Front Psychol. 2016 May 4;7: 597. Doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2016.00597. eCollection 2016.
Wang Y1, Zou Z1, Sefela H1, Xu X1, Wang H1, d'Oleire Uquillas F2, Huang X1.
inahaneloang
Ho itšetleha ka mohala oa selefouno (MPD) ke ts'oaetso ea boitšoaro eo e fetohileng taba e ntseng e eketseha ea bophelo ba kelello ba sechaba. Ha patlisiso e fetileng e hlahlobile tse ling tsa lintho tse ka 'nang tsa bolela esale pele MPD, mekhoa e ka tlas'a motheo ea MPD ha e e-so fumanoe lipatlisiso. Boithuto ba hajoale bo reretsoe ho hlahloba mefuta-futa ea methapo e amanang le MPD ha e lekantsoe le Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) e sebetsang. Bophahamo ba litaba tsa Gray (GMV) le botšo ba litaba tse tšoeu (WM) [lintlha tse 'ne: anisotropy ea li-fractional (FA); ho bolela phapang (MD); axial diffusivity (AD); le radial diffusivity (RD)] li ile tsa balelloa ka voxel-based morphometry (VBM) le tlhahlobo ea lipalopalo tse amanang le sebaka (TBSS), ka ho latellana. Baithuti ba koleche ba mashome a tšeletseng a metso e robeli (basali ba 42) ba ngolisitsoe mme ba arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli [sehlopha sa MPD, N = 34; sehlopha sa taolo (CG), N = 34] e ipapisitse le lintlha tsa boemo ba selefouno tsa selefounu tsa selefouno tsa selefounu. Tšusumetso ea ts'ebetso e boetse e lekantsoe ho sebelisoa Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11).
Ka leseli la tšusumetso ea sesosa sa ts'ebetso, sephetho se senotsoeng se fokotsehile ka GMV sehlopheng sa MPD ho laola libakeng tse kang gyrus (sFG) e nepahetseng, "under-gal" (iFG) e ts'oanang le matla le tharollo ea naha. Sehlopheng sa MPD, GMV libakeng tse boletsoeng ka holimo e ne e sa tsamaisane hantle le lintlha ho MPAI. Liphetho li boetse li bonts'itse litekanyetso tse tlase tsa FA le AD tsa bots'epehi ba WM sehlopheng sa MPD ho laola maemong a marang-rang a hippocampal cingulum bundle fibers (CgH). Ntle le moo, sehlopheng sa MPD, FA ea CgH e ne e boetse e matahantsoe hampe le lintlha ho MPAI.
Liphumano tsena li fana ka bopaki ba pele ba moralo oa sebopeho sa boko se fetotsoeng ke mohala o fetang oa fono, mme se ka thusa ho utloisisa hamolemo mekhoa ea neural ea MPD mabapi le mathata a boitšoaro le lithethefatsi tse ling.
LINKOTSO:
Selekanyo sa Tebello ea Mehala ea Mehala axial diffusivity; fMRI; frisional anisotropy; molumo oa taba e putsoa; ho qhekella; ts'ehetso ea mohala oa mohala
Selelekela
Joalokaha ho tlalehiloe ke eMarketer.com, palo ea ba ngolisitseng li-smartphone tsa bokahohle e tla fihla ho limilione tsa 2,380 ho 2017, 672.1 milione eo e tla ba ba ngolisitseng ba Machaena. Li-smartphone li na le litšobotsi tse ngata tse ntle tse thusang ho khothaletsa tšebeliso ea eona e atileng bophelong ba sejoale-joale, haholoholo ho batho ba baholo. Ke mohloli o sa feleng oa thabo le boikhathollo, sesebelisoa se sebetsang haholo sa ho theha le ho boloka likamano tsa batho, 'me ke mokhoa o bonolo oa ho qoba maemo a mabe le nako ea' ho bolaea '(Choliz, 2010).
Ka ho eketsehileng, batho ka bomong ba lemoha lefatše la bona ka 'setho' sena se secha se sebetsang ka bongata. Le ha ho le joalo, batho ba baholo ba bangata ba sebelisa li-smartphone ka mokhoa o sa laoleheng. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, mathata a mmele, a kahisano, boits'oaro, esita le mathata a amanang le tsona a amahanngoa le lisebelisoa tse ngata tse sa laoloang, le taolo e feteletseng, tse hohelang tlhokomelo e kholo mabapi le litlamorao tse mpe tse ka bakoang ke tšebeliso e mpe ea mehala ea thelefono (Roberts le al., 2015).
Ho sebelisa mohala hampe ka selefouno, joalo ka bothata, ho ka nkuoa e le temallo ea boitšoaro (Billieux, 2012). Moralo o akaretsang oa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi o ipapisitse le mofuta oa bongaka o bolelang ho its'etleha ka ts'ebeliso ea lintho tse kang koae, joala kapa lithethefatsi tse ling (McMillan et al., 2001). Leha ho le joalo, bafuputsi ba pheha khang ea hore temallo e lokela ho atolosoa ho kenyelletsa mekhoa ea boitšoaro ea methapo e khahlisang ho ts'epahalla lintho tse itseng, 'me ka kakaretso ba e bitsitse tsena' litlatsetso tsa boitšoaro '(Lemon, 2002). Ka hona, bokhoba ba boitšoaro bo bua ka boits'oaro, ntle le ho kenella linthong tsa kelello, tse hlahisang maikutlo a mokhuts'oana oa moputso mme li tlisa boits'oaro bo phehellang le ha o ntse o tseba ka litlamorao tse mpe. Boitšoaro bona bo kenyelletsa ho becha ha methapo ea maoto, ho khetha letlalo, kleptomania, ho reka ka mokhoa o qobelloang, le boitšoaro bo tlamang ba ho etsa thobalano, ho bolela tse seng kae (Grant et al., 2010). Ho lemalla ho ba le boitšoaro ho tšoana le ho lemalla lithethefatsi libakeng tse ngata, ho kenyeletsa nalane ea tlhaho, phenomenology (Roberts le al., 2015), mamello (Leung, 2008), e koahelang lipehelo tsa lefutso (Billieux, 2012), methapo ea methapo ea kutlo (Billieux et al., 2015a), comorbidity, karabelo kalafong (Billieux et al., 2015b), le tšobotsi e tloaelehileng ea taolo e fokotsehileng (Walther et al., 2012). Ka tšebeliso e matla le tšebeliso e ngata ea theknoloji e kang thelevisheneng, lipapali tsa likhomphutha, le marang-rang, mofuta o mocha oa bokhoba ba litloaelo bo sa sebeliseng lik'hemik'hale tlhahong ea theknoloji, o lemalitsoe e le tšebeliso e mpe ea thekenoloji e kenyeletsang batho. ho sebelisana ha mochini (Griffiths, 1996).
