Inthanete ea Addictive e Sebelisa Bacha ba Korea: Phuputso ea Sechaba (2014)

PLoS One. 2014 Feb 5; 9 (2): e87819. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0087819.

Heo J1, O J2, Subramanian SV3, Kim Y4, Kawachi I3.

inahaneloang

LITLHAHISO:

Boloetse ba kelello bo bitsoang 'bokhoba ba inthanete' bo sa tsoa hlaha hammoho le keketseho e kholo ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete lefatšeng ka bophara. Leha ho le joalo, ke lithuto tse fokolang tse sebelisitseng mehlala ea boemo ba baahi kapa ho ela hloko maemo a maemo a ho lemalla inthanete.

MELAO LE LINTHO TSE FUMANA:

Re khethile liithuti tsa 57,857 tse mahareng le tse phahameng (ba nang le selemo sa 13-18) ho tsoa tlhahlobisong ea boemeli ba naha ea Korea, e ileng ea hlahlojoa ho 2009. Ho khetholla lintlha tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang tse sebelisang tšebeliso ea marang-rang, mehlala ea maemo a mabeli ea li-multilevel regression e ne e kentsoe likarabo tsa maemo a motho a le mong (boemo ba 1st) tse fumanehang kahare ho likolo (boemo ba 2nd) ho hakanya mekhatlo ea litšobotsi tsa motho ka mong le sekolo ka nako e le ngoe.

Ho hakanngoa phapang pakeng tsa bong ba tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete le mofuta oa khatello o hlophisitsoeng ke bong. Mekhatlo ea bohlokoa e fumanoe lipakeng tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete le sehlopha sa sekolo, thuto ea botsoali, ts'ebeliso ea joala, ts'ebeliso ea koae le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Baithuti ba basali likolong tsa banana ba ne ba le kotsing ea ho sebelisa marang-rang hampe ho feta ba likolo tse kopaneng.

Liphetho tsa rona li boetse li bontšitse phapang e batsi ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete maemong a eona a amanang le maemo a sekolo.

CONCLUSIONS:

Liphetho tsa rona li fana ka maikutlo a hore maemo a kotsi a multilevel hammoho le phapang ea bong bo lokela ho nkoa ho sireletsa bacha ts'ebelisong e mpe ea inthanete.

Selelekela

Ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e amoheloa e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea bophelo ba sejoale-joale. Ka lebaka la mahlale a thehiloeng marang-rang le keketseho ea phihlello ea marang-rang Latin America le Asia, ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e eketsehile haholo lefats'eng lohle ho fihlela palo ea basebelisi ba marang-rang ba lefats'e ho feta limilione tse likete tsa 2.3 ho 2011 [1].

Ka lehlakoreng le leng la tumello ena, ho hlahile bothata bo bocha ba kelello: "Bokhoba ba marang-rang", bo boetse bo bitsoa "tšebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete" [2], [3], "Ts'ebeliso e mpe ea Inthanete" [4], [5], "Ho itšetleha ka marang-rang" [6], [7], kapa "ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang" [8], [9]. Phapang e joalo e bakoa haholo ke khaello ea tumellano litlhalosong tsohle tse lebileng matšoao a fapaneng a bokhoba ba marang-rang. Young [3] Tlhaloso e mpe ea inthanete e le "mokhoa o mong oa tšebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea inthanete e lebisang ho senyeha kapa khatello ea maikutlo". Kandell [10] Hamorao a e hlalosa e le "ho its'etleha kelellong ka marang-rang, ho sa tsotelehe mofuta oa ts'ebetso eo o kileng oa kena ho eona" [11]. Lithuto tse ling le tsona ha li e fane ka tlhaloso e hlakileng. Ho lekanya kapa ho tšoaea matšoao ana a tlatsetsang a amanang le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, lithuto tse ling li ithutile lisebelisoa tsa bona tsa tlhahlobo. Boholo ba lithuto tsa ho lemalla marang-rang li ile tsa ntlafatsa mehato e ipapisitseng le lintlha tsa tataiso ea tlhahlobo le tlhaiso ea liphuputso (DSM) [11]. Nyane [3] e ntlafalitse lipotso tsa tlhahlobo ea lipotso tsa 8-potso ka phetoho ea mekhoa ea papali ea chelete e khothalletsoang (DSM-IV). Morahan-Martin le Schumacher [8] Hamorao a theha sekhahla sa tšebeliso ea marang-rang a Pathological Internet Use of 13-lipotso ka ho etsa moralo oa mekhoa ea DSM-IV. Lithuto tse ngata tsa morao-rao li thehile mehato e mecha ka boithaopo ka litekanyetso tsa DSM. U sebelisa mekhoa ea ho sekaseka lintlha, Caplan [12] le Widyanto le Mcmurran [13] ba thehile mehato ea bona. Tao et al. [14] ba ntlafalitse tekanyo ea bona ba sebelisa mohopolo oa ho araba lintho. Ho fapana hona litlhalosong le mehatong ho hlahisitse likhang mabapi le ho kenyeletsoa ha lithethefatsi tsa inthanete ho DSM [15], [16].

