Ho Kopana pakeng tsa nako ea nako ea kemiso le ts'ebetso ea bana bakeng sa teko ea ho hlahloba ka katleho (2019)

Sengoloa se mabapi le thuto - http://time.com/5514539/screen-time-children-brain/

Phuputso ea mantlha

Pherekhong 28, 2019

Sheri Madigan, PhD^1,2; Dillon Browne, PhD³; Nicole Racine, PhD^1,2; et al Camille Mori, BA^1,2; Suzanne Tough, PhD²

Boikarabello ba Mongoli Article Information

JAMA Pediatr. E phatlalalitsoe inthaneteng ka la 28 Pherekhong 2019. doi: 10.1001 / jamapediatrics.2018.5056

Lintlha senotlolo

potso Na nako e eketsehileng ea skrine e amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e mpe litekong tsa kholo ea tlhahlobo ea bana?

Liphello Phuputsong ena ea sehlopha sa kholo ea kholo ea bongoana ho bo-mme le bana ba 2441, nako e phahameng ea nako ea skrine ho bana ba lilemo tse 24 le 36 e ne e amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e mpe mohatong oa ho lekola ho lekola katleho ea bana ea mehato ea kholo ea nts'etsopele likhoeling tse 36 le 60 ka ho latellana. Mokhatlo o fosahetseng (ke hore, ts'ebetso e mpe ea nts'etsopele ho isa ho nako e eketsehileng ea skrine) ha oa ka oa bonoa.

e bolelang Nako e fetelletseng ea skrine e ka sitisa bana ho hola hantle; Ho khothaletsoa hore lingaka tsa bana le litsebi tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle ba tataise batsoali ka bongata bo loketseng ba ho pepesetsoa skrini le ho bua ka litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea skrini.

inahaneloang

Bohlokoa Nako e feteletseng ea skrine e amahanngoa le ho lieha ho ntlafatso; leha ho le joalo, ha ho hlake hore na nako e kholo ea skrineng e bolela esale pele lintlha tse tlase tsa ts'ebetso litekong tsa tlhahlobo ea kholo kapa haeba bana ba nang le ts'ebetso e mpe ea kholo ba fumana nako ea skrine e le mokhoa oa ho fetola boits'oaro bo thata.

sepheo Ho lekola botsoalle bo tataisang lipakeng tsa nako ea skrini le kholo ea bana ho palo ea bo-mme le bana.

Moqapi, Setting, le Barupeluoa Phuputso ena ea sehlopha sa nako e telele e sebelisitse mofuta oa marang-rang oa 3-wave, o nang le marang-rang ho bo-mme le bana ba 2441 ba Calgary, Alberta, Canada, ba nkile thuto ea All Our Malapa. Lintlha li ne li fumaneha ha bana ba le lilemo li 24, 36 le likhoeli tse 60. Lintlha li ile tsa bokelloa lipakeng tsa Mphalane 20, 2011 le Mphalane 6, 2016. Litlhahlobo tsa lipalo li entsoe ho tloha ka Phupu 31 ho isa Pulungoana 15, 2018.

Lipontšo Media.

Liphello tse kholo le Mehato Ha a le lilemo li 24, 36, le likhoeli tse 60, boits'oaro ba bana ba nako ea skrini (lihora tse felletseng ka beke) le sephetho sa nts'etsopele (Potso ea Mehla le Mehato, Khatiso ea Boraro) li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka tlaleho ea bo-mme.

Results Ho bana ba 2441 ba kenyellelitsoeng tlhahlobisong, ba 1169 (47.9%) e ne e le bashanyana. Meetso e ikhethileng, e nang le marang-rang e senotsoeng hore linako tse phahameng tsa skrine likhoeling tsa 24 le 36 li amana haholo le ts'ebetso e futsanehileng litekong tsa nts'etsopele ea tlhahlobo ea likhoeli tse 36 (β, -0.08; 95% CI, -0.13 ho -0.02 ) le likhoeli tsa 60 (β, -0.06; 95% CI, -0.13 ho -0.02), ka ho latellana. Mekhatlo ena e kahare ho motho (nako e fapaneng) e laoloang ka lipalo bakeng sa liphapang lipakeng tsa motho (ea tsitsitseng).

Liphello le sepheo Liphetho tsa thuto ena li tšehetsa mokhatlo o tataisang lipakeng tsa nako ea skrini le kholo ea bana. Litlhahiso li kenyelletsa ho khothaletsa merero ea boralitaba ea lelapa, hammoho le ho laola nako ea skrini, ho felisa litlamorao tse ka bakoang ke ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng.

