Kamano e pakeng tsa Facebook Dependence le ea futsanehileng boleng ba boroko: Thuto ka Sebopeho sa Baithuti ba Lekala la Bophelo ba Peru (2013)

PLoS One. 2013; 8 (3): e59087. Doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0059087. Epub 2013 Mar 12.

Wolniczak I, Cáceres-Delaguila JA, Palma-Ardiles G, Arroyo KJ, Solís-Visscher R, Paredes-Yauri S, Mego-Aquije K, Bernabe-Ortiz A.

mohloli o moholo

Sekolo sa Bongaka, Setsi sa Saense ea Bophelo, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas - UPC, Lima, Peru.

inahaneloang

LIPOTSO:

Internet e ka potlakisa phapanyetsano ea tlhaiso-leseling. Liwebosaete tsa marang-rang ke tsona tse fumanehang haholoholo haholo ho Facebook. Mofuta ona oa marang-rang o ka baka ts'epahalo ka litlamorao tse 'maloa tse mpe bophelong ba batho. Morero oa phuputso ena e ne e le ho lekola botsoalle bo ka bang teng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea Facebook le boleng bo bobe ba ho robala.

LIHOLO TSE FUMANENG:

Phuputso e entsoeng ka maoto e entsoe ho ngolisa baithuti ba pele ba sekolo sa Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru. The Internet lemalla ntho e Potso, e ikamahantsoeng le nyeoe ea Facebook, le Pittsburgh S sleep Quality Index, li ile tsa sebelisoa. Palo ea lefats'e ea 6 kapa e kholo e hlalositsoe e le setsi sa ho khetholla boleng ba ho robala hampe. Mefuta e akaretsang ea mela e ile ea sebelisoa ho khetholla palo ea ho ata ha (PR) le 95% mekhahlelo ea kholiseho (95% CI). Kakaretso ea liithuti tsa 418 li ile tsa hlahlojoa; ho bona, 322 (77.0%) e ne e le basali, ba le lilemo tse mpe tsa 20.1 (SD: 2.5) lilemo. Ho itšetleha ka Facebook ho fumanoe ho 8.6% (95% CI: 5.9% -11.3%), athe boleng ba ho robala hampe bo ne bo le teng ka 55.0% (95% CI: 50.2% -59.8%). Motsoako oa bohlokoa lipakeng tsa ho itšetleha ka Facebook le boleng ba ho se robale hantle bo hlalositsoeng haholo ke ho se sebetse hoa motšehare o fumanoe (PR = 1.31; IC95%: 1.04-1.67) kamora ho ikamahanya le lilemo, thobalano le lilemo lefapheng la thuto ea maoto.

CONCLUSIONS:

Ho na le kamano lipakeng tsa ho itšetleha ha Facebook le boleng bo bobe ba ho robala. Baithuti ba fetang halofo ba tlalehiloe ka boleng bo bobe ba ho robala. Merero ea ho leka-lekanya tšebeliso ea sebaka sena sa marang-rang le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba boroko bathong bana ea hlokahala.

Tlhaloso: Wolniczak I, Cáceres-DelAguila JA, Palma-Ardiles G, Arroyo KJ, Solís-Visscher R, et al. (2013) Mokhatlo lipakeng tsa ho theoha hoa Facebook le boleng ba ho robala hampe: Thutong ea Mohlala oa Baithuti ba Pele ba Arohileng Peru. PloS ONE 8 (3): e59087. Doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0059087

mohlophisi: Markus Schuelke, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Setsi sa Patlisiso ea Clinical ea NeuroCure, Jeremane

Re amohetse: September 15, 2012; E amohetse: February 11, 2013; E phatlalalitsoe: March 12, 2013

Copyright: © 2013 Wolniczak et al. Ena ke sengolo se bulehileng se fihletsoeng tlasa tumellano ea Lichelete ea Tlhahiso ea Creative Commons Attribution, e lumellang tšebeliso e sa thibeloang, phetiso, le tlhahiso hape ka mofuta o mong le o mong, ha feela moqapi oa mantlha le mohloli ba ngoliloe.

Lithuso: Bangoli ha ba na tšehetso kapa chelete ea ho fana ka tlaleho.

Lithahasello tse tsitsitseng: Bangoli ba boletse hore ho na le lithahasello tsa tlhōlisano tse teng.

