Litlaleho tsa Thibelo ea Meriana
Lintlha-khōlō Tsa
- • Lihora tse ngata tsa skrine li amahanngoa le boiketlo bo tlase lilemong tsa 2 ho isa 17.
- • Basebelisi ba phahameng ba bontša bohelehele bo fokolang, boits'oaro le botsitso ba maikutlo.
- • Basebelisi ba li-skrini tse phahameng ka makhetlo a mabeli (vs. Tlase) ba bile le ts'oaetso ea khatello ea maikutlo kapa khatello ea maikutlo.
- • Batho bao e seng basebelisi le basebelisi ba tlase ha baa ka ba fapana ka boiketlo.
- • Mekhatlo e nang le boiketlo e ne e le kholo ho bacha ho feta bakeng sa bana.
inahaneloang
Phuputso e fetileng mabapi le mekhatlo e pakeng tsa nako ea skrini le bophelo bo botle ba kelello har'a bana le bacha e ntse e hanana, e lebisitse ho bafuputsi ba bang ho belaella meeli ea nako ea skrine e hlahisitsoeng ke mekhatlo ea lingaka. Re hlahlobile e kholo (n = 40,337) sampole ea naha e sa reroang ea bana ba lilemo li 2 ho isa ho tse 17 ho la US ka 2016 e neng e kenyelletsa mehato e felletseng ea nako ea skrine (ho kenyeletsoa liselefouno, likhomphutha, lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, lipapali tsa elektroniki le TV) le mehato ea boiketlo ba kelello. Kamora 1 h / letsatsi la ts'ebeliso, lihora tse ngata tsa letsatsi le leng le le leng tsa skrineng li ne li amahanngoa le boiketlo ba kelello bo tlase, ho kenyeletsoa bohelehele bo fokolang, boits'oaro bo tlase, tšitiso e ngata, ho thatafalloa ho etsa metsoalle, botsitso bo fokolang ba maikutlo, ho ba thata haholo ho e hlokomela , le ho se khone ho qeta mesebetsi. Har'a bana ba lilemo li 14 ho isa ho tse 17, basebelisi ba phahameng ba li-skrini (7+ h / letsatsi le basebelisi ba tlase ba hora e le 'ngoe ka letsatsi) ba ne ba na le menyetla e fetang makhetlo a mabeli ea ho fumanoa ba na le khatello ea maikutlo (RR 1, 2.39% CI 95, 1.54), ea kileng a fumanoa a na le matšoenyeho (RR 3.70, CI 2.26, 1.59), a alafshoa ke setsebi sa bophelo bo botle ba kelello (RR 3.22, CI 2.22, 1.62) kapa a nkile meriana bakeng sa kelello kapa taba ea boits'oaro (RR 2.99, CI 1.94, 4.62) likhoeling tse 12 tse fetileng. Ts'ebeliso e itekanetseng ea li-skrini (4 h / letsatsi) le eona e ne e amahanngoa le boiketlo bo tlase ba kelello. Batho bao e seng basebelisi le basebelisi ba tlase ba li-skrini ka kakaretso ba ne ba sa tšoane ka boiketlo. Mekhatlo lipakeng tsa nako ea skrini le bophelo bo tlase ba kelello e ne e le kholo ho bacha ho feta bana ba banyenyane
1. Selelekela
Nako e ntseng e hola ea bana le bacha ba qeta nako ea bona ea boikhathollo le li-skrini ho kenyeletsoa li-smartphone, matlapa, lipapali tsa lipapali le lithelevishene (Media Sense e Tloaelehileng, 2015; Twenge et al., 2019), Ho hlahisa matšoenyeho mabapi le phello ea nako ea skrineng boiketlong har'a batsoali, litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle le matichere (mohlala, Kardaras, 2017). Matšoenyeho ana a hlohlellelitse mekhatlo ea lingaka joalo ka American Academy of Lingaka (AAP) ho khothaletsa batsoali ho lekanyetsa nako ea bana ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea skrine, le meeli e khethehileng ea nako ea bana ba kenang sekolong sa mathomo le tlhahiso e akaretsang ea ho lekanyetsa nako li-skrini bakeng sa bana ba baholo le bacha (Radesky le Christakis, 2016). Ntle le moo, Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo haufinyane o nkile qeto ea ho kenyelletsa boloetse ba papali papaling ea 11 ea ntlafatso ea Lenaneo la Machabeng la Mafu (WHO, 2018).
Mekhatlo lipakeng tsa nako ea skrineng le litholoana tse mpe tsa bophelo bo botle joalo ka botenya le ho hloka boikoetliso li tlalehiloe hantle (mohlala, Chiasson et al., 2016; de Jong et al., 2013; Dumuid et al., 2017; Poitras et al., 2017). Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tse hlahlobang mekhatlo lipakeng tsa nako ea skrini le likarolo tse ling tsa kelello tsa boiketlo ba bana le bacha ha li lumellane. Boithuto bo bong bo fumana mekhatlo e bohlokoa lipakeng tsa nako ea skrini le bophelo bo tlase (Babic et al., 2017; Leqephe la et al., 2010; Romer et al., 2013; Rosen et al., 2014; Twenge et al., 2018a, Twenge et al., 2018b; Yang et al., 2013), athe ba bang ba fumana litlamorao tse sa reng letho kapa esita le melemo ka nako e kholo ea skrine (Granic et al., 2014; Odgers, 2018; Przybylski le Weinstein, 2018; Valkenburg le Peter, 2009). Kahoo, ba bang ba khothalelitse hore ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ngata pele ba etsa qeto ea hore meeli ea nako ea skrini e nepahetse, ba pheha khang ea hore nako ea bohlokoa ea ho khetha lingaka ha ea lokela ho neheloa ho bua ka nako ea skrine ntle le bopaki bo lekaneng ba mekhatlo ea bohlokoa le boiketlo ba batho (Przybylski le Weinstein, 2017, Przybylski le Weinstein, 2018). Bafuputsi ba bang ba buile lipolelo tse tšoanang ka WHO e khethollang bothata ba ho bapala e le bothata ba bophelo bo botle ba kelello, ba tiisa hore mekhatlo e lipakeng tsa papali le bophelo bo botle ba kelello ha e bohlokoa haholo ebile ha e lumellane ho lekana ho fana ka mabaka a karohano e joalo (Davis, 2018; van Rooij et al., 2018).
Likhopolo le lipatlisiso mabapi le boiketlo ba kelello li tšehetsa mohopolo oa mohopolo o pharaletseng ho kenyelletsa botsitso ba maikutlo, likamano tse ntle tsa batho, boits'oaro le matšoao a ho atleha (Diener et al., 1999; Ryff, 1995Hape le litlhahlobo tsa mathata a maikutlo a joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo kapa khatello ea maikutlo (Manderscheid et al., 2010). Ho ba le botsitso maikutlong bo fokolang, likamano tse senyehileng, le boits'oaro bo tlase kaofela ho amehile haholo boits'oaro le ho shoa (Graham et al., 2017; Shipley et al., 2007; Shor et al., 2013; Turiano et al., 2015), le mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello joalo ka mathata a maikutlo ke sesosa sa kotsi sa ho kula le ho shoa, ho kenyeletsoa ka boits'oaro ba ho intša kotsi, boiteko ba ho ipolaea le ho ipolaea (Hawton et al., 2013; Murray et al., 2012).