Ho itšetleha ka mohala oa selefouno (MPD), semelo sa litekanyetso tsa boitšoaro kapa theknoloji, se arolelana likarolo tse ngata tse tloaelehileng le mathata a mang a bokhoba ba ho lemalla (Bianchi le Phillips, 2005; Billieux, 2012). Litšoaneleho tsena tse tloaelehileng li akaretsoa ke 'mekhoa ea bokhoba ba boitšoaro ba "Brown"E sootho, 1993), hape e kenyelletsa: ho se utloisise, ho qabana le batho ba bang kapa mesebetsi, ho hlasimoloha kapa ho phomola, ho mamella kapa ho lahleheloa ke taolo holim'a boitšoaro, ho tlosoa, ho khutlela morao le ho khutlisetsoa morao (Martinotti et al., 2011). Ka kakaretso, MPD e bontšitsoe e le tšebeliso e fetelletseng le e sa laoleheng ea fono ho isa moo e amang bophelo ba motho ba 'nete. Mohlala, ho re hopotsa ho ts'epa le ho ikarola, motho ea nang le MPD a ka ikutloa a sa phutholoha le ho teneha ka ho se be teng ha mohala, ho kenyelletsa le ho ikutloa o le monyebe 'meleng le kelellong har'a matšoao a mang a khale a ho tlohela.Ling le Pedersen, 2006).
Bakeng sa batho ba bangata ba MPD, selefounu e ka khahla hoo e ka laolang bophelo ba bona le lithahasello tsa bona (Chóliz, 2012). Ebile, lipatlisiso li bontšitse hore MPD e amana le khatello ea maikutlo, ho hloka botsitso maikutlong, ho rata lintho tse bonahalang (Beranuy et al., 2009), khothatso ea tumello (Takao et al., 2009), boiketlo ba ho phomola, ho batla maikutloLeung, 2008), impulsiveness (Billieux et al., 2007, 2008), le boitšoaro bo kotsi joalo ka thobalano e sa sireletsehang, ts'ebeliso e seng molaong ea lithethefatsi, tšebeliso ea joala, ho emisoa sekolong le ts'ebetso ea botlokotsebe (Yang et al., 2010). Ho feta moo, litloaelano tse mpe li fumanoe lipakeng tsa MPD le litaba tse ntle tsa kelello le letsoalo (Roberts le al., 2015), mohopolo oa ho sebetsa (Billieux et al., 2008), mosebetsi o moholo (Billieux, 2012), boitšoaro le boits'oaro (Takao et al., 2009), esita le boitšepo (Yang et al., 2010). MPD e ka boela ea baka taolo e tlase ea kelello, boitšoaro bo phahameng ba ho batla meputso, mamello e eketsehileng ponts'o ea mohala, le bophelo bo botle ba kelello hammoho le ho lebisa ho fokotseng ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi esita le ho hloleha hoa thuto.Billieux et al., 2015a), joalo ka mathata a mang a bokhoba ba tahi.
Habohlokoa, ho susumetsoa ke tšabo ho bontšitsoe ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa mefuteng e mengata ea mathata a ho ts'epahalla ho kenyeletsa le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Moreno-López et al., 2012), mathata a papali ea chelete (Joutsa et al., 2011; Bickel et al., 2012), temallo ea papali ea inthanete (Han et al., 2012b), esita le lekhoba la marang-rang (Cao et al., 2007; Lin et al., 2012). Kahoo, thutong ea hona joale, re nkile tekanyo ea bokhoni bo ka bang teng ho MPD le hona.
Leha mabaka a mang a ka amanang le MPD a fumanoe lithutong tse fetileng, ha ho e-so ho etsoe lipatlisiso tse entseng lipatlisiso tsa methapo ea methapo kapa liphetoho tse ka bang teng lipuisanong tsa maikutlo le tse teng ho batho ba MPD. Ho na le ts'episo e kholo ea ho sebelisa Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ho hlakisa mekgwa ea neural ea MPDYuan et al., 2011), 'me liphetho li ka thusa nts'etsopele ea mekhoa ea boits'ebetso kapa liphekolo tsa kalafo bakeng sa sena le mefuta e meng ea tlhekefetso nakong e tlang e haufi.Hanlon le Canterberry, 2012). Kahoo, thutong ea hona joale, re ikemiselitse ho hlahloba mehato ea bongoana le MRI ho batho ba nang le MPD, haholo-holo ho baithuti ba banyenyane ba kolecheng ea batho ba baholo ka lebaka la karolo e ntseng e eketseha eo mehala ea thelefono e e bapalang sechabeng sena.