Selelekela

Marang-rang a kenella liketsong tse ngata tsa tloaelo tsa batho, ka ho nolofalletsa phihlello ea tlhahisoleseling le ho khothaletsa puisano; ka hona, e bile bohlokoa haholo mesebetsing ea ntlafatso ea sechaba. Karolo e kholo ea basebelisi ba marang-rang ke bacha; mohlala, Spain, ho pota 98% ea bacha ba lilemo tse pakeng tsa 11 ho isa lilemong tsa 20 tse tlalehiloeng ba sebelisa Inthanete [1].

Marang-rang a sechaba a hatetse pele haholo ka tšusumetso e kholo ho bacha [2]. Har'a liwebsaete tsena, re fumane MySpace, Twitter le Facebook; ea morao-rao ka palo e kholo ea basebelisi. Lipalopalo tsa semmuso li bonts'a hore ho fihlela ka December 2012, Facebook e ne e na le basebelisi ba mafolofolo ba khoeli le khoeli ba 1 [3]. Hajoale, Peru, ho na le basebelisi ba sebetsang ba ka bang limilione tse 10, ba fumanehang sebakeng sa 24th lefatšeng ka bophara ho latela lipalo-palo tsa li-Socialbaker [4].

Facebook e na le melemo e 'maloa, e thehiloeng phihlelong ea mahala, e nolofalletsang puisano hammoho le ho arolelana tlhahisoleseling. Leha ho le joalo, ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea mofuta ona oa marang-rang a marang-rang e ka baka litlamorao tse 'maloa ho kenyelletsa tšebeliso e mpe, ho ts'epahalla le bokhoba [5], hammoho le tse ka amang bophelo le boleng ba ho robala. Liphuputso tse fetileng li bontšitse hore tšebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso ea elektroniki, joalo ka thelevishene, likhomphutha, inthanete le lipapali tsa khomphutha, e amana le mathata a ho robala. [6], [7], [8]. Mekhoa ea mokhatlo ona e fapana ebile e kenyelletsa tšebeliso ea lihora tse 'maloa har'a batho ba itšetlehileng ka ba fetolang mekhoa ea ho robala [9], mesebetsi ea papali ea chelete e fanoang ke sethala sa Facebook [5], har'a ba bang. Le ha ho le joalo, bacha ha ba tsebe le litlamorao tse mpe tsa ho sebelisa mecha ea phatlalatso ea elektroniki [10]. Ka kakaretso boholo le boleng ba boroko bo ka ba le tšusumetso e matla mokhoeng oa bophelo le boiketlong ba bophelo [11]. Haholo-holo, ho batho ba bacha, ho hloka boroko bo fokolang ho ka ba le tšusumetso ts'ebetsong ea sekolo [12].

Patlisiso e ngoe e bontšitse tšusumetso ea tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete ho hlobaeleng le likhathatso tse ling tsa ho robala: nako e eketsehileng e sebelisoang inthaneteng e sitisitse kemiso ea ho robala [13]. Re ipapisitse le sena, re ts'episitse hore tšebeliso e mpe ea Facebook e ka fetola boleng ba boroko. Ho tsebo ea rona, ha ho lithuto tse fetileng tse fumanoeng li hokela tšebeliso ea Facebook le boleng ba ho robala. Morero o moholo oa thuto ena e ne e le ho lekola kamano lipakeng tsa ho itšepa ho Facebook le boleng ba ho robala har'a mohlala oa baithuti ba pele ba fumanetseng univesithing e ikemetseng. Ntle le moo, re fumane qeto ea ho ata ha Facebook le boleng bo bobe ba boroko bathong bana.

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

Moralo oa ho ithuta, Setulo le Barupeluoa

Phuputso e entsoeng ka maoto e ile ea etsoa ho kenyeletsa baithuti ba pele ba fumana lengolo Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru. Barupeluoa ba neng ba ka ba teng e ne e le ba ngolisitsoeng Sekolong sa Psychology, e leng karolo ea Sekolo sa Mahlale a Bophelo. Palo ea batho e felletseng e kenyelelitsoe le ba amohetseng ho nka karolo thutong.

