(TŠEBELETSO) Likamano tse ling tse pakeng tsa boithaopo ba ho bapala lipapali tsa boithaopo le tlhokomelo ea batho ba baholo Tlhokomelo ea ho se ts'oane ha maikutlo: Bopaki bo Tsoang ho Mohlala oa Bacha ba Baswiss (2018)

Ka pele. Psychiki, 11 ea December 2018 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00649

Simone Marmet1*, Joseph Studer1, Véronique S. Grazioli1 'me Gerhard Gmel1,2,3,4

  • 1Setsi sa Phekolo ea Joala, Sepetlele sa Lausanne University / CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
  • 2Ho lemalla Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
  • 3Setsi sa Tlhekefetso le Bophelo ba kelello, Toronto, ON, Canada
  • 4Lefapha la Bophelo le Saense ea Sechaba, Univesithi ea Bophirimela ho England, Frenchay, Bristol, United Kingdom

Background: Bothata ba ho bapala lipapali (GD) bo bontšitsoe hore bo kopane le ho hlokomoloha bothata ba ho kula ho matla (ADHD), leha ho le joalo liphuputso tse fokolang ho fihlela joale li 'nile tsa batlisisa mekhatlo ea tsona ea nako e telele.

Mokhoa: Mohlala ona o ne o kenyeletsa banna ba bacha ba Switzerland ba 5,067 (lilemo tse nang le lilemo tse bolelang lilemong tsa 20 mokhoeng oa 1 le lilemo tse 25 mokhoeng oa 3). Mehato e ne e le Game Addiction Scale le AdjD Self-Report Scale (6-ntho e hlasimollang). Litloaelano tsa nako e telele li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka mekhoa e ikemetseng ea li-cross-lagged bakeng sa mehato ea binary ea GD le ADHD, hammoho le mehato e tsoelang pele bakeng sa matšoao a GD le ADHD ho tlatsetsa ha ho hlokahale le ho tsitsa.

Results: ADHD ha a le lilemo li 20 e ekelitse kotsi ea GD ha a le lilemo li 25 (probit = 0.066 [0.023, 0.109]; p = 0.003). GD ha a le lilemo li 20 le eona e ekelitse kotsi ea ADHD ho leqhubu la 3 (probit = 0.058 [0.013, 0.102]; p = 0.011). Ke feela sekhahla sa tlhokomelo ea ADHD se bontšitseng kamano ea bolelele ba nako e telele le sekhahla sa GD (Beta e lekantsoeng ho tloha ho se tsotelle ha a le lilemo li 20 ho ea ho lintlha tsa GD a le lilemo li 25: 0.090 [0.056, 0.124]; p <0.001; ho tloha ho lintlha tsa GD ha a le lilemo li 20 ho isa tlhokomelong ea lilemo tse 25: 0.044 [0.016, 0.071]; p = 0.002), athe mekhatlo lipakeng tsa hyperacaction subscale le GD e ne e se bohlokoa.

Puisano: GD e ne e e-na le mekhatlo ea longitudinal ea li-longitudinal le ADHD, ka hore ADHD e ekelitse kotsi ea hore GD le GD ba eketse kotsing ea ADHD, 'me ba ka matlafatsoa. Litloaelano tsena li ka amahanngoa haholo le karolo ea ADHD e sa lebelloang ho feta ea motsoako oa ADHD o nang le ts'oaetso. Batho ba nang le ADHD kapa GD ba lokela ho hlahlojoa bakeng sa boloetse bo bong, 'me mehato ea thibelo ea GD e lokela ho hlahlojoa ho batho ba nang le ADHD.

Selelekela

Mathata a Papali ea Lipapali

Papali ea video ke ketsahalo e atileng har'a bahlankana. Le ha papali e le boithabiso bo se nang bothata joalo ka ba bang ho batho ba bangata (1), e baka mathata ho ba bang, e qetelle e bakile boloetse ba papali (GD), boo likhakanyo tsa ho ata ha lipatlisiso tsa bacha ba Europe ba emelang naha ka bophara lipatlisiso tse akaretsang ho tloha ho 1 ho isa ho 5% (2-4). Sekhahla sa bongata bo ka ba holimo linaheng tsa Asia (4, 5). GD e hlaha khafetsa lihlopheng tsa batho ba lilemong tse nyane le ho banna (3, 4, 6). GD e hlalosoa e le ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng le e qobelloang ea lipapali tsa video tse bakang mathata a sechaba le / kapa maikutlo (7). E boetse e amahanngoa le mathata a 'maloa a bophelo bo botle ba kelello a kang khatello ea maikutlo e kholo, khatello ea maikutlo ea ho hloka matla (ADHD), matšoenyeho le phobia / pherekano ea sechaba (8, 9). Ho na le phehisano mabapi le hore na GD e lokela ho ngoloa e le boits'oaro / boits'oaro (e seng, lithethefatsi)10-12). Ha e ea kenyelletsoa joalo khatisong ea bohlano ea hajoale ea Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) (13). Leha ho le joalo, mofuta o monyane oa GD, e leng bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete, o ntse o hlahlojoa hore o kenngoe e le lefu la kelello ho DSM-5. GD ha e kenyellelitsoe Lenaneong la hajoale la Mafu (ICD-10) hona joale, empa le tla kenyeletsoa e le "boloetse ba papali" ho ICD-11 e tlang (14), ntle le `` internet '', ho fapana le DSM-5. Ho sebelisoa mantsoe a fapaneng bakeng sa "boloetse ba papali," haholo "bokhoba ba papali" kapa "bothata ba papali ea chelete." Poleloana "boloetse ba papali" e sebelisoa mona hobane ts'ebeliso ea eona ho DSM-5 le ICD-11 e kanna ea e etsa lentsoe le tsebahalang haholo nakong e tlang. Boithuto ba hajoale bo batlisisa nako e telele hore na GD e amahanngoa le bothata bofe bo bong bo tloaelehileng ho bahlankana, e leng ADHD.

Tlhokomelo ea ho ba le tšenyo ea ho hloka matla (ADHD)

ADHD e khetholloa e le lefu la neurodevelopmental. E khetholloa ka likarolo tse peli: ho se tsotelle (mohlala, khafetsa ho sitisoa) le ho se tsotelle (mohlala, takatso ea ho falla) (13). Sekhahla se atileng sa ADHD ho bana ba kenang sekolo se tloha ho 5 ho isa ho 7% (15). Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso li bontšitse hore matšoao a ADHD a ka 'na a phehella ho ba motho e moholo ka nako e le' ngoe ho tse peli ho tse tharo tsa linyeoe le hore ADHD e ka ama batho ba ka bang 2.5 ho isa ho 5% ea sechaba ka kakaretso (15). Ha e alafshoe, ADHD e amahanngoa le mathata a boits'oaro, maikutlo, sechaba, thuto le mosebetsi oa matsoho (15). Ho feta moo, ADHD e boetse e fumanoe e amana le mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello le mathata a ho lemalla (16-20), hammoho le ka khotsofalo e tlase ea bophelo (21).