Leha ho na le ho hloka tumellano mabapi le tlhaloso le methati ea eona, bopaki ba bokhoba ba inthanete bo bokelletse ho tloha bohareng ba bo-1990. Liphuputso tsa linyeoe le boqapi li senotse hore bokhoba ba inthanete bo tšoauoa ka litlamorao ho bophelo bo botle ba kelello ba motho [17], [18], ho hloleha ha thuto [17], [19], fokotswa tshebetso ya mosebetsi [20] kapa tahlehelo ya mosebetsi [21], ho hloka boroko [22], ho ikarola sechabeng [21], [23], ho itšepa kapa ho se itšepe [21], [24], phepo e fosahetseng [20], [25], mathata a lelapa [21], [25], ho senyeha ha lenyalo [21], esita le pefo e amanang le ho fihlella ha lipapali tsa marang-rang [26] kapa lefu le amanang le pelo le pelo ho tsoa ts'ebelisong e feteletseng [27], [28].

Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tsena li na le meeli. Taba ea mantlha ebile e bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa hore boholo ba lipatlisiso bo bile le mathata a ho khetha sampole ka lebaka la sampole e bonolo le boholo bo fokolang ba sampole ha ba ntse ba hira lithuto ka har'a Internet [3], [13], [24], [29]-[32]. Ka mokhoa o seng joalo, mohlala ona oa ba neng ba ikhethile o ile oa hlahisa litholoana tse fapaneng kapa tse hanyetsanang lipakeng tsa lithuto. Taba ea bobeli, leha litlamorao tsa mabaka a tikoloho litloaelong tse lemalloang li se li thehiloe hantle [33], [34], boholo ba lipampiri tse fetileng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang bo shebile haholo likamanong le bothoy joalo ka ho itšepa [24], bolutu [8], ho itlhalosa ka tlase kapa boitšoaro bo hanyetsang sechaba [35], takatso e matla ea ho ipolaea [36], le takatso ea maikutlo [6], [7], [24]. Haholo-holo, ha ho lithuto tse matlafatsang tse hlahlobileng mekhatlo le mabaka a lelapa (mohlala, lekeno la lelapa kapa phihlello ea thuto ea batsoali) le maemo a tikoloho a sekolo leha ho tsebahala hore boemo ba moruo oa batsoali (SES) le litšobotsi tsa sekolo li ne li amahanngoa le likotsi tsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba bacha. [37]-[39]. La ho qetela, leha ho bile le lithuto tse fetileng tse tlalehileng kamehla likotsi tse holimo tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang ho bashanyana [40], [41], lithuto tse fokolang li bontšitse phapang pakeng tsa bong ba batho ba lemaletseng marang-rang.

Ho tlatsa likheo tsena lithutong tse fetileng ka maikutlo a lefutso la seoa, re lekola maemo a amanang le litheko tsa inthanete ka mokhoa oa lipalo o sebelisang tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea boitsebelo ea bacha ba Korea Boroa. Ka lebaka la ho ata ha bokhoba ba marang-rang ho bacha ba Korea ho feta batho ba baholo [42], re shebane le bokhoba ba marang-rang har'a bacha. Phuputso ena e boetse e hlahloba ho se tšoane hoa bong ho tlisoang ke lithethefatsi tsa inthanete har'a baahi.