Mabapi le thibelo, ho theha lisosa le litlamorao tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello ho bohlokoa haholo ho bana le bacha. Halofo ea mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello e ba teng bocha (Erskine et al., 2015). Kahoo, ho na le tlhoko e matla ea ho khetholla lintlha tse amanang le litaba tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello tse ka kenelloang sechabeng sena, joalo ka ha boholo ba lintho tse boletsoeng pejana (mohlala, liphatsa tsa lefutso, khatello ea maikutlo, bofuma) li le thata kapa li sa khone ho li susumetsa. Ha ho bapisoa le lipolelo tsena tse sa tsitsang tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello, kamoo bana le bacha ba sebelisang nako ea bona ea phomolo ho bonolo hore ba fetohe.
Ho latela tsebo ea rona, ha ho na lithuto tse fetileng tse hlahlobileng lintho tse ngata tse amanang le bophelo bo botle ba kelello mabapi le nako ea skrine. Ho feta moo, leha lithuto tse ling li hlahlobile mekhatlo lipakeng tsa nako ea skrini le matšoao ea matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo, ha ho thuto e fetileng eo re e tsebang e hlahlobileng mekhatlo lipakeng tsa nako ea skrini le ea nnete tšoaea ea matšoenyeho kapa khatello ea maikutlo kapa litlaleho tsa kalafo ea litsebi bakeng sa litaba tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Ntle le moo, ho bohlokoa hore mehato ea nako ea skrineng e se kenyeletse feela thelevishene empa e sa tsoa tsebisoa ka media ea dijithale ho kenyelletsa lipapali tsa elektroniki, li-smartphone, matlapa le likhomphutha. Ntle le moo, lithuto tse sebelisang lintho tse tšoanang ho lekola lilemo tse 'maloa tsa bana le bacha ha li fumanehe hangata, e leng ntho e malimabe hobane lilemo li kanna tsa ba mookameli oa mekhatlo pakeng tsa nako ea skrine le bophelo bo botle ba kelello.
Phuputso ea hajoale e ikemiselitse ho lekola mekhatlo lipakeng tsa nako ea skrini le mefuta e fapaneng ea mehato ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello (ho kenyeletsoa botsitso ba maikutlo, likamano le bahlokomeli, boitšoaro, boits'oaro ba mafu a maikutlo le kalafo ea litaba tsa bophelo ba kelello) har'a batho ba bangata phuputso e thehiloeng ho bahlokomeli ba bana le bacha ba lilemo li 2 ho isa ho 17 ba bokelletsoeng 2016 ho la US
2. Mokhoa
2.1. Barupeluoa
Barupeluoa e ne e le bahlokomeli ba bana le bacha ba 44,734 ba lilemo li 2 le ho feta US ho Phuputso ea Naha ea Bophelo ba Bana (NSCH) e entsoeng ka 2016 ke Census Bureau ea US. Ha lintho tse ngata tse mabapi le boiketlo ba kelello li ne li botsoa feela ho bahlokomeli ba nang le bana ba lilemo li 2 ho ea holimo, re lekanyelitse litlhahlobo tsa rona ho bana ba lilemo li 2 ho isa ho tse 17.
Malapa a ile a ikopanya le bona ka poso neng kapa neng ho khetholla ba nang le bana kapa bacha ba lilemo li 17 kapa tlase. Lelapeng le leng le le leng, ngoana a le mong o ne a khethoa ka mokhoa o sa reroang hore e be mofuputsi oa lipatlisiso. Phuputso e entsoe ka marang-rang kapa ka pampiri, ka mohlala oa bana ba nang le litlhoko tse khethehileng tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo. Sekhahla sa karabelo e ne e le 40.7%. Lintlha li fumaneha phatlalatsa webosaeteng ea NSCH.
Re khethile bana le bacha ba nang le bonyane e le ngoe ea maemo a maholo a 8 a ka amang tšebetso ea bona ea letsatsi le letsatsi: autism, bofofu, Bokooa ba boko, ho hloka tsebe, Down Syndrome, tieho ea kholo, sethoathoa, kapa bokooa ba kelello (ho holofala kelellong), kaha tsena li ne li amana le boiketlo le nako ea skrine. Mohlala, har'a bana ba lilemo li 14 ho isa ho 17, 33% ea ba sebelisang zero letsatsi le letsatsi ea li-skrini ba bile le e 'ngoe ea maemo ana, ha bapisoa le sekhahla sa motheo sa 10.1%. Tlhatlhobo e felletseng ea tlhahlobo ea litlhoko tse khethehileng tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo e ke ke ea sebelisoa hobane e kenyelletsa ba fumanang lits'ebeletso tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo ba kelello, e leng phaello e fapaneng. Likhetho tsena li felletse ka sampole n ea 40,337.
Mohlala oa hoqetela, bana le bacha e ne e le banna ba 49.8% le basali ba 50.2% mme e ne e le Bosoeu ba 71%, 16% Sepanishe, 6% ba Batsho, le ba bang ba 7%. Lekeno la lelapa le ne le ajoa haholo, ka 9% ea bana ba ka tlase ho 100% ea bofuma le 44% ka meputso ea malapa maemong a 400% kapa ho feta. Sampole e ne e etselitsoe ho emela naha eohle ea bana bohle ba Amerika lilemong tsena empa e emela lihlopha tse ling ka lebaka la likhahla tse tlase tsa karabelo.
Re hlophisitse bana le bacha ka mekhahlelo e mene ho latela lilemo tse batlang li lekana le maemo a thuto: Ba kenang sekolo ba lilemo li 2 ho isa ho tse 5 (n = 9361), bana ba sekolo sa mathomo ba lilemo li 6 ho isa ho tse 10 (n = 10,668), baithuti ba mahareng ba lilemo li 11 ho isa ho tse 13 (n = 7555), le bana ba sekolo se phahameng ba lilemo li 14 ho isa ho tse 17 (n = 12,753). Mekhahlelo ena e boetse e tsamaellana le sebopeho sa patlisiso, 'me lipotso tse ling li botsoa feela ho bahlokomeli ba bana ba kenang sekolong sa mathomo 'me ba bang ba botsa feela bana ba lilemo li 6 ho ea holimo.
2.2. Mehato
Phuputso e botsitse lintho tse peli ka nako ea skrini. Taba ea mantlha ke hore, "Ka karolelano har'a beke, [lebitso la ngoana] le qeta nako e kae ka pel'a TV ho shebella mananeo a TV, livideo kapa ho bapala lipapali tsa video?" Ea bobeli, "Ka karolelano har'a beke, [lebitso la ngoana] le qeta nako e kae le sebelisa likhomphutha, liselefouno, lipapali tsa video tse tšoaroang ka letsoho le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa elektroniki, le etsa lintho tse ling ntle le tsa sekolo?" Bakeng sa bobeli, likhetho tsa karabelo li ile tsa khutlisoa ho letho = 0, ka tlase ho hora = 0.5, hora = 1, 2 h = 2, 3 h = 3, le 4 kapa ho feta lihora = 5. Bakeng sa mekhoa, bona Lethathamo 1.