ADHD le Gaming

Ho bile le lipatlisiso tse fokolang haholo mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa GD le ADHD. Lebaka le leng ke hore pele DSM-5 e kenyelletsa GD ea inthanete e le boemo ba ho tsoela pele ho ithuta, ho 2013, GD ea inthanete e ne e atisa ho ithutoa hammoho le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, mme kamora moo e le boemo bo ikemetseng (22). Tlhahlobisong ea morao tjena, González-Bueso le Santamaría (8) e hlokometse lithuto tse robeli tse fupulitseng kamano lipakeng tsa boloetse ba papali ea inthanete le ADHD ka ho khetheha, moo tse supileng (85%) li tlalehileng mokhatlo o bohlokoa, tse 'ne ho tsena li tlalehile boholo ba litlamorao tse kholo (OR ≥ 4.25). Thuto feela ea longitudinal (23) e kenyelelitsoe tlhahlobisong ea bona e tlalehileng hore ha ho na kamano lipakeng tsa GD le ADHD. Tlhahlobo ea pejana e boetse e fumane mekhatlo ena (22). Phuputso ea morao-rao ea nako e telele ea sampole ea bacha (le bacha ba kotsing e kholo ea hore GD e hatisoe haholo), e sa kenyellelitsoeng ho litlhahlobo tse kaholimo, e fumane hore motsoali-o ile a tlaleha ho se tsotelle / ho se tsotelle ho ile ha bolela esale pele hore o tla tlaleha inthanete GD 1 selemo hamorao, empa ka boeena GD ea inthanete e tlalehiloeng ha ea ka ea bolela esale pele hore na motsoali o tlaleha ho hloka botsitso / ho se tsotelle selemo se le seng hamorao (24).

Mabapi le mekhatlo e nang le liphallelo tsa ADHD tsa ho se tsotelle le ho se sebetse hantle, phuputso e 'ngoe ea morao tjena e tlalehile hore mathata a tlhokomelo (ke feela tekanyetso e sa lekanyetsoang e neng e lekantsoe) ho bacha ba boletsoeng esale pele ka inthanete GD 1 selemo hamorao (25). Phuputso e entsoeng ka sefapano ea batho ba baholo ba 205 e boetse e fumane hore GD e hokahantsoe feela le sekhahla sa tlhokomelo ea ADHD eseng sekhahla sa eona sa ts'oaetso (26). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, boithuto ho bana ba banyenyane (27) o fumane hore subscale ea ho se tsotelle e ne e amahanngoa haholo le GD ho banana, athe subscale ea hyperactivity e ne e amana haholo le GD ho bashanyana.

Ho hlahisitsoe likhopolo tse 'maloa bakeng sa khokahano lipakeng tsa ADHD le GD. Mohlala, "mofuta o hlasimollang o nepahetseng" o etsa tlhahiso ea hore batho ba nang le ADHD ba be le moeli o phahameng oa ho fihlela boemo bo amohelehang ba ho tsoha, 'me tšusumetso e potlakileng ea pono le molumo lipapaling tsa likhomphutha tse hlokang likarabelo tse potlakileng tsa makoloi e kanna ea ba mokhoa o mong oa ho fihlela boemo bona (27). Khopolo e 'ngoe, "khopolo ea ho lieha ho hloea" e fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba nang le ADHD ba khetha meputso e menyenyane ea kapele ho feta meputso e kholo e liehileng, mme lipapali tsa khomphutha li ka fana ka meputso e joalo kapele le e tsoelang pele (27). Ntle le moo, batho ba nang le ADHD ba kanna ba ba le lefu la khaello ea moputso le nang le bofokoli ba dopamine neurotransmission: lipapali tsa video tse hlahisang tokollo ea bohlokoa ea dopamine e kanna ea ba mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le khaello ena ea moputso (28). Mechini e ts'oanang e kanna ea hlalosa ho senyeha ho hoholo lipakeng tsa ADHD le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (SUDs). Panagiotidi (26) hape a etsa tlhahiso ea hore papali ea lipapali e ntlafatse tlhokomelo ea pono, e atisang ho ba bobebe ho batho ba nang le ADHD, bao ka hona ba ka bapalang e le mokhoa oa ho loants'a khaello ena. Ka sebele, tlhahlobo ea morao-rao (3) o fumane setsoalle lipakeng tsa papali ea video le tlhokomelo ea pono, leha ho le joalo, mokhatlo ona o ne o le nyane mme kamano ea sesosa e ntse e lokela ho thehoa. Leha ho le joalo, leha likhopolo tse ling tse hlalosang khokahano lipakeng tsa GD le ADHD li le teng, hajoale ho na le khaello ea bopaki bo matla bo tšehetsang likhopolo tsena, 'me ho ntse ho ka etsahala hore ha ho na khokahano e teng lipakeng tsa ADHD le GD.

Boholo ba litlhaloso le lipatlisiso li shebile hore na ADHD e lebisa joang ho GD, leha litlatsetso tse ling tsa kamano ka lehlakoreng le leng le tsona li hlahisitsoe. Haholo-holo, matšoao a ADHD a ka etsa hore lipapali li khahlehe, athe lipapali tse eketsehileng li ka eketsa matšoao a ADHD "ka ho fana ka tšebetso e matlafatsang ts'oaetso ea mantlha, karabelo e potlakileng, tlhoko ea moputso o potlakileng, le ho se tsotelle tseo e leng libaka tsa ho tšoenyeha" (29). Thuto ho bana le bacha (30) e bontšitse hore ponahalo e kholo ea papali ea thelevishene le video (lihora tse sebelisitsoeng ho bapala kapa ho shebella thelevishene) e ne e amahanngoa le mathata a tlhokomelo e kholo likhoeling tse 13 hamorao, leha e ne e laoloa bakeng sa mathata a tlhokomelo ea pejana. Boithuto bo bong (31) ba bile ba fumana mekhatlo ea mahlakore a mabeli lipakeng tsa ho pepeseha lipapaling tsa video le mathata a tlhokomelo, a fana ka maikutlo a hore bana ba nang le mathata a tlhokomelo ba ka qeta nako e ngata ba bapala, e leng ho ka eketsang mathata a bona a tlhokomelo a latelang. Bangoli ba boetse ba khothalelitse hore mecha ea phatlalatso ea elektroniki, mohlala, lipapali tsa video, haholoholo tse amang pefo, e kanna ea ba tse khahlisang haholo, 'me ha nako e ntse e ea, e eketsa monyako oa motho bakeng sa boemo bo lakatsehang ba ts'usumetso, bo ka lebisang mathateng a shebaneng le mesebetsi e sa thabiseng joaloka mosebetsi kapa thuto ("khopolo-taba ea thabo") (31). Khopolo-taba e 'ngoe, "khopolo-taba ea ho fallisoa," e nka hore batho ba sebelisang nako e ngata ba bapala lipapali ba qeta nako e nyane ba etsa lintho tse loketseng kelello le' mele tse ka ntlafatsang bokhoni ba bona ba ho tsepamisa maikutlo (27, 31).

