo a kenyeletsang lits'ebetso tse tharo tsa IGD tse hlahang tlhahlobisong ena li hlahisoa ho Setšoantšo Figure11.

Setšoantšo sa 1 

Schematic tripartite neurological model e bonts'ang lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa tse ka tlase IGD, (1) e amanang le lipapali e amanang le papali e thabisa sistimi e sa tsitsang, e itšetlehileng haholo ka amygdala le striatum, mme e kenya likhokahano tsa ts'ebetso ea cue-organices ka mekhatlo ea kelello, ...

Puisano

Sehloohong sena, re shebisitse ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo e ka 'nang ea nka hore ke IGD. Sena se bohlokoa joalo ka batho ba baholo ba bangata (empa eseng bohle) ba lahleheloa ke bokhoni ba ho hanela moputso le thabo ho tsoa lefats'eng la lipapali tsa lipapali. Ka mantsoe a mang, ho batšoantšisi ba bang ba boima, ho se khone ho hana meputso e sa hlaheng ho hlaha, leha ho ntse ho eketseha tahlehelo ea chelete, ea sechaba le ts'ebetso e lebisang liphellong tse mpe tsa motho, lelapa, lichelete, boits'oaro le molao. Tahlehelo ena ea taolo e bitsoang IGD, re re e ka fetoloa ke marang-rang a marang-rang a methapo ea boko.

Haholo-holo, tlhahlobo eo re fanang ka eona pampiring ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho nka karolo ho sa feleng ha papali ea videogame maemong a IGD ho ka hlalosoa ka karabelo e ikemetseng ea tšusumetso e lebisitsoeng ho boits'oaro bo amanang le papali hammoho le ts'ebetso e theohileng ea taolo ea ts'usumetso le lits'ebetso tse iponahatsang, le hore ho se leka-lekane hona ho ka eketsoa le ho feta ke mekhoa e sa tloaelehang ea tlhaiso-leseling ea kutlo. Pono ena e meraro ea methapo ea boko e kenyelletsang lits'ebetsong tse lemalloang () joalo ka ha ho sebelisitsoe linyeoeng tsa IGD mona, o fumane tšehetso lithutong tse fapaneng; leha ho le joalo lithuto tsena li fane ka pono e sa lumellaneng mabapi le litsamaiso tse tharo tse amehang. Li bontša ka ho hlaka hore ho se khone ho itaola ho tsamaisana le ho se sebetse hantle ha methapo ea kelello e sa sisinyeheng le e bonahatsang (ka ho sebetsa le ka sebopeho) le hore tšebetso ena e ka laoloa ke ts'ebetso ea bohlasoa, ho se sebetse hantle ho ka eketsang ho se leka-lekane lipakeng tsa lits'ebetso tsa kelello tse sa bonahaleng le tse sa tsamaeeng. . Phetolelo ea matšoao a nahanisisang ka har'a ts'usumetso e sentse ts'ebetso ena ka liphetoho lipuong tse ling tse ileng tsa tsosoa ke tšusumetso e amanang le bokhoba ba taolo (litheko tsa videogame molemong oa rona). Ntle le moo, ho senyeha tsamaisong ea tlhaiso-leseling e lebisang linyeoeng tsa IGD hangata ho hlokomoloha litlamorao tse mpe tsa ho bapala ho feteletseng. Sena se eketsa monyetla oa ho khutla hape maemong a IGD. Ka kakaretso, lipapali tsa inthanete li fana ka meputso e mengata ho basebelisi mme li ka ba le litlamorao tse ntle ho bana ba bangata (). Leha ho le joalo, meputso e tšoanang e ka sebelisa hampe bofokoli ba kelello ts'ebetsong ea ts'usumetso e matla, e bonahatsang, le e ts'oarang kelello le ho theha lits'oants'o tsa ho ithuta, ho susumetsa, tlhahlobo ea bohlanya ba tšusumetso e amanang le papali ea video, ho fihlela motho ea tlokotsing a qala ho lemalla. Matšoao a kang a amanang le ho bapala videogame.

Patlisiso e fetileng e hlahisitse mefuta e 'maloa ea IGD, eo hape e lumellanang le moralo oo re o hlahisang mona, empa re beha khatiso e fapaneng kapa re hlokomolohe mekhoa ea tlhokomeliso e mabapi le kutloisiso. Davis () o pheha khang ea hore ho na le phapang lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e akaretsang ea tšebeliso ea marang-rang (PsIU) le tšebeliso e ikhethileng ea Marang-rang (SIU) mme a khothalletsa mohlala oa boitšoaro ba kelello ho hlalosa liphapang tse joalo. Ho latela mohlala ona, tlhokomeliso e mpe ea tikoloho e kantle e khanna karabelo ea likarabo tsa ka hare joalo ka maikutlo a fosahetseng mme e eketsa ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso e khethehileng ea marang-rang bakeng sa marang-rang (mohlala, papali ea inthanete, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa). Moetso ona o fana ka ts'ehetso bakeng sa menahano ea sebopeho sa rona kaha ka bobeli ba fana ka maikutlo a hore menahano e mpe e ka ba tlasa IGD; mohlala oa rona o supa libakeng tsa boko tse ka amehang ho nts'etsopele le ho boloka mehopolo e joalo.

Motheong oa lipatlisiso tsena, mefuta ea methapo-kutlo e se e hlahisitsoe le ho totobatsa bohlokoa ba ts'ebetso e kholo ho SIU (). Tsena li ikamahantse le libaka tseo re buileng ka tsona: VMPFC le dColoral ea morao-rao e khothalletsoa ho nka karolo haholo ntlafatsong le ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lits'ebeliso tsa inthanete. Hape, mohlala ona o pheta likarolo tse ling tsa mehlala ea rona, empa mohlala oa rona o beha khatiso e matla lits'ebetsong tsa temohisiso. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Dong le Potenza () e hlahisitse mohlala oa boitšoaro oa IGD. Mohlala o na le likarolo tse tharo tsa bohlokoa tsa temo ea IGD: sepheo sa ho susumetsa le ho batla moputso, taolo ea boitšoaro le taolo e phahameng, le ho etsa liqeto tse amanang le sephetho se seng sa nako e telele sa litlamorao tsa boits'oaro ba boitšoaro. Moetso ona o boetse o hatisa bohlokoa ba ho batla tšusumetso le boemo ba ho lakatsa, mme o fana ka maikutlo a hore boemo ba ho lakatsa bo ka kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong ea IGD. Sena se tšoana le mohlala oa rona ho latela likarolo empa ha se tsepamise maikutlo ho litereke tse amehang ho lakatseng moloko. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, mohlala oa ts'ebetso o bitsoang Motho-Afimate-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) o fana ka maikutlo a hore ho lemalla ho ka hlaha ka lebaka la ho pepesehela litšekamelo tse amanang le bokhoba 'me ho ka kenyelletsa ho fokola hoa likarolo tsa motho, tse o amang, tse o amang, le tsa ho bolaoa. Moetso ona o hokahana le mofuta oa rona oa "neurocognitive", joalo ka ha o bua le batho ka bomong, o ama maikutlo le ho li sebelisa.