Lethathamo 1. Ho hakanyetsoa lihora tse ngata ka letsatsi tsa tšebeliso ea skrini ke sehlopha sa lilemo, US, 2016.
| 2 ho 5 | 6 ho 10 | 11 ho 13 | 14 ho 17 | d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TV le lipapali tsa video | 1.46 (1.09) | 1.53 (1.10) | 1.80 (1.39) | 1.89 (1.39) | 0.34 |
| Lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki | 0.82 (0.96) | 1.25 (1.11) | 2.00 (1.40) | 2.70 (1.53) | 1.46 |
| Kakaretso ea nako ea skrini | 2.28 (1.72) | 2.78 (1.95) | 3.80 (2.36) | 4.59 (2.50) | 1.06 |
Tlhokomeliso: 1. Li-SD ka masakaneng.
Re kentse hammoho palo e hakantsoeng ea lihora tse sebelisitsoeng lipapaling tsa TV / video le lisebelisoa tsa media tsa dijithale ho etsa nako ea skrineng kaofela mme ra hlophisa liphetho ka mekhahlelo e 8: Ha ho na (ha ho na nako ea skrini), <1 h (0.01 ho 0.99) , 1 h (1.00 ho 1.49), 2 h (1.50 ho 2.49), 3 h (2.50 ho 3.49), 4 h (3.50 ho 4.49), 5 h (4.50 ho 5.49), 6 h (5.50 ho 6.49) le 7 h kapa ho feta (6.50 le ho feta). Har'a lihlopha tse peli tsa khale, ke ba fokolang haholo ba tlalehileng hore ha ho na nako ea skrini hang (n = 46 bakeng sa bana ba lilemo li 11 ho isa ho 13 le n = 24 bakeng sa bana ba lilemo li 14 ho isa ho 17), ka hona lisele tsena li lokela ho hlalosoa ka hloko.
Re hlahlobile lintho tsohle phuputsong ea NSCH e lekanyang boiketlo ba kelello, bo hlalosoang ka bophara (bona Tlatsetso ea lisebelisoa tsa mantsoe ho kenyelletsa likhetho tsa likarabo). Lintho tse ngata ha lia ka tsa hokahana haholo hore li ka kopanngoa le sekala ka hona li hlahlojoa e le lintho tse le 'ngoe. Likhetho e ne e le lintho tse tharo tse lekanyang hore na ngoana o bonolo hakae le lintho tse 'ne tse lekanyang boitšoaro. Re ngolisitse lintho tsohle e le hore lintlha tse phahameng li bonts'a boiketlo bo phahameng.
2.3. Moralo oa tlhahlobo
Liphuputso li kenyelelitse taolo bakeng sa mefuta e ka ferekanyang: morabe oa bana (mefuta e fapaneng ea batho ba batšo, ba Sepanishe le ba bang, ka White eo e seng ea Sepanishe joalo ka sehlopha sa papiso), thobalano ea bana, lilemo tsa bana, sehlopheng se phahameng ka ho fetisisa sa batho ba baholo malapeng (se tsoelang pele, ho sebelisoa lintlha tse qaqileng ntho e kenyeletsang thuto ea koleche), karo-karolelano ea bofuma ba lelapa (tekanyo ea lekeno la lelapa), le sebopeho sa lelapa (ho lula le batsoali ba babeli ba tlhaho / ba mo amohelang khahlanong le eena). Ha rea ka ra sekaseka litlhahlobo tsa boima ba 'mele ebile ha rea ka ra nkela data e lahlehileng sebaka.
Bakeng sa lintho tse tsoelang pele, re tlaleha ho bolela ka litafole le liperesente tse tlase ho phela hantle ka lipalo; Lintho tsa sehlopha (mohlala, ee kapa che, joalo ka ts'oaetso ea khatello ea maikutlo kapa khatello ea maikutlo) li tlalehoa e le liperesente ka bobeli. Tlaleho ea litafole boholo ba litlamorao (d, kapa phapang ho latela liphapano tse tloaelehileng) ekasitana le p-e lekanngoe bakeng sa t-liteko tsa ho bapisa mekhoa maemong a fapaneng a ts'ebeliso. Sengoloa se tlaleha kotsi e lekanyelitsoeng (RR) ka likhaohano tsa boits'epo tse 95% (CI) bakeng sa lintho tse nang le maiketsetso.
Pele re hlahloba lintho tse botsoang ho bahlokomeli ba lilemo tse 'maloa tsa bana ebe li botsoa feela ho bahlokomeli ba bana ba kenang sekolo. Ha ho fanoa ka kamano ea curvilinear pakeng tsa nako ea skrini le boiketlo e fumanoang lipatlisisong tse fetileng (Przybylski le Weinstein, 2017; Twenge et al., 2018b), Re supile matla a ts'ebeliso ea maikutlo ao mokhoa oa boiketlo o tsamaeang ho tloha ho o motle ho isa ho o mobe ho tsebisa litlhahlobo tsa rona (Simonsohn, 2017). Kahoo, ha re bapise tšebeliso le maemo a tlase a tšebeliso, tšebeliso e tlase le tšebeliso e itekanetseng, le tšebeliso e tlase le tšebeliso e phahameng.
3. Liphetho
3.1. Phapang ea lilemo nakong ea skrini
Kakaretso ea nako ea skrini e ne e le karolelano ea letsatsi la 3.20 ha (SD = 2.40) mme e ne e phahama hanyane ka hanyane har'a bana ba baholo, e tsamaisoa haholo ke nako e sebelisitsoeng ho lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki (bona Lethathamo 1 'me Feie. 1). Keketseho e kholo ka ho fetesisa ea nako ea skrini e etsahetse lipakeng tsa sekolo sa mathomo le sa bohareng. Ha ba le sekolong se phahameng (ba lilemo li 14 ho isa ho 17), bacha ba qetile 4 h le 35 min ka letsatsi le li-skrini ho latela litlaleho tsa bahlokomeli.
Feie. 1. Lihora ka letsatsi tse sebelisitsoeng litsing tsohle tsa elektronike, lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, le lipapali tsa TV le livideo ka lilemo tsa motho ka mong, US, 2016. Mehala ea liphoso ke ± 1 SE.
3.2. Nako ea skrini le boiketlo
Kopano lipakeng tsa nako ea skrini le bophelo bo botle e ne e se e ts'oanang mme e bonts'a ntlha ea inflection ho 1 h / letsatsi la ts'ebeliso bakeng sa mehato e mengata (bona Lethathamo 2 'me Feie. 2, Feie. 3, Feie. 4, Feie. 5, Feie. 6). Ntle le mokhelo o le mong (ntho e mabapi le bohelehele), bophelo bo botle bo ne bo sa tšoane haholo lipakeng tsa ba sa sebeliseng nako ho li-skrini le ba sebelisang hora ka letsatsi. Kamora hora ka letsatsi, leha ho le joalo, nako e eketsehang ea skrini e ne e hokahanngoa le bophelo bo botle ba kelello butle-butle. Mabapi le kotsi e lekanyelitsoeng (RR), basebelisi ba phahameng ba li-skrini (7+ h / letsatsi) ba nkile kotsi ea bophelo bo tlase habeli joalo ka basebelisi ba tlase (1 h / letsatsi), ho kenyeletsoa ho se lule u khobile matšoafo (mohlala, har'a 14- ho Bacha ba lilemo li 17, RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.72, 2.50), ba sa qete mesebetsi (RR 2.53, CI 2.01, 3.20), ba sa batle ho tseba (RR 2.72, CI 2.00, 3.71), le ho ngangisana haholo le bahlokomeli ( RR 2.34, CI 1.85, 2.97; bona Feie. 2, Feie. 3, Feie. 4, Feie. 5, Feie. 6). Basebelisi ba li-skrini tse phahameng (vs. tlase) le bona ba hlalositsoe ba le thata ho li hlokomela. Boholo ba litlamorao hangata li ne li le kholo ho bacha ho feta bana.