Korea Boroa ke e 'ngoe ea mekhatlo ea batho ba ithutetseng dijithale lefatšeng ka bophara. Sekhahla sa ho kenella Inthaneteng Korea Boroa se feta liperesente tsa 75 ho 2011 [1]. Ho feta halofo ea sehlopha sa lilemo tsa 50s le hoo e batlang e le 100% ea bacha ba sebelisa marang-rang bophelong ba bona ba letsatsi le letsatsi [43]. Kamora ho ba le letoto la litlolo tsa molao le lefu tse amanang le bokhoba ba marang-rang, Korea Boroa e nkile lekhoba la inthanete e le bothata ba sechaba le sechabeng. Qalong mmuso o thehile mofuta oa Korea oa sekala sa tlhatlhobo ea inthanete (KS-wadogo) mme o hlahisitse likolong tse mahareng le tse phahameng bakeng sa ho hlahloba basebelisi ba marang-rang ba lemaletseng [44]. Ho feta moo, ho thibela lipapali tse fetelletseng tsa inthanete har'a bacha, mmuso o kentse tšebetsong melaoana e qobelloang e bitsoang "Internet Shutdown" le "Cooling Off" ka 2011 le 2012 ka tatellano ho fokotsa lipapali tsa bacha tsa inthaneteng har'a mp'a bosiu le nako e sebelisitsoeng bakeng sa lipapali tsa inthanete. [45]. Phuputso e akaretsang naha e boletsoeng ho lemalla lithethefatsi tsa inthanete ho 2010 e bonts'itse hore 8.0% ho baahi bohle ba lemaletse marang-rang; 12.4% ea bacha ba ne ba sebelisa Inthanete hampe [42]. Ka lebaka la hore basebelisi ba marang-rang ba ntse ba eketseha haholo lefatšeng ka bophara haholo-holo ka ho tummeng ha lits'ebeletso tsa marang-rang tsa sechaba, thuto ena e ka fana ka tlhahisoleseling ho thibela le ho kenella ts'ebetsong ea bosholu ba marang-rang ea bocha bakeng sa linaha tse ling moo e sa kang ea hlaha e le setjhaba le sechaba. taba ea bophelo bo botle.

Re thahasella ho araba lipotso tse latelang: 1) Na SES e phahameng ea batsoali e amana hampe le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete ea bacha? 2) Na maemo a sekolo a amahanngoa le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete ea bacha ho sa tsotelehe maemo a motho ka mong? 3) Na mekhatlo ee ea maemo a motho ka mong le boemo ba sekolo e fapane lipakeng tsa bong?

mekhoa

Mohloli oa data

Har'a mehlala ea 75,066 e tsoang ho Fifth Korea Youth Risk Behaeve Web-based Survey (KYRBWS) e entsoeng ka 2009, re khethile baithuti ba 57,857 ba tsoang likolong tse 400 tse bohareng le tse 400 kamora ho lahla mehlala e haelloang ke litekanyetso tsa thuto ea botsoali. KYRBWS ke phuputso e emeloang ke naha e hlahisang tlhaiso-leseling ea selemo le selemo ho lekola boits'oaro ba bacha (ba lilemo li 13-18). KYRBWS e hlahisitsoe ke Litsi tsa Korea tsa Taolo le Thibelo ea Mafu (KCDC) mme ea ananeloa ke likomiti tsa melao ea boitšoaro ea KCDC. Tumello e ngotsoeng e nang le tsebo e fumanoe ho batsoali ba moithuti ka mong bakeng sa patlisiso. Ho ba le sampole e emelang naha ka bophara, phuputso e sebelisitse mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng oa mekhahlelo e 'meli ea lihlopha tse sa sebetseng. Kakaretso ea likolo tse 800 tse mahareng le tse phahameng (li-sampling tsa mantlha) li ile tsa khethoa ka mehlala e sa reroang ho tloha mohatong o mong le o mong oa 135 strata tse ileng tsa fumanoa li sebelisa litereke tsa tsamaiso le litšobotsi tsa likolo Ebe, sehlopha se le seng (li-sampling unit) sehlopheng ka seng sa sekolo se ile sa etsoa sampole ho tsoa sekolong ka seng se khethiloeng. Baithuti bohle ba lihlopha tsa sampole ba kopiloe ho phethela patlisiso e sa tsejoeng e thehiloeng marang-rang nakong ea hora ea nako ea bona ea tlelase ka phapusing ea likhomphutha ea sekolo ka seng se khethiloeng. Morero oa lipatlisiso le ts'ebetso eohle ea lipatlisiso li ile tsa hlalosetsoa baithuti pele phuputso e etsoa. Baithuti ba ile ba kopuoa ho kena webosaeteng ea KYRBWS ka nomoro e fuoeng ka mokhoa o sa reroang mme ba tlatse lipotso tsa lipotso tse itlhahisang. Sekhahla sa karabelo ka kakaretso sa thuto ea bohlano ea KYRBWS e ne e le 97.6%.