Ho latela tlhahlobo ea rona ea lithuto tsa neuro-cuffitive, ho se sebetse hantle ha sebopeho sa boko le ts'ebetso e sebeletsang IGD e kanna ea tšoana le ena maemong a bokhoba ba lithethefatsi le boits'oaro. Ho senyeha ha lits'ebetso tse qobelloang le tse bonts'ang li bonts'a hore IGD e arolelana mekhoa e tloaelehileng le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi. Li bonts'itse hore ho bapala nako e telele ho ka amahanngoa le tlhekefetso ea mokokotlo le khokahano libakeng tse loketseng bokong. Taba ea bohlokoa ke hore lithuto tse joalo li fana ka litlhahiso mabapi le litsela tseo IGD e ka alafang ka tsona; leha mekhoa e joalo e lokela ho hlahlojoa le ho feta lipatlisisong tse tlang. Taba ea pele, lithuto tse 'maloa li bontša hore bupropion e ka fokotsa takatso le papali ea lipapali tsa video (, ). Ena e ka ba khetho e sebetsang ea kalafo, empa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho lekola ho sebetsa ha tsona ha ho fanoa ka lintlha tse fapaneng tsa li-comorbidity tse sebetsang maemong a IGD.

Taba ea bobeli, kalafo ea boits'oaro bo botle e sebelisitsoe haholo kalafo ea IGD. E ikemiselitse ho lekola lits'ebetso tse sa qobelloang kapa ho eketsa lisebelisoa tse bonts'ang hore linyeoe tsa IGD li ithute ho sebetsana ka katleho le ho sitoa ha bona ho hanyetsa papali. Mohlala, kamora ho lemoha ho se loke hoa boitšoaro ba bona, linyeoe tsa IGD li ka ithuta ho fetola mekhoa le khetho ea bona (). Mekhoa e joalo le eona e lokela ho ithutoa le ho feta, haholo kaha e nahana ka libaka tse ka pele tsa bokong ba pele. Ho bonahala joalo ka maemo a bonolo ho isa maemong a mahareng a bokhoba ba lithethefatsi (, ), empa maemong a matla a IGD, ho ka ba le tlhekefetso libakeng tse tlang pele li sa lumelle pheko e ntle ea boits'oaro ea kelello. Mohopolo ona o tšoaneloa ke lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

LW, OT, AB, le QH ba ne ba ikarabella bakeng sa mohopolo le moralo oa thuto; LW le SZ ba ngotse moralo oa pele oa pampiri. SZ, OT, le QH le tsona li kentse letsoho ho ngoloa ha pampiri. LW, SZ, OT, AB, le QH ba ile ba etsa phetoho ea bohlokoa ea sengoloa. Bangoli bohle ba fane ka tumello ea ho qetela ea sengoloa.

Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

 

Lithuso. QH e ne e tšehelitsoe ke lithuso tsa lipatlisiso tse tsoang ho National Natural Science Foundation of China (31400959), Bahoebi le Lenaneo la Tsebo ea Chongqing Overseas Returned Scholars (cx2017049), Fund Fundalal Fund Funds bakeng sa liunivesithi tsa Central (SWU1509422, 15XDSKD004), Open Fund Fund ea senotlolo. Laborator of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, China Academy of Sciences (KLMH2015G01), le Lenaneo la Patlisiso la Collaborative Innovation Center ea Tekolo ho boleng ba thuto ea mantlha Univesithing ea Beijing Normal (2016-06-014-BZK01NUMX 2016).

 