Lethathamo 2. Boiketlo bo bolela ka lihora tse ngata ka letsatsi tsa nako e felletseng ea skrine (e nang le taolo) har'a lihlopha tsa lilemo le d's bapisa lisele, US, 2016.
| Ha ho letho (0) | <1 h | 1 h | 2 h | 3 h | 4 h | 5 h | 6 h | 7+ h | d 0 vs. 1 h | d 1 h vs. 4 h | d 1 h vs. 7+ h | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ngoana ea bonolo (lintho tse 3) | ||||||||||||
| 2 ho isa ho 5 (sekolong sa mathomo) | 4.42 (0.53) 320 | 4.33 (0.61) 749 | 4.37 (0.57) 1707 | 4.32 (0.61) 2687 | 4.29 (0.62) 1843 | 4.28 (0.63) 912 | 4.26 (0.66) 280 | 4.14 (0.73) 243 | 4.18 (0.67) 263 | -0.09 | −0.15 * | −0.33 * |
| 6 ho isa ho 10 (elem.) | 4.28 (0.65) 215 | 4.33 (0.63) 348 | 4.36 (0.63) 1457 | 4.36 (0.62) 3203 | 4.32 (0.63) 2187 | 4.33 (0.64) 1483 | 4.27 (0.65) 397 | 4.26 (0.63) 431 | 4.18 (0.69) 496 | 0.13 | -0.05 | −0.28 * |
| 11 ho isa ho 13 (bohareng) | 4.37 (0.65) 46 | 4.28 (0.72) 104 | 4.38 (0.66) 477 | 4.38 (0.60) 1621 | 4.35 (0.62) 1537 | 4.33 (0.63) 1464 | 4.33 (0.60) 525 | 4.21 (0.70) 566 | 4.15 (0.73) 895 | 0.02 | -0.08 | −0.33 * |
| 14 ho isa ho 17 (hs) | 4.36 (0.99) 24 | 4.49 (0.58) 80 | 4.54 (0.51) 370 | 4.46 (0.57) 1679 | 4.40 (0.57) 2488 | 4.35 (0.60) 2468 | 4.30 (0.66) 1118 | 4.20 (0.71) 1370 | 4.09 (0.77) 2547 | 0.33 | −0.32 * | −0.61 * |
| Ho labalabela ho tseba | ||||||||||||
| 2 ho isa ho 5 (sekolong sa mathomo) | 2.98 (0.12) 319 | 2.98 (0.14) 752 | 2.98 (0.12) 1716 | 2.98 (0.15) 2705 | 2.98 (0.16) 1853 | 2.96 (0.21) 919 | 2.96 (0.22) 280 | 2.95 (0.25) 245 | 2.96 (0.22) 266 | 0.00 | −0.13 * | -0.15 |
| 6 ho isa ho 10 (elem.) | 2.94 (0.22) 215 | 2.94 (0.23) 349 | 2.95 (0.19) 1462 | 2.95 (0.22) 3225 | 2.93 (0.26) 2200 | 2.93 (0.29) 1488 | 2.88 (0.34) 401 | 2.88 (0.35) 434 | 2.88 (0.37) 504 | 0.05 | −0.08 * | −0.30 * |
| 11 ho isa ho 13 (bohareng) | 2.88 (0.32) 47 | 2.91 (0.25) 105 | 2.91 (0.28) 480 | 2.88 (0.32) 1631 | 2.89 (0.30) 1537 | 2.86 (0.36) 1474 | 2.86 (0.36) 533 | 2.79 (0.46) 571 | 2.76 (0.47) 901 | 0.11 | −0.15 * | −0.37 * |
| 14 ho isa ho 17 (hs) | 2.64 (0.58) 24 | 2.90 (0.26) 82 | 2.90 (0.30) 375 | 2.88 (0.31) 1691 | 2.86 (0.34) 2501 | 2.82 (0.39) 2485 | 2.79 (0.43) 1132 | 2.74 (0.48) 1371 | 2.71 (0.49) 2583 | 0.78 * | −0.21 * | −0.41 * |
| Ha ho na bothata ba ho etsa metsoalle | ||||||||||||
| 2 ho isa ho 5 (sekolong sa mathomo) | 2.87 (0.35) 181 | 2.89 (0.31) 400 | 2.90 (0.30) 1112 | 2.91 (0.29) 1980 | 2.90 (0.32) 1405 | 2.86 (0.38) 707 | 2.81 (0.41) 204 | 2.85 (0.38) 191 | 2.84 (0.39) 209 | 0.10 | −0.12 * | −0.19 * |
| 6 ho isa ho 10 (elem.) | 2.81 (0.42) 211 | 2.83 (0.40) 346 | 2.85 (0.38) 1454 | 2.85 (0.38) 3189 | 2.83 (0.41) 2176 | 2.82 (0.43) 1470 | 2.78 (0.48) 396 | 2.77 (0.45) 429 | 2.77 (0.47) 492 | 0.10 | −0.07 * | −0.20 * |
| 11 ho isa ho 13 (bohareng) | 2.74 (0.53) 47 | 2.80 (0.45) 104 | 2.78 (0.47) 473 | 2.82 (0.43) 1620 | 2.78 (0.48) 1525 | 2.79 (0.44) 1464 | 2.82 (0.43) 522 | 2.70 (0.52) 569 | 2.66 (0.58) 888 | 0.08 | 0.02 | −0.22 * |
| 14 ho isa ho 17 (hs) | 2.81 (0.49) 23 | 2.76 (0.48) 81 | 2.88 (0.36) 367 | 2.85 (0.40) 1678 | 2.82 (0.42) 2476 | 2.79 (0.46) 2464 | 2.76 (0.49) 1113 | 2.72 (0.51) 1355 | 2.66 (0.58) 2521 | 0.19 | −0.20 * | −0.40 * |
| Khutsa ha u phephetsoa | ||||||||||||
| 6 ho isa ho 10 (elem.) | 2.46 (0.60) 211 | 2.42 (0.58) 344 | 2.48 (0.54) 1450 | 2.45 (0.56) 3190 | 2.39 (0.57) 2176 | 2.37 (0.60) 1465 | 2.32 (0.60) 394 | 2.35 (0.59) 428 | 2.32 (0.62) 491 | 0.04 | −0.19 * | −0.29 * |
| 11 ho isa ho 13 (bohareng) | 2.62 (0.54) 47 | 2.54 (0.54) 104 | 2.56 (0.56) 475 | 2.57 (0.53) 1619 | 2.53 (0.56) 1521 | 2.51 (0.56) 1459 | 2.51 (0.56) 524 | 2.43 (0.60) 567 | 2.35 (0.62) 887 | -0.11 | 0.09 | −0.35 * |
| 14 ho isa ho 17 (hs) | 2.70 (0.58) 23 | 2.68 (0.56) 81 | 2.75 (0.45) 367 | 2.70 (0.49) 1677 | 2.66 (0.50) 2472 | 2.60 (0.54) 2462 | 2.55 (0.57) 1110 | 2.48 (0.60) 1352 | 2.45 (0.62) 2523 | 0.11 | −0.29 * | −0.50 * |
| Ho sebetsa ho phethela mesebetsi ho qalile | ||||||||||||