Merero

Phuputso ena e ne e ikemiselitse ho lekola botsoalle bo pakeng tsa GD le ADHD ka mohlala o molelele oa banna ba bacha ba Switzerland. Re ile ra qala ho etsa lipatlisiso hore na lintlha tsa rona li netefalitse mekhatlo e arohaneng pakeng tsa GD le ADHD le liphallelo tsa ADHD tsa ho se tsotelle le ho se tsotelle. Mohato oa bobeli, re lekile mekhatlo ea longitudinal lipakeng tsa GD le ADHD re sebelisa mofuta oa autoregressive cross-lagged (ARCL). Moetso o ile oa hlahloba hore na ADHD ha a le lilemo li 20 e ne e amahanngoa le GD ha a le lilemo li 25, hore na GD ha a le lilemo li 20 e ne e amahanngoa le ADHD ho 25, kapa hore na ho na le mekhatlo ea mahlakore a mabeli pakeng tsa GD le ADHD. Re boetse re lekile GD bakeng sa litloaelano tsa bolelele ba nako le likhaello tsa ADHD tsa ho se tsotelle le ho se sebetse hantle. Mohato oa boraro, re lekile hore na barupeluoa ba nang le ADHD le GD ho leqhubu la 1 (ba ka bang lilemo li 20) ba bile le liphetho tse mpe ka ho fetisisa ka mathata ao ka leqhubu la 3 (a ka bang lilemo tse 25) ho feta barupeluoa ba nang le GD feela kapa ADHD feela hammoho le liphetho tse ling tse 'maloa tse ka amanang le ADHD kapa GD, e leng khatello e kholo ea maikutlo, bophelo bo botle ba kelello, khotsofalo ea bophelo, le ts'ebetso e mpe mosebetsing kapa sekolong.

mekhoa

sampole

Mohlala o tsoa Thutong ea Cohort mabapi le Lintho tsa Kotsi ea Ts'ebeliso ea Lithethefatsi (C-SURF; www.csurf.ch). Phuputso ena e latela mohlala o moholo oa banna ba bacha ba Switzerland ba ileng ba hiroa lilemong tsa bocha ho fihlela ba le batho ba baholo, ka lintlha tsa litekanyo ba le lilemo tse ka bang 20, 21 le 25, ha maqhubu a litekanyo a ntse a reroa. Morero oa mantlha oa boithuto ke ho lekola lipaterone, li-trajectories, le likotsi tse amanang le tsona kapa lintho tse sireletsang tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le boits'oaro bo sa amaneng le lithethefatsi ho bahlankana bana (32, 33).

Ngoliso ea tlhahlobo ea mantlha e etsahetse lipakeng tsa Phato 2010 le Pulungoana 2011 litsing tse tharo ho tse tšeletseng tsa naha tsa ho hira sesole sa Switzerland, tse Lausanne, Windisch le Mels (tse koahelang likantone tse 21 ho tse 26 tsa Switzerland), nakong ea ts'ebetso ea ho hira sesole. Mekhoa ena e ea tlama bakeng sa bahlankana bohle ba Switzerland ba ka bang lilemo tse 20, ka hona mohlala oa ketsahalo ena o na le monyetla oa ho koahela boholo ba bahlankana ba sehlopha seo. Likarabo tsa lipotso li ne li ikemetse ts'ebetsong ea sesole joalo ka ha batho ba arabela ka lekunutu hae mme lekunutu la sesole le netefatsoa. Barupeluoa ba ka khetha lipakeng tsa lipotso tsa pampiri ka poso kapa lipotso tsa inthanete tse fumanehang ka sehokela se rometsoeng ka lengolo tsoibila. Kakaretso ea bahlankana ba 13,237 7,556 ba kopiloe ho nka karolo phuputsong, mme ba 5,987 qetellong ba fana ka tumello ea bona e ngotsoeng ho nka karolo phuputsong, eo ba 1 5,516 ba khutlisitseng lenane la lipotso la motheo (leqhubu la 3) mme ba 2016 ba khutlisitse lenane la lipotso la bobeli la tlhahlamano ( leqhubu la 2018) lipakeng tsa Mmesa XNUMX le Hlakubele XNUMX. Ho eketsa sekhahla sa karabelo, bankakarolo ba sa kang ba araba lenane la lipotso kamora likhopotso tse tloaelehileng ba khothalelitsoe ke ba botsang lipotso ka lithelefono ho nka karolo (33).

Phuputso ea hajoale e kenyelletsa barupeluoa bohle ba 5,125 (85.6% ea ho boloka) ba arabileng lipotso tsa motheo le lipotso tsa bobeli tse latelang. Har'a bona, barupeluoa ba 58 (1.1%) ba nang le litekanyetso tse lahlehileng tsa GD kapa ADHD ho maqhubu 1 kapa 3 ha baa ka ba kenyelletsoa, ​​ba siea bankakarolo ba 5,067 ba kenyelelitsoe tlhahlobisong ea rona ea hajoale. Barupeluoa ba fumane li-voucher (50 CHF ka lenane la lipotso) e le puseletso bakeng sa boiteko ba bona. Boitsebiso bo tsoang leqhubu la 2 ha boa sebelisoa (ntle le ho lekanya litekanyetso tse sieo, bona karolo ea tlhahlobo ea lipalo) hobane tekanyo ea ADHD e kentsoe feela ho maqhubu a 1 le 3. Protocol ea lipatlisiso e amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Boitšoaro ea Patlisiso ea Batho ea Canton Vaud (Protocol Che. 15/07).

Mehato

Mathata a ho bapala le ADHD

Bothata ba ho bapala

Bothata ba ho bapala (GD, likhoeli tse 6 tse fetileng) bo ile ba lekanyetsoa ho sebelisoa Game Addiction Scale (GAS) (7), e ileng ea fetoleloa ka Sejeremane le Sefora bakeng sa thuto ena. Sekala sena se na le lintho tse supileng tsa mofuta oa Likert tse nang le likhetho tse hlano tsa ho arabela ho tloha 0 (ha ho mohla) ho 4 (khafetsa), le bankakarolo ba arabileng bonyane lintho tse tharo ka lintlha tsa bonyane 2 (Ka linako tse ling) li hlalosoa li hlahisa GD, joalo ka ha ho hlahisitsoe ke Lemmens le Valkenburg (7). Ntle le moo, lintlha tse tsoelang pele joalo ka kakaretso ea lintho tse supileng li sebelisitsoe (ho tloha 0 ho isa 28). Mantsoe a GAS a fetohile hanyane lipakeng tsa leqhubu la 1 le leqhubu la 3. Ho leqhubu la 1, mantsoe a kenyelelitsoe, ntle le papali, nako e sebelisitsoeng marang-rang (mohlala, "Na u kile ua halefa ha u sa khone ho bapala kapa ho qeta nako inthaneteng?”; Karolo ea mongolo o tšekaletseng e fapane le mantsoe a mantlha a GAS). Sena se entsoe, hobane nakong eo lipotso tsa leqhubu la 1 li neng li hlahisoa, ho ne ho nahanoa hore lipapali tse ngata li kenyelletsa mesebetsi ea inthanete, le hore GD e kanna ea se khonehe ntle le ho qeta nako inthaneteng (lipapali tsa inthanete). Kamora DSM-5 (13), e lokollotsoeng ka 2013, e kenyelelitse GD ea inthanete e le boemo ba ho tsoela pele ho ithuta, ho ile ha hlaka hore papali e lokela ho lekanyetsoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng mme e se ke ea tsoakoa le nako e sebelisitsoeng marang-rang, le Game Addiction Scale ea mantlha (ntle le ho eketsa inthanete. mantsoeng a lipotso) ka hona e sebelisitsoe ho leqhubu la 3. Ho ikarabella bakeng sa phapang ea mantsoe a GAS ho leqhubu la 1 le leqhubu la 3, ho ntlafatsa papiso ho pholletsa le maqhubu, le ho fokotsa menyetla ea bohata, likarolo tsa GD tsa bankakarolo ba entseng joalo. ho se bapale lipapali bonyane beke le beke (mme ka hona ho ka ba le lintlha tsa GAS ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e sa amaneng le lipapali ea inthanete) li behiloe ho 0 maqhubu ka bobeli. Cronbach's Alpha bakeng sa sekala sa GAS e ne e le 0.895 ho leqhubu la 1 le 0.868 ho leqhubu la 3.