Hypothesized e tloaelehileng ea motheo ea methapo lipakeng tsa MPD le mathata a mang a ho lemalla e fana ka maikutlo a hore ka ho utloisisa hofetisisa mekhoa e ka morao ho MPD, mefuta e meng ea bokhoba le eona e ka hlakisoa.Billieux et al., 2015a). Thutong ea bokhoba ba marang-rang ho batho ba baholo ba banyenyane, Zhou et al. (2011) o fumane hore ha o bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo se phetseng hantle, batho ba baholo ba lemaletseng marang-rang ba ne ba e-na le bothata bo bonyenyane kahare ka lehlakoreng le letšehali la cingate cortex, ba setse ka morao ka morao, ba bile ba tlohetse ling. Phuputsong e ts'oanang e shebileng bokhoba ba papali ea marang-rang ho batho ba baholo, Weng et al. (2013) o fumane litaba tsa bohlooho ka hare ho orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), sebaka se kenang kahara naha, le sebaka se nepahetseng sa tlatsetso, hammoho le "anisotropy" (FA) ka lehlakoreng le letona la Corpus callosum, bilateral frontal lobe white (WM), le Right capsule ea ka ntle ho papali ea papali ea inthanete. Patlisisong e amanang le papali ea chelete ea ho becha, ho ne ho e-na le bophahamo bo phahameng ba lintlha tsa bohlooho (GMV) ka har'a "cortex" ea "ventral striatum" le "cortex" e nepahetseng (Koehler et al., 2013), e pharalletseng e tlase ea FA, 'me e bolela ho fapana ho tebileng (MD) ho Corpus callosum, cingulum, phahameng longitudinal fascicle, boemo bo ka tlase ba fronto-occipital fascicle, leoto le ka ntle la capsule e ka hare, radiation ea ka ntle ea kahare, mahlaseli a tlase a bolelele ba litaba , le "infinate" e senang mofets'e / sehlopha se tlase sa sehlopha sa bakuli ba motjeko oa methapo (Joutsa et al., 2011). Libaka tsena tse tlalehiloeng li amana le taolo ea thibelo, tšebeliso ea meputso, le ho potlaka (Romero et al., 2010; Li et al., 2015). MPD ka khopolo e ka boela ea kenyelletsa ho senya tse ling tsa libaka tsena le (Hanlon le Canterberry, 2012), le ho hlahloba ho tšoana le ho se tšoane lipakeng tsa litlatsetso tse fapaneng ho ka tebisa kutloisiso ea rona ea mekhoa ea neural ea boits'oaro ba MPD mme e ka thusa nts'etsopele ea lipheo tse khethehileng bakeng sa eona.
Mekhoa e mengata ea MRI e ikemetseng le e nang le sepheo e sebelisitsoe ho supa mekhahlelo e phetseng hantle ea sebopeho sa boko, ho kenyeletsoa T1-boima ba sebopeho sa mohopolo le infusion tensor imaging (DTI). Nakong ea pele, GMV e ka hlahlojoa mme ea boela ea baloa ka tlhaiso ea voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Ho ipapisitsoe le tlhahlobo e kaholimo, re ile ra fokotsa GMV libakeng tse ka pele tsa lobe le thalamus sehlopheng sa li-MPD se amanang le taolo. Re ne re boetse re nahana hore sehlopha sa MPD se ka amahanngoa le ho senyeha ha likhoele tsa WM tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea maikutlo, tlhokomelo e phahameng, ho nka liqeto le taolo ea kelello. Ho tšepahala ha fiber ka bongata ho kenyelletsa ho kenyelletsa FA, MD, axial diffusivity (AD), le radial diffusivity (RD), tse baloang ka lipalopalo tse ipapisitseng le lipalo tsa sepakapaka (TBSS) (Yeh et al., 2009), li tsotella ho kengoa ha limolek'hule tsa metsi bokong (Basser et al., 1994), hape ke li-biomarkers tse nepahetseng tse tšoanelehang bakeng sa ho lekola katleho ea WM (Hasan et al., 2011).
Thutong ea morao-rao, botšepehi ba GMV le WM bo ile ba hlahlojoa ba sebelisa mehato ena ho senola liphapang tse ka bang teng ho batho ba baholo ba nang le MPD, ka monyetla oa ho utloisisa hamolemo mekhoa ea eona e ka khonehang ea neural.
Lisebelisoa le mekhoa
Boitšoaro ba Melao
Patlisiso ena e amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Boitšoaro ea Univesithi ea Boroa-bophirima, mme tumello e ngotsoeng e fumanoeng e fumanoe ke bankakarolo bohle. Barupeluoa bohle ba ne ba le kaholimo ho lilemo tsa 18, 'me ba ile ba tsebisoa hore karolo ea bona e ne e le ea boithatelo ka botlalo le hore ba na le bokhoni ba ho pepesa neng kapa neng.
barupeluoa ba
Baithuti ba makholo a mararo ba koleche ba hiriloe Univesithing ea Boroa-bophirima (SWU, Chongqing, China) ka papatso le papatso ea inthanete. Ba ne ba kopuoa ho tlatsa sekhahla sa selefouno sa mehala ea selefounu (MPAI) moo palo e kaholimo ho 51 e neng e ba khethile e le ba itšetlehileng ka mohala oa thelefono (MPD). Strato ena e lebisitse ho sehlopha sa MPD sa batho ba 34 (basali ba 21, mefuta: 18-27 ea lilemo li). E le ho tsamaisana le sehlopha sa MPD, liithuti tsa 34 tseo eseng bao li-MPD (li-21 tse tšehali: 18-27 ea lilemo li) li ile tsa khethoa ka mokhoa o sa khetholloeng e le sehlopha sa taolo (CG). Ha ho na phapang e kholo litšenyehelong tsa motho ka mong tsa khoeli le khoeli, lilemo, bong kapa lilemo tsa thuto pakeng tsa lihlopha (bona Lethathamo 1).
TEBOHO 1. Boemo ba moruo, palo ea batho, MPAI le palo ea barupeluoa.
Ho feta moo, bohle ba neng ba nkile karolo ba ne ba sena mathata a methapo ea methapo, nalane ea mathata a kelello, kapa likarolo tsa tšepe, li-tattoo kapa ho phunya 'mele oa bona. Kaofela ha bona ba ne ba e-na le pono e tloaelehileng kapa ba hlophisitsoe hantle, ba ne ba le letsoho le letona ebile e le libui tsa matsoalloa a China.