Tlhaloso e fapaneng

Sephetho sa thahasello e ne e le boleng ba boroko, bo hlalosoa bo le botle kapa bo futsanehile ho latela Pittsburgh S sleep Quality Index (PSQI) [14]. Sesebelisoa sena se ne se netefalitsoe le ho ikamahanya le Sepanishe Mexico [15], le Colombia [16], e na le lintlha tse ntle tsa ho ts'epahala (Cronbach's alpha = 0.78) le lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa karolo ea [15]. Ntle le moo, sesebelisoa sena se kile sa sebelisoa molemong oa rona ho lekola le baithuti ba mahlale a bophelo [17]. Potso e akaretsang ea 21 e sebelisitsoe ho fumana likarolo tse supileng tsa boleng ba ho robala: ho robala, ho ts'oenyeha, ho latellana, ho se sebetse ka letsatsi ka lebaka la boroko, katleho ea boroko, boleng ba ho robala ka botlalo le tšebeliso ea meriana. Palo ea lefats'e ea 6 kapa e kholo e hlalositsoe e le setsi sa ho khetholla boleng ba ho se robale hantle joalo ka ha ho tlalehiloe pejana [14], [15], [16], [17], [18].

Phatlalatso ea thahasello e ne e le ts'ehetso ea Facebook. Leqephe la lipotso la bokhoba ba marang-rang, le hlahisitsoe ka Sepanishe ke Enrique Echeburúa [19], e fetotsoe nyeoeng ea Facebook molemong oa rona oa ho ithuta. Sesebelisoa sena se ne se e-na le lipotso tsa 8 tse peli tse khethiloeng (e / che). Potso ena e shebiloe haholo ka matšoenyeho, matšoenyeho, khotsofalo, nako ea ts'ebeliso le boiteko ba ho e fokotsa, taolo le mesebetsi e meng ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea Facebook; rona, ka hona, re sebelisitsoe joalo ka tekanyo ea ho itšepa hoa Facebook [1]. Khetla ea 5 kapa ho feta e sebelisitsoe ho theha boteng ba ts'ehetso joalo ka ha ho tlalehiloe pejana [20].

Mefuta e meng e amehang tlhahlobisong e ne e le lilemo (lilemo), thobalano (monna / mosali), le lilemo ho setsebi sa thuto ea matsoho (ho tloha ho e mong ho isa ho e tšeletseng).

Mekhoa ea Tsamaiso le Kopano ea data

Ho ne ho reretsoe ho bala sechaba ka botlalo. Baithuti ba ile ba ikopanya le bona ka tlelaseng ea bona pele ho lipuo. Tumello e fumanoeng pejana, pampiri ea lipotso e iqapetsoeng e ile ea fuoa barupeluoa bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling. Ts'ebetso ena e nkile 10 ho isa ho metsotso ea 15. Kamora moo, ho ile ha etsoa tlhahlobo e potlakileng ea lipotso le motho ea nkang karolo ho netefatsa botlalo.

Sample Size

Ho nka 10% ea tšebeliso e mpe ea Facebook le 60% ea boleng bo bobe ba ho robala [18], bankakarolo ba 385 ka kakaretso ba ile ba hlokoa ho fumana mokhatlo oa 3 kapa ho feta ka 5% ea bohlokoa le 80% ea matla (PASS 2008, NCSS, Utah, US). Ha tekanyo ea ho lahloa ea 5% e ne e nahanoa, barupeluoa ba 405 ba ne ba hlokahala.

Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyetso

Kamora ho bokelloa ha data, ho ile ha etsoa ts'ebetso ea ho kenya data habeli ho sebelisoa Microsoft Excel 2010 bakeng sa Windows, 'me joale data e fetiselitsoe ho STATA 11 (STATA Corp, Setsi sa Koleche, TX, US) bakeng sa ho hlahlojoa. Taba ea pele, tlhaloso ea palo ea batho ba ithutoang e entsoe ka mekhoa le boholo ba ho bapisa litšobotsi ho latela boleng ba boroko, sephetho sa rona sa thahasello. Taba ea bobeli, ho hloka botsitso ho kahare, ho lekiloeng ke alpha ea Cronbach, ea ho its'etleha hoa Facebook le lipampiri tsa lipotso tsa PSQI li baliloe li tlalehiloe. Tabeng ea lipotso tsa Facebook, lipotso tsohle li ile tsa hlahlojoa hammoho; athe, maemong a PSQI, ho ne ho sebelisoa lipotso feela tse nang le likhetho tse fapaneng tsa karabelo, eseng lipalo (palo ea lihora) bakeng sa lipalo. Ka nako eo, ho ba teng ha nako le nako ea kholiseho ea 95% (IC95%) ea lipapatso tsa menyetla li ile tsa baloa. Kamora nako, kamano pakeng tsa ho itšetleha ka Facebook le boleng bo bobe ba ho robala li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mehlala e akaretsang ea mela le litekanyetso tsa ho tlaleha (PRs) le 95% mekhahlelo ea kholiseho (95% CI) e fetotsoeng bakeng sa confounders.