Tekanyo

Tlhatlhobo ea inthanete e ile ea hlahlojoa ke Sesebelisoa sa Boitlhopho sa K'homphieutha sa K'homphieutha se ikhethileng sa Korea (bona. Sekala sa KS) Letlapa la S1), e ntlafalitsoeng ke mmuso oa Korea mme ea sebelisoa naheng ka bophara Korea ka tlhaloso ea "ho ba le mathata bophelong ba motho ba letsatsi le letsatsi ka lebaka la ho ikhula le mamello ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ho sa tsotelehe lisebelisoa" [44]. Teko ea ho ts'epahala le ho aha bonnete ba sekala e hlalositsoe ka mokhoa o qaqileng libakeng tse ling [44]. Mohato ona oa semolao o amohetse tlhahlobo ea inthanete ea ho lemalla inthanete le ho shebella selemo le selemo bacha ba Korea [42]. Sekala se ne se na le lipotso tsa 20 tse botsang ka libaka tsa 6: Tšitiso ea lits'ebetso tse khahlisang, ho lebella lintho tse ntle, ho ikarola, kamano e kopanetsoeng pakeng tsa motho, boits'oaro bo khelohileng, le mamello. Likarabo li ile tsa fokotsoa ka mekhahlelo ea 4 ho tloha "ha ho mohla" ho ea ho “ee kamehla”. Phuputsong ena, ho fapana le ho amohela tekanyo ka boeona e sehiloeng ka mekhahlelo e meraro (temallo, temallo ea morao-rao, le e tloaelehileng), re lekantse botebo ba bokhoba ba ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ka phapang e tsoelang pele ka phello ea karabelo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe [ho tloha 1 (le ka mohla) ho 4 (kamehla ho joalo)] ka bophara ho tloha 20 ho 80. Re nkile lintlha tsena tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete e le tlatsetso lithutong.

Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho tafole 1, mefuta e ka sehloohong ea maemo a motho ka mong e sebelisitsoeng tlhahlobisong e kenyelelitse litšobotsi tsa palo ea batho; boitšisinyo bo ipapisitseng le thuto; Boemo ba moruo oa botsoali (SES); koae, joala le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi; le mesebetsi ea 'mele le boemo ba kelello. Boiphihlelo bo ikhethileng ba thuto e ne e le mekhahlelo e mekhahlelo e mehlano ho tloha holimo haholo ho isa tlase haholo. Re ne re nka katleho ea boithuto ba rona e le phapang e tsoelang pele tlhahlobisong e kholo. SES ea batsoali e ne e lekantsoe ke phihlello ea thuto ea motsoali le Family Affluence Scale (FAS) [46]. Phitlhelelo ea thuto ea bo-ntate le bo-mme e ile ea aroloa ka mekhahlelo e meraro (sekolo se mahareng-kapa tlase, sekolo se phahameng, le koleche-kapa-holimo). FAS e lekantsoe ka kakaretso ea likarabo tsa lintho tse 'ne: 1) ho ba le kamore ea hau ea ho robala (e=1, che=0); 2) makhetlo a maeto a lelapa ka selemo; 3) palo ea likhomphutha hae; le 4) palo ea makoloi a lelapa. Ts'ebeliso ea koae le joala li ne li lekantsoe ka palo e tloaelehileng ea lisakerete le palohare ea joala e nooeng matsatsing a 30 a fetileng. Ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e meraro: ha ho mohla, ts'ebeliso ea nako e fetileng le ts'ebeliso ea hajoale. Likarolo tsa boikoetliso e ne e le boikoetliso bo boima, boikoetliso bo itekanetseng le boikoetliso ba boima, bo hakantsoeng ke palo ea matsatsi a boikoetliso ho feta metsotso e 30, metsotso e 20 le matsatsi a koetliso ea boima ba 'mele ka ho latellana. Ka mabaka a kelello, khotsofalo e lekantsoeng ea boroko e ile ea aroloa ka mekhahlelo e mehlano ho tloha ho e ntle ho isa ho e futsanehileng haholo. Matšoao a sithabetsang le mohopolo oa ho ipolaea a ile a aroloa joalo ka e kapa che ho lipotso hore na seithuti se kile sa ba le maikutlo a tepelletseng kapa mohopolo oa ho ipolaea likhoeling tse leshome le metso e 'meli tse fetileng. Re kenyelelitse mefuta e 'meli ea maemo a sekolo: toropo ea sebaka sa sekolo (litoropo, litoropo le mahaeng) le mofuta oa sekolo ka ho kopanya bong (bashanyana, banana le thuto-'moho).