References

1. van Rooij AJ, Schoenmaker TM, Vermulst AA, van den Eijnden R, van de Mheen D. Papatso ea lipapali tsa video tsa marang-rang: tsebiso ea libapali tsa bongoana tse lemalloang. Tlatsetso (2011) 106: 205-12.10.1111 / j.1360-0443.2010.03104.x [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
2. Turel O, Romashkin A, Morrison KM. Liphetho tsa bophelo bo botle tsa sistimi ea tlhahisoleseling li sebelisa mekhoa ea bophelo har'a bacha: ho lemalla videogame, ho fokotsa boroko le bofokoli ba Cardio-metabolic. PloS One (2016) 11: e0154764.10.1371 / journal.pone.0154764 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
3. Xu Z, Turel O, Yuan Y. Ho lemalla papali ea inthanete har'a bacha: lintlha tse khothatsang le tsa thibelo. Euro J Inform Syst (2012) 21: 321-40.10.1057 / ejis.2011.56 [Ref Ref Cross]
4. Turel O, Romashkin A, Morrison KM. Mohlala o hokahanyang lipapali tsa video, boleng ba boroko, tšebeliso ea lino tse monate le botenya hara bana le bacha. Clin Obes (2017) 7: 191-8.10.1111 / cob.12191 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
5. Turel O, Mouttapa M, Donato E. Ho thibela ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang ka ho kenella lipakeng tsa video: mohlala oa tlhahlobo le tlhahlobo ea maikutlo. Behav Inf Technol (2015) 34: 349-62.10.1080 / 0144929X.2014.936041 [Ref Ref Cross]
6. Turel O, Qahri-Saremi H. Ts'ebeliso e mpe ea libaka tsa marang-rang tsa batho ba ikhethileng: li-antecedents le litholoana ho latela pono ea likhopolo tse tsamaeang ka bobeli. J Manage Info Syst (2016) 33: 1087-116.10.1080 / 07421222.2016.1267529 [Ref Ref Cross]
7. Turel O, Serenko A, Bontis N. Litlamorao tsa lelapa le mosebetsi tse amanang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho tsa theknoloji e atileng. Tsebiso manag (2011) 48: 88-95.10.1016 / j.im.2011.01.004 [Ref Ref Cross]
8. Tarafdar M, Gupta A, Turel O. lehlakore le lefifi la tšebeliso ea mahlale a tlhahisoleseling. Info Syst J (2013) 23: 269-75.10.1111 / isj.12015 [Ref Ref Cross]
9. Tarafdar M, D'Arcy J, Turel O, Gupta A. lehlakore le lefifi la mahlale a tlhahisoleseling. MIT Sloan Manage Rev (2015) 56: 600-23.
10. Mokhatlo oa American Psychiatric Association. Tlhatlhobo le Buka ea Bophatlalatsi ea Mathata a kelello. Arlington: Ho hatisoa ha Psychiki ea Amerika; (2013).
11. Mokhatlo oa American Psychiatric Association. Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete. 5th ed Diagnostic and Manual Manual ea Mathata a kelello. Arlington, VA: Ho hatisa ha Psychiatric ea Amerika; (2013). leq. 795-8.
12. Van Rooij AJ, Kardefelt-Winther D. O lahlehetsoe ke moferefere: lingoliloeng tse nang le liphoso ha lia lokela ho hlahisa mathata a macha: ho fana ka maikutlo mabapi le: pherekano le pherekano ho DSM-5 ea ho sibolla mathata a lipapali tsa marang-rang: litaba, lits'itiso, le litlhahiso tsa ho hlakisa lebala. J Behav Adict (2017) 6: 128-32.10.1556 / 2006.6.2017.015 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
13. Petry NM, Rehbein F, Ko CH, O'Brien CP. Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete ho DSM-5. Curr Psychiatry Rep (2015) 17: 72.10.1007 / s11920-015-0610-0 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
14. Tao R, Huang X, Wang J, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Li M. Lipallo tsa tlhahlobo ea bokhoba ba marang-rang. Tlatsetso (2010) 105: 556-64.10.1111 / j.1360-0443.2009.02828.x [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
15. Petry NM, Rehbein F, DA ea Balichaba, Lemmens JS, Rumpf HJ, Mößle T, et al. Tumellano ea machaba ea ho lekola bothateng ba lipapali tsa inthanete ho sebelisa mokhoa o mocha oa DSM-5. Tlatsetso (2014) 109: 1399.10.1111 / eketsa.12457 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
16. Kardefelt-Winther D, Heeren A, Schimmenti A, van Rooij A, Maurage P, Carras M, et al. Re ka fetolela litloaelo tsa boitšoaro ntle le tšebeliso ea boitšoaro bo tloaelehileng joang? Tlatsetso (2017) 112: 1709-15.10.1111 / eketsa.13763 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
17. Noël X, Brevers D, Bechara A. Tsela ea methapo ea kutloisiso ea kutloisiso ea methapo ea kutlo. Curr Opin Neurobiol (2013) 23: 632-8.10.1016 / j.conb.2013.01.018 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
18. Brand M, Young KS, Laier C. Taolo ea pele le tšibollo ea marang-rang: mohlala oa maikutlo le tlhahlobo ea liphetho tsa neuropsychological le neuroimaging. Front Hum Neurosci (2014) 8: 375.10.3389 / fnhum.2014.00375 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
19. Brand M, Young KS, Laier C, Wölfling K, Potenza MN. Ho kopanya maikutlo a kelello le a neurobiological mabapi le nts'etsopele le ho boloka mathata a itseng a ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang: tšebelisano ea mohlala oa ts'usumetso e amang batho (I-PACE). Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2016) 71: 252-66.10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2016.08.033 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
20. Turel O, Bechara A. Mohlala oa tšebeliso ea tlhaiso-leseling e sebetsang ea tlhaiso-leseling ea ts'ebeliso ea kakaretso le e sa qobelloeng: liteko tsa boitšoaro tsa khopolo ea neuro-cognitive. Front Psychol (2016) 7: 601.10.3389 / fpsyg.2016.00601 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
21. Rehbein F, Kliem S, Baier D, Mossle T, Petry NM. Ho ba teng ha bohlasoa ba lipapali tsa marang-rang ho bacha ba Jeremane: Tlatsetso ea ho hlahloba matšoao a robong a DSM-5 mohlaleng oa moemeli oa mmuso. Tlatsetso (2015) 110: 842-51.10.1111 / eketsa.12849 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
22. Kiraly O, Sleczka P, Pontes HM, Urban R, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z. netefatso ea tlhahlobo ea lipapatso tsa libapali tsa marang-rang tse leshome (IGDT-10) le tlhahlobo ea mekhoa e robong ea DSM-5 ea papali ea lipapali. Addict Behav (2017) 64: 253-60.10.1016 / j.addbeh.2015.11.005 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
23. Koo HJ, Han DH, Park SY, Kwon JH. Puisano e hlophisitsoeng ea kliniki bakeng sa bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang tsa DSM-5: nts'etsopele le netefatso ea ho hlahloba IGD ho bacha. Psychiatry Invest (2017) 14: 21-9.10.4306 / pi.2017.14.1.21 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
24. Yao YW, Potenza MN, Zhang JT. Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete ka har'a sebopeho sa DSM-5 le ka leihlo ho ICD-11. Am J Psychiatry (2017) 174: 486-486.10.1176 / appi.ajp.2017.16121346 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