Ethics

Morero ona o ile oa hlahlojoa le ho amoheloa ke Komiti ea Boitšoaro ea Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru. Ho ile ha sebelisoa tumello e nang le tsebo ea molomo ho hlalosa sepheo sa thuto. Lintlha li ile tsa bokelloa ntle le tsebiso ea motho ho netefatsa sephiri se nepahetseng.

Results

Kakaretso ea barupeluoa ba 428 ba ngolisitsoe. Ho bona, lipotso tsa 10 li ile tsa qheleloa ka thoko ka lebaka la ho se lumellane. Kahoo, ke 418 (97.6%) feela e ileng ea hlahlobisisoa. Lilemo tsa barupeluoa tse hlahlojoang e ne e le lilemo tsa 20.1 (SD: 2.5), athe 322 (77.0%) e ne e le basali. Lintlha tse bapisang li-variodemographic li hlahlojoa ho latela boleng ba boroko li bontšitsoe ho Lethathamo 1.

ponahalo e nyane
Download:

Tafole 1. Litšobotsi tsa palo ea palo ea sechaba se ithutoang ho latela boleng ba ho robala (N = 418).

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0059087.t001

Phokotso ea ka hare, e lekiloeng ke alpha ea Cronbach, e ne e le 0.67 bakeng sa lipotso tsa Facebook, athe e ne e le 0.71 bakeng sa Pittsburgh S sleep Quality Index. Ntle le moo, ts'oaetso ea ho itšetleha ka Facebook e ne e le 8.6% (95% CI: 5.9% –11.3%), ha karolelano ea boleng ba ho robala hampe e ne e le 55.0% (95% CI: 50.2% -59.8%).

Lethathamo 2 e bonts'a lintlha tse kholo tsa karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea likarolo tsa Pittsburgh S sleep Quality Index ha e bapisoa le ho itšetleha ha Facebook. Ehlile, karolo ea ho se sebetse hantle ea motšehare ke eona feela ntho ea bohlokoa lipalo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa papiso (p = 0.007). Mohlaleng oa rona oa ho khutlisa poisson oa Poisson, ka mor'a ho laola lilemo, thobalano le lilemo lefapheng la thuto ea matsoho, ho ile ha fumanoa setsoalle sa bohlokoa pakeng tsa ho itšetleha ka Facebook le boleng ba ho robala hampe, (PR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.04-1.67). Bona lintlha ka Lethathamo 3.

ponahalo e nyane
Download:

Tafole 2. Pholiso ea likarolo tsa Pittsburgh S sleep Quality Index ho latela ho itšetleha ha Facebook.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0059087.t002

ponahalo e nyane
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Tafole 3. Kopano lipakeng tsa ho itšetleha ha Facebook le boleng bo bobe ba ho robala: Mefuta e sa hlakang le e hlophisitsoeng.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0059087.t003

Puisano

Thutong ena, re bontšitse kamano pakeng tsa ho itšetleha ka Facebook le boleng bo bobe ba ho robala. Ka hona, karolo ea motšehetsi oa Facebook e bile le makhetlo a mangata a 1.3 ea boleng bo bobe ba ho robala ho feta sehlopha se sa itšetleheng, ka mor'a ho laola lilemo, thobalano le lilemo lefapheng la thuto ea maoto. Ka lebaka leo, boleng bo bobe ba ho robala ha 53.7% har'a baithuti ba sa khetholloang e le Facebook e eketsehang ho 69.4% har'a ba khethiloeng e le ba itšetlehileng ka Facebook (ke hore, keketseho e phethahetseng ea lintlha tsa liperesente tsa 15.7). Ho feta moo, boholo ba litlamorao tse ka ba teng tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea Facebook ka boleng ba boroko bo bonahala bo le karolong ea mots'eare. Kahoo, baithuti ba nang le ts'oaetso ea Facebook ba na le khatello e eketsehileng ea motšehare eo ba se nang ts'ehetso. Ho tsebo ea rona, ona ke mokhatlo oa pele oa ho tlaleha thuto lipakeng tsa lintho tsena tse peli. Ntle le moo, 8% ea baithuti ba ne ba ts'ehetsoe ke Facebook mme ba fetang halofo ea bona ba ne ba se na boleng ba ho robala hantle.