Tlhahlobo ea lipotso
Sekala sa MPAI (Leung, 2008), e nang le lintho tsa 17, e ne e sebelisoa ho lekanya degree ea MPD. Tekanyo ea likert ea lintlha tse hlano e sebelisitsoe: 1 = 'ho hang,' 2 = 'ka seoelo,' 3 = 'nako le nako,' 4 = 'hangata,' 5 = 'kamehla.' Lintlha tsohle li tsoa ho 17 ho isa 85 eo ho ea ka karohano ea methapo, 51 kapa ho feta e nkuoa e le sesupo sa ho itšetleha ha fono (Martinotti et al., 2011). Ho tšepahala ha sekala joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke alpha ea Cronbach ho phahameng haholo ho 0.90 (Leung, 2008).
Scale ea Barratt Impulsiveness (BIS-11) (Patton et al., 1995) e fuoe lihlopha tseo ka bobeli ho lekanyetsa tšusumetso ea boitšoaro. BIS e entsoe ka lintho tsa 30 li sebelisa tekanyo ea Likert ea lintlha tse hlano, moo palo e phahameng le ho feta le ho feta. Ho ts'epahala le ho ts'epahalla ka hare ke 0.89, le 0.91, ka ho latellana (Li et al., 2011).
Ho E fumana
Lintlha tsohle tse nahannoeng li fumanoe ho sebelisoa scan ninemanga ea 3T Motorola (Motorola Medical, Erlangen, Jeremane) Setsing sa Patlisiso ea Brain University of Southwest. Litšoantšo tse nang le li-anatomical tse nang le boima bo phahameng ba XXUMUMX li ile tsa fumanoa ka mochine o kopantsoeng o hlophisitsoeng o potlakileng oa gradient echo (MPRAGE) [nako ea ho pheta-pheta (TR) = 1 ms, echo time (TE) = 1900 ms, tšimo ea pono (FOV) = 2.52 mm, flip angle = 256 °, resolution ea ka har'a sefofane = 90 × 256, botenya ba sekhahla = 256 limilimithara, = =NNUMX, saese ea voxel = 1 mm x 176 mm x 1 mm]. Litšoantšo tsa 1-mwelekeo infusion tensor tensor (DTI) li ile tsa bokelloa ka tatellano ea phetisetso ea spinep habeli, TR = 1 ms, TE = 12 ms, FOV = 6000 mm, resolution matrix = 89 × 240, slice thickness = 128 mm, slices = 128, b-value = 1000s / mm2.
Tlhahlobo ea Tlhahlobo ea Boemo ba Takanyo
Lintlha tsa thuto e 'ngoe le e' ngoe tse entsoeng ka sebopeho sa thuto ka 'ngoe li ile tsa hlahlobisisoa ke software ea' Mapa oa Statistical Parametric1) ho MATLAB R2014a (MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, USA), mme ba bonts'oa pele ho hlahloba lits'oants'o le litlolo tse mpe tsa bomolimo. Sekepe se ne se ngolisitsoe ka letsoho 'me se fetisetsoa mochineng oa likomong tsa bokantle ba kantle ho naha, ebe se aroloa hore e be ntho e putsoa (GM), WM le flubrospinal fluid (CSF) (Yin et al., 2013). Qetellong, liphetho li ile tsa ngolisoa, tsa etsoa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng, 'me tsa fetoloa ka ho sebelisoa ka lebokose la lisebelisoa la Diffeomorphic Anatomical Usa ka Exponentiated Lie algebra (DARTEL), e sebelisang algorithm e tsoetseng pele haholoanyane ho fumana ngoliso e nepahetseng ea mahareng. Ts'ebetso ea eona ho li-algorithm tse sa ngoliseng mohala o molemo ho feta tsa mabokose a mang a lisebelisoa.
Kamora mehato ena e ntlafatsang, template ea kelello e ikhethileng e entsoe ho tsoa litšoantšong tsohle tsa sehlooho (ke hore, setšoantšo se hlalosang), 'me setšoantšo sa matla a voxel e ngoe le e ngoe se ile sa fetoloa ke semmuso sa Jacobian ho tsamaisa boikemisetso ba phapang ea lebatowa ka bongata bo phethahetseng ba GM . Litšoantšo tse ngolisitsoeng li ile tsa fetoloa sebaka sa Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), 'me qetellong, litšoantšo tse tloaelehileng le tse fetotsoeng li ile tsa ntlafatsoa ka 10 mm ka botlalo ka halofo e kholo (FWHM) Gaussian kernel ho eketsa tekanyo ea lets'oao la lerata.
Phapang pakeng tsa GMV pakeng tsa sehlopha sa MPD le CG e ile ea hlahlojoa ke mehlala e 'meli t- Ho sebelisa SPM8 eo ho eona palo ea GM le kakaretso ea BIS li ileng tsa eketsoa bakeng sa boikhethelo, hobane tšusumetso ea tšohanyetso e ka ba ntho e makatsang. Ho etsa qeto ea masks ka ho felletseng ea voxel ishara e matla e ne e behiloe ho 0.2 ho fokotsa litlamorao tsa moeli oa GM (Duan et al., 2012). Boemo ba bohlokoa bo behiloe ho p <0.01 e nang le khalemelo ea Alpha-Sim, e baloang ho sebelisoa software ea DPABI2 (Chao-Gan le Yu-Feng, 2010). Litšoantšo tse sephetho li ile tsa bonoa ka BrainNet Viewer (Xia et al., 2013).
Bakeng sa ho tiisa liphapang tse amanang le MPD tse amanang le taolo, lihlopha tse fapaneng ka ho fapana tsa GMV pakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli li ile tsa khethoa e le libaka tsa lithahasello (ROI), le boleng ba GMV ba li-ROI tsena ka har'a sehlopha sa MPD li ile tsa ntšoa ke REST3, mme e kene tlhahlobisong ea khokahano ea Pearson le lintlha tsa MPAI ka bohlokoa bo behiloeng ho p <0.05 (Pina et al., 2011).