Selelekela

Ka ho kena sekolong, ngoana a le mong ho ba bane o bontša likhaello le tieho liphellong tsa kholo joalo ka puo, puisano, tsebo ea makoloi, le / kapa bophelo bo botle ba kahisano.^1,2 Kahoo, bana ba bangata ba qala sekolo ba sa itokisetsa ho lekana bakeng sa ho ithuta le katleho ea thuto. Likheo kholisong li atisa ho hola le ho fokotseha ha nako ntle le ho kenella,³ ho theha moroalo ho thuto le lits'ebetso tsa bophelo bo botle ka mokhoa oa mmuso o moholo le litšenyehelo tsa sechaba bakeng sa tokiso le thuto e khethehileng.^4,5 Ka hona, ho bile le boiteko ba ho supa lintlha, ho kenyeletsoa nako ea bana ea skrineng,⁶ seo se ka baka kapa sa eketsa phapang kholisong ea bana ba pele.

Mecha ea phatlalatso ea dijithale le li-skrini li se li fumaneha hohle maphelong a bana. Hoo e ka bang 98% ea bana ba Amerika ba lilemo tse 0 ho isa ho tse 8 ba lula malapeng a nang le sesebelisoa se hoketsoeng inthaneteng mme, ka karolelano, ba qeta lihora tse fetang 2 ka letsatsi li-skrini.⁷ Chelete ena e feta tataiso e khothalletsoang ea bana eo bana ba sa e sebeliseng hora e le 'ngoe ka letsatsi ba shebile mananeo a boleng bo holimo.^8,9 Le ha ho fumanoe melemo e meng ea boleng ba boleng bo holimo le nako ea ho shebella,^10-13 Nako ea skrine e feteletseng e 'nile ea amahanngoa le liphello tse' maloa tse mpe tsa 'mele, boitšoaro le kutloisiso.^14-21 Le ha ho ka etsahala hore nako ea skrini e kena-kenane le menyetla ea ho ithuta le kholo, ho ka etsahala hore bana ba nang le tieho ba fumane nako e eketsehileng ea skrine ho thusa ho etsisa boitšoaro bo thata. Mohlala, bana ba banyenyane ba loanang le boits'oaro ba bontšitsoe hore ba fumana nako e ngata ea skrine ho feta ba se nang mathata.²² Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse ngata li sebelisitse mekhoa e fapaneng, ho fokotsa liqeto mabapi le tataiso ea mekhatlo.

Ho hlaka ho hoholo mabapi le tataiso ea mekhatlo e kanna ea ruta lingaka tsa bana le lingaka tse ling tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo tse batlang ho tataisa batsoali ka ponahalo e loketseng ea skrineng hammoho le litlamorao tse ka bakoang ke ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea skrini. Re sebelisa maqhubu a 3-wave, li-random-intercepts, li-cross-lagged paneli tse kenyeletsang bana ba 2441 ba lateloang ha ba le lilemo li 24, 36 le likhoeli tse 60, re batlisitse hore na nako e phahameng ea skrine e ama ts'ebetso litlhahlobong tsa tlhahlobo ea ntlafatso le hore na bana ba nang le lintlha tse tlase ho tseo liteko li fumane nako e eketsehileng ea skrine.

mekhoa

Moralo oa Boithuto le Baahi

Barupeluoa ba kenyelelitse bo-mme le bana ho tsoa phuputsong ea All Our Malapa, sehlopha se seholo, se lebelletsoeng ho ima sa bo-mme le bana ba 3388 ba tsoang Calgary, Alberta, Canada.^23,24 Sehlopheng sena, basali ba baimana ba ile ba hiroa pakeng tsa Mots'eanong 13, 2008 le la 13 Tšitoe 2010, ka liofisi tsa tlhokomelo ea mantlha ea lehae, papatso ea sechaba le ts'ebeletso ea lehae ea laboratori ea mali. Mekhoa ea ho kenyelletsa thuto e ne e le (1) lilemo tse 18 kapa ho feta, (2) ba khona ho buisana ka Senyesemane, (3) lilemo tsa bokhachane tse ka tlase ho libeke tse 24, le (4) ho fumana tlhokomelo ea bakhachane. Bo-mme ba ile ba lateloa kamora ho emara ha libeke tse 34 ho isa ho tse 36 le ha ngoana oa bona a le lilemo li 4, 12, 24, 36 le likhoeli tse 60. Lintlha tsa 24-, 36-, le khoeli tsa 60 li sebelisitsoe thutong ea hajoale ha ho ne ho bokelloa mefuta ea nako ea skrini. Palo ea batho le litšobotsi tsa ho ithuta li ka fumanoa ho Lethathamo 1, ka lintlha tse ling tse tlalehiloeng libakeng tse ling.^23,24 Mekhoa eohle e ile ea amoheloa ke Boto ea Boitšoaro ba Patlisiso ea Bophelo ea Univesithi ea Calgary Conjoint, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Bo-mme ba fane ka tumello e ngotsoeng e ngotsoeng; ho ne ho se na matšeliso a lichelete.