Ho na le litlhaloso tse 'maloa tse ka bang teng mabapi le setsoalle se fumanoeng thutong ena. Taba ea pele, basebelisi ba Facebook ba lemalloang ba ka e sebelisa kae kapa kae ho tloha lihora tse 'maloa; ka hona, ho amohela ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng joalo, mekhoa ea ho robala hangata e sitisoa ka lebaka la maratsoana a bosiu [9], e ka hlalosang phapang ea lipalo-palo e fumanoang ts'ebetsong ea motšeare. Ka kutloisiso ena, mesebetsi ea boithabiso e sa hlophisitsoeng, haholoholo ho bacha, e bonahala e amana hampe le mekhoa e metle ea ho robala. [6]. Taba ea bobeli, lintho tse ling tse fumanehang sebakeng sa marang-rang sa Facebook, joalo ka ho romellana melaetsa, ho bapala lipapali le tse ling li ka kenya motho tšebelisong e mpe le bokhobeng ba hae. [5]. Tabeng ena, Facebook ka boeona e sebetsa joaloka borokho pakeng tsa mesebetsi ea ho becha le mathata a ho robala. Taba ea boraro, batho ba kenyelletsang lipapali tsa video tsa marang-rang ba ka ba le maikutlo a ho jeoa ke bolutu le ho itšehla thajana, hape ho amanang le karohano ea boroko [21]. Kamora nako, ho fanoe ka maikutlo a hore ho pepesetsoa leseli le khanyang ka nako e fosahetseng ea letsatsi ho ka fetola morethetho oa "circadian robala" le ho hloka boroko le ho robala ka ho feteletseng. [22].

Leha ho na le tšusumetso e ka bakoang ke marang-rang a sechaba le tšebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso e mpe, hoa makatsa hore tlhaiso-leseling e fumanehang mabapi le phello e ka bang teng ho bona, haholo-holo Facebook, ka bophelo le mekhoa ea bacha. [23]. Liphetho tsa rona li fana ka maikutlo a hore hoo e ka bang 8% ea sampole ea rona ea baithuti ba undergraduate mayuri e ka ba le litekanyetso tse itseng tsa temallo ea Facebook. Phuputso e fetileng e fumaneng hore batho ba bolotsana ba tlaleha tloaelo e kholo ea ho lemalla Facebook [24]. Ho feta moo, maemong a mang, ho itšetleha ka Facebook ho amana le pherekano ea kamano hammoho le ho hlaha ha lefufa [25]. Ho senola tlhahisoleseling e tebileng hape ho ka ba le tšusumetso ts'ebetsong ea batho [26]. Leha ho le joalo, lingoliloeng tse ling li boetse li fana ka maikutlo a hore polelo ea ho itšetleha ka Facebook le ho lemalla, e ts'oanang le poleloana ea ho lemalla Inthanete ha se polelo e nepahetseng hobane ho na le lintho tse 'maloa tse ka hohelang bacha ho webosaeteng. [5]. Ka hona, liketsahalo tse ikhethileng ho Facebook tse kang ho romella melaetsa, ho bapala lipapali, papali ea chelete, hara ba bang, li ka nka karolo mesebetsing ea bokhoba ho e-na le webosaete e itseng. Ka kakaretso, ho na le phokotso ea litlamorao tse mpe tsa ts'epahalo ea Facebook, eseng feela maemong a bophelo bo botle, joalo ka ho nooa [27], ho tsuba, ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, ho phela bophelo bo lutseng, ho tepella maikutlo [28], ho ipolaea [29], le ho se sebetse hantle lithutong [30], empa hape, maemong a mang joalo ka phokotso ea boinotšing, ho itšehla thajana, ho pepesetsa bana ho batho ba hlekefetsang marang-rang, jj. Ka hona, ho hlokahala mekhoa e mecha le lithuto tse ling ho fokotsa matla a libaka tsa marang-rang tsa batho sechabeng.