Tlhokomelo ea batho ba baholo e nang le bothata ba ho se sebetse hantle

Mathata a tlhokomelo ea batho ba baholo (ADHD, likhoeli tse 12 tse fetileng) e ile ea lekanyetsoa ho sebelisoa mofuta oa lisebelisoa tse tšeletseng tsa Adult Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1) (34) e thehiloe ke Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo (WHO) mme e ipapisitse le litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea DSM-IV (35). Lintho tse 'ne li lekotse sekhahla sa tlhokomelo ea ADHD le lintho tse peli li lekotse ts'ebetso ea eona ea ho se sebetse hantle (bona Tafole 2). Likhetho tsa likarabo li ne li le ka sekala sa lintlha tse hlano tsa Likert ho tloha 0 (ha ho mohla) ho 4 (khafetsa). Bakeng sa ho aha tekanyo ea binary ea ADHD, lintho li ne li khethiloe habeli - bonyane 2 (Ka linako tse lingBakeng sa lintho tsa pele tse tharo mme bonyane 3 (hangata) bakeng sa lintho tse tharo tsa ho qetela-mme ADHD e hlalositsoe e le boteng ba bonyane matšoao a 4 joalo ka ha ho khothalelitsoe ke bangoli ba sekala (34). Bakeng sa tlhahlobo e kenyelletsang liphallelo tse tsoelang pele tsa ADHD tsa ho se tsotelle le ho se sebetse hantle, ho ile ha baloa moelelo oa lintho tsa sekala sa Likert (ka boleng bo tlohang ho 0 ho isa ho 4). Cronbach's Alpha bakeng sa sekala sa ADHD e ne e le 0.798 ho leqhubu la 1 le 0.778 ho leqhubu la 3.

Litekanyo tsa Mathata a Ts'ebeliso ea Lithethefatsi

Bothata ba tšebeliso ea joala

Boloetse ba ts'ebeliso ea joala (AUD, likhoeli tse 12 tse fetileng) bo ne bo lekantsoe ho sebelisoa lintho tsa 12 bakeng sa litekanyetso tsa 11 DSM-5 (13, 36, 37) bakeng sa AUD ka sebopeho sa e / che. Ho khaoloa ha DSM-5 (4+) ho sebelisitsoe ho hlalosa AUD. Cronbach's Alpha ea sekala sa AUD e ne e le 0.729 ho leqhubu la 1 le 0.696 ho leqhubu la 3.

Mathata a sebelisang kannabis

Boloetse ba ts'ebeliso ea kannabis (likhoeli tse 12 tse fetileng) bo ile ba lekanyetsoa ho sebelisoa mofuta o ntlafalitsoeng oa "Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test" [CUDIT-R; (38), ho ipapisitsoe le (39)]. Teko e na le lintho tse 8 tsa mofuta oa Likert tse tsoang ho 0 (ha ho mohla) ho 4 (letsatsi le letsatsi kapa hoo e ka bang letsatsi le letsatsi), tekanyo ea makhetlo a tšebeliso ea li-cannabis ho tloha ho 1 (khoeli le khoeli kapa hanyane hangata) ho isa ho 4 (makhetlo a mane kapa ho feta ka beke), le ntho e le 'ngoe e nang le likhetho tse peli tsa karabelo, 0 (ho tsuba kannete bakeng sa boithabiso) kapa 4 (ho tsuba kannete ho tsoa tloaelo). Ho khaotsoe ha lintlha tse 8 ho tse 40 tse ka bang teng ho sebelisitsoe ho hlalosa ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea kannabis. Cronbach's Alpha bakeng sa sekhahla sa ts'ebeliso ea kannabis e ne e le 0.894 ho leqhubu la 1 le 0.906 leqhubu la 3.

Ho tsuba koae

Boloetse ba ts'ebeliso ea koae (likhoeling tse 12 tse fetileng) bo ile ba hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa lintho tse tšeletseng ho tsoa Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND (40). Ho khaoloa ha lintlha tse 3 ho tse 10 tse ka bang teng ho sebelisitsoe ho hlalosa bothata ba ts'ebeliso ea koae. Cronbach's Alpha bakeng sa sekhahla sa ts'ebeliso ea koae e ne e le 0.719 leqhubu la 1 le 0.702 leqhubu la 3.

Ho tepella ho hoholo ha maikutlo le bophelo bo botle ba kelello

Matšoao a khatello e kholo ea maikutlo

Matšoao a khatello e kholo ea maikutlo libekeng tse 2 tse fetileng a lekantsoe ho sebelisoa Inventory e kholo ea WHO (41), e nang le lipolelo tse 12 tsa mofuta oa Likert tse nang le lintlha tse 10 ho tloha ho 0 (ha ho mohla) ho 5 (kamehla); ho ile ha hlahlojoa mekhoa e 'meli ho sebelisoa lipolelo tse peli ka' ngoe, ka boleng bo holimo feela ba lipolelo tse peli tse sebelisitsoeng ho fumana lintlha. Kakaretso ea lintlha tsa litekanyetso, ho tloha ho 0 ho isa ho 50, e sebelisitsoe tlhahlobisong ena. Cronbach's Alpha bakeng sa sekhahla se seholo sa khatello ea maikutlo e ne e le 0.889 ho leqhubu la 1 le 0.888 ho leqhubu la 3.

Bophelo ba kelello

Bophelo ba kelello bo ile ba hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa Phuputso ea 12-Item Short Form Survey Instrument, v2 (SF-12) (42). Kakaretso ea likarolo tsa kelello e ile ea fetoloa ka tatellano hore e be lintlha tse tloahelehileng (mean = 50; SD = 10). Cronbach's Alpha bakeng sa SF-12 ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello e ne e le 0.772 leqhubu 1 le 0.790 leqhubu la 3.

Khotsofalo ea Bophelo le Ts'ebetso e Mpe mosebetsing / Sekolong

Khotsofalo ea bophelo

Khotsofalo ea bophelo e ne e lekanngoa ho sebelisoa khotsofalo ea bophelo (43), e nang le lintho tse hlano tse nang le likhetho tse supileng tsa ho arabela ho tloha 1 (ha e lumellane ka matla) ho 7 (ka matla lumela). Kakaretso ea lintho (ho tloha ho 5 ho isa ho 35) e baliloe bakeng sa tlhahlobo. Alpha ea Cronbach bakeng sa sekala sa khotsofalo ea bophelo e ne e le 0.772 leqhubu la 3. Khotsofalo ea bophelo ha ea ka ea lekanyetsoa ho leqhubu la 1.

Ho se sebetse hantle mosebetsing / sekolong

Ts'ebetso e mpe mosebetsing / sekolong e lekantsoe ho leqhubu la 1 le leqhubu la 3 ho sebelisoa potso e le 'ngoe ho botsa barupeluoa hore na ba sebelitse hampe sekolong kapa mosebetsing, kapa ba salletse morao mosebetsing, likhoeling tse 12 tse fetileng. Likhetho tsa likarabo li ne li sa tloha ho isa ho 10 kapa makhetlo a fetang moo. Potso ena e fetotsoe phuputsong ea ESPAD (44).

Bakeng sa litekanyo tsohle tse sebelisitsoeng, litekanyetso tse lahlehileng linthong tse le 'ngoe li ile tsa nkeloa sebaka ke moelelo oa sekala. Haeba tse fetang 20% ​​tsa thepa ea sekala li ne li le sieo, sekala se ne se nkuoa se le sieo.

Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyetso

Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang li ile tsa sebetsoa, ​​'me liphetoho tsa sekhahla sa ho ata ha GD le ADHD lipakeng tsa mantlha (1 leqhubu la 3) le tlhaiso-leseling ea bobeli (leqhubu la 25) li ile tsa lekoa ka liteko tsa McNemar chi-square. Liphapang tse pakeng tsa barupeluoa ba nang le GD le ntle le eona li ile tsa lekoa ho sebelisoa mekhoa ea boipheliso. Liphetoho tsohle li ile tsa fetoloa bakeng sa lilemo le sebaka sa puo. Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang le ho hlophisoa ha data li entsoe ho sebelisoa SPSS 8.0. Bakeng sa ho leka mekhatlo ea bolelele ba nako lipakeng tsa GD le ADHD, mefuta ea ARCL e hakantsoe e sebelisa MPLUS XNUMX (45). Li-ARCL ke mofuta oa sebopeho sa equation se atisang ho sebelisoa ho hlalosa lits'ebetso tsa nts'etsopele lipakeng tsa tse peli (kapa ho feta) tse hahang ka makhetlo a mangata [bakeng sa kakaretso, bona (46)]. Thahasello ea rona ea mantlha e ne e le litselana tse lahliloeng ka thoko tse emelang phello ea longitudinal ea GD ha a le lilemo li 20 ho ADHD a le lilemo li 25, le ea ADHD a le lilemo li 20 ho GD a le lilemo li 25, ho nahanoa ka autocorrelationation ea moaho o ts'oanang nakong ea lintlha tsa nako le Khokahano ea likarolo tse fapaneng lipakeng tsa kaho tse fapaneng ka nako e le ngoe. Bakeng sa mehato ea binary ea GD le ADHD, ARCL e ne e hakanngoa hore e sebelisa sekala se lekantsoeng se bolelang boima le phapano e fetotsoeng (WLSMV), se khutlelang bakeng sa likhetho tsa binary tsa probit regression coefficients. Khakanyo ea WLSMV e lumella khokahano lipakeng tsa mefuta ka nako e le 'ngoe hore e etsetsoe mohlala ka kotloloho. Bakeng sa tlhatlhobo e eketsehileng, li-coefficients tsa probit li ile tsa fetoloa ho ba li-OR tse tšoanang. Li-OR li ka hakanngoa ka ho atisa li-coefficients tsa "probit" ka ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng ha kabo ea thepa [(Π2 / 3) −−−−−− √

= 1.81] ebe o sebelisa ts'ebetso e hlalosang ea coefficient e hlahisoang (47). Bakeng sa ARCL lipakeng tsa lintlha tse tsoelang pele tsa GD le liphallelo tsa ADHD tsa ho se tsotelle le ho se sebetse hantle, re sebelisitse tekanyetso ea Robust Maximum-Likelihood (MLR), e matla ho ts'oenyeheng liphellong tse fapaneng. Mohato oa boraro, re batlisitse hore na barupeluoa ba nang le GD le ADHD leqhubu 1 ba na le boemo bo bobe le ho feta mabapi le GD, ADHD, khatello ea maikutlo e kholo, bophelo bo botle ba kelello, khotsofalo ea bophelo, le ts'ebetso e mpe mosebetsing kapa sekolong leqhubu la 3 ho feta kamoo barupeluoa ba sa GD kapa ADHD, kapa ka GD feela kapa ADHD feela. Liphapang lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena le tsona li ile tsa lekoa ho sebelisoa mekhoa e metle bakeng sa liphetho tsa binary, ka li-ordinal regression tsa liphetho tsa ordinal (ts'ebetso e mpe mosebetsing kapa sekolong) le ka tatellano e ts'oanang bakeng sa liphetho tse tsoelang pele (lintlha tsa sekala). Likhatello tsa khatello ea maikutlo e kholo, bophelo bo botle ba kelello, le ts'ebetso e mpe mosebetsing kapa sekolong li fetotsoe bakeng sa litekanyetso tsa bona tsa mantlha (ho lilemo tse 20). Litekanyetso tsa mantlha li ne li sa fumanehe bakeng sa khotsofalo ea bophelo.

Kaha li-SUD li amahanngoa le ADHD, mohlala, (19), hammoho le GD (1Litlhahlobo tsohle tsa rona tsa bolelele ba nako li ile tsa fetoloa ke likala tse ngata tse tsoelang pele tsa joala, koae le kannabis ts'ebetsong ea leqhubu la 1 ho laola litlamorao tsa tšebelisano ea SUD le GD kapa ADHD leqhubu 1 ho GD le / kapa ADHD leqhubu. Hobane thahasello ea rona litlhahlobong tsena e ne e le phello ea longitudinal ea GD le ADHD, litlhahlobo tsa longitudinal ha lia ka tsa fetoloa bakeng sa SUD leqhubu la 3. Hape, maqhubu a 3 a SUD a ka ba karolo ea litlamorao tsa GD le ADHD ho leqhubu la 3, 'me ho li hlophisetsa ka hona ho ka tlosa karolo ea' nete ea phello ea GA kapa ADHD leqhubu 1 ho GD le ADHD leqhubu la 1. Litekanyetso tse haelloang sekaleng sena sa SUD li ile tsa qosoa bakeng sa linyeoe tse 3 ho leqhubu la 264 le linyeoe tse 1 ho leqhubu la 49, ho sebelisoa likhakanyo tse ngata ho MPLUS 3 ka sebopeho sa Bayesia, ho theha li-sets tsa data tse 8.0 tse sebelisang sekala sa SUD hammoho le mehato ea tšebeliso ea lintho tse tharo maqhubu ohle a mararo hammoho le lilemo le puo. Ka kakaretso, tšusumetso ea li-SUD ho mekhatlo e pakeng tsa GD le ADHD e ne e le nyane, ka hona re bonts'a feela litlhahlobo tse ntlafalitsoeng ke li-SUD litafoleng le lipalo.

Results

Mekhatlo e Ikarotseng

Lethathamo 1 e bonts'a sephetho se hlalosang le sekhahla sa ho ata ha GD, ADHD le SUDs. Ho ata ha GD ho fokotsehile ho tloha ho 8.8% ho leqhubu 1 ho isa 6.3% ho leqhubu la 3 [teko ea McNemar χ2 (1)

= 29.81; p <0.001]. Ho ata ha ADHD ho eketsehile ho tloha 5.7% ho leqhubu 1 ho isa 7.6% ho leqhubu la 3 [teko ea McNemar χ2 (1)

= 18.68; p <0.001]. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ADHD e ne e atisa ho nka karolo ho GD ho feta ntle le GD, maqhubu ka bobeli, a nang le Odds Ratio (OR) ea 3.21 [2.39, 4.32] bakeng sa leqhubu la 1 le 2.56 [1.86, 3.52] bakeng sa leqhubu la 3. SUDs e sa amaneng haholo le GD ho leqhubu la 1, leha ho le joalo li-SUD li ne li atisa ho ba teng ho barupeluoa ba nang le GD ho feta ntle le GD ho leqhubu la 3. Ka hona, ho fetola li-SUD feela ho fetotse kamano e pakeng tsa ADHD le GD ho leqhubu la 1, empa ho fokolitse mokhatlo ona leqhubu 3 (ho tloha OR = 2.56 ho ea OR = 2.08). Lintlha tse bolelang ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho tse tšeletseng tsa ADHD li ne li phahame ho bankakarolo ba nang le GD ho maqhubu a 1 le 3, leha sena se ne se sa phahama haholo bakeng sa ntho ea bobeli ea ADHD hyperactivity subscale ("e khannoang ke makoloi"; Tafole 2). Likarolo tse peli tsa ho se tsotelle le ho se sebetse hantle li ne li amahanngoa le GD ho maqhubu 1 le 3, leha ho le joalo, liphapang lipakeng tsa bankakarolo ba nang le GD le ntle le eona li ne li tsebahala haholo bakeng sa ho se tsotelle. 2). Ha li-subscales ka bobeli li kentsoe ka har'a mofuta oa khatello le GD joalo ka sephetho, ke ho se tsotelle feela ho amanang haholo le GD (Tafole 2) maqhubu ka bobeli.