Lethathamo 1  

Litšobotsi tsa bacha ba Korea.

Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyetso

Moetso oa mekhahlelo e 'meli ea maemo a tlase, e ikemetseng e kopaneng ea li-multilevel e ne e kengoe le batho ka bomong (boemo ba 1) e kenngoeng kahare ho likolo (boemo ba 2) ho lekanya mekhatlo ea batho ba khethiloeng le maemo a sekolo ka nako e le ngoe MLwiN (mofuta oa ntlafatso 2.22). Teko ea Chow e ile ea sebelisoa ho fumana phapang e kholo ea bong ho latela maemo a matsoapong le likamano lipakeng tsa metheo e kopaneng [47] tse neng li hlophisitsoe ka thoko ho bashanyana le banana. Re fumane likhakanyo tsa monyetla o moholo ke Iterative Generalized Least squares (IGLS), ebe re fetohela tšebetso ea Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). MCMC e ile ea etsetsoa ho chesa likhakanyo tsa 500 tsa ho qala boleng ba kabo ho lahla, 'me ea lateloa ke 5,000 le ho ts'oara litekanyetso tse nepahetseng le phano ea phaello. Hang ha tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea mali e se e netefalitsoe, litekanyetso tse lekantsoeng le li-95% tse tšepahalang tse sa sebetseng (CI) li fumanoe.

Results

Lethathamo 2 e bonts'a sepheo sa mathomo le sa bobeli sa baithuti bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ntle le sepheo sa thuto, ho latela bong likolong tse mahareng le tse phahameng. Ho sa tsotelehe sekolo, sepheo sa mantlha le sa bobeli sa bashanyana sa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e ne e le lipapali tsa inthanete le ho batla tlhaiso-leseling ka ho latellana. Banana ba tlalehile ho blogga le ho ntlafatsa leqephe la motho, ho batla tlhaiso-leseling, le ho sebelisa man messengersosa le ho qoqa e le sepheo sa bona sa mantlha le sa bobeli.

Lethathamo 2  

Morero oa mantlha le oa bobeli oa tšebeliso ea marang-rang (ntle le sepheo sa borutehi) ke bong ka likolong tse mahareng le tse phahameng.

Lethathamo 3 e fana ka sephetho sa ho tloaela mokhoa o ikhethileng oa ho tataisa tšebeliso ea inthanete bathong ba lilemong tsa bocha. Banana ba ne ba le monyetleng oa ho lemalla Internet ho feta bashanyana. Palo ea tšebeliso ea inthanete e lemaletseng e ile ea eketseha butle butle lilemong tsa sekolo se mahareng, leha ho le joalo li ile tsa fokotseha nakong ea lilemo tsa sekolo se phahameng. Ho atleha lithutong tsa hau ho ne ho amahanngoa le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete. Ha boemo ba thuto ea botsoali le FAS bo ntse bo eketseha, lintlha tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete li fokotsehile haholo. Tšebeliso ea koae e ne e amahanngoa le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete ha tšebeliso ea joala e ne e se ntho ea bohlokoa. Ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e bonts'a kamano e matla ka ho fetesisa le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete. Mefuta eohle ea mesebetsi ea 'mele e bonts'a mekhatlo e fapaneng le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete. Ts'ebeliso e phahameng ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e ne e amahanngoa le maemo a phahameng a ho se khotsofale ha boroko. Litšobotsi tsa kelello tse joalo ka matšoao a tepelletsang le mohopolo oa ho ipolaea li bonts'a litloaelano tse ntle le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete. Mabapi le litšobotsi tsa sekolo, banana ba kenang likolong tsa banana ba ne ba le kotsing ea ho sebelisa Inthanete ho feta ba kenang likolong tse kopaneng.