Mehato

Screener ea Tsoelo-pele

Ha bana ba ne ba le likhoeli tse 24, 36, le 60, bo-mme ba ile ba phethela Ages and Stage Questionnaire, Khatiso ea Boraro (ASQ-3).²⁵ ASQ-3 ke mohato o sebelisoang haholo, o tlalehiloeng ke batsoali.^26,27 ASQ-3 e supa tsoelo-pele ea nts'etsopele libakeng tse 5: puisano, enjene e feteletseng, makoloi a matle, tharollo ea mathata le phedisano ea botho. Lenane la lipotso le kenyelletsa lintho tse 30 tse fumanoeng e le ee, ka linako tse ling, kapa eseng ka lipotso tse botsoang ka bokhoni ba ngoana ba ho etsa mosebetsi.

Tumellanong le lipatlisiso tsa pejana,²⁸ ho sebelisitsoe lintlha tse khutsufalitsoeng tsa ASQ-3 libakeng tsohle. (lintlha tse holimo li supa ntlafatso e betere). Ho nepahala ha nako e le 'ngoe ea ASQ-3 ka liteko tse lekantsoeng tsa nts'etsopele (Bayley Scales of Infant Development²⁹) le kelello (Teko ea Bohlale ea Stanford-Binet – Khatiso ea 4³⁰) litsebo li bontšitsoe.³¹ ASQ-3 e buelletsoe tlhahlobo ea bana ebile e na le thepa e ntle ea kelello.³² ASQ-3 e na le kutlo e leka-lekaneng ho isa ho e phahameng (0.70-0.90) le ho khetheha (0.76-0.91). Ho tšepahala ha liteko tsa liteko ho phahameng (0.94-0.95) joalo ka ts'epahalo ea lipakeng tsa batsoali le litsebi (0.94-0.95).^31,33,34

Nako ea Khatiso

Bo-mme ba bonts'itse nako e ngata eo ngoana oa bona a e qetang a sebelisa li-medium tse ling tsa letsatsi la beke le mafelo a beke. Bo-mme ba tlaleha ka lisebelisoa tse latelang le / kapa li-mediums: shebella mananeo a thelevishene; shebella lifilimi, livideo, kapa lipale ho VCR kapa DVD player; sebelisa komporo, sistimi ea lipapali, kapa lisebelisoa tse ling tse thehiloeng skrineng. Karolelano ea boima ba beke le beke ea matsatsi a beke le mafelo a beke ho li-mediums e ne e baloa ho fana ka tšebeliso ea nako ea skrini nakong ea lihora / beke.

Li-covariates

Thobalano ea bana e ne e ngotsoe e le ea basali (1) kapa e motona (0), mme lilemo tsa bo-mme le bana li tlalehiloe ka lilemo le likhoeli ka ho latellana. Ha ngoana a le likhoeli tse 12, bo-mme ba ne ba bontša hore na "ba sheba kapa ba balla ngoana oa ka libuka tsa bana," ba ngotsoe ka linomoro e se hangata (1), ka linako tse ling (2), kapa khafetsa (3). Ha ngoana a le likhoeli tse 24, bo-mme ba bonts'a nako eo ngoana a ikoetlisang ka eona ka letsatsi le tloaelehileng la beke, ho tloha ho (1) ho isa ho lihora tse 7 kapa ho feta (7), mme a phethela Setsi sa Epidemiologic Depression Scale.³⁵ Ha ngoana a le likhoeli tse 36, boemo ba thuto ea bo-mme bo ne bo bokelloa ho sebelisoa sekala sa 1 (sekolo se seng sa mathomo kapa se phahameng) ho isa ho 6 (sekolo se phethileng mangolo), chelete e tlalehiloe ka likeketso tsa $ 10 000 CAD (1, ≤10 000 CAD $; 11, ≥ $ 100 000 CAD $), litšebelisano tse ntle tsa bo-mme li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa Patlisiso ea Naha ea Boletsa ea Bana le Bacha,³⁶ le palo ea lihora tsa boroko tseo ngoana a li fumanang nakong e tloaelehileng ea lihora tse 24 e tlalehiloe. Likhoeling tse 60, bo-mme ba arabetse "Na ngoana oa hau o bile tlhokomelong ea bana bao e seng batswadi kapa tlhokomelong ea bana khafetsa pele ho selemo sena?" ekaba che (0) kapa e (1).

Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyetso

Mekhatlo ea bolelele ba nako lipakeng tsa lihora tsa bana tsa nako ea skrini le sephetho sa nts'etsopele e ile ea hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mekhoa e meng e sa sebetseng, mohlala o nang le marang-rang (RI-CLPM), joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ke Hamaker le basebetsi-'moho le eena.³⁷ (Figure). Ha e bapisoa le li-CLPM tse tloaelehileng, RI-CLPM e sebetsana le mathata a amanang le masala a ferekanyang ka lipalo-palo a arohanyang phapang ea mehato e phetoang ea sephetho e tsitsitseng (ke hore, pakeng tsa motho le motho ea sa fetoheng nako) le matla (ke hore, ka hare ho motho le nako- fapana). Boithuto ba ho etsisa bo bontšitse hore mokhoa ona o fokotsa leeme ho likhakanyo tsa tataiso tsa mokhatlo mme o batlisisa haufi le ona lebaka la ho ba teng.³⁸

Litlhahlobo li etsahetse ka mehato e 2. Taba ea mantlha, RI-CLPM e tloaelehileng e ne e hakantsoe; joale, monehelo oa li-covariate o ile oa hlahlojoa. Ho RI-CLPM, lintho tse pakeng tsa batho (tse tsitsitseng) li ntšitsoe methating e phetoang ea nako ea skrini le ASQ-3, mme lintlha tsena li ile tsa lumelloa ho etsa covary. Covariance lipakeng tsa batho ba pakeng tsa batho e bonts'a kamano pakeng tsa nako ea skrini le nts'etsopele e sa fetoheng (e sa fetoheng) ha nako e ntse e tsamaea. Covariance e boetse e arola monehelo oa mang kapa mang ea pakeng tsa batho le / kapa bahlaseli ba nako ba amanang le nako ea skrine le ASQ-3 (mohlala, thobalano ea bana, ba lulang maemong a tlase a maemo a moruo ho pholletsa le maqhubu 'ohle a thuto) ho tsoa ho karolo ea motho ea kahare ea mohlala, moo ho nkoang tataiso ea mekhatlo. Karolo ea motho ea kahare e na le mefuta e meraro ea likhakanyo: (3) li-covariances tsa nako ea nako li nka matla le tataiso ea mekhatlo pakeng tsa nako ea skrini le ASQ-1 kahare ho batho ka nako e le 'ngoe; le (2) li-cross-lags li nka mekhatlo ea longitudinal le directional lipakeng tsa nako ea skrini le ASQ-3 kahare ho batho (Figure). Kamora ho kenya RI-CLPM e tloaelehileng, li-covariate (tse lekantsoeng boemong ba motho ea pakeng tsa motho) li ile tsa nkuoa joalo ka likhakanyo tsa maemo a botsitso ka mokhoa o ikhethileng oa batho.

Lintlha Tse Fosahetseng

Sampole e sebelisitsoeng thutong ea hajoale (n = 2441) e phethile lipotso tsa lipotso bakeng sa bonyane ntlha e le 'ngoe ka likhoeli tse 1, 24, kapa 36. Sekhahla sa lipalo le papiso ea sebopeho sa palo ea malapa bakeng sa malapa a setseng le a tlohetseng thutong li fanoa ho eTable ho tlatsetsa. Ho hakanya litlamorao tsa tlhaiso-leseling e lahlehileng, mefuta e ne e tsamaisoa ka tlhaiso-leseling e felletseng ea menyetla.³⁹ Liphuputso li ile tsa etsoa le bankakarolo ba nang le tlhaiso-leseling e felletseng likhoeling tsa 36, le bankakarolo ba nang le data e felletseng likhoeling tsa 60. Liphetho li ne li ts'oana haholo ho phetiso ena ea mehlala. Liphumano li nkuoe li le bohlokoa ho P <.05, boemo ba 2-tailed. Litlhahlobo tsohle li entsoe ho Mplus, mofuta 7.0.⁴⁰ Liphuputso tsa lipalo-palo li entsoe ho tloha ka Phupu 31 ho isa ho la 15 Pulungoana 2018.

Results

Lipalo Tse hlalosang

Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang li hlahisoa ka Lethathamo 1. Bana ba ne ba shebella li-skrini e bolelang (SD) ea lihora tse 17.09 (11.99) (bohareng, 15) ka beke likhoeling tse 24, 24.99 (12.97) (bohareng, 23) lihora ka beke likhoeling tse 36, le 10.85 (5.33) (bohareng, 10.5) ka beke likhoeling tse 60.