| 6 ho isa ho 10 (elem.) | 2.71 (0.48) 211 | 2.66 (0.49) 345 | 2.72 (0.46) 1450 | 2.70 (0.48) 3182 | 2.65 (0.50) 2175 | 2.64 (0.52) 1465 | 2.58 (0.55) 392 | 2.61 (0.55) 430 | 2.57 (0.56) 491 | 0.02 | −0.16 * | −0.31 * |
| 11 ho isa ho 13 (bohareng) | 2.75 (0.50) 47 | 2.79 (0.39) 104 | 2.72 (0.46) 474 | 2.72 (0.46) 1625 | 2.70 (0.47) 1522 | 2.67 (0.50) 1461 | 2.67 (0.50) 525 | 2.55 (0.57) 566 | 2.51 (0.59) 887 | 0.06 | −0.10 * | −0.39 * |
| 14 ho isa ho 17 (hs) | 2.67 (0.49) 24 | 2.78 (0.45) 81 | 2.83 (0.37) 366 | 2.81 (0.39) 1675 | 2.76 (0.43) 2468 | 2.71 (0.47) 2455 | 2.66 (0.52) 1114 | 2.60 (0.57) 1352 | 2.54 (0.58) 2523 | 0.38 | −0.26 * | −0.52 * |
| Ha e ngangisane haholo | ||||||||||||
| 6 ho isa ho 10 (elem.) | 2.66 (0.51) 209 | 2.64 (0.57) 346 | 2.67 (0.55) 1452 | 2.64 (0.58) 3193 | 2.60 (0.60) 2178 | 2.58 (0.61) 1467 | 2.56 (0.63) 393 | 2.58 (0.59) 430 | 2.48 (0.67) 490 | 0.04 | 0.16 * | −0.33 * |
| 11 ho isa ho 13 (bohareng) | 2.69 (0.56) 47 | 2.54 (0.55) 104 | 2.68 (0.55) 476 | 2.69 (0.54) 1621 | 2.63 (0.58) 1524 | 2.62 (0.59) 1465 | 2.61 (0.59) 526 | 2.54 (0.65) 569 | 2.47 (0.68) 887 | -0.02 | −0.10 * | −0.33 * |
| 14 ho isa ho 17 (hs) | 2.60 (0.66) 23 | 2.71 (0.55) 80 | 2.81 (0.46) 366 | 2.79 (0.46) 1681 | 2.73 (0.50) 2477 | 2.71 (0.53) 2461 | 2.68 (0.57) 1114 | 2.61 (0.60) 1354 | 2.52 (0.67) 2530 | 0.45 | −0.19 * | −0.45 * |
| E kileng ea fumanoa e na le matšoenyeho | ||||||||||||
| 11 ho isa ho 13 (bohareng) | 9.6% (0.29) 47 | 6.8% (0.25) 105 | 9.9% (0.30) 481 | 7.6% (0.26) 1634 | 10.0% (0.30) 1540 | 8.5% (0.28) 1477 | 9.3% (0.29) 532 | 11.2% (0.32) 573 | 12.2% (0.33) 904 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.07 |
| 14 ho isa ho 17 (hs) | 11.5% (0.32) 24 | 12.0% (0.33) 80 | 7.9% (0.26) 374 | 8.4% (0.28) 1698 | 9.7% (0.30) 2504 | 12.2% (0.33) 2489 | 13.4% (0.34) 1131 | 17.7% (0.38) 1374 | 18.1% (0.39) 2578 | -0.13 | 0.13 * | 0.27 * |
| E kileng ea fumanoa e na le khatello ea maikutlo | ||||||||||||
| 11 ho isa ho 13 (bohareng) | 4.6% (0.21) 47 | 1.6% (0.12) 105 | 3.7% (0.19) 481 | 1.9% (0.14) 1629 | 4.1% (0.19) 1543 | 3.8% (0.19) 1479 | 4.3% (0.21) 534 | 5.4% (0.23) 573 | 7.2% (0.26) 906 | -0.05 | 0.05 | 0.15 * |
| 14 ho isa ho 17 (hs) | 10.2% (0.30) 24 | 8.3% (0.28) 82 | 5.3% (0.23) 376 | 5.1% (0.23) 1700 | 6.3% (0.24) 2508 | 8.6% (0.28) 2493 | 8.8% (0.29) 1131 | 11.6% (0.32) 1379 | 12.7% (0.33) 2582 | -0.20 | 0.12 * | 0.23 * |
| E alafshoa kapa e hloka ho phekoloa ke setsebi sa bophelo bo botle ba kelello likhoeling tse 12 tse fetileng | ||||||||||||
| 11 ho isa ho 13 (bohareng) | 7.6% (0.25) 47 | 10.4% (0.30) 104 | 13.5% (0.34) 480 | 10.5% (0.30) 1633 | 12.6% (0.33) 1539 | 12.2% (0.33) 1474 | 9.8% (0.30) 532 | 14.8% (0.36) 573 | 18.1% (0.39) 904 | 0.18 | -0.04 | 0.12 * |
| 14 ho isa ho 17 (hs) | 25.8% (0.42) 24 | 15.9% (0.37) 82 | 9.8% (0.29) 374 | 11.5% (0.32) 1693 | 12.8% (0.34) 2496 | 14.1% (0.35) 2487 | 17.0% (0.38) 1128 | 20.7% (0.41) 1373 | 21.9% (0.41) 2578 | -0.53 | 0.13 * | 0.30 * |
| O nkile meriana bakeng sa bothata ba kelello, likhoeling tse 12 tse fetileng | ||||||||||||
| 11 ho isa ho 13 (bohareng) | 9.0% (0.29) 46 | 6.2% (0.24) 105 | 8.6% (0.28) 479 | 6.9% (0.25) 1623 | 8.5% (0.28) 1529 | 9.4% (0.29) 1473 | 9.1% (0.29) 529 | 12.4% (0.33) 571 | 13.3% (0.34) 894 | -0.01 | 0.03 | 0.15 * |
| 14 ho isa ho 17 (hs) | 11.7% (0.32) 23 | 11.7% (0.32) 82 | 5.5% (0.22) 372 | 8.2% (0.28) 1686 | 8.6% (0.28) 2492 | 9.9% (0.30) 2481 | 12.1% (0.33) 1116 | 14.9% (0.36) 1366 | 16.1% (0.37) 2562 | -0.27 | 0.15 * | 0.30 * |
Lintlha: 1. Nakong ea nako ea skrine, linomoro ka seleng ka 'ngoe ke: boiketlo bo bolela, li-SD ka masakaneng, le n's. 2. d = boholo ba matla e tsamaellanang le phapang ea liphapang tse tloaelehileng. 3. * = t-ka ho bapisa lisele tsa bohlokoa ho p <.05. 4. Bakeng sa litlhahlobo, kalafo le meriana, litekanyetso tsa mantlha li ne li le holimo ho lekana bakeng sa papiso e tšepahalang feela har'a lihlopha tse peli tsa batho ba baholo.
Feie. 2. Boemo bo bolelang ho index ea bana e bonolo (1-5), ka lilemo le boemo ba nako ea skrini, ka taolo, US, 2016. Mekoallo ea liphoso ke ± 1 SE.