Lethathamo 3  

Likhakanyo tsa regrelvel tsa Multilevel (hammoho le SE ea bona) e thehiloe mohlaleng oa mekhahlelo e 'meli bakeng sa boholo ba tšebeliso ea inthanete har'a bacha ba Korea.

Ka netefatso ea teko ea Chow [F (17, 57,823)=163.62, p <0.001], tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ka bong e senotse mekhoa e fapaneng ea mekhatlo lipakeng tsa bashanyana le banana ho mefuta eohle (Lethathamo 4). Motsoalle oa batho ba neng ba sa khone ho fumana lithuto tse phahameng tsa marang-rang ka tšebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea inthanete o ne o le matla ho bashanyana ho feta banana. Boemo ba thuto ea batsoali bo ne bo amahanngoa le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete ho bashanyana ha e sa bontše botsoalle har'a banana. Ts'ebeliso ea koae le joala li bonts'a litloaelano tse fapaneng lipakeng tsa bashanyana le banana: 1) kamano e bohlokoa lipalo pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea joala le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete ho banana, empa e se bohlokoa ho bashanyana; 2) kamano e bohlokoa lipakeng tsa ho tsuba hanyane le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete ho bashanyana empa eseng ho banana. Bashemane ba tlalehileng ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi nakong ea tlhahlobo ba ne ba le kotsing e kholo ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete ha e bapisoa le banana. Mekhatlo ea tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete e sebelisang mesebetsi ea 'mele le litšobotsi tsa kelello e ne e le matla ho bashanyana ho feta banana. Mabapi le maemo a sekolo, likolo tsa banana li ne li e-na le kamano e ntle le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete; athe likolo tsa bashanyana li ne li se na mokhatlo. Urbanicity ea libaka tsa sekolo ha e bontše khokahano le tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete.

Lethathamo 4  

Likhakanyo tsa "regtilevel regression" (hammoho le SE) li thehiloe mohlaleng oa maemo a mabeli a tekano bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang a lemalloang har'a bacha ba Korea.

Puisano

Ho tsebo ea rona, ena ke thuto ea pele e ileng ea hlahloba mekhatlo ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete le lintlha tsa boemo ba sekolo le maemo a sekolo a sebelisang tlhahlobo ea likhahla ka mohlala. Tlhahiso ea rona ea nalane ke hore ho ne ho na le likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete ea bacha le maemo a sekolo le kamora ho laola litšobotsi tsa boemo ba motho ka mong: banana ba likolong tsa banana ba ne ba le kotsing ea ho lemalla marang-rang ho feta ba likolo tse kopaneng. Ntle le moo, re fumane liphapang tsa bong mabapi le ts'ebeliso e lemalloang ea inthanete ho tsoa tlhahlobisong e tiisitsoeng ea bong: 1) phihlello e tlase ea thuto ea batsoali e ne e amahanngoa feela le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea bashemane ea inthanete, le 2) tšebeliso ea joala e ne e le kotsi ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete bakeng sa banana feela; athe ho tsuba ho kotsi ho bashanyana feela.

Taba ea mantlha, tlhahlobo ea rona ea tatellano ea maemo a phahameng e bontšitse hore banana ba likolong tsa banana ba na le monyetla oa ho lemalla marang-rang ha ba bapisoa le banana ba likolong tse kopaneng kamora ho laola maemo a motho ka mong. Maemo a likolo tsa banana a ka kenya letsoho ts'ebelisong e mpe ea banana ea inthanete ka ho matlafatsa marang-rang a bona a marang-rang a ipapisitse le marang-rang a mangata a batho ba bong bo tšoanang le ba bona likolong tsa bona. Baithuti ba Makorea ba likolong tse le 'ngoe tsa bong ba bona ba ne ba bonahala ba na le metsoalle e mengata ea bong bo tšoanang le ba likolo tse kopaneng hobane ba qeta boholo ba nako ea bona ba le sekolong ho phehella bokhabane ba thuto, mme ho etsa metsoalle e fapaneng ea bong hangata ha ho amoheloe ke batsoali ba amehileng ka thuto ea bana ba bona katleho [48]. Ho latela hore banana ba na le tloaelo e kholo ea ho rata likamano tsa batho ka har'a marang-rang a sa sebetseng mme ba bohlale haholo ho theha likamano tse ncha inthaneteng. [48]-[50], ba ka nka monyetla ka sebaka sa marang-rang ho boloka likamano le ho matlafatsa boitsebahatso ba bona ka ho buisana le ho arolelana tlhaiso-leseling ka lithahasello tsa bona tse tšoanang ka ho romellana melaetsa, ho qoqa le ho etela libaka tsa marang-rang tsa metsoalle. [10], [48], [51]. Banana ba bang le bona ba ka etsa bahlankana marang-rang kapa ntle le inthanete; leha ho le joalo, e kanna ea se tlatsetse bokhobeng ba Inthanete kaha ba ka batla ho qeta nako e ngata ba shebane. Bashemane likolong tsa bashemane le bona ba kanna ba sekamela ho lemalleng inthanete ho ipapisitse le marang-rang a bona a fumanehang kantle ho naha likolong ka ho bapala lipapali inthaneteng hammoho. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ho diphetho, mofuta oa sekolo e ne e se lebaka la bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea bashanyana ea Inthanete mohlomong hobane marang-rang a lipapali tsa inthanete hangata a theoa naheng ka bophara kapa lefatšeng ka bophara [52].