25. Robinson TE, Berridge KC. Khothatsa le ho lematsa. Tlatsetso (2001) 96: 103-14.10.1046 / j.1360-0443.2001.9611038.x [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
26. Ko CH, Liu GC, Hsiao S, Yen JY, Yang MJ, Lin WC, et al. Mesebetsi ea brain e amanang le takatso ea papali ea ho lemalla papali ea chelete Inthaneteng. J Psychiatr Res (2009) 43: 739-47.10.1016 / j.jpsychires.2008.09.012 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
27. Ko CH, Liu GC, Yen JY, Chen CY, Yen CF, Chen CS. Litlatsetso tsa likelello tsa litakatso tsa papali ea inthanete tlasa ho pepeseha hoa lithuto tsa inthanete litabeng tsa ho lemalla papali ea inthanete le lithutong tse sa lefelloeng. Addict Biol (2013) 18: 559-69.10.1111 / j.1369-1600.2011.00405.x [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
28. He Q, Turel O, Bechara A. Brain anatomy liphetoho tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea sebaka sa marang-rang sa marang-rang (SNS). Sci Rep (2017) 7: 1-8.10.1038 / srep45064 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
29. He Q, Turel O, Brevers D, Bechara A. Ts'ebeliso e ngata ea litaba tsa sechaba sechabeng e tloaelehileng e amahanngoa le amygdala-striatal empa eseng ka morphology ea pele. Psychiatry Res Neuroimag (2017) 269: 31-5.10.1016 / j.pscychresns.2017.09.003 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
30. Turel O, Serenko A. Melemo le likotsi tsa ho natefeloa ke liwebsaete tseo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho tsona. Euro J Inform Syst (2012) 21: 512-28.10.1057 / ejis.2012.1 [Ref Ref Cross]
31. Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Tlatsetso ea papali ea papali ea inthanete: tlhahlobo e hlophisehileng ea lipatlisiso tse susumetsang. Int J Mental Health Addict (2012) 10: 278-96.10.1007 / s11469-011-9318-5 [Ref Ref Cross]
32. Niemz K, Griffiths M, Banyard P. Boitlhotlhollo ba tšebeliso ea marang-rang a methapo har'a liithuti tsa univesithi le lihokelo ka boitšepo, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), le disinhibition. Cyberpsychol Behav (2005) 8: 562.10.1089 / cpb.2005.8.562 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
33. Ke bohloko MH. Boemo ba demographic, tloaelo, le boiketlo ba sechaba mabapi le bothata ba ho lemalla ho kenella inthaneteng: boithuto bo matla ba bacha ba Korea. Cyberpsychol Behav (2006) 9: 514.10.1089 / cpb.2006.9.514 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
34. Choo H, DA ea Balichaba, Sim T, Li D, Khoo A, Liau AK. Papali ea papali ea video ea bongoaneng har'a bacha ba Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singapore (2010) 39: 822-9. [E fetotsoe]
35. Ko CH, Yen JY, Chen CC, Chen SH, Yen CF. Phapang pakeng tsa botona le botšehali le mabaka a amanang le ona a amang bokhoba ba papali ea inthanete har'a bacha ba Taiwan. J Nerv Mental Dis (2005) 193: 273.10.1097 / 01.nmd.0000158373.85150.57 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
36. Yen JY, Yen CF, Chen CS, Tang TC, Ko CH. Kopano lipakeng tsa matšoao a ADHD ea batho ba baholo le bokhoba ba marang-rang har'a liithuti tsa koleche: phapang ea bong. Cyberpsychol Behav (2009) 12: 187.10.1089 / cpb.2008.0113 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
37. Gil-Kapa O, Levi-Belz Y, Turel O. The "Facebook-self": litsobotsi le boitsebi ba kelello ba boitlhahlobo ba bohata ho Facebook. Front Psychol (2015) 6: 99.10.3389 / fpsyg.2015.00099 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
38. Whang LS-M, Chang G. Mekhoa ea baahi ba lefatše ba phelang: ba lulang papaling ea "Lineage" ka online. Cyberpsychol Behav (2004) 7: 592-600.10.1089 / cpb.2004.7.592 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
39. Madran HAD, Cakilci EF. Kamano e lipakeng tsa bokhukhuni le papatso ea lipapali tsa video tse fumanehang marang-rang: thuto mabapi le libapali tsa lipapali tsa video tse ngata. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi Anatolian J Psychiatry (2014) 15: 99-107.10.5455 / apd.39828 [Ref Ref Cross]
40. Pawlikowski M, Brand M. Lipapali tsa Inthanete tse ngata le ho nka liqeto: na libapali tsa World War War tse feteletseng li na le mathata a ho etsa liqeto tlasa maemo a kotsi? Psychiatry Res (2011) 188: 428-33.10.1016 / j.psychres.2011.05.017 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
41. Billieux J, Van der Linden M, Achab S, Khazaal Y, Paraskevopoulos L, Zullino D, et al. Hobaneng ha o bapala World of Warcraft? Patlisiso e tebileng ea lithahasello tse iketselitseng tsa ho bapala inthaneteng le boits'oarong ba papali lefats'eng la Azeroth. Comput Hum Behav (2013) 29: 103-9.10.1016 / j.chb.2012.07.021 [Ref Ref Cross]
42. Hamari J, Alha K, Jarvela S, Kivikangas JM, Koivisto J, Paavilainen J. Hobaneng libapali li reka litaba tsa papali? Boithuto bo matla mabapi le khothalletso ea theko ea konkreite. Comput Hum Behav (2017) 68: 538-46.10.1016 / j.chb.2016.11.045 [Ref Ref Cross]
43. Yee N. Khothatso ea ho bapala lipapaling tsa marang-rang. Cyberpsychol Behav (2006) 9: 772-5.10.1089 / cpb.2006.9.772 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
44. Christopherson KM. Litlamorao tse mpe le tse mpe tsa ho se tsejoe ka litšebelisanong tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang: "marang-rang, ha ho motho ea tsebang hore u ntja". Comput Hum Behav (2007) 23: 3038-56.10.1016 / j.chb.2006.09.001 [Ref Ref Cross]
45. Ma HK. Bokhoba ba marang-rang le boits'oaro bo bobe ba marang-rang ba bacha. Sci World J (2011) 11: 2187-96.10.1100 / 2011 / 308631 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
46. Catalano RF, Hawkins JD. Khopolo ea boitšoaro bo sa tsotelleng. Ka: Hawkins JD, mohlophisi. , mohlophisi. Delinquency le Tlolo ea molao: Likhopolo tsa hajoale. New York: Khatiso ea Univesithi ea Cambridge; (1996). leq. 149-97.
47. Bowman ND, Schultheiss D, Schumann C. "Ke khomaretse, 'me ke moshemane ea motle!": Kamoo ho ikopanya ha sebopeho ho susumetsang merero e khothalletsang e khahlanong le sechabeng ea ho bapala lipapali tsa papali tse ngata tse bapalang batho ba bangata Inthaneteng. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Network (2012) 15: 169.10.1089 / cyber.2011.0311 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
48. Khale BT, Robbins TW. Litsamaiso tsa Neural tsa matlafatso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi: ho tloha liketsong ho ea ho tloaelo. Nat Neurosci (2005) 8: 1481-9.10.1038 / nn1579 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