Li-intercepts tse sa Lebelloang, Mohlala oa Panel o Maratsoaneng

RI-CLPM e tloaelehileng e hakantsoe (Figure), 'Me li-indices li ile tsa senola hore mofuta o ne o lekana hantle le tlhaiso-leseling e shebiloeng (χ²₁ = 0.60; P = .44; motso o bolela phoso e sekwere ea ho lekanyetsa [RMSEA] = 0.00; 95% CI, 0.00-0.05; Index ea Tucker-Lewis [TLI] = 1.00; Metso e lekantsoeng e bolela masala a lisekoere [SRMR] = 0.003). Karolong ea motho ea pakeng tsa motho ea mohlala, ho bile le phapang ea lipalo-palo (ke hore, likhakanyo tse sa reroang) bakeng sa ts'ebetso e mpe molemong oa nts'etsopele ea ntlafatso (σ² = 14.57; 95% CI, 0.87-18.28) le nako ea skrini (σ² = 17.15; 95% CI, 11.58-22.70), e senola liphapang tsa bohlokoa tsa motho ka mong molemong oa liphetho ka bobeli. Ka mantsoe a mang, bana ba bang ba na le maemo a phahameng a nako ea skrine le liphetho tsa kholo ea ngoana, ka karolelano, ho feta bana ba bang. Ntle le moo, lipalo-palo tsa bohlokoa le tse fosahetseng lipakeng tsa lintho tse pakeng tsa batho li fana ka maikutlo a hore bana ba nang le maemo a phahameng a nako ea skrine ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e futsanehileng litekong tsa nts'etsopele ea tlhahlobo ea litekanyetso, ka karolelano, le ho maqhubu ohle a thuto.

Karolong e fapaneng ea nako ea mofuta ona, li-autocorrelations tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa lag e ngoe le e ngoe e hakantsoeng li bonts'a botsitso bo kahare ba motho kahong nakong e telele. Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe ho Figure, Kamora ho ikarabella bakeng sa botsitso bona ba kahare ho motho, ho bile le likhahla tse kholo le tse mpe tse hokahanyang nako ea skrineng likhoeling tse 24 ka lintlha tse tlase litekong tsa nts'etsopele ea tlhahlobo ea likhoeli tse 36 (β, -0.08; 95% CI, -0.13 ho -0.02 ), Hape le ho pepeseha ha nako ea skrini nakong ea likhoeli tsa 36 tse amanang le lintlha tse tlase litekong tsa ntlafatso ea tlhahlobo ea likhoeli tse 60 (β, -0.06; 95% CI, -0.13 ho -0.02). Tataiso e khelohileng ea lintlha tse tlase litekong tsa nts'etsopele ea tlhahlobo ea tlhaiso e amanang le maemo a phahameng a nako ea skrine ea morao ha ea ka ea bonoa. Hape, covariances ea nako ea nako e ne e se bohlokoa. Ha ho kopantsoe, liphuputso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore maemo a phahameng a ho pepesetsoa skrineng a amanang le karolelano ea nako ea ngoana ea skrineng a ne a amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e mpe haholo litlhahlobong tsa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea leqhubu le latelang la thuto ho latela maemo a kholo a kholo ea ngoana empa eseng ka tsela e fapaneng.

Bo-pula-maliboho ba Mahareng a Batho ba Karolelano ea Nako ea Screen le Liphello tsa Nts'etsopele

Li-covariate li ne li nkuoa e le tse boletsoeng esale pele ka khatello ea li-multivariate, moo lintho tse pakeng tsa batho li neng li hatelloa holim'a mefuta eohle ka nako e le ngoe. Ho kenella ka likhoka ha li-covariate tsena ho felletse ka mofuta o futsanehileng, leha tumello ea matrix ea covariance har'a li-covariate tsohle e hlahisitse mohlala o lumellanang hantle le li-index tse loketseng, ntle le TLI (χ²₅₃ = 521.04; P <.001; RMSEA = 0.06; 95% CI, 0.05-0.06; TLI = 0.78; SRMR = 0.067). Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe ka botlalo ho Lethathamo 2, boemo bo phahameng ba motho bo bolela ho ASQ-3 ho ile ha bonoa banana le ha bo-mme ba tlaleha khatello ea maikutlo e tlase ea bo-mme le moputso o phahameng oa lelapa, boits'oaro ba bo-mme, maemo a ho ikoetlisa ha bana, ho pepesehela ho bala ha bana le lihora tsa ho robala ka letsatsi. Likhakanyo tsena li ikarabelletse ho 15% ea phapang. Mekhoa e tlase ea boemo ba motho ba nako ea skrine e ile ea bonoa bakeng sa banana le ha bo-mme ba tlaleha khatello ea maikutlo e tlase ea bo-mme le maemo a phahameng a chelete, thuto, ho pepesehela ho bala ha bana, le lihora tsa boroko bosiu bo bong le bo bong. Likhakanyo tsena li ikarabelletse bakeng sa phapang ea 12%. Ha mefuta ena e kenyelelitsoe, covariance e hlophisitsoeng (khokahano) ea mabaka a botsitso ba motho e ne e le σ = -0.13 (95% CI, -0.19 ho -0.08), ho fana ka maikutlo a boteng ba mokhatlo o tsitsitseng lipakeng tsa nako ea skrini le ASQ- 3 seo ha se nkoe ke lihlahlobi tsena.