Tlhahiso e 'ngoe e fumanoeng thutong ea rona ke hore SES ea batsoali e ne e amahanngoa le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete ea bacha. Batsoali ba fihletseng thuto e phahameng ba ka khona ho tataisetsa bana ba bona ts'ebelisong e lakatsehang ea inthanete le ho hlokomela tšebeliso ea bana ea inthanete ka katleho ho ipapisitse le tsebo ea bona ea inthanete le lisebelisoa tsa eona. Ho feta moo, bacha bao batsoali ba bona ba neng ba e-na le li-SES tse phahameng ba kanna ba sebelisa marang-rang hampe ka lebaka la boitlhompho ba bona bo holimo [53]. Haholo, karohano ea botona le botšehali e bontšitse hore boemo bo phahameng ba thuto ea botsoali bo ne bo amana haholo feela le sekhahla se tlase sa ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ho bashanyana (Setšoantšo sa 1-A le 2-A). Sena se ka hlalosoa ka tlhokomelo ea batsoali e shebaneng le bashanyana ba bona. Batsoali ba Korea hangata ba ne ba tšoenyehile ka ts'ebeliso ea bona ea bashanyana inthaneteng hobane ba ne ba fumaneha habonolo ebile ba le tlokotsing ea lipapali tse lemalloang inthaneteng le litšoantšo tsa thobalano / tse mabifi [51].

Setšoantšo sa 1  

Mechini e eketsang ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea bashanyana ba Korea (A) le banana (B) ho thuto ea ntate.
Setšoantšo sa 2  

Mechini e eketsang ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea bashanyana ba Korea (A) le banana (B) thutong ea bo-mme.

Re fumane hape tse ling tse fapaneng tse amanang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ho batona le ba batšehali, leha ho le joalo mekhoa le boholo ba bona bo ne bo fapana ka bong. Likolong tsa sekolo se phahameng, palo ea tšebeliso ea inthanete e neng e lemaletse e ile ea fokotseha. Sena se fapane le lithuto tsa nakong e fetileng tse neng li tlaleha hore ha ho kamano pakeng tsa bokhoba ba tahi le marang-rang [9], [54]. Ho se lumellane hona ho bonahala ho lutse phapanong ea mekhoa ea mehlala kapa maemo a thuto le setso (Taiwan le linaha tsa Europe le Korea). Khatello e phahameng ea katleho ea thuto sechabeng sa Korea e ka fokotsa marang-rang a marang-rang a baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng le / kapa nako e sebelisitsoeng ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete [48].