49. Dickinson A, Balleine B, Watt A, Gonzalez F, Boakes RA. Taolo ea ho susumetsa ka mor'a ho koetlisoa ka matla. Ithute Behav (1995) 23: 197-206.10.3758 / BF03199935 [Ref Ref Cross]
50. Chambers RA, Taylor JR, Potenza MN. Litla-morao tsa nts'etsopele ea kholo ea bongoana: nako e thata ea ho lemalla tlhekefetso. Am J Psychiatry (2003) 160: 1041-52.10.1176 / appi.ajp.160.6.1041 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
51. Dalley JW, Everitt BJ, Robbins TW. Ho susumetsoa ke matla, ho qobella, le taolo e holimolimo e tlase. Neuron (2011) 69: 680-94.10.1016 / j.neuron.2011.01.020 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
52. Connolly CG, Bell RP, Foxe JJ, Garavan H. O arohantsoe le litaba tse bosoeu bo nang le bokhoba ba nako le tšebeliso e telele ho basebelisi ba koae. PloS One (2013) 8: e59645.10.1371 / journal.pone.0059645 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
53. Gilman JM, Kuster JK, Lee S, Lee MJ, Kim BW, Makris N, et al. Ts'ebeliso ea cannabis e amahanngoa le boholo ba lisosa tsa nyutlelie le tlhekefetso ea amygdala ho basebelisi ba bacha ba boithabiso ba boithabiso. J Neurosci (2014) 34: 5529-38.10.1523 / JNEUROSCI.4745-13.2014 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
54. Grueter BA, Rothwell PE, Malenka RC. Ho kopanya polasetiki ea synaptic le ts'ebetso ea potoloho ea methapo. Curr Opin Neurobiol (2012) 22: 545-51.10.1016 / j.conb.2011.09.009 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
55. Kim SH, Baik SH, Park CS, Kim SJ, Choi SW, Kim SE. Fokotsa li-receptor tsa driamine dopamine D2 ho batho ba lemaletseng Inthanete. Neuroreport (2011) 22: 407-11.10.1097 / WNR.0b013e328346e16e [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
56. Hou H, Jia S, Hu S, Fan R, Sun W, Sun T, et al. Fokotsa ba tsamaisang dopamine ba tsamaisang dopamine ho batho ba nang le bothata ba ho lemalla marang-rang. Biomed Res Int (2012) 2012: 854524.10.1155 / 2012 / 854524 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
57. Kühn S, Romanowski A, Schill C, Lorenz R, Mörsen C, Seiferth N, et al. Motheo oa neural oa papali ea video. Trans Psychiatry (2011) 1: e53.10.1038 / tp.2011.53 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
58. Cai C, Yuan K, Yin J, Feng D, Bi Y, Li Y, et al. Striatum morphometry e amahanngoa le bofokoli ba taolo ea kelello le ho teba ha matšoao a marang-rang a lipapali tsa marang-rang. Brain Imaging Behav (2016) 10: 12-20.10.1007 / s11682-015-9358-8 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
59. Ko CH, Hsieh TJ, Wang PW, Lin WC, Yen CF, Chen CS, et al. Tekanyo e fetotsoeng ea lintho tse putsoa le ho sitisoa ha likhokahano tsa amygdala ho batho ba baholo ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry (2015) 57: 185-92.10.1016 / j.pnpbp.2014.11.003 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
60. Turel O, Serenko A, Giles P. Ho kopanya litheko le tšebeliso: tlhahlobo e matla ea libaka tsa fantisi tsa inthanete. MIS Q (2011) 35: 1043-61.10.2307 / 41409972 [Ref Ref Cross]
61. Han DH, Lee YS, Yang KC, Kim EY, Lyoo IK, Renshaw PF. Dopamine liphatsa tsa lefutso le ho itšetleha ka moputso ho bacha ba nang le papali ea video e fetelletseng ea inthanete. J Addict Med (2007) 1: 133-8.10.1097 / ADM.0b013e31811f465f [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
62. Lorenz RC, Krüger JK, Neumann B, Schott BH, Kaufmann C, Heinz A, et al. Cue reactivity le thibelo ea eona ho libapali tsa lipapali tsa khomphutha. Addict Biol (2013) 18: 134-46.10.1111 / j.1369-1600.2012.00491.x [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
63. Turel O, Brevers D, Bechara A. Ho kheloha ha nako ha basebelisi ba kotsing ea ho lemalla mecha ea phatlalatso ba etsa mesebetsi e seng ea sechaba. J Psychiatr Res (2018) 97: 84-8.10.1016 / j.jpsychires.2017.11.014 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
64. McCarthy DM, Thompsen DM. Mehato e hlakileng le e hlakileng ea likotsi tsa botahoa le ho tsuba. Psychol Adict Behav (2006) 20: 436.10.1037 / 0893-164X.20.4.436 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
65. Yen JY, Yen CF, Chen CS, Tang TC, Huang TH, Ko CH. E na le tšusumetso e ntle e susumetsang ea karabelo e sa hlaka ho bacha ba nang le bokhoba ba lipapali tsa inthanete. Psychiatry Res (2011) 190: 282-6.10.1016 / j.psychres.2011.07.003 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
66. Klimmt C, Hefner D, Vorderer P, Roth C, Blake C. Ho tsebahala ka libapali tsa lipapali tsa video e le phetoho ea boiketsetso e iketsang. Media Psychol (2010) 13: 323-38.10.1080 / 15213269.2010.524911 [Ref Ref Cross]
67. Ames SL, Grenard JL, Stacy AW, Xiao L, He Q, Wong SW, et al. Monahano o sebetsang oa mekhatlo e mengata ea matekoane ea matekoane nakong ea ts'ebetso ho liteko tse hlakileng tsa mokhatlo (IAT). Behav Brain Res (2013) 256: 494-502.10.1016 / j.bbr.2013.09.013 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
68. Ames SL, Grenard JL, He Q, Stacy AW, Wong SW, Xiao L, et al. Monahano o sebetsang oa tlhahlobo ea mokhatlo e amanang le joala (IAT). Addict Biol (2014) 19: 467-81.10.1111 / adb.12071 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
69. Turel O, He Q, Xue G, Xiao L, Bechara A. Tlhahlobo ea lits'ebetso tsa neural sub -aching Facebook's addiction ". Psychol Rep (2014) 115: 675-95.10.2466 / 18.PR0.115c31z8 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
70. Turel O, Bechara A. Ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea batho ba sebelisang marang-rang ha u ntse u khanna: ADHD le likarolo tse tsamaellanang tsa khatello ea maikutlo, ho itšepa le ho lakatsa. Front Psychol (2016) 7: 455.10.3389 / fpsyg.2016.00455 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
71. Turel O, Bechara A. Liphello tsa ho hohloka ha koloi le boleng ba ho robala, ho rohakana, boits'oaro bo bobe le boitšoaro bo bobe litsing tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang. Phapang ea motho ka mong (2017) 108: 91-7.10.1016 / j.paid.2016.12.005 [Ref Ref Cross]
72. Feng Q, Chen X, Sun J, Zhou Y, Sun Y, Ding W, et al. Tekanyo ea Voxel ea maemo a boloi a tloaelo ea ho ts'oaroa ke linaha tse nang le bokhoba ba marang-rang. Behav Brain Func (2013) 9: 33.10.1186 / 1744-9081-9-33 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
73. Hong SB, Zalesky A, Cocchi L, Fornito A, Choi EJ, Kim HH, et al. Phokotso e sebetsang ea ts'ebeliso ea bongo ba bongoana ba lemaletseng marang-rang. PloS One (2013) 8: e57831.10.1371 / journal.pone.0057831 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