Tekanyetso ea Ts'ebetso ea Tsena
Lintlha tsa maiketsetso tse nang le boima ba ho ikopanya li ile tsa sebetsoa ka tsela e latelang ho sebelisoa sesebelisoa sa liphaephe, PANDA4: tekanyo ea mask a bokong o sebelisa setšoantšo sa b0 ntle le ho theola boima ba 'mele, ho lema sebaka se senang boko ho linepe tse tala ho 0.25 [likotlo tse matla tsa boemo bo phahameng (0 → 1), moo litekanyetso tse nyane li fanang ka likhakanyo tse kholo tsa boko], tokiso ea eddy-ea hona joale e kenyellelitseng ho khopamisa le ho sisinyeha ha hlooho nakong ea ho hlahlojoa ka ho ngolisa litšoantšo tse boima tse kentsoeng (DWI) setšoantšong sa b0 ka phetoho ea affine, ho sa ngolisoe ha melaetsa ea litšoantšo tsa motho ka mong sebakeng sa tlhaho ho template ea FA ho Montreal Neurological Institute ( MNI) sebaka se tloaelehileng, warping ea liphetoho tse sebelisoang ho fetolela litšoantšo tsa metriki ea infNX ka 1 mm × 1 mm × 1 mm, sepheo sa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea TBSS moo masapo ohle a lithuto a thehiloeng teng le kakaretso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea boemo bo tlase ba FA, MD, λ1 le λ23 boleng ba li-WM tsa skeletonized WM li ile tsa balelloa ho latela li-atm tsa Johns Hopkins stereotaxic WM - e nang le likarolo tsa mantlha tsa 50 (Mori et al., 2008) - bakeng sa palo e eketsehileng e thehiloeng ho atlas ka tlhahlobo ea lintlha tse ngata pakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli ha u ntse u ngolisa lintlha tsa BIS. Kamora nako, tlhahlobo ea khokahano ea Pearson e entsoe ka har'a sehlopha sa MPD lipakeng tsa boleng bo tsoang libakeng tse fapaneng haholo le lintlha tsa MPAI ka bohlokoa bo behiloeng ho p <0.05 (Cui et al., 2013). Matla a lipalo a mokhoa ona a ile a lekoa ka mokhoa o tšepahalang (Oishi et al., 2009; Faria et al., 2010). Sephetho se hlahisitsoe le FSLVview sebelisa lebokose la lisebelisoa la FSL (FSL 5.0.05), (Smith le al., 2006).
Results
Ts'ebetso ea Lipotso
Sehlopha sa MPD se ne se na le lintlha tse phahameng haholo ho MPAI ho feta CG. Ba sebelisitse nako e eketsehileng fonong ea bona ea thelefono (bona Letlapa 1). Joalo ka ha ho lebelletsoe, lintlha tsa BIS li ne li phahame haholo sehlopheng sa MPD hape, ho bontša hore batho ba MPD ba na le tšusumetso e phahameng ho feta taolo.
Phapang ea Grey Matter Phapang lipakeng tsa Lihlopha
Ha ho bapisoa le CG, sehlopha sa MPD se ne se fokotsehile ka mokhoa o makatsang GMV ka bokaholimo bo ka pele ba gyrus (sFG), leqhetsoana le ka pele le ka pele la sefahleho (mFG), lethekeng le letona le bohareng ba semmuso. (ACC), le tharamus tse peli (tse tharo Thal) 2). Ntle le moo, ka har'a sehlopha sa MPD, GMV ea sFG e nepahetseng, iFG e nepahetseng le Thal e ne e amana hantle le lintlha tsa MPAI (bona setšoantšo. 1).
TEBOHO 2. Phapang e tsebahalang ea bophahamo ba modumo (GMV) lipakeng tsa sehlopha se itšetlehileng ka mohala oa thelefono (MPD) le sehlopha sa taolo (sehlopha sa MPD <sehlopha sa taolo).
TLHAHLISO 1. Liphapang tse hlokomelehang tsa GMV lipakeng tsa sehlopha sa MPD le sehlopha sa taolo (CG> MPD), le kamano e mpe lipakeng tsa lintlha tsa GMV le MPAI ka har'a sehlopha sa MPD. Ha ho bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo, sehlopha sa MPD se ne se fokotsehile ka mokhoa o makatsang ho GMV ho sFG e nepahetseng, iFG e nepahetseng, mFG ea linaha tse peli, mOG ea letsohong le letšehali, ACC e tloheletsoeng le Thal. Ntle le moo, ka har'a sehlopha sa MPD, GMV ea sFG e nepahetseng, iFG e nepahetseng le Thal e ne e amana hantle le lintlha tsa MPAI. sFG, gyrus e ka pele-pele; iFG, gyrus e ka tlase e tlase; mFG, gial ea medial ka pele; MOG, gyrus e bohareng ea katiba; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; Thal, thalamus; MPD, ho itšetleha ka mohala oa selefouno; CG, sehlopha sa taolo; MPAI, Index ea Tlatsetso ea Fono ea Thelefono; GMV, molumo oa taba e putsoa. L, ka ho le letšehali; R, ho lokilePhokotso ea DTI lipakeng tsa Lihlopha
Bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea atlas TBSS, boleng ba FA le AD bakeng sa hippocampal cingulum bundle fibers (CgH) bo ile ba fokotseha haholo ho batho ba MPD, ba amanang le taolo (bona Lethathamo 3). Ntle le moo, ka har'a sehlopha sa MPD, FA ea CgH e ne e amana hantle le lintlha tsa MPAI (bona setšoantšo. 2).
TEBOHO 3. Phapang e kholo ea li-tensor imaging (DTI) pakeng tsa sehlopha sa MPD le sehlopha sa taolo (sehlopha sa MPD <sehlopha sa taolo).
TLHAHLISO 2. Ho fokotseha ha FA le AD ho CgH e kopaneng (likarolo tse arotsoeng ke liatlelase tsa Johns Hopkins stereotaxic) sehlopheng sa MPD ha se bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo (MPD <CG) le kamano e mpe lipakeng tsa lintlha tsa FA le MPAI sehlopheng sa MPD. Litekanyetso tsa FA le tsa AD tsa CgH li fokotsehile haholo ho batho ba MPD, ho latela taolo. Ntle le moo, ka har'a sehlopha sa MPD, FA ea CgH e ne e amana hantle le lintlha tsa MPAI. CgH, likhoele tsa cingulum tse ngata ka hippocampus. FA, anisotropy e mabifi; AD, axial diffusivity; MPD, ho itšetleha ka mohala oa selefouno; CG, sehlopha sa taolo; MPAI, Index ea Tlatsetso ea Fono ea Thelefono.