TABLE 1

Lethathamo 1. Mehlala ea lipalo-palo le mekhatlo e mekhahlelo e fapaneng lipakeng tsa boloetse ba papali le ADHD.

TABLE 2

Lethathamo 2. Phapang pakeng tsa lisebelisoa tsa ADHD ka bomong le liphallelo tsa ADHD har'a bankakarolo ba nang le boloetse ba papali le ntle le eona.

Mekhatlo ea Longitudinal

Barupeluoa ba nang le GD leqhubu la 1 ba ne ba le monyetla oa ho bonts'a ADHD leqhubu la 3, mme barupeluoa ba nang le ADHD leqhubu 1 ba ne ba le monyetla oa ho bonts'a GD ho leqhubu la 3 (Tafole 3). Mekhatlo ena e ile ea lekoa ka mokhoa oa ARCL (Setšoantšo 1), e bonts'itseng hore GD le ADHD li na le mekhatlo ea bohlokoa ea bolelele ba nako e telele, leha e nahana ka khokahanyo ea likoloi e lekanang ea nako le likamano lipakeng tsa GD le ADHD ka nako e le ngoe. Chelete e lekanang bakeng sa ADHD leqhubu 1 ho GD ho leqhubu la 3 e ne e ts'oana (standard standard probit = 0.066 [0.023, 0.109]; p = 0.003; e tsamaellanang le OR ea 1.72) ho coefficient ea GD leqhubu 1 ho ADHD leqhubu la 3 (standard standard probit = 0.058 [0.013, 0.102]; p = 0.011; e tsamaellanang le OR ea 1.47). Liphetoho bakeng sa SUD li bile le tšusumetso e nyane feela litseleng tse nang le marulelo a mangata (li-coefficients tse sa lokisoang bakeng sa SUD e ne e le 0.078 le 0.057, liphetho ha li bontšoe).

TABLE 3

Lethathamo 3. Ho ata le mathata a mangata a papali le ADHD ho leqhubu la 3 e le tšebetso ea boloetse ba papali le boemo ba ADHD ho leqhubu la 1.

Tšoantšiso 1

Setšoantšo sa 1. Moetso o nang le khatello ea maikutlo o ikemetseng lipakeng tsa mehato ea binary bakeng sa boloetse ba papali le ADHD. Litsela tsohle tse bontšitsoeng li bohlokoa ho p <.05 boemo. WLSMV e ne e le khakanyo e sebelisitsoeng. Coefficients ke tekanyetso ea boemo bo hlophisitsoeng. E lokiselitsoe mathata a lilemo, puo le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi leqhubu la 1. ADHD, khaello ea tlhokomelo ea khatello ea maikutlo.

Mabapi le litloaelano tsa bolelele ba nako lipakeng tsa lintlha tse tlase tsa ADHD le lintlha tsa GD, ARCL ho kenyelletsa le lintlha tsa GD le ho se natse tlhokomelo ea ADHD le ts'ehetso ea ts'ebeliso ea matla e bonts'a bohlokoa feela (haholoholo ka mahlakore a mabeli) 2) mekhatlo lipakeng tsa lintlha tsa GD le sekhahla sa tlhokomelo ea ADHD (standard Beta ho tloha ho sa tsotelleng ha e le lilemo li 20 ho ea ho lintlha tsa GD ha a le lilemo li 25: 0.090 [0.056, 0.124]; p <0.001; ho tloha ho lintlha tsa GD ha a le lilemo li 20 ho isa tlhokomelong ea lilemo tse 25: 0.044 [0.016, 0.071]; p = 0.002). ADHD hyperactivity subscale ha e bonts'a litloaelano tsa nako e telele tsa nako e telele le lintlha tsa GD (Beta e lekantsoeng ho tloha ts'ebetsong ho tloha lilemong tsa 20 ho isa ho lintlha tsa GD ha a le lilemo li 25: -0.025 [-0.054, 0.005]; p = 0.102; ho tloha ho lintlha tsa GD ha a le lilemo li 20 ho isa ho hyperactivity a le lilemo li 25: 0.004 [-0.023, 0.031]; p = 0.755).

Tšoantšiso 2

Setšoantšo sa 2. Moetso o nang le khatello ea maikutlo o nang le khatello ea maikutlo lipakeng tsa mehato e tsoelang pele ea boloetse ba papali le ho se natse le tlatsetso ea tlatsetso ea ADHD. GD, bothata ba papali; Inatt, ho se natse; Hyper, ho se tsotelle. E bohlokoa feela (p <.05) li-coefficients lia bontšoa. Litsela tse bohlooho li hakantsoe, empa li ne li se bohlokoa. MLR e ne e le khakanyo e sebelisitsoeng. Coefficients ke standard beta ea beta. E fetotsoe bakeng sa mathata a lilemo, puo le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi leqhubu la 1.

Liphello ho Barupeluoa ba nang le Comorbid GD le ADHD

Joalokaha ho bontšoa Lethathamong 3, Ho ata ha GD ho leqhubu la 3 ho ne ho le holimo ho barupeluoa ba nang le GD le ADHD ho leqhubu la 1 (32.3%), ba lateloa ke ba nang le GD feela leqhubu la 1 (20.4%) ebe ba nang le ADHD feela ho leqhubu la 1 (8.0%) . Tsena li ntse li bonts'a GD khafetsa ho feta barupeluoa ba se nang GD kapa ADHD ho leqhubu la 1 (4.6%). Kahoo, ho ba le ADHD feela leqhubu la 1 ho ne ho amahanngoa le litefiso tse phahameng tsa GD ho leqhubu la 3 ha li bapisoa le bankakarolo ba se nang GD kapa ADHD ho leqhubu la 1 [e sa lokisoang OR = 1.81 [1.10, 3.00]; kamora phetoho bakeng sa lilemo, puo, le li-SUD, coefficient (OR = 1.60 [0.95, 2.69]) e ne e le ka tlasa boemo ba bohlokoa]. Ho feta moo, GD ho leqhubu la 1 e ne e le monyetla oa ho phehella ho ba leqhubu la 3 har'a barupeluoa ba nang le ADHD le GD leqhubu la 1 ho feta har'a barupeluoa ba nang le GD feela leqhubu la 1 (coefficient e sa lokisoang e ne e le 1.87 [1.05, 3.32], leha ho le joalo, kamora phetoho ea lilemo , puo le li-SUDs coefficient e hlahisitsoeng e ne e le ka tlase ho bohlokoa: OR = 1.73 [0.96, 3.12]). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, leha GD ho leqhubu la 1 e ne e amahanngoa le li-ons tsa ADHD ho leqhubu la 3 (9.1% ha li bapisoa le 5.7% sehlopheng sa litšupiso: OR = 1.63 [1.12, 2.36]), ADHD e ne e sa phehelle ho leqhubu la 3 har'a barupeluoa ba nang le GD le ADHD ho leqhubu la 1 (33.8%) ha ba bapisoa le bankakarolo ba nang le ADHD feela ho leqhubu la 1 (35.1%; e fetotsoeng OR = 0.92 [0.51, 1.66]). Kamora nako, kopanyo ea ADHD le GD ho leqhubu la 3 e ne e le khafetsa (10.8%) hara bankakarolo ba neng ba se ba ntse ba e-na le ADHD le GD ho leqhubu la 1, empa sekhahla sa phehello sa motswako ona (10.8%) se ne se se holimo haholo.