Puisano

Nako ea skrine e tloaelehile maphelong a malapa a sejoale-joale. Ho feta moo, e ntse e phahama ha theknoloji e ntse e kenella ka matla ho feta libakeng tsohle tsa bophelo. Liphetho tsa nako e fetelletseng ea skrine li hapile tlhokomelo e kholo lipatlisisong, bophelo bo botle le ngangisano ea sechaba lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng.^7,41,42 Empa ke eng e tlang pele: ho lieha nts'etsopele kapa ho shebella nako e feteletseng ea skrine? E 'ngoe ea lipale tse ncha tsa longitudinal ea hajoale, thuto ea 3-wave ke hore e ka araba potso ena e sebelisa mehato e phetoang. Liphetho li fana ka maikutlo a hore nako ea skrini e kanna ea ba eona ntho ea pele: nako e kholo ea skrineng likhoeling tse 24 e ne e amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e futsanehileng litekong tsa nts'etsopele ea ho lekola likhoeling tsa 36, mme ka ho ts'oanang, nako e kholo ea skrineng likhoeling tsa 36 e ne e amahanngoa le lintlha tse tlase litekong tsa nts'etsopele ea tlhahlobo ea 60 likhoeli. Mokhatlo o fosahetseng ha oa ka oa bonoa.

Ka karolelano, bana ba lilemo li 24, 36, le likhoeli tse 60 thutong ea rona ba ne ba shebella lihora tse ka bang 17, 25, le 11 tsa thelevishene ka beke, e leng nako e ka bang 2.4, 3.6 le 1.6 ea nako ea skrine ka letsatsi ka tatellano. Nako ea skrine sampoleng ena e tsamaellana le tlaleho ea haufinyane⁷ seo se fana ka maikutlo a hore bana ho pholletsa le United States ba shebella, ka karolelano, lihora tse 2 le metsotso e 19 ea mananeo ka letsatsi. Le ha phokotso ea nako ea skrini nakong ea likhoeli tse 60 e ne e ke ke ea ama litlhahlobo tsa cross-lag kaha li amana le botsitso ba tatellano ea maemo le phetoho e bolelang, phokotso ena ea bohlokoa. E kanna ea ba sesupo sa bana ba sehlopha sa rona se qalang sekolong sa mathomo, hammoho le tlhokomelo ea pele le kamora sekolo, e qalang ba le lilemo li 5, e baka nako e nyane lapeng le phokotso ea tlhaho ea nako ea skrini.

Khōlo ea bana e hlaha ka potlako lilemong tse 5 tse qalang tsa bophelo. Boithuto ba hajoale bo hlahlobile sephetho sa nts'etsopele nakong ea bohlokoa ea kholo le kholo, ho senola hore nako ea skrine e ka sitisa bokhoni ba bana ba ho hola hantle. Ha bana ba banyenyane ba shebelletse li-skrini, ba kanna ba lahleheloa ke menyetla ea bohlokoa ea ho ikoetlisa le ho tseba tsebo ea batho ba bang, likoloi le puisano. Mohlala, ha bana ba shebile li-skrini ntle le tšebelisano 'moho kapa' mele, ba lula haholo, ka hona, ha ba sebelise tsebo e fetelletseng ea makoloi, joalo ka ho tsamaea le ho matha, le hona ho ka liehisa nts'etsopele sebakeng sena. Lits'oants'o li ka senya litšebelisano le bahlokomeli^43-45 ka ho fokotsa menyetla ea lipuisano tsa kahisano le ka mantsoe, e leng tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa ho khothaletsa kholo le kholo e ntle.⁴⁶

E tsamaellana le meetso ea thuto ea thuto e hlalosang litšusumetso tse ngata ntlafatsong ea sistimi e ngata ea tikoloho,⁴⁷ re hlokometse hore nako ea skrine le ts'ebetso ea liteko tsa nts'etsopele ea kholo li amahanngoa le maemo a fapaneng a boemo ba motho le maemo, ho kenyelletsa chelete ea lelapa, khatello ea maikutlo ea bakhachane, boroko ba bana, ngoana ea balloang khafetsa, le ngoana e le mosali. Ha ho kopantsoe hammoho, liphuputso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore lintlha tse ngata li ka susumetsa tšekamelo ea ngoana bakeng sa nako e fetelletseng ea skrine. Ho ka etsahala hore, leha ho le joalo, ha se bana bohle ba susumetsoang ka ho lekana le ka mokhoa o bobebe ke nako ea skrine. Lintho li kanna tsa ba teng tse loantšang litlamorao tse mpe tsa nako ea skrine kholong ea ngoana. Patlisiso ea nako e telele ea nako e telele e lekolang phapang e teng⁴⁸ ea bana ho pepesetsoa nako ea skrini, hammoho le likotsi le lintlha tse sireletsang,⁴⁹ ho tla hlokahala ho tseba hore na nako ea skrine e na le bothata bofe haholo bakeng sa kholo ea bana.