Puisano
Ho ea kamoo re tsebang, thuto ea hona joale e le teko ea pele ea ho hlahloba li-morphology tse fetotsoeng tsa neural ho baithuti ba koleche ba nang le MPD. Re bapisitse GMV le li-indices tse 'ne tsa botšepehi ba WM (FA, MD, AD, le RD) lipakeng tsa batho ba MPD le taolo e phetseng hantle. Liphetho li senotse hore batho ba MPD ba fokotsehile ka GMV, e amanang le taolo, ho sFG e nepahetseng, iFG e nepahetseng, mFG ea linaha tse ling, mOG ea letsohong le letšehali, ACC, le bilatal thalamus (Thal). Ha ho fihla botšepehing ba WM, sehlopha sa MPD se bonts'a ho fokotseha ha FA le AD ea mekhahlelo ea li-cingulum bundle fibers (CgH) tse kopanetsoeng. Ntle le moo, boleng ba GMV ba sFG e nepahetseng, iFG e nepahetseng, le thalamus e kopaneng (Thal) e ne e sa lumellane hantle le lintlha tsa MPAI sehlopheng sa MPD, joalo ka boleng ba FA ba CgH. Ntle le moo, re netefalitse hore sehlopha sa MPD se na le tšusumetso e phahameng ho latela tsela e lekantsoeng le Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) (Patton et al., 1995).
Liphumano tsena li bonts'a mekhoa ea methapo ea kutlo e ka morao ho MPD, mme ka nako e ts'oanang li thusa ho utloisisa hofihlela karolo ea sesosa ea ho hloka ts'ebeliso ea tlhekefetso ea boitšoaro. Liphetho li fana ka leseli mabapi le ho tšoana le ho fapana lipakeng tsa MPD le mefuta e meng ea mathata a bokhoba ba tahi.
Buka ea Gray Matter e theohile ho MPD
Phuputsong e teng hona joale, re fumane GMV e fokotsehile sehlopheng sa MPD, sephetho se lumellanang le maikutlo a rona ho tsoa lipatlisisong tse tsoang lithutong tse ling tsa tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi moo ho ts'oaroang maikutlo ho amanang le bona ho bapala karolo e matla.
Lipatlisiso tse sebetsang tsa ts'ebeliso ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi li senola hore lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso ha li susumetse feela dopamine tse ruileng tsa subcortical tse joalo ka sebaka sa ventral tegmental (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAcc), caudate nucleus, putamen, thalamus le amygdala, empa hape li senya libaka tsa projeke ea cortical. joalo ka preortal cortex (PFC), OFC, ACC le insula (Hanlon le Canterberry, 2012). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le bokhobeng ba lithethefatsi, batho ba nang le lithethefatsi tsa boits'oaro hangata ba tšoauoa ka hore ba na le ts'ebetso e sa tloaelehang libakeng tsa boko tse kenyelletsang cortex ea pele ho nako.Grant et al., 2010), "ventral striatal"Han et al., 2012a) le VTA, NAcc (Grant et al., 2010), insula (Kuss le Griffiths, 2012) le thalamus (van Holst et al., 2010). Ntle le ts'ebetso e fetotsoeng libakeng tsena, ho bohlokoa hore re hlokomele hore morphology e fetotsoeng ea kelello libakeng tsena e boetse e tlalehiloe litlalehong tsa lithethefatsi tsa inthanete le bokhoba ba papali ea chelete. Mohlala, lithuto li bontsitse li fokotsehile ka GMV maemong ana ho ACC e setseng, setopo se ka morao sa cingxe cortex, leqhetsoa le letšehali, leqele le setsengZhou et al., 2011), RightCC, insula e kopaneng, le sebaka sa makoloi se tlatsetsang (Weng et al., 2013). Libaka tsena li tletse haholo ka lipotoloho tse amanang le taolo ea inhibitory (Ersche et al., 2011), ts'ebetso ea moputso, ho etsa liqeto le mesebetsi e meng ea ho lemoha (Romero et al., 2010).
Thutong ea rona, palo e fokotsehileng ea li-ROI tse tharo sehlopheng sa MPD se amanang le taolo le eona e ile ea hokahanngoa le MPAI. Ka mantsoe a mang, sFG, iFG e nepahetseng, le thalamus. SFG e bontšitsoe hore e kenya letsoho mesebetsing e mengata ea kelello e tsoetseng pele joalo ka taolo ea thibelo, ho etsa liqeto tse hlakileng, ho beha mabaka, ho hopola mohopolo (Chase et al., 2011), likarolo tsa taolo ea tlhokomelo ea boithaopo ka tlase-tlaseHopfinger et al., 2000), le ho beha mohlala le ho bolela boitšoaro ba batho ba bang (ka mantsoe a kelello) (Cui et al., 2012).
IFG e nepahetseng e nahanoa hore e sebetsa e le setsi sa taolo bakeng sa liserekisi tse tsoang ho bara ba motho ba kenelletseng liphatlalatsong tse amanang le ho ajoa ha tlhokomelo, maikutlo, taolo ea thibelo le tšibollo ea boitšoaro le modumo (Moreno-López et al., 2012). Bohloko ba eona bo amana le boitšoaro bo amanang le boits'oaro, 'me bo bonts'itsoe ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa tokisetsong le ho eketsong ha temallo ea boitšoaro (Grant et al., 2010; Kuss le Griffiths, 2012).
The thalamus, e kopantseng haholo sebopeho sa cortical le subcortical le tse ling, e ka ba khang ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa bokong, 'me e bontšitsoe hore e amana le tebello ea moputso, tlhokomelo, maikutlo, mohopolo (Minagar et al., 2013), le tšebetso e phahameng (Tuchscherer et al., 2010). Ntle le moo, atrophy ea thalamic e kile ea fumanoa e amana le ho senyeha hoa kelello (Hanlon le Canterberry, 2012).