Feie. 3. Liphesente ha li labalabele ho tseba kapa ho thahasella ho ithuta lintho tse ncha, ka lilemo le boemo ba nako ea skrini, ka taolo, US, 2016. Mehala ea liphoso ke ± 1 SE.
Feie. 4. Liphesente tse sa luleng li khobile matšoafo ha li qholotsoa, ka lilemo le boemo ba nako ea skrini, ka taolo, US, 2016. Mekoallo ea liphoso ke ± 1 SE.
Feie. 5. Liphesente tse sa qete mesebetsi li qalile, ka lilemo le boemo ba nako ea skrini, ka taolo, US, 2016. Mekoallo ea liphoso ke ± 1 SE.
Feie. 6. Liphesente tse phehang khang haholo le bahlokomeli ba tsona, ka lilemo le boemo ba nako ea skrine, ka litsamaiso, US, 2016. Mekoallo ea liphoso ke ± 1 SE.
Maemong a mangata, basebelisi ba itekanetseng ba li-skrini (4 h / letsatsi) le bona ba ne ba le tlase haholo boiketlong ho feta basebelisi ba tlase (1 h / letsatsi), leha ba na le boholo bo tlase ba litlamorao (bona Lethathamo 2). Har'a bana ba lilemo li 14 ho isa ho tse 17, basebelisi ba itekanetseng (bapisoa le basebelisi ba tlase) ba ne ba le monyetla oa hore 78% e se ke ea ba bohelehele (RR 1.78, CI 1.30, 2.43), 60% ba na le monyetla oa hore ba se ke ba lula ba khobile matšoafo ha ba phephetsoa (RR 1.60 , CI 1.32, 1.93), 66% ba na le monyetla oa ho se qete mesebetsi eo ba e qalileng (RR 1.66, CI 1.31, 2.11), le 57% ba na le monyetla oa ho ngangisana haholo le bahlokomeli ba bona (RR 1.57, CI 1.24, 2.00; bona Feie. 2, Feie. 3, Feie. 4, Feie. 5, Feie. 6). Joalo ka papiso lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e tlase le e phahameng, phapang ea boiketlo pakeng tsa basebelisi ba tlase le ba itekanetseng e ne e le nyane har'a bana ba banyenyane ho feta har'a bacha ba seng ba tsofetse.
3.3. Nako ea skrine le ho fumana khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo
Basebelisi ba phahameng ba li-skrini le bona ba ne ba le monyetla oa hore ba fumanoe ba na le matšoenyeho kapa khatello ea maikutlo. Bacha ba lilemo li leshome le metso e mene ho isa ho tse 17 ba sebelisang 7+ h / ka letsatsi ka li-skrini (vs. 1 h / letsatsi) ba ne ba na le menyetla e fetang ea makhetlo a fetang a mabeli ea ho fumanoa ba na le khatello ea maikutlo (RR 2.39, 95% CI 1.54, 3.70) kapa matšoenyeho ( RR 2.26, CI 1.59, 3.22; bona Feie. 7). Basebelisi ba phahameng ba li-skrini ba ne ba le monyetla oa hore ba bone kapa ba hlokahale hore ba bonoe ke setsebi sa bophelo bo botle ba kelello (RR 2.22, CI 1.62, 3.03), mme ba na le monyetla oa ho noa meriana bakeng sa bothata ba kelello (RR 2.99, CI 1.94, 4.62; bona Feie. 8likhoeling tse 12 tse fetileng. Ts'ebeliso e itekanetseng e ne e boetse e hokahane le kotsi e kholo ea khatello ea maikutlo (RR 1.61, CI 1.03, 2.52) le litlhahlobo tsa ho tšoenyeha (RR 1.52, CI 1.06, 2.18) har'a ba lilemo li 14 ho isa ho 17, leha e se hara 11- ho 13- ba lilemo li.
Feie. 7. Liphesente tse kileng tsa fumanoa li na le matšoenyeho kapa khatello ea maikutlo, ka lilemo le boemo ba nako ea skrini, ka taolo, US, 2016. Mehala ea liphoso ke ± 1 SE.
Feie. 8. Liphesente tse fumanang kalafo ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello le liperesente tse noang meriana bakeng sa mathata a kelello nakong ea likhoeli tse 12 tse fetileng, ka lilemo le boemo ba nako ea skrini, ka taolo, US, 2016. Mekoallo ea liphoso ke ± 1 SE.
3.4. Nako ea skrine le lintho tsa boiketlo li botsoa feela ho bahlokomeli ba bana ba kenang sekolong sa mathomo
Ka mor'a moo re ile ra hlahloba lintho tse botsoang feela ho bahlokomeli ba bana ba kenang sekolong sa mathomo. Basebelisi ba phahameng ba li-skrini ba ne ba na le monyetla oa ho halefa, ho bonolo hore ba khobe matšoafo ha ba thabile, mme ba sa khone ho chencha mesebetsi ba sa tšoenyehe kapa ba halefile (bona Lethathamo 3 'me Feie. 9). Boholo ba phello e kholo bo hlahile bakeng sa boitšoaro (d = -0.41), e neng e kenyelletsa mamello, ho lula u khutsitse, ho phethela mesebetsi e bonolo, le ho se ts'ohehe; basebelisi ba li-skrini tse phahameng le tse itekanetseng ba bontšitse boits'oaro bo tlase haholo ho feta basebelisi ba tlase. Mabapi le kotsi e lekanyelitsoeng, basebelisi ba li-skrini tse phahameng (vs. 1.99, CI 1.44, 2.77). Bana ba sekolo sa mathomo ba sebelisang tšebeliso e bonolo ea skrine le bona ba ne ba le maemong a tlase ho feta ba maemong a tlase a tšebeliso (bona Lethathamo 3). Mabapi le kotsi e lekanyelitsoeng, basebelisi ba itekanetseng (bapisoa le basebelisi ba tlase) ba ne ba le menyetla e 30% ea ho se busetse morao (RR 1.30, CI 1.15, 1.47) le 33% ho na le monyetla oa hore ba halefe (RR 1.33, CI 1.02, 1.72) .
Lethathamo 3. Boiketlo bo bolela lintho tse botsoang feela ho bahlokomeli ba bana ba kenang sekolong sa mathomo har'a bana ba lilemo li 2 ho isa ho tse 5 ka lihora tse ngata ka letsatsi tsa nako e felletseng ea skrineng (ka litsamaiso) le d's bapisa lisele, US, 2016.