74. Yuan K, Yu D, Cai C, Feng D, Li Y, Bi Y, et al. Li-circuits tsa Frontostriatal, khokahano ea tšebetsong ea mmuso le taolo ea kelello bothateng ba lipapali tsa inthanete. Addict Biol (2017) 22: 813-22.10.1111 / adb.12348 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
75. Letsatsi Y, Ying H, Seetohul RM, Xuemei W, Ya Z, Qian L, et al. Brain fMRI thuto ea litakatso e susumetsoang ke litšoantšo tsa cue tse tsoang ho batho ba lemaletseng papali ea inthanete (bacha ba batona). Behav Brain Res (2012) 233: 563-76.10.1016 / j.bbr.2012.05.005 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
76. Liu L, Yip SW, Zhang JT, Wang LJ, Shen ZJ, Liu B, et al. Ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea "ventral and dorsal striatum" nakong ea ho hlophisoa bocha bothateng ba lipapali tsa inthanete. Addict Biol (2017) 22: 791-801.10.1111 / adb.12338 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
77. Hofmann W, Friese M, Wires RW. Litšusumetso tse susumetsang tse ipapisang le boitšoaro bo botle: moralo oa maikutlo le tlhahlobo e matla. Health Psychol Rev (2008) 2: 111-37.10.1080 / 17437190802617668 [Ref Ref Cross]
78. Droutman V, Bala SJ, Bechara A. Ha a sheba karolo ea karolo ea tšusumetso ho lemeng. Trends Cogn Sci (2015) 19: 414-20.10.1016 / j.tics.2015.05.005 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
79. Zelazo PD, Müller U. Ts'ebetso ea Ts'ebetso nts'etsopele ea mofuta o tloaelehileng le oa atypical. Ka: Goswami U, mohlophisi. , mohlophisi. Buka ea Blackwell Handbook ea Kholo ea Kholo ea bongoana. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers Ltd; (2002).
80. Brand M, Labudda K, Markowitsch HJ. Li-neuropsychological correlates tsa ho etsa liqeto maemong a makatsang le a kotsi. Neural Netw (2006) 19: 1266-76.10.1016 / j.neunet.2006.03.001 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
81. Moreno-López L, Stamatakis EA, Fernández-Serrano MJ, Gómez-Río M, Rodríguez-Fernández A, Pérez-García M, et al. Litlatsetso tsa Neural tsa ts'ebetso e phahameng ea ho chesa le e batang ho ts'ebeliso ea tahi ea polysubstance: setsoalle lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea neuropsychological le metabolism ea bongoana joalo ka ha e lekantsoe ke positron emission tomography. Psychiatry Res Neuroimag (2012) 203: 214-21.10.1016 / j.pscychresns.2012.01.006 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
82. Bechara A. Karolo ea maikutlo ha u etsa liqeto: bopaki bo tsoang ho bakuli ba methapo ka tšenyo ea orbitofrontal. Brain Cogn (2004) 55: 30-40.10.1016 / j.bandc.2003.04.001 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
83. Kerr A, Zelazo PD. Nts'etsopele ea mosebetsi o "chesang": mosebetsi oa papali ea bana. Brain Cogn (2004) 55: 148-57.10.1016 / S0278-2626 (03) 00275-6 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
84. Letsatsi DL, Chen ZJ, Ma N, Zhang XC, Fu XM, Zhang DR. Qeto ea ho etsa liqeto le boiketlo ba karabelo e sebetsa ho basebelisi ba marang-rang ba bangata. CNS Spectr (2009) 14: 75-81.10.1017 / S1092852900000225 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
85. Bailey K, West R, Kuffel J. Avatar ea ka e ne e tla etsa joang? Papali ea papali ea bolo ea maoto, pathology, le ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi. Front Psychol (2013) 4: 409.10.3389 / fpsyg.2013.00609 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
86. Bechara A, Damasio H, Tranel D, Damasio AR. Mosebetsi oa ho becha oa Iowa le tšibollo ea maiketsetso: lipotso tse ling le likarabo. Trends Cogn Sci (2005) 9: 159-62.10.1016 / j.tics.2005.02.002 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
87. Qi X, Yang Y, Dai S, Gao P, Du X, Zhang Y, et al. Liphetho tsa sephetho holima bokhoni ba lipakeng tsa kotsi le tšebetso ea boko ho bacha ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang. Clin ea Neuroimage (2016) 12: 845-51.10.1016 / j.nicl.2016.10.024 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
88. Lin X, Zhou H, Dong G, Du X. Ho hlahlojoa ha kotsi bakeng sa batho ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang: bopaki ba fMRI ho tsoa mosebetsing o ka fokotsang litheko. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry (2015) 56: 142-8.10.1016 / j.pnpbp.2014.08.016 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
89. Metcalf O, Pammer K. Impulsivity le likarolo tse amanang le neuropsychological litšoantšong tsa papali ea kamehla le e lemalloang. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw (2014) 17: 147-52.10.1089 / cyber.2013.0024 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
90. Kim EJ, Namkoong K, Ku T, Kim SJ. Kamano lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba papali ea Inthanete le pefo, boitšoaro le litšobotsi tsa botho bo litšila. Euro Psychiatry (2008) 23: 212-8.10.1016 / j.eurpsy.2007.10.010 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
91. Mehroof M, Griffiths MD. Tebeliso ea papali ea papali ea inthanete: karolo ea ho batla maikutlo, boits'oaro, neuroticism, mabifi, matšoenyeho a mmuso, le matšoenyeho a tšebeliso. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw (2010) 13: 313-6.10.1089 / cyber.2009.0229 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
92. Wallenius M, Punamäki RL. Tlhekefetso ea papali ea dijithale le ho hlaseloa ka ho toba lilemong tsa bocha: ho ithuta ka nako e telele karolo ea thobalano, lilemo le puisano ea motsoali le ngoana. J Appl Dev Psychol (2008) 29: 286-94.10.1016 / j.appdev.2008.04.010 [Ref Ref Cross]
93. Figueredo AJ, Jacobs WJ. Liphetoho, ho beha bophelo ba motho kotsing, le maano a bophelo a mefuta e meng: boits'oaro bo botle ba tikoloho e khelohileng sechabeng. Ka: Frias-Armenta M, Corral-Verdugo V, bahlophisi. , bahlophisi. Maikutlo a Bio-Psycho-Social mabapi le Pefo e Kopaneng. Bahatisi ba Nova Science, Inc; (2011).
94. Yuan K, Cheng P, Dong T, Bi Y, Xing L, Yu D, et al. Bohloko ba boteng ba cortical bothateng ba ho kena bohlankaneng kapa bokhobeng ba marang-rang. PloS One (2013) 8: e53055.10.1371 / journal.pone.0053055 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
95. Tian M, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Du F, Hou H, Chao F, et al. Ho nahana ka PET ho senola liphetoho tse sebetsang tšebetsong ea taolo ea lipapali tsa marang-rang. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging (2014) 41: 1388-97.10.1007 / s00259-014-2708-8 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