Barupeluoa ba nang le motsoako oa GD le ADHD ho leqhubu la 1 ba bile le lintlha tse mpe ka ho fetesisa bakeng sa liphetho tse ling tsohle tse lekantsoeng (Tafole 4): lintlha tse phahameng ka ho fetesisa ka khatello ea maikutlo e kholo, lintlha tse tlase ho bophelo ba kelello le khotsofalo ea bophelo, le makhetlo a phahameng ka ho fetisisa a ho se sebetse hantle mosebetsing kapa sekolong. Barupeluoa ba nang le ADHD feela leqhubu la 1 ba bile le liphetho tse betere ho feta ba nang le GD le ADHD ho leqhubu la 1; barupeluoa ba nang le GD feela leqhubu la 1 ba ne ba ntse ba le betere (leha e se li-coefficients tsohle tse neng li le bohlokoa), mme ba se nang GD kapa ADHD ho leqhubu la 1 ba bile le liphetho tse ling tse ntle ka ho fetisisa.

TABLE 4

Lethathamo 4. Lintlha tsa khatello ea maikutlo e kholo, bophelo bo botle ba kelello, khotsofalo ea bophelo le ts'ebetso e mpe mosebetsing / sekolong e le ts'ebetso ea boloetse ba papali le boemo ba ADHD ho leqhubu la 1.

Puisano

Phuputso ena e ne e ikemiselitse ho lekola botsoalle bo pakeng tsa (GD) le khaello ea tlhokomelo ea khatello ea maikutlo (ADHD) ka mohlala o molelele oa banna ba bacha ba Switzerland. Lintlheng tse peli tsa litekanyo, GD e ne e le khafetsa haholo (OR leqhubu la 1: 3.21 [2.39, 4.32]; kapa leqhubu la 3: 2.56 [1.86, 3.52]) hara bankakarolo ba nang le ADHD ho feta ba se nang ADHD. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ADHD e ne e le khafetsa har'a barupeluoa ba nang le GD ho feta ba se nang GD. Liphuputso tsena li tsamaellana hantle le lithuto tse seng li ntse li bontša mekhatlo e arohaneng pakeng tsa GD le ADHD (8). Habohlokoa, thuto ea rona e boetse e supile mekhatlo ea bolelele ba nako ka mahlakore ka bobeli: ADHD ha a le lilemo li 20 e ekelitse kotsi ea GD ha a le lilemo li 25, mme GD ha a le lilemo li 20 e ekelitse kotsi ea ADHD ha a le lilemo li 25. Ho fihlela hajoale, ke lithuto tse fokolang feela tse entseng lipatlisiso tsa mekhatlo ea longitudinal8) lipakeng tsa ADHD le GD, hape, ho tsebo e nepahetseng ea bangoli, ha ho boithuto bo bonts'itseng mekhatlo e ikemetseng pakeng tsa ADHD le GD.

Ho 'nile ha hlahisoa likhopolo-taba tse' maloa mabapi le mekhoa ea mekhatlo e lipakeng tsa ADHD le papali. Haholo-holo, papali e ka khothatsa batho ba nang le ADHD ka ho fana ka ketsahalo e khahlisang ka meputso ea hanghang: ka hona e ka ba mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le matšoao a ADHD. Leha ho le joalo, hobane papali e fana ka seo batho ba nang le ADHD ba ka se ratang, ho pepesehela ts'usumetso e matla joalo ho ka matlafatsa matšoao a ADHD (29) mme e lebisa tlhokomelong e nyane mesebetsing e meng ea bohlokoa joalo ka mosebetsi kapa sekolo. Ho bapala ho ka boela ha sebelisa nako e ngata ea motho, ho fokotsa nako eo a e qetang a etsa lintho tse ling tse ka 'nang tsa se ke tsa ba le mathata kapa tsa ba le tšusumetso e ntle tseleng ea ADHD (27, 31). Litlamorao tsa ho pepesetsoa papali ea video li kanna tsa holisoa haeba li kopantsoe le matšoao a sa sebetseng a GD, joalo ka ho nahana haholo kapa ho chesehela papali kapa le matšoao a ho hula ha o sa khone ho bapala. Leha ho le joalo, ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore ha ho le e 'ngoe ea litlhaloso tse ka bang teng mabapi le mokhatlo lipakeng tsa GD le ADHD e tšehelitsoeng ka bopaki bo lekaneng ho fihlela joale, ho hlakile hore lipatlisiso tse ling li hlokahala mabapi le mochini o hokahanyang GD le ADHD.

Tlhokomelo khahlanong le ho se tsotelle

Tlhahiso e ngoe hape ke hore lihlapiso tsa ho se tsotelle le ho hloka botsitso ha ADHD le tsona li bonts'a mekhatlo e meholo ea likarolo tse fapaneng le GD. Leha ho le joalo, haeba e kopantsoe ka mokhoa oa kopanelo, ho se tsotelle ho lula ho le bohlokoa, ho bontša hore khokahano lipakeng tsa ADHD le GD e kanna ea tlalehoa haholo ke phapano ena. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, mofuta oa ARCL o sebelisang liphallelo tse tsoelang pele tsa ADHD le lintlha tsa GD li bonts'itse hore khokahano lipakeng tsa ADHD le GD (ka mahlakore ka bobeli) e ne e busoa ke bohlasoa bo sa tsotelleng, ka mekhatlo ea bolelele ba nako ea ts'oaetso e seng ea bohlokoa (mme le hanyenyane hampe). Tlhahiso ena e tsamaellana le ea thuto e fetileng ea likarolo tse fapaneng (26) ea batho ba baholo ba 205, e fumaneng hore ts'oaetso ea ts'oaetso e ne e sa hokahana haholo le GD. Panagiotidi (26) o khothalelitse hore tlhaloso e ka bang teng mabapi le khokahano lipakeng tsa ADHD ea ho se natse tlhokomelo le GD ke hore papali e ntlafalitse tlhokomelo ea pono mme ka hona batho ba nang le ADHD ba ka sebelisa papali e le mokhoa oa ho iphekola bakeng sa ho holofala ha bona. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, boithuto ba bana ba banyenyane (27) o fumane hore subscale ea hyperactivity e ne e amahanngoa ka matla le GD har'a bashanyana, athe subscale ea ho se tsotelle e ne e amahanngoa le GD har'a banana. Leha ho le joalo, taba ea hore sampole ena e ne e le nyane haholo (lilemo tse bolelang lilemo tse 5.8) mme lipotso li ne li tlatsoa ke batsoali ba bona, ho etsa hore liphetho tsena li be thata ho bapisoa le tsa rona. Lopez et al. (48) o boetse a tlaleha hore mathata a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, a ka arolelanang mekhoa e meng le boits'oaro ba boits'oaro, a ne a atile khafetsa ho batho ba nang le karoloana e kopaneng ea ho se tsotelle le ho se ts'oanehe ho feta ho ba nang le karoloana e sa tsotelleng haholo. Ka sebele ho na le lipatlisiso tse ling tse hlokahalang mabapi le ho kopana ha likarolo tsa ADHD le GD.