| Ha ho letho (0) | <1 h | 1 h | 2 h | 3 h | 4 h | 5 h | 6 h | 7+ h | d 0 vs. 1 h | d 1 h vs. 4 h | d 1 h vs. 7+ h | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ea lerato | 2.98 (0.14) 321 | 2.95 (0.21) 754 | 2.96 (0.19) 1714 | 2.96 (0.20) 2704 | 2.96 (0.20) 1857 | 2.94 (0.26) 917 | 2.93 (0.27) 281 | 2.95 (0.23) 243 | 2.93 (0.34) 266 | −0.11 * | −0.10 * | -0.14 |
| Ho bososela le ho tšeha | 2.98 (0.11) 322 | 2.98 (0.14) 755 | 2.98 (0.12) 1715 | 2.98 (0.15) 2705 | 2.99 (0.12) 1858 | 2.98 (0.18) 919 | 2.96 (0.24) 280 | 2.97 (0.19) 246 | 2.98 (0.18) 266 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| E khutla hape | 2.74 (0.44) 321 | 2.70 (0.49) 751 | 2.73 (0.46) 1708 | 2.72 (0.48) 2701 | 2.72 (0.49) 1857 | 2.64 (0.56) 915 | 2.63 (0.57) 281 | 2.68 (0.52) 246 | 2.68 (0.55) 265 | -0.01 | −0.18 * | -0.11 |
| Ha a halefe | 3.05 (0.53) 181 | 3.05 (0.48) 400 | 3.05 (0.53) 1113 | 3.03 (0.51) 1987 | 2.99 (0.53) 1406 | 2.96 (0.57) 709 | 2.89 (0.59) 205 | 2.82 (0.68) 190 | 2.89 (0.68) 210 | 0.00 | −0.16 * | −0.29 * |
| O khona ho khoba matšoafo ha a thabile | 3.09 (0.60) 180 | 3.00 (0.57) 397 | 3.00 (0.61) 1112 | 3.02 (0.61) 1984 | 2.99 (0.62) 1403 | 2.98 (0.62) 710 | 2.85 (0.65) 205 | 2.81 (0.68) 191 | 2.86 (0.68) 210 | -0.15 | -0.03 | −0.23 * |
| Fetolela mesebetsi u sa tšoenyehe kapa hona ho halefa | 3.49 (0.56) 182 | 3.44 (0.54) 400 | 3.49 (0.55) 1114 | 3.48 (0.56) 1986 | 3.41 (0.58) 1404 | 3.40 (0.60) 711 | 3.38 (0.57) 205 | 3.32 (0.57) 190 | 3.39 (0.63) 211 | 0.00 | −0.16 * | −0.20 * |
| Boitšoaro ba boits'oaro (lintho tsa 4) | 3.16 (0.37) 177 | 3.10 (0.42) 394 | 3.08 (0.40) 1107 | 3.06 (0.40) 1980 | 3.00 (0.42) 1396 | 2.98 (0.40) 704 | 2.96 (0.47) 201 | 2.86 (0.49) 189 | 2.91 (0.46) 207 | −0.21 * | −0.25 * | −0.41 * |
| E bapala hantle le ba bang | 3.35 (0.54) 180 | 3.39 (0.53) 399 | 3.41 (0.54) 1114 | 3.39 (0.55) 1985 | 3.35 (0.55) 1407 | 3.35 (0.57) 711 | 3.27 (0.66) 203 | 3.34 (0.61) 190 | 3.40 (0.61) 210 | 0.11 | −0.11 * | -0.01 |
| kutloelo-bohloko | 3.24 (0.70) 182 | 3.32 (0.66) 399 | 3.32 (0.66) 1115 | 3.30 (0.67) 1989 | 3.27 (0.70) 1409 | 3.25 (0.70) 711 | 3.23 (0.74) 205 | 3.27 (0.68) 191 | 3.31 (0.71) 211 | 0.12 | −0.10 * | -0.01 |
Lintlha: 1. Nakong ea nako ea skrine, linomoro ka seleng ka 'ngoe ke: boiketlo bo bolela, li-SD ka masakaneng, le n's. 2. d = boholo ba matla e tsamaellanang le phapang ea liphapang tse tloaelehileng. 3. * = t-ka ho bapisa lisele tsa bohlokoa ho p <.05.
Feie. 9. Liphesente tse sa khutleng, hangata li halefa, kapa li sa khone ho khoba matšoafo ha li hlasimolohile kapa li felile, ka kakaretso ea nako ea skrine, bana ba lilemo li 2 ho isa ho tse 5, ba nang le taolo, US, 2016. Mekoallo ea liphoso ke ± 1 SE .
Ho ne ho e-na le mekhatlo e fokolang ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa nako ea skrine le lintho tse amanang le sechaba tse kang ho bontša lerato ho bahlokomeli, ho bososela le ho tšeha, ho bapala hantle le ba bang, kapa ho bontša kutloelo-bohloko ho ba bang (bona Lethathamo 3). Leha ho le joalo, tse 'maloa tsa lintho tsena (haholo-holo ho bontša lerato le ho bososela le ho tšeha) li bile le bothata ba ho se tšoane ho fetelletseng ka 95% ea bahlokomeli ba lumelang hore sena ke' nete ka ngoana, a lekanyetsa tšebeliso ea tsona.
4. Puisano
Bana le bacha ba qetileng nako e ngata ba sebelisa mecha ea litaba ea skrini ba ne ba le tlase boiketlong ba kelello ho feta basebelisi ba tlase. Basebelisi ba phahameng ba li-skrini ba ne ba le monyetla o moholo oa ho bonts'a taolo e mpe ea maikutlo (ba sa lule ba khobile matšoafo, ba ngangisana haholo, ho ba thata ho tsamaisana le bona), ho se khone ho phethela mesebetsi, ho fokotsa bohelehele le bothata ba ho etsa metsoalle. Bahlokomeli ba boetse ba hlalositse basebelisi ba phahameng joalo ka ha ho le thata ho ba hlokomela le ho ba le boithibo bo tlase. Har'a bacha, basebelisi ba phahameng (le ba tlase) le bona ba ne ba na le menyetla ea ho amohela ho hlahloba ho tepella maikutlo kapa ho tšoenyeha kapa kalafo e hlokahalang bakeng sa maemo a bophelo bo botle ba kelello kapa boits'oaro. Basebelisi ba maemo a tlase le bona ba na le monyetla o moholo ho feta basebelisi ba tlase ba li-skrini ho ba le boiketlo 'me, har'a bana ba lilemo li 14 ho isa ho 17, ba fumanoe ba na le khatello ea maikutlo kapa ho tšoenyeha kapa ba hloka kalafo ea kelello. Batho bao e seng basebelisi ka kakaretso ba ne ba sa fapana haholo ka boiketlo le basebelisi ba tlase ba li-skrini.
Litlhahiso tsa AAP li behile meeli e khethehileng ea nako ea skrini feela bakeng sa bana ba lilemo li 5 ho ea tlase. Sehlopha se seng sa bafuputsi se ile sa belaella meeli ena ho ipapisitsoe le likamano tse fosahetseng lipakeng tsa nako ea skrine le lintho tse 'ne tsa boiketlo tse kenyellelitsoeng ho 2011 NSCH (Przybylski le Weinstein, 2018). Leha ho le joalo, sete e felletseng ea lintho tsa boiketlo ho NSCH ea 2016 e hlahisa mekhatlo e bohlokoa lipakeng tsa nako ea skrine le boiketlo ho lits'oants'o tsa 18 ho 19, e fana ka ts'ehetso e matla bakeng sa meeli ea nako ea skrine. Haholo-holo, re fumane hore kamano lipakeng tsa nako ea skrini le boiketlo bo tlase e ne e le kholo ho bacha ho feta bakeng sa bana ba banyenyane, e tsamaellanang le thuto e le 'ngoe ea pejana (Rosen et al., 2014). Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore AAP le mekhatlo e meng e shebaneng le bophelo bo botle ba sechaba e kanna ea nahana ho fetisetsa likhothaletso bakeng sa meeli e itseng ea nako ea skrine ho bana ba lilemong tsa bocha le bacha.