96. Takeuchi H, Taki Y, Hashizume H, Asano K, Asano M, Sassa Y, et al. Kameho ea papali ea videogame ho thepa ea boko e atileng: tlhahlobo-leseling ea likaroloana le bolelele. Mol Psychiatry (2016) 21: 1781-9.10.1038 / mp.2015.193 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
97. Blair R. Karolo ea orbital frontal cortex ho feto-fetoha ea boitšoaro bo sa thabiseng. Brain Cogn (2004) 55: 198-208.10.1016 / S0278-2626 (03) 00276-8 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
98. Rolls ET, Grabenhorst F. The cortex ea orbitofrontal le ka nqane: ho tloha ho ama ho nka qeto. Prog Neurobiol (2008) 86: 216-44.10.1016 / j.pneurobio.2008.09.001 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
99. Greitemeyer T, Mügge DO. Lipapali tsa video li ama sephetho sa sechaba: tlhahlobo ea lipalo-leseling mabapi le litlamorao tsa papali ea video e nang le pefo le e ntle. Pers Soc Psychol Bull (2014) 40: 578-89.10.1177 / 0146167213520459 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
100. Hare TA, Camerer CF, Rangel A. Ho itaola ha ho etsoa liqeto ho kenyelletsa modumo ea sistimi ea boleng ba vmPFC. Mahlale (2009) 324: 646-8.10.1126 / science.1168450 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
101. Ko CH, Hsieh TJ, Chen CY, Yen CF, Chen CS, Yen JY, et al. Ts'ebetso e fetotsoeng ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso nakong ea ts'ibollo le karabelo ea liphoso lithutong tse nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete: thuto ea maiketsetso e sebetsang. Clin Neurosci (ArN PsX) ClN Neurosci (2014) 264: 661-72.10.1007 / s00406-013-0483-3 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
102. Houben K, WW RW. Na u ikemiselitse ka joala? Litloaelano tse ntle tsa nnete li bolela esale pele ka mokhoa oa ho nooa. Addict Behav (2008) 33: 979-86.10.1016 / j.addbeh.2008.03.002 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
103. Menon V, Adleman NE, CD e Tšoeu, Glover GH, Reiss AL. Ho ts'oaroa ha boko bo amanang le phoso nakong ea tšitiso ea karabelo ea Go / NoGo Mapp ea Hum Brain (2001) 12: 131-43.10.1002 / 1097-0193 (200103) 12: 3 <131 :: AID-HBM1010> 3.0.CO; 2-C [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
104. Littel M, Berg I, Luijten M, Rooij AJ, Keemink L, Franken IH. Phoso ea ts'ebetso le tšitiso ea karabo ho libapali tsa lipapali tsa k'homphieutha tse ngata: thuto e ka amanang le ketsahalo. Addict Biol (2012) 17: 934-47.10.1111 / j.1369-1600.2012.00467.x [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
105. Ding WN, Sun JH, Sun YW, Chen X, Zhou Y, Zhuang ZG, et al. Ho ts'oaroa ha tšebeliso ea boitšoaro le tšenyo ea ts'ebetso ea ts'usumetso ea pele ho batjha ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea papali ea marang-rang e senotsoeng ke thuto ea Go / No-Go fMRI. Behav Brain Func (2014) 10: 20.10.1186 / 1744-9081-10-20 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
106. Chen CY, Huang MF, Yen JY, Chen CS, Liu GC, Yen CF, et al. Bont correlates of reaction inhibition ho Internet lipapali tsa bohloka. Psinchi rapela Clin Neurosci (2015) 69: 201-9.10.1111 / pcn.12224 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
107. Kim M, Lee TH, Choi JS, Kwak YB, Hwang WJ, Kim T, et al. Litekanyetso tsa Neurophysiological tsa thibelo e arotsoeng ea karabo ho ts'ebetso ea lipapali tsa marang-rang le pherekano e poteletseng: maikutlo a tsoang ho ho kenella le ho qobelloa. Sci Rep (2017) 7: 41742.10.1038 / srep41742 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
108. Irvine MA, Worbe Y, Bolton S, Harrison NA, Bullmore ET, Voon V. Ho ts'oaroa ha liqeto ka liqeto ho li-videogamers tsa pathological. PloS One (2013) 8: e75914.10.1371 / journal.pone.0075914 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
109. Choi SW, Kim H, Kim GY, Jeon Y, Park S, Lee JY, et al. Ho ts'oana le ho se tšoane lipakeng tsa sebapali sa marang-rang sa marang-rang, bothata ba papali ea chelete le bothata ba tšebeliso ea joala: sepheo sa ho susumetsoa le ho qobelloa. J Behav Adict (2014) 3: 246-53.10.1556 / JBA.3.2014.4.6 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
110. Tanaka S, Ikeda H, Kasahara K, Kato R, Tsubomi H, Sugawara SK, et al. Boholo bo boholo ba posterior ea parietal ho litsebi tsa papali ea video ea ketso: thuto ea boitšoaro le voxel-based morphometry (VBM). PloS One (2013) 8: e66998.10.1371 / journal.pone.0066998 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
111. Kühn S, Gallinat J. Palo ea lipapali tsa video tsa bophelo bohle li amahanngoa hantle le bophahamo ba entorhinal, hippocampal le occipital. Mol Psychiatry (2014) 19: 842.10.1038 / mp.2013.100 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
112. Jin C, Zhang T, Cai C, Bi Y, Li Y, Yu D, et al. Cortex e sa tloaelehang ea pele e khutlisetsa khokahanyo ea tšebetsong ea mmuso le ho teba ha bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete. Brain Imaging Behav (2016) 10: 719-29.10.1007 / s11682-015-9439-8 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
113. Liu GC, Yen JY, Chen CY, Yen CF, Chen CS, Lin WC, et al. Brain activation bakeng sa karabo ea karabelo tlasa tšitiso ea lipapali tsa papali ea litaba tsa lipapali tsa inthanete. Kaohsiung J Med Sci (2014) 30: 43-51.10.1016 / j.kjms.2013.08.005 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
114. Han DH, Hwang JW, Renshaw PF. Phekolo e sa tsitsang ea Bupropion e fokotsa ho labalabela lipapali tsa video le ts'ebetso ea bongoana e kenyellelitsoeng ho bakuli ba lemaletseng papali ea video ea inthanete. Clin Psychopharmacol (2010) 18: 297.10.1037 / a0020023 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
115. Friedman NP, Miyake A. Likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea taolo le tšitiso: tlhahlobo-e fapaneng ea morao-rao. J Exp Psychol (2004) 133: 101.10.1037 / 0096-3445.133.1.101 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
116. Robinson TE, Berridge KC. Motheo oa neural oa takatso ea lithethefatsi: mohopolo oa tšusumetso ea ts'usumetso. Brain Res Rev (1993) 18: 247-91.10.1016 / 0165-0173 (93) 90013-P [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
117. Goldstein RZ, Craig AD, Bechara A, Garavan H, Ngoana oa Mosetsana, Paulus MP, et al. Mokokotlo oa temohisiso e nang le bothata ba ho lemalla lithethefatsi. Trends Cogn Sci (2009) 13: 372-80.10.1016 / j.tics.2009.06.004 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