Ho na le mekhoa le litlhahiso tse 'maloa tsa boits'oaro tse hlahang thutong ena. Taba ea mantlha, litsebi li lokela ho totobatsa hore nako ea skrini e lokela ho sebelisoa ka mokhoa o itekanetseng le hore e 'ngoe ea mekhoa e metle ka ho fetesisa ea ho ntlafatsa kholo ea bana ke ka litšebelisano tse phahameng tsa bahlokomeli le bana ntle le tšitiso ea skrini.⁴⁴ Taba ea bobeli, lingaka tsa bana le litsebi tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle ba khothaletsoa ho theha meralo ea litaba ea botho le malapa kapa ho tataisetsa malapa ho lisebelisoa ho nts'etsapele merero ea boralitaba⁵⁰ ho netefatsa hore nako ea skrine ha e fetelle kapa e kena-kenana le litšebelisano tsa sefahleho kapa nako ea lelapa. Merero ea boralitaba e ka fetoloa ho thusa ho fihlela litlhoko tsa lelapa ka leng. Merero e fana ka tataiso mabapi le ho beha le ho tiisa melao le meeli mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea media ho latela lilemo tsa bana, mokhoa oa ho rala libaka tse se nang skrineng le nako ea lisebelisoa lapeng, le ho lekanyetsa le ho abela nako ea mesebetsi ea inthanete le ea kantle ho naha ho netefatsa hore ts'ebetso ea 'mele 'me litšebelisano tsa malapa li behiloe pele.

sheba mefokolo ea

Meralo ea lipatlisiso tsa nako e telele ea hlokahala bakeng sa ho fihlela liqeto mabapi le tataiso le sebopeho sa mekhatlo kamora nako le nts'etsopele. Leha ho le joalo, e 'ngoe ea litšitiso tsa bohlokoahali lipatlisisong tsa bolelele ba nako tse amanang le li-skrini ke hore nts'etsopele ea mahlale a morao-rao e fetoha le ho feta lipatlisiso.⁵¹ Ho bana ba rona ba bangata, bao e tla ba sehlopha sa ho lekola bana ba pakeng tsa likhoeli tse 24 le 60, lintlha li ile tsa bokelloa lipakeng tsa Mphalane 20, 2011 le Mphalane 6, 2016. Ho ka etsahala hore boits'oaro ba nako ea skrini bo ka be bo fetohile nakong ena ka lebaka la tsoelo-pele mahlale. Thibelo e 'ngoe e ka bang teng ke hore tekolo ea pele ea mefuta-futa ea ho ithuta e ne e le likhoeli tse 24. Ho kanna ha ba molemo lipatlisisong tsa nako e tlang ho kenyelletsa pokello ea data e eketsehileng likhoeling tse 12 kapa 18 ho eketsa ts'ehetso ho latela mohlala oa liphetho tse bonoang mona. Ho eketsoa ha tlhaiso-leseling ea pejana ho ka ba bohlokoa haholo-holo ho fanoe ka litlaleho tsa morao-rao tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore nako ea skrineng boseeng e ntse e eketseha.^7,17

Tekanyetso ea boraro ke ho tsepamisa mohopolo ka nako e le 'ngoe nakong ea skrini. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e lokela ho arola litlamorao tsa boleng ba litaba tsa media (mohlala, ho hasanya livideo ka li-software tsa thuto inthaneteng) kholong ea bana. Moeli o mong hape ke hore tlhahlobo ea nako ea skrini le kholo ea bana e nkuoe litlalehong tsa bo-mme. Molemo oa ho bokella litlaleho tsa bo-mme ka mehato ea lipotso ka mehlala e meholo ea bankakarolo ke hore e fokotsa moroalo oa lipatlisiso ho litho tse ling tsa lelapa mme, ka hona, e ka fokotsa ho hohela. Leha ho le joalo, mekhoa e kahare ea tlhaiso-leseling e hlahisa monyetla oa khethollo e tloaelehileng ea mekhoa. Tšepo ea li-interobserver lipakeng tsa batsoali le litsebi ho ASQ-3 e phahame.³¹ Kahoo, ASQ-3 e kanna ea ba mokhoa o sebetsang oa ho lekola bakeng sa ho lekola tieho ea nts'etsopele. Patlisisong ea nako e tlang, ho bokella liteko tsa bo-mme le bo-ntate tsa sephetho sa bana ba pele ho ka fokotsa menyetla ea leeme la baqolotsi ba litaba. Ho netefatsa liphetho tsa hajoale ho sebelisoa mokhoa o nang le tsebo e ngata, lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li ka sebelisa lits'ebetso tsa ho latedisa ho lisebelisoa ho lekola boits'oaro ba nako ea skrineng.