Ho fapana le sephetho sa rona, tlhahlobo ea bakuli ba lemaletseng papali ea marang-rang e bonts'itse hore palo ea thalamic e hlile e eketsehile sehlopheng sa litheko, ho nahanoa hore ke phello ea ho fumaneha ha dopamine ho tsoa ho tšusumetso e matla e teng hona joale papaling ea marang-rang tekanyo ea liserekisi tsa mesolimbic (Han et al., 2012b). Khanyetsano ena e kanna ea bonts'a phapano mekhoeng e tloahelehileng ea boits'oaro lipakeng tsa basebelisi ba fono ba its'episang le libapali tse lemaletseng papali ea komporo.
Ho Tšepahala ho sa tloaelehang ho tšoarang White Matter ho MPD
Ntle le ho fokotseha ha GMV, re fumane fokotseha ea FA le AD ea hippocampal cingulum bundle fibers (CgH) sehlopheng sa MPD.
Cingulum WM pampitšana e jara leseli ho tloha cingrate gyrus ho ea hippocampus, mme e ka aroloa ka likarolo tse peli maemong a spialum a splenium ea corpus callosum: cingulum e cingulate gyrus e kaholimo ho splenium, le cingulum libakeng tsa hippocampal. (CgH) ka tlase ho splenium (Mori et al., 2008). Ts'ebetso ea CgH e kenyelletsa ho amohela mefuta e fapaneng ea methapo ea kutlo, tlhalohanyo le tlhaiso-leseling ea maikutlo. E fana ka maikutlo a maholo a maikutlo a poly-sensory ho hippocampus (Zhu et al., 2011), hape e kenya letsoho ho putseng litsela, le sebopeho, tlhokomelo le ho khutlisa mohopolo oa ho sebetsa (Yuan et al., 2011) - tlhaiso-leseling e bohlokoa bakeng sa taolo ea kelello (Luck et al., 2010; Benedict et al., 2013). Ho feta moo, FA e sa tloaelehang sehlopheng sa MPD e lumellana le se fumanoeng bokhobeng ba joala.Yeh et al., 2009). Ka kakaretso, phetisetso ea tlhahisoleseling e fokotsehileng pakeng tsa gingus le hippocampus, joalo ka ha ho hlahisitsoe ke boleng bo fokotsehileng ba CgH FA sehlopheng sa MPD, e ka ba motheo o thehileng oa bofokoli bo sebetsang bo lebisang ho tiisong ea mehopolo e amanang le bokhoba.
Leha ho le joalo, ho ea kamoo re tsebang, fokotseha ea FA ho CgH ha e so tlaleheloe thutong efe kapa efe ea ts'ebeliso ea bokhoba ba boitšoaro. Lintlha tsa rona li bonts'a hore phokotso ea FA ho CgH e nepahetseng ea sehlopha sa MPD e ne e tsamaisoa haholo ke ho fokotseha ha boleng ba AD, ntle le phapang e hlokometsoeng ho index ea RD. AD e lekanya boholo ba ho fapana haufi le tataiso e kholo ea infusion, e ka bonts'ang mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa sebopeho sa fiber le botšepehi ba axonal (Qiu et al., 2008). Ka hona mochine o ka sehloohong oa ho lemala ha WM sebakeng sena se teng ho MPD o ka bakoa ke ho lemala ho poteletseng ha axonal ho e-na le demyelination (Romero et al., 2010).
Ho Ts'oenyeha le Ho Iketla hoa Fono
Ho qobelloa ho ka hlalosoa e le ho nka liketso tse bonts'itsoeng pele ho nako, tse seng kotsi haholo, tse sa tsitsang hantle mme li ka fella ka litlamorao tse sa rateheng (Bickel et al., 2012). E amana haholo le mafu a mangata a bokhoba ba tahi (Romero et al., 2010), joalo ka bokhoba ba lithethefatsi (Moreno-López et al., 2012)Joutsa et al., 2011), temallo ea papali ea inthanete (Han et al., 2012b), ho lemalla marang-rang (Lin et al., 2012) le MPD (Billieux, 2012). Ho khahlisang, Walther et al. (2012) e batlisisitse likamano lipakeng tsa sebopeho sa botho bo fapaneng ba 12 le mekhoa e mehlano e lemaletseng ho kenyelletsa joala, koae, ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, ho becha ka mathata le papali ea mathata ea k'homphieutha, 'me ka fumana hore ho ts'oaroa ho phahameng ke tšobotsi feela ea botho e amanang le mekhoa eohle e lemalloang eo ho ile ha etsoa lipatlisiso.
Joalokaha ho ne ho lebelletsoe, re fumane khatello e phahameng ho batho ba MPD, e lumellanang le lipatlisiso tsa nakong e fetileng. Ho susumetsoa ke matla e kanna ea ba moetapele ea matla oa MPD (Billieux et al., 2008). E ka etsa hore motho e mong a qete nako e telele fonong ea hae, qetellong e lebise ho MPD, 'me ka lehlakoreng le leng, e ka mpefatsa bokhoni ba ho ikamahanya le maemo le boitaolo (Billieux et al., 2007). Ntle le moo, maemo a phahameng a tšusumetso ea litšobotsi a amana le ho kenella ka tlase ho "midbrain dopamine auto-receptor binding"Buckholtz et al., 2010). Ha e le batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi, tšebeliso e tsoelang pele ea lintho tse khothatsang, mohlala, ho nahanoa hore e eketsa litšobotsi tse hohelang (Moreno-López et al., 2012). Kahoo, ka lebaka la khokahano e haufi pakeng tsa ho se tsitse le mathata a bokhoba ba tahi, ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea kalafo e thusang ho nts'etsapele liqeto tsa ho etsa liqeto tse hlokolosi ho feta tekano, le ho ntlafatsa bokhoni ba boitaolo, litsebi tsa bongaka li ka tsepamisa maikutlo ho fokotsa litšobotsi tse amanang le ho se tsitse (Leung, 2008).
Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la kamano e haufi pakeng tsa ho qhekella le MPD, phapang ea lintlha tsa BIS lipakeng tsa MPD le CG e kanna ea ba phapang e nyarosang haholo tekanyetsong e lekantsoeng ea tšebeliso ea mehala ea selefouno. Kahoo, thutong ea rona, sekhahla sa BIS se ile sa tlosoa e le sehopotso sa maemo a phetoho lipuisanong tsa sehlopha sa GMV le FA, 'me litekanyetso tse tsoang libakeng tse hlahlamang li ile tsa kenngoa tlhahlobisong ea khokahano le lintlha tsa MPAI ka har'a sehlopha sa MPD.
Meeli le Litataiso tsa Bokamoso
Leha ho na le liphetho tse ncha tsa boithuto, ho na le meeli e mengata e lokelang ho ananeloa. Taba ea mantlha, ka lebaka la sebopeho se ithutoang, le hore mehopolo e ka ba teng mahlaleng a mangata, re ke ke ra theha khang kapa tšusumetso ea ts'ebetso lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea mehala ea thelefono le liphetoho tse mpe tse fumanehang sehlopheng sa MPD. Kahoo, lithuto tse telele li ka thusa haholo ho netefatsa mekhoa e ka khonehang ea kelello le 'mele ea MPD, hape e fana ka bokhoni ba ho lekanya bolelele le tsoelo-pele ea MPD ho barupeluoa. Taba ea bobeli ke hore, leha re fumane phapang pakeng tsa MPD le CG, re ke ke ra tseba hore na ke mefuta efe ea bofokoli bo sebetsang e amanang le phapang ena. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho leka ho hokahanya phapang ea GMV (kapa WM) ho MPD le tšebetso e itseng ea kelello (mohlala, ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello) ho tsebisa hamolemo mekhoa ea ho thibela le ho kenella bakeng sa tšebeliso ea mehala ea thelefono. Qetellong, ntle le ho hlahloba lintlha tsa BIS ha ho etsoa liteko tsa sehlopha sa GMV le FA, tšusumetso ea sepheo se fumanehang mohlaleng ke mokhoa o ke keng oa hlalosoa o ke keng oa qojoa ka botlalo thutong ea hona joale. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang tseo mohlomong li kenyelletsang papiso lipakeng tsa batho ba MPD ba nang le ts'usumetso e phahameng le batho ba phahameng bao e seng MPD ba ka ba molemo ho khetholleng MPD ho tsoa mofuteng oa tšusumetso.
Menehelo ea Mongoli
YW e ikarabella ho moralo oa teko ea mantlha, mokhoa oa ts'ebetso, tlhahlobo ea data le ho ngola sengoloa. ZZ e ikarabella bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea liteko, pokello ea data, le ho ngola sengoloa. HS e ikarabella bakeng sa ts'ebetsong ea liteko le tlhaiso-leseling. XX e na le boikarabello ba datha ea lipotso tsa boits'oaro le moralo oa ts'ebetso ea liteko. HW e ikarabella bakeng sa moralo oa chate le graph, ho kenyelletsa le Litšoantšo 1 'me 2, tlhophiso ea tlhaiso-leseling, le ho hlahlojoa hoa buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. FdU e ikarabella bakeng sa mongolo o ngotsoeng, litlhaloso tsa mesebetsi ea libaka tsa boko, ho hlophisoa ha likopi, le tokiso ea litaba, hammoho le tumello ea mofuta oa ho qetela o lokelang ho phatlalatsoa. XH e na le boikarabello ba moralo oa tlhahlobo le tataiso ho pholletsa.
Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso
Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.
lumela hore baa fokola
Mosebetsi ona o ne o tšehelitsoe ke lithuso tse tsoang mokhatlong oa Fundamental Research Funds bakeng sa Liunivesithi tsa Chaena tsa China (SWU1509134) le Chongqing Educational Funds (2015-JC-005).
Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe
- ^ http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm
- ^ http://www.rfmri.org/dpabi
- ^ http://www.restfmri.net
- ^ http://www.nitrc.org/projects/panda/
- ^ http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/tbss
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Mantsoe a bohlokoa: ho itšetleha ka mohala oa selefouno, tekanyo ea mohala oa thelefono ea mohala oa selefouno, fMRI, bophahamo ba litaba ka bohlooho, ho se amehe ka tšohanyetso, ho hloka kutloano, ho hloka matla
Caring: Wang Y, Zou Z, Pina H, Xu X, Wang H, d'Oleire Uquillas F le Huang X (2016) Alched Gray Matter Volume le White Matter Integrity ho Liithuti tsa Koleche tse nang le Phokotso ea Fono. Ka pele. Psychol. 7: 597. Doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2016.00597
E amohetsoe: 10 Januari 2016; E amohetsoe: 11 April 2016;
E phatlalalitsoe: 04 May 2016.
E hlophisitsoeng ke:
Snehlata Jaswal, Setsi sa Mahlale sa India Jodhpur, India
Hlahloba by:
Yu-Feng Zang, Univesithi e Tloaelehileng ea Beijing, China
Harold H. Greene, Univesithi ea Detroit Mercy, USA
Copyright © 2016 Wang, Zou, Pina, Xu, Wang, d'Oleire Uquillas le Huang. Ena ke sengoloa se bulehileng se fihletsoeng ka tlase ho License ea Boikarabelo ba Creative Commons (CC BY). Ho sebelisoa, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa liforomo tse ling ho lumelloa, hafeela bangoli ba pele kapa ba le lengolo la tumello ba tlotlisoa le hore sengoliloeng sa pele sa makasine ena se boleloa, ho latela mokhoa o amohelehang oa thuto. Ha ho sebelisoe, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa ho lumelloa ho sa lumellaneng le melao ena.
* Litlhaloso: Zhiling Zou, [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
†Bangoli bana ba kentse letsoho ka mokhoa o ts'oanang mosebetsing ona mme ba arolelana bongoli ba pele.
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