118. Naqvi NH, Bechara A. Sehlekehleke se ipatileng sa temallo: insula. Mekhoa ea Neurosci (2009) 32: 56-67.10.1016 / j.tins.2008.09.009 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
119. Goldstein RZ, Volkow ND. Ho felloa ke matla ha cortex ea pele ho tšenyo: litlamorao tsa neuroimaging le litlamorao tsa tleleniki. Nat Rev Neurosci (2011) 12: 652-69.10.1038 / nrn3119 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
120. Craig AD. U ikutloa joang - joale? Insula ea ka ntle le tlhokomeliso ea batho. Nat Rev Neurosci (2009) 10: 59-70.10.1038 / nrn2555 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
121. Contreras M, Ceric F, Torrealba F. Ho kenella hoa mohopolo o kopanetsoeng ho sitisa takatso ea lithethefatsi le malaise e hlahisoang ke lithium. Mahlale (2007) 318: 655-8.10.2307 / 20051463 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
122. Garavan H. Insula le litakatso tsa lithethefatsi. Brick Struct Funct (2010) 214: 593-601.10.1007 / s00429-010-0259-8 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
123. Delgado MR, Nystrom LE, Fissell C, Noll D, Fiez JA. Ho latela likarabo tsa hemodynamic ho fumana moputso le kotlo ho striatum. J Neurophysiol (2000) 84: 3072-7. [E fetotsoe]
124. Samanez-Larkin GR, Hollon NG, Carstensen LL, Knutson B. Ho fapana ho fapaneng ha maikutlo a ho kenella nakong ea tahlehelo ho lebella ho qoba ho ithuta. Psychol Sci (2008) 19: 320-3.10.1111 / j.1467-9280.2008.02087.x [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
125. Morales AM, Ghahremani D, Kohno M, Hellemann GS, London ED. Ho pepesetsoa ho tsuba, ho itšetleha ka ho tsuba, le ho lakatsa lintho tse amanang le botsitso ba batho ba baholo ba tsubang. Neuropsychopharmacology (2014) 39: 1816.10.1038 / npp.2014.48 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
126. Naqvi NH, Rudrauf D, Damasio H, Bechara A. Ho senyeha hoa ts'ebetso ho sitisa ho lemalla ho tsuba koae. Mahlale (2007) 315: 531-4.10.1126 / science.1135926 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
127. Paulus MP, Frank LR. Ventromedial pre mapemaal cortex activation e bohlokoa bakeng sa likahlolo tsa khetho. Neuroreport (2003) 14: 1311.10.1097 / 01.wnr.0000078543.07662.02 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
128. Chen CY, Yen JY, Wang PW, Liu GC, Yen CF, Ko CH. Khokahanyo e sebetsang e kenyellelitsoeng ea insula le li-nucleus tse bokellaneng bothateng ba lipapali tsa inthanete: thuto ea phomolo ea fMRI ea mmuso. Euro Addict Res (2016) 22: 192-200.10.1159 / 000440716 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
129. Zhang Y, Mei W, Zhang JX, Wu Q, Zhang W. O fokolisitse khokahano e sebetsang ea marang-rang a marang-rang a batho ba baholo ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang. Exp Brain Res (2016) 234: 2553-60.10.1007 / s00221-016-4659-8 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
130. Naqvi NH, Bechara A. Tlatsetso le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi: pono e pherekano ea menyaka, khothatso le ho etsa liqeto. Brick Struct Funct (2010) 214: 435-50.10.1007 / s00429-010-0268-7 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
131. Verdejo-García A, Lubman DI, Schwerk A, Roffel K, Vilar-López R, MacKenzie T, et al. Phello ea ho lakatsa ho kenella taolong ea inhibitory ho itšetlehileng ka opiate. Psychopharmacology (2012) 219: 519-26.10.1007 / s00213-011-2512-0 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
132. Gauggel S, Heusinger A, Forkmann T, Boecker M, Lindenmeyer J, Miles Cox W, et al. Litlamorao tsa ho pepesetsoa joala ho pepesehela karabo ho bakuli ba tlohelang joala. Alcoholism (2010) 34: 1584-9.10.1111 / j.1530-0277.2010.01243.x [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
133. Zhou Y, Lin FC, Du YS, Zhao ZM, Xu JR, Lei H. Gray o senya litaba tsa tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete: thuto ea voxel-based morphometry. Euro J Radiol (2011) 79: 92-5.10.1016 / j.ejrad.2009.10.025 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
134. Goldstein RZ, Volkow ND. Bokhoba ba lithethefatsi le motheo oa eona oa motheo oa neurobiological: Bopaki ba neuroimaging ba ho kenya letsoho mokokotlong oa pele. Am J Psychiatry (2002) 159: 1642-52.10.1176 / appi.ajp.159.10.1642 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
135. DA ea Balichaba, Choo H, Liau A, Sim T, Li D, Fung D, et al. Tšebeliso ea papali ea video ea pathological har'a bacha: thuto ea lilemo tse peli. Pediatrics (2011) 127 (2): e319-29.10.1542 / peds.2010-1353 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
136. Avery JA, Drevets WC, Mosman SE, Bodurka J, Barcalow JC, Simmons WK. Ho sithabela maikutlo ho hoholo ho amana le ts'ebetso e sa tloaelehang ea ho hlahloba le ho hokahanya ho sebetsang ka har'a polelo. Biol Psychiatry (2014) 76: 258-66.10.1016 / j.biopsych.2013.11.027 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
137. Brevers D, Cleeremans A, Bechara A, Greisen M, Kornreich C, Verbanck P, et al. Ho itšepa ho tlatsetsa ho batekatsaneng ba methapo. J Gambl Stud (2013) 29: 119-29.10.1007 / s10899-012-9292-2 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
138. Nelson TO. Metamemory: sebopeho sa theoretical le liphetho tse ncha. Psychol Funda Motiv (1990) 26: 125-73.10.1016 / S0079-7421 (08) 60053-5 [Ref Ref Cross]
139. Pujol J, Fenoll R, Forns J, Harrison BJ, Martinez-Vilavella G, Macia D, et al. Papali ea video ho bana ba sekolo: ho lekane hakae? Ann Neurol (2016) 80: 424-33.10.1002 / ana.24745 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
140. Davis RA. Mohlala oa tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea methapo. Comput Human Behav (2001) 17: 187-95.10.1016 / S0747-5632 (00) 00041-8 [Ref Ref Cross]
141. Dong G, Potenza MN. Mohlala oa boits'oaro ba mofere-fere oa marang-rang: litekanyetso tsa kelello le litlamorao tsa bongaka. J Psychiatr Res (2014) 58: 7-11.10.1016 / j.jpsychires.2014.07.005 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
142. Han DH, Lee YS, Na C, Ahn JY, Chung US, Daniels MA, et al. Litlamorao tsa methylphenidate papaling ea video ea inthanete ho bana ba nang le bothata ba tlhokomelo / bofokoli ba kelello. Compr Psychiatry (2009) 50: 251-6.10.1016 / j.comppsych.2008.08.011 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
143. Mocha KS. Phekolo ea boitšoaro e nang le temohisiso le bokhoba ba marang-rang: liphetho le litlamorao tsa kalafo. Cyberpsychol Behav (2007) 10: 671-9.10.1089 / cpb.2007.9971 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]