Nahanisisa

Kotara e le 'ngoe ea bana ha e-so lokele tsoelo-pele ea ho kena sekolo.^1,2 Leha likharikhulamo tsa thuto le mananeo a ntse a tsoela pele ho hatela pele, ha ho lintlafatso tse bonoeng tšebetsong ea thuto ea baithuti lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng,⁵² e ts'oanang le nako eo ts'ebeliso ea mahlale le nako ea skrini li eketsehileng ka potlako.^53,54 Nako e fetelletseng ea skrine e amahanngoa le litholoana tse fapaneng tse mpe, ho kenyeletsoa ho lieha ho nahanisisa le ts'ebetso e mpe ea thuto.^55,56 Ho latela tsebo ea rona, thuto ea hajoale ke ea pele ho fana ka bopaki ba mokhatlo o tataisang lipakeng tsa nako ea skrini le ts'ebetso e mpe litekong tsa tlhahlobo ea kholo ho bana ba banyenyane haholo. Ha ts'ebeliso ea mahlale e itsetsepetse maphelong a batho ba sejoale-joale, ho utloisisa kamano e tataisang lipakeng tsa nako ea skrini le li-correlates tsa eona, le ho nka mehato e thehiloeng malapeng ho ikopanya le mahlale ka mekhoa e metle ho ka ba bohlokoa ho netefatsa katleho ea kholo ea bana ba hola ho lilemo tsa dijithale.

Article Information

E amoheloa bakeng sa phatlalatso: November 25, 2018.

Mongoli ea Tšoanang: Sheri Madigan, PhD, Lefapha la Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Ave, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada ([imeile e sirelelitsoe]).

E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng Pherekhong 28, 2019. doi:10.1001 / jamapediatrics.2018.5056

Menehelo ea Mongoli: Drs Madigan le Browne ba bile le phihlello e felletseng ea tlhaiso-leseling eohle thutong mme ba nka boikarabello ba botshepehi ba data le ho nepahala ha tlhahlobo ea data.

Taba le moralo: Madigan, Browne, Morabe, O thata.

Ho fumanoa, ho hlahlojoa, kapa ho hlalosoa ha data: Bangoli bohle.

Ho ngoloa ha mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho: Madigan, Browne.

Phetolelo e hlophisitsoeng ea buka e ngotsoeng bakeng sa botho ba bohlokoa ba kelello: Browne, Morabe, Mori, O thata.

Tlhahlobo ea statistical: Madigan, Browne, Morabe.

Chelete e fumanoeng: Ho thata.

Tsamaiso ea tsamaiso, ea thekenoloji, kapa ea lintho tse bonahalang: Browne, Ho thata.

Tlhokomelo: Ho thata.

Tlhōlisano ea Thahasello: Dr Tough o tlalehile lithuso tse tsoang Alberta Childrens Hospital Foundation, Alberta Innovates Health Solutions, MaxBell Foundation, CanFASD, le Litsi tsa Canada tsa Patlisiso ea Bophelo nakong ea boithuto. Ha ho litlhaloso tse ling tse tlalehiloeng.

Lithuso / Tšehetso: Boithuto bohle ba Malapa a Rona bo ne bo tšehelitsoe ke thuso ea sehlopha sa Alberta Innovates Health Solutions Interdisciplinary Team 200700595.

Mofuputsi ea ka sehloohong oa Thuto ea Malapa a Rōna kaofela ke Dr Tough. Ts'ehetso ea lipatlisiso e fanoe ke Alberta Children's Hospital Foundation le lenaneo la Canada Research Chairs (Dr Madigan).

Mosebetsi oa mofani oa lichelete / Motšehetsi: Mehloli ea lichelete e ne e sena karolo ho rala le ho etsa boithuto; pokello, tsamaiso, tlhahlobo le tlhaloso ea litaba; ho hlophisa, ho lekola, kapa ho amohela sengoloa se ngotsoeng ka letsoho; le qeto ea ho fana ka buka eo e ngotsoeng ka letsoho hore e phatlalatsoe.

Menehelo e Eketsehileng: Bangoli ba ananela menehelo ea sehlopha sa lipatlisiso tsa Malapa a Rona kaofela mme ba leboha bankakarolo ba nkileng karolo thutong.

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