Ea ho tsuba sakerete le ho noa joala, liphetho tsa rona li bonts'itse kamano e fapaneng ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete le ho tsuba le kamano e sa reng letho le ho noa; leha ho le joalo, khethollo ea bong e bonts'itse mekhoa e rarahaneng mekhatlong ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete le ho noa le ho tsuba. Ho noa le ho tsuba ho ne ho bonahala e le tlatsetso bakeng sa tšebeliso e mpe ea banana ea Inthanete, athe ho tsuba ho ne ho ka nka sebaka sa bashanyana. Bashemane ba kanna ba ba le menyetla e fokolang ea ho tsuba hobane hangata ba ne ba bapala lipapali tsa inthanete lapeng kapa khefing ea inthanete moo ho tsuba ha bacha ho hanetsoeng. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, marang-rang a marang-rang a ka fa banana menyetla e mengata ea ho matlafatsa boits'oaro le ho tsuba khahlano le maemo a khethollang basali le basali. [3], [48]. Banana ba ka khothaletsoa ho noa le ho tsuba ka ho arolelana liphihlelo kapa leseli ka ho noha le ho tsuba le lithaka tsa bona tsa inthaneteng. Litšebelisano tse joalo Inthaneteng li ka kenya letsoho ho theheng tloaelo e ntle ea ho tsuba le ho noha e ka lebisang lipokanong tse sa amaneng le morero oa ho noela kapa ho tsuba.

Seo re se fumaneng mabapi le katleho ea hau ea thuto, mesebetsi ea 'mele le boemo ba kelello li tiisa lithuto tse fetileng [17], [22], [35]. Katleho ea borutehi e ikhethileng e ne e amahanngoa le tšebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea inthanete, leha ho le joalo, setsoalle se ne se le matla ho bashanyana ho feta banana. Phapang e kanna ea hlahisoa ke khatello e sa leka-lekanang ea katleho e phahameng ea thuto pakeng tsa bashemane. Sechabeng se seholo sa banna, joalo ka libakeng tsa Asia tse nang le semelo sa Confucius, litebello tsa botsoali li ntse li shebile haholo ho bashanyana ba nang le moetlo oa banna oa ho rekisa, ba ikarabellang bakeng sa ho fumana chelete bakeng sa malapa a bona. Ha bokhabane ba bona ba thuto bo ama maemo a morao-rao a sechaba le moruo, bashanyana ba atlehileng haholo lithutong tsa maemo a tlase ba kanna ba hatelloa haholo ho feta balekane ba bona ba banana. Kameho ena ea botsoalle e ka etsa hore bashanyana ba lemaletse marang-rang a fanang ka tšireletso ho tsoa ho 'nete [3] kapa e bebofatsa khatello ea maikutlo ka maikutlo a thetsang a ho atleha le ho itšepa [54]. Bashemane ba lemaletse inthanete ka tsela ena ba ka senya nako ea ho ithuta ba lebisa ho katleho e tlase lithutong (revers causality). Phuputso ena e boetse e tiisa sephetho sa nakong e fetileng se tlalehang litloaelano tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang ka khatello ea maikutlo [17], boits'oaro ba ho ipolaea [55], khotsofalo ea boroko bo tlase [3], le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi [56].

Ho lokela ho hlokomeloa meeli e 'maloa ea thuto ena. Taba ea pele, thuto ena e sebelisitse tlhaiso-leseling eo likarolo tsa likamano li ke keng tsa kena-kenana le eona. Taba ea bobeli, ntle le tsamaiso ea tlhahlobo ho netefatsa ho se tsejoe hoa taba eo inthaneteng, bacha ba ka tlaleha kapa ba fana ka tlaleho ka mokhoa o khahlisang sechabeng. Qetellong, ba arabileng ba ne ba khethoa har'a bacha ba neng ba kena likolong. Le ha e ne e le tlhahlobo ea boemeli ba naha ka bophara mme sekhahla sa ho kena sekolong se mahareng le se phahameng Korea se le kaholimo ho 99%, khetho e mpe e ka ba teng ka lebaka la bacha ba qheletsoeng ka thoko ba neng ba le sekolong, ba sa keneng sekolo le bana ba ikhethang.

Ka kakaretso, re fumane mekhatlo e mengata ea bohlokoa ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete e nang le lintlha tsa maemo a motho ka mong le a sekolo le phapang ea bong. Liphetho tsa rona li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho thibela tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete ea bacha maemong a sechaba ho lokela ho ela hloko liphapang tsa bong le maemo a amanang le maemo a lelapa le a sekolo.

Ho tšehetsa Boitsebiso

Letlapa la S1

Lipotso tse mashome a mabeli tsa Thulusi ea Boitlhatlhobo ea Inthanete ea K'homphieutha e nolofalitsoeng ea K'homphieutha (KS wadogo).

(DOCX)

Tlhaloso ea lithuso

Bangoli ha ba na tšehetso kapa chelete ea ho fana ka tlaleho.

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