Liphello tsa Barupeluoa ba nang le GD le ADHD

Phuputso ea hajoale e lekile hore na batho ba nang le GD le ADHD ba le lilemo li 20 ba na le liphetho tse mpe ho feta lilemo tse 25 ho feta batho ba nang le GD kapa ADHD feela. Liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a hore GD e kanna ea ba e ne e phehella ho feta (ke hore, e teng maqhubu a 1 le 3) har'a batho ba neng ba e-na le ADHD ba le lilemo li 20 ho feta ba nang le GD feela ba le lilemo li 20, leha ho le joalo, coefficient thutong ea rona e ne e le ka tlase ho bohlokoa kamora phetoho bakeng sa SUD, e bontšang hore lintlha tse ling ntle le ADHD le tsona li ka susumetsa phehello ea GD. Sena se tsamaellana le bopaki bo ts'oanang bo tsoang lefapheng la li-SUD bo bonts'a hore ADHD e kanna ea ba le tšusumetso e mpe lithutong tsa mathata ao, ke hore, batho ba nang le ADHD ba ka lemalla habonolo mme ba ba le litefiso tse tlase tsa tšoarelo (15). Boithuto ba hajoale bo fana ka maikutlo a hore sena e kanna ea se be joalo feela bakeng sa li-SUD empa hape le bakeng sa liphetho tse kang GD. Leha ho le joalo, ADHD e ne e sa phehelle ho feta ho barupeluoa ba nang le comorbid GD le ADHD ba le lilemo li 20 ho feta har'a barupeluoa ba nang le ADHD ha ba le lilemo li 20. Sena se bontša hore GD e kanna ea se ke ea susumetsa hampe tsela ea ADHD e seng e ntse e le teng.

Ha a le lilemo li 25, barupeluoa ba nang le ADHD le GD ha ba le lilemo li 20 ba bile le liphetho tse mpe ka ho fetisisa litekanyong tse ling tsohle tse lekantsoeng-SF-12 litekanyetso tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello, lintlha tse kholo tsa khatello ea maikutlo, khotsofalo ea bophelo, le ts'ebetso e mpe mosebetsing kapa sekolong. Barupeluoa ba nang le ADHD feela ba le lilemo li 20 ba bile le liphetho tsa bobeli tse mpe ka ho fetesisa. Barupeluoa ba nang le GD feela ba le lilemo li 20 ba bile le liphetho tse betere ha ba le lilemo li 25 ho feta ba nang le ADHD feela ba le lilemo li 20. Barupeluoa ba neng ba sena ADHD kapa GD ba le lilemo li 20 ba bile le liphetho tse ling tse ntle ka ho fetisisa. Leha ho le joalo, phapang liphethong tse ling lipakeng tsa bankakarolo ba nang le GD le ADHD ba le lilemo li 20 le ba nang le ADHD feela e ne e le nyane mme e le bohlokoa feela bakeng sa lintlha tse kholo tsa khatello ea maikutlo. Leha ho le joalo, ho ne ho na le linyeoe tse fokolang haholo ka GD le ADHD ka leqhubu la 1.

Leha ho le joalo, liphetho tsa rona li fana ka bopaki ba hore batho ba nang le GD le ADHD ba ka ba le liphetho tse mpe ho feta batho ba nang le GD feela kapa ba nang le ADHD feela. Ba boetse ba fana ka maikutlo a hore GD ha se letšoao feela kapa khokahano ea ADHD, kaha e amahanngoa le liphetho tse mpe le ho batho ba nang le ADHD. GD ka hona e lokela ho nkuoa e le boemo bo ka bang kotsi, mme batho ba nang le comorbid ADHD le GD ba ka hloka tlhokomelo e khethehileng.

sheba mefokolo ea

Mohlala oa rona o ne o entsoe feela ke banna ba bacha ba Switzerland ba lilemo tse thibetsoeng. Kahoo, liphetho tsa rona li kanna tsa se atisehe ho batho ba bang. Ka kakaretso, leha li-coefficients tsa mekhatlo ea longitudinal lipakeng tsa GD le ADHD li ne li le bohlokoa, li ne li le nyane haholo. Leha ho le joalo, li lutse li sa fetohe, leha li fetotsoe bakeng sa mefuta e ka ferekanyang e kang ea SUDs. Sesebelisoa se sebelisitsoeng bakeng sa ho lekanya GD se ne se fapane hanyane lipakeng tsa maqhubu 1 le 3, kaha Game Addiction Scale e ile ea atolosoa ka maqhubu 1 le 2 ho lekola bokhoba ba inthanete. Karolo ena e ile ea lokisoa ka ho beha lintlha tsa sesebelisoa ho 0 bakeng sa bankakarolo ba bapalang lipapali tsa video ka tlase ho beke. Ka kakaretso, liphapang tse nyane tsa sekhahla sa kholo li ne li le ka lehlakoreng le lebelletsoeng (bongata bo tlase bo nang le lilemo tse ntseng li eketseha), mme liphetho tse sa fetoheng li bonts'itse hore litlamorao tsa liphapang tsa mantsoe lipakeng tsa liletsa li ne li le nyane. Bakeng sa mabaka a sebaka, re sebelisitse mofuta o khuts'oane oa lintho tse tšeletseng tsa Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, e nang le lintho tse 'ne feela bakeng sa ho se tsotelle le tse peli bakeng sa ho se tsotelle. Liphuputso tse ling tse sebelisang likala tse telele tsa ADHD, tse lumellang phapang e ntle ea li-subtypes, ehlile lia hlokahala.

fihlela qeto e

Phuputso ea hajoale e eketsa bopaki bo seng bo le teng ba hore GD e kanna ea amahanngoa le litholoana tse mpe tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello ka ho fana ka bopaki ba hore GD le ADHD ea batho ba baholo ba na le mekhatlo ea mahlakore a malelele, ke hore, e mong le e mong o eketsa kotsi ea e mong. Sena se boetse se fana ka maikutlo a monyetla oa hore mathata ana a mabeli a ka matlafatsana, ke hore, a baka selikalikoe se khopo (49): ADHD ea pele e ka thusa nts'etsopele ea GD, eo le eona e ka mpefatsang ADHD, e kanna ea mpefatsa GD hape. Ntle le moo, re bonts'itse hore mekhatlo ena ea mahlakore a mabeli e ne e bakoa haholo ke ho se tsotelle hoa ADHD ho fapana le ts'ebeliso e tlase ea ts'ebetsong, e neng e sa amane le GD ka boithaopo. Bacha ba nang le GD le ADHD ba ka ba le liphetho tse mpe ho feta batho ba hlahisang a le mong ho mathata ana a mabeli, ka hona ba kanna ba hloka tlhokomelo e khethehileng. Ka hona, batho ba nang le ADHD kapa GD ba lokela ho hlahlojoa lefu le leng. Kalafo e sebetsang bakeng sa ADHD e ka thibela ho qala ha GD (49), mohlala, kalafo e kopaneng ea boits'oaro joalo ka ha e sebelisoa kalafong ea ADHD le comorbid SUDs (50). Mehato ea thibelo ea ho khothaletsa tšebeliso e nepahetseng ea lipapali tsa komporo ke batho ba nang le ADHD ea hajoale e ka ba thuso. Batho ba nang le mofuta oa ADHD o sa tsotelleng ba ka hloka tlhokomelo e khethehileng mabapi le mesebetsi ea bona ea papali.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

SM e ile ea sekaseka lintlha mme ea ngola pampiri. GG le JS ba thehile thuto. GG, JS, le VG ba thusitse tlhahlobo ea data mme ba fana ka maikutlo ka mefuta ea pejana ea sengoloa.

dithuso tsa ditjhelete

Phuputso ena e ne e tšehelitsoe ke Swiss National Science Foundation (FN 33CSC0-122679, FN 33CS30-139467 le FN 33CS30_148493).

Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

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