Seo re se fumaneng se boetse se bonts'a hore barutoana ba fetang halofo ea baithuti ba pele ba e-na le boleng bo bobe ba ho robala. Lithuto tse ling li fumane litholoana tse tšoanang li sebelisa mofuta ona oa baahi le sesebelisoa se tšoanang [17], [18], [31]. Mohlala, phuputso e entsoeng ho Taiwan e fumane ho ata ha 54.7% har'a baithuti ba kenang ba kenang sekolong sa mathomo [18], mme ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, phuputso ho bacha ba lilemo tse pakeng tsa 16 le 19 e fumane 52.9% ea ho ata Sao Paulo, Brazil [31]. Phuputso e fetileng Peru e kenyelletsang baithuti ba bongaka e fumane hore litekanyetso tsa boleng ba boroko bo fokolang le ho ba le letsatsi le leng le le leng la ho iketla li bile kholo nakong ea lithupelo tsa sepetlele ha li bapisoa le linako tsa phomolo [17]. Leha ho le joalo, leha lintlha tsa boleng ba ho robala li ntlafalitsoe nakong ea matsatsi a phomolo, letsatsi le leng le le leng la ho iketla ha le a ka la. Boleng ba ho se robale hantle bo ka ba le tšusumetso ho bokhoni ba ho ithuta ba baithuti hammoho le thuto le tšebetso e sebetsang [12], [32].

Ona e ka ba seboka sa pele sa ho fumana botsoalle lipakeng tsa ho itšetleha ka Facebook le boleng ba ho robala hampe. Matla a thuto ena a boetse a kenyelletsa tšebeliso ea tekanyo e tsebahalang ho lekola boleng bo bobe ba ho robala joalo ka Pittsburgh S sleep Quality Index. Leha ho le joalo, thuto ena e na le meeli e 'maloa. Taba ea mantlha, moralo oa ho ithuta, o hlophisitsoeng ka sebopeho ka tlhaho, o ka khetholla setsoalle eseng ho latela maemo. Leha re sebelisitse meetso ea regression le ho fetoleloa bakeng sa batho ba ka bang confounders, ho hlokahala lithuto tse ling tse telele ho netefatsa seo re se fumaneng. Taba ea bobeli, sekala se sebelisitsoeng ho lekola ts'ehetso ea Facebook se ne se sa khetheloa sena. Re ile ra etsa qeto ea ho fetola lethathamo la lipotso bakeng sa ho lemalla lithethefatsi tsa inthanete ka Sepanishe molemong oa rona. Ntle le moo, lipotso mabapi le tekanyo ena li ne li sebetsa feela tse sebelisitsoeng ho Facebook mme eseng libakeng tse ling tsa marang-rang kapa libaka tsa lipapali. Haufinyane, tekanyo ea lithethefatsi tsa Facebook e phatlalalitsoe [33]; leha ho le joalo, ha e so netefatsoe ka Sepanishe ho thibela ts'ebeliso ea eona bakeng sa boithuto bona. Taba ea boraro, le ha ho ne ho sebelisitsoe likala tsa Sepanishe 'me sekala sa Pittsburgh se kile sa sebelisoa naheng ea rona, sekala se neng se sebelisoa ho lekola boteng ba Facebook le boleng ba boroko ha li a nepahala Peru. Kamora nako, leha mefuta ea rona e fetotsoe ke bahanyetsi ba bang (lilemo, botona le botšehali le lilemo lefapheng la maiketsetso), mefuta e meng e amanang le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang a boiketlo ba batho le boleng ba boroko, joalo ka boemo ba thuto [31], tšehetso ea sechaba, le boemo ba boiketlo ba sechaba [34] ha e so ka e nahaneloa. Tabeng ea boemo ba bophelo ba moruo, liithuti li karolo ea quintile e holimo ea moruo le Lima. Kahoo, phello ea phapang ena e kanna ea fokola.

Qetellong, ho na le kamano lipakeng tsa ho its'epaha ka Facebook le boleng bo bobe ba boroko. Ho feta moo, hoo e ka bang e le 'ngoe ho baithuti ba 10 e kanna ea ba lekhoba la Facebook, ha 55% e ne e se na boleng ba ho robala hantle. Re khothaletsa lithuto tse ling ho tiisa liphumano tsena le ho nts'etsapele maano a ho leka ho sebelisa ts'ebetso ea marang-rang ena le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba boroko bathong bana.

lumela hore baa fokola

Re rata ho leboha Maria Roxana Miranda, Motsamaisi oa Sekolo sa Psychology, ka ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e hlokahalang le tumello ea ho etsa thuto.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

E amohetse phetolelo ea letsoho la ho qetela: IW JACD GPA KJA RSV SPY KMA ABO. O tsebile ebile o hlophisitse liteko: IW JACD GPA KJA RSV SPY KMA ABO. O entse liteko tsena: IW JACD GPA KJA RSV SPY KMA. Ho hlahlobisisa data: IW JACD ABO. Li-reagents tse kentsoeng / lisebelisoa / lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo: IW JACD GPA KJA RSV SPY KMA ABO. Ngola pampiri: IW JACD ABO.

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