Ho bohlokoa ho nahana ka hore na hobaneng mekhatlo lipakeng tsa nako ea skrini le bophelo bo botle ba kelello li ne li le kholo har'a bacha. Monyetla o mong ke hore bacha, ha ba bapisoa le bana ba banyenyane, ba na le menyetla e mengata ea ho ba le liakhaonto tsa litaba tsa sechaba le ho qeta nako e ngata inthaneteng. Likamano tsa lithaka li bohlokoa haholo ho bacha (Fuligni le Eccles, 1993), 'Me haeba mecha ea litaba ea sechaba e nka sebaka sa tšebelisano ea lifahleho li talimane, seo se ka ba le phello e mpe boiketlong le bophelong bo botle ba kelello. Nako e sebelisitsoeng mecheng ea litaba tsa sechaba, lipapali, le inthanete e hokahane ka matla le boiketlo bo tlase ho feta ho shebella TV / livideo, 'me TV / livideo ke tsona tse etsahalang haholo skrineng bakeng sa bana ba banyenyane (Rosen et al., 2014). Ka bomalimabe, mekhatlo e nang le boiketlo ba TV le mesebetsi e meng ea skrineng e ke ke ea tsebahatsoa ho setatemente sena kaha nako e sebelisitsoeng thelevisheneng le papaling ea elektroniki e kenyelelitsoe nthong e le 'ngoe.
Bacha le bona ba na le menyetla e fetang ea bana ba banyenyane ea ho ba le li-smartphone tsa bona (Rosen et al., 2014), e lumellang ts'ebeliso ea mahlale maemong a mang. Sena se ka eketsa monyetla oa ho lemalla inthanete, ho bapala ka mokhoa o feteletseng, kapa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litaba tsa sechaba, e hokahantsoeng le boiketlo bo tlase (Satici le Uysal, 2015). E kanna ea eketsa sekhahla sa boroko, joalo ka ha li-smartphone li ka tlisoa ka phapusing ea ho robala kapa esita le betheng, ka litlamorao tse mpe ho nako ea boroko le / kapa boleng ba boroko (Twenge et al., 2017). Li-smartphone li ka sebelisoa hape nakong ea litšebelisano tsa sechaba lifahleho li talimane, tse ka bang le tšusumetso e mpe litšebelisanong tseo 'me tsa senya phello ea tsona hangata e ntle boiketlong (Dwyer et al., 2018).
Ka lebaka la moralo oa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa boithuto, ho ke ke ha khonahala ho tseba hore na nako ea skrini e lebisa boiketlong bo tlase, boiketlo bo tlase bo lebisa ho nako ea skrini, kapa ka bobeli. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse 'maloa tsa bolelele ba nako li fumane hore keketseho ea nako ea ho shebella boithabiso e etella pele boiketlo ba kelello bo tlase har'a bana le bacha (Allen le Vella, 2015; Babic et al., 2017; Hinkley et al., 2014; Kim, 2017hammoho le hara batho ba baholo (Kross et al., 2013; Schmiedeberg le Schröder, 2017; Shakya le Christakis, 2017). Ntle le moo, liteko li bontšitse hore boteng ba li-smartphone bo ka theola thabo nakong ea likamano tsa sechaba (mohlala, Dwyer et al., 2018; Kushlev et al., 2017) le hore ho se sebelise mecha ea litaba ea sechaba beke e le 'ngoe ho ka eketsa boiketlo (Tromholt, 2016). Lithutong tse ling, kamano e bonahala e tšoana, ka nako ea skrine le boiketlo e mong le e mong a baka e mong (Gunnell et al., 2016). Lithuto tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore bonyane tse ling tsa lisosa li tloha nakong ea skrini ho theola bophelo bo botle. Ho sa tsotelehe tataiso ea causation, leha ho le joalo, mekhatlo ena e na le moelelo o utloahalang oa bongaka bakeng sa ho hlahloba le ho kenella. Mohlala, tlhahlobo ea nako ea skrini e ka thusa bafani ho tseba bana le bacha ba kotsing e kholo ea litaba tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le ho bua ka taba ea karolo e ka bang teng ea nako ea skrini ho bophelo ba kelello ho batho bana.
Lintlha tsena li lekantsoe ke lintlha tse 'maloa. Taba ea mantlha, nako ea skrini e tlalehiloe ke bahlokomeli eseng bana kapa bacha ka bo bona. Sena se kanna sa baka ho nyenyefatsoa ha nako ea skrini mme se kanna sa ba le likamano tse sa tsejoeng le litlaleho tsa boiketlo. Mehato ea boiketlo e kanna ea susumetsoa ke maikutlo a bahlokomeli mme e kanna ea tlaleha litaba tseo bana ba sa li tsebiseng batsoali ba bona. Mohlomong sena ha se na bothata bakeng sa lintho tse ho tlhahlobo ea khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo le litlaleho tsa ho noa meriana. Ntle le moo, litlaleho tse fanang ka tsebo hangata li nkuoa e le matla ho moralo oa ho ithuta, joalo ka maemong a mang bashebelli ba ka fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e nepahetseng ho feta kamoo ho ka etsahalang ka ho itlaleha ka bo bona (Connelly le Ones, 2010); ho joalo haholo-holo ho bana ba banyenyane. Taba ea bobeli, phuputso e hlahlobile nako ea skrineng ea beke feela, 'me nako ea skrini e ka ba holimo ka mafelo-beke. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tsa pejana li fumane mekhatlo e ts'oanang le boiketlo ba beke le beke le ts'ebeliso ea media mediaPrzybylski le Weinstein, 2017). Nako ea skrineng ea beke le beke le eona e kanna ea fapana hanyane mme ka hona e ka hlahisa khakanyo e tšepahalang. Taba ea boraro, lintho tsa lipatlisiso li kopantse lipapali tsa TV le tsa elektronike hore e be potso e le 'ngoe, e lumellang feela tlhahlobo ea nako e felletseng ea skrineng eseng phapang efe kapa efe lipakeng tsa litaba tsa lefa (TV) le media ea dijithale (lipapali tsa elektroniki, inthanete, media oa sechaba, jj.). Ntlha ea bone, leha Ofisi ea Palo ea Batho e lekile ho fumana sampole ea moemeli, sekhahla sa karabelo e ne e se 100% mme lihlopha tse ling (joalo ka Batho ba Amerika Boroa) ha li emeloe hantle ho latela liperesente tsa palo ea baahi ba Amerika sampoleng ea hoqetela.
Ka kakaretso, liphetho tsena li bonts'a kamano e mpe lipakeng tsa nako ea skrini le bophelo bo botle ba kelello har'a bana le bacha. Mefuteng eohle ea boiketlo, ho kenyeletsoa le mehato ea boits'oaro, likamano le bahlokomeli, botsitso ba maikutlo, ts'oaetso ea khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo le bophelo bo botle ba kelello kalafo, kelello Boiketlo bo ne bo theoha hanyane ka hanyane ho tloha ka letsatsi la 1 ha letsatsi la skrine ho isa ho 7 kapa lihora tse ngata ka letsatsi la nako ea skrini, haholoholo hara bacha. Kamano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa nako ea skrini le bophelo bo botle e kanna ea ba le litlamorao tse bohlokoa tsa kliniki bakeng sa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le 'mele ba bana le bacha le ho nts'etsapele litataiso bakeng sa meeli e khethehileng ea nako ea skrine bakeng sa bana le bacha.
dithuso tsa ditjhelete
Phuputso ena ha ea ka ea fumana chelete.
Khohlano ea polelo ea thahasello
Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa phaello.
Sehlomathiso A. Lintlha tsa tlatsetso
Lintho tse ling tse eketsehileng
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