Front Psychol. 2018 Nov 21; 9: 2239. doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2018.02239.
Krossbakken E1, Pallesen S1, Mentzoni RA1, King DL2, Molde H3, Finserås TR3, Torsheim T1.
inahaneloang
Sepheo: Ho lemalla papali ea video ho amahanngoa le mefuta e mengata ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Ho na le bofokoli ba lithuto tsa nako e telele tse batlisisang mekhatlo e joalo, le lithuto tse khethollang papali e lemalloang ho tsoa bothateng le ho ba le karolo (ke hore, khafetsa empa e se bothata) lipapali. Boithuto ba hajoale ba ho fuputsa bo etsa lipatlisiso ka tsela ea tlhaho ea boits'oaro ba papali lipatlisisong tse tharo tse nyane. Morero oa ho ithuta 1 e ne e le ho batlisisa lintho tse sa tloaelehang le litlamorao tsa bokhoba ba papali ea video bo lekantsoeng e le moaho o sa bonahaleng (papali ea mafu). Morero oa thuto 2 e ne e le ho fuputsa mekhatlo e ts'oanang ho latela li-typologies tsa libapali ("tse sebetsanang," "bothata", "lemalloang"). Ntle le moo, thuto ea 3 e ne e ikemiselitse ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa botsitso le liphetoho tse etsahalang lipakeng tsa li-typologies tse boletsoeng kaholimo, le sehlopha sa lipapali tse seng tsa mafu.
Mekhoa: Mohlala oa naha oa baemeli ba bacha ba 3,000 ba lilemo li 17.5 o nkuoe ho ngoliso ea baahi ba Norway ho 2012 mme o memetsoe ho nka karolo lipatlisisong tsa selemo le selemo tsa 3 (N NT1 = 2,059, NT2 = 1,334, NT3 = 1,277). Babuelli ba ile ba qeta mehato ea ho lemalla lipapali tsa video, khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, ho jeoa ke bolutu, ho ba mabifi le bokuli ba tšebeliso ea joala. Tlhahlobo ea lipalo-palo e ne e le mohlala oa tsela ea sefapano se sekametseng sefapanong, tlhahlobo ea Satorra-Bentler chi (thuto 1), tlhahlobo ea khatello (boithuto 2), mohlala oa Markov o patiloeng oa menyetla ea phetoho (ho ithuta 3).
Results: Liphumano tse ithutoang 1 li bonts'itse hore khatello ea maikutlo le ho jeoa ke bolutu li ne li amahanngoa le papali ea methapo. Boiphetetso ba 'mele bo ile ba bonoa e le mohanyetsi,' me ho tšoenyeha e le phello ea papali ea methapo. Patlisiso ea mefuta e meraro ea libapali (boithuto 2) e bonts'a ho jeoa ke bolutu le ho ba mabifi 'meleng ka lebaka la litheko tsohle. Ho sithabela maikutlo ho fumanoe e le mohopolo oa bothata le libapali tse amehang. Bolutu bo ile ba fumanoa e le sesosa sa libapali tse nang le bothata, mme ho tšoenyeha e ne e le phello ea libapali tse lemalloang. Ho noha joala haholo ho fumanoe e le papali ea libapali tse lemalloang, 'me ho nowa joala bo tlase ho ile ha fumaneha ho e-na le bothata ho libapali tse thata. Kholiseho e lekantsoeng ea temallo ea papali ea video e ne e le 35%.
fihlela qeto ena: Kamano e tsitsitseng pakeng tsa lipapali le litlhoko tsa mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello li bonahala eka li teng. Ho tsitsisa ha lithethefatsi tsa papali ea video ho bontša boemo ba hore batho ba bangata ha ba rarolle ka boithatelo ho feta lilemo tsa 2.
LITLHAKISO: Bacha; bothata ba lipapali; bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete; thuto e telele; bophelo bo botle ba kelello
PMID: 30519203
PMCID: PMC6258776
DOI: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2018.02239
Selelekela
Ho bapala lipapali tsa video ke ketsahalo e tloaelehileng e tloaelehileng har'a bacha lilemong tsa hore bacha, haholo, ba fana ka lihora tse ngata tsa boithabiso, phephetso, boikhathollo le bochaba (Hoffman le Nadelson, 2010). Leha ho le joalo, batho ba bang ba tlaleha hore ba lahleheloa ke taolo holim'a boits'oaro ba bona ba papali, ho fella ka pherekano e matla le khatello ea maikutlo. Mohopolo oa papali ea video e le bothata ba tlhekefetso o kenyellelitsoe e le boemo ba ho tsoela pele ho ithuta molemong oa bohlano le oa morao-rao oa Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis shida (DSM-5) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), e hlalosoang e le "Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD)." Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, "boloetse ba lipapali" bo kenyellelitsoe phetolelong ea 11th ea International Classization of Diseases (ICD-11) (Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, 2018). Leha ho le joalo, bahlahlobisisi ba ho hlahisoa ha tlhahlobo ea ho lemalla papali ea lipapali tsa video ba re bopaki ba hona joale bo netefatsang tlhahlobo e joalo ha boa lekana (Van Rooij le Kardefelt-Winther, 2017) 'me ho ntse ho e-na le bofokoli ba lithuto tse bonesang tsela ea tlholeho ea lefu lena (Petry le O'brien, 2013; Mihara le Higuchi, 2017). Tekanyetso e kholo e amanang le lipatlisiso tse ngata tse teng mabapi le lefu la lipapali ke hore e kenyelletsa merero ea likarolo tse kholo. Lithuto tsa Longitudinal ka sehlooho sena li 'maloa ka palo (Nations et et al., 2011; Brunborg et al., 2014; Mihara le Higuchi, 2017), leha lithuto tse joalo li ka thusa ho supa lintlha tse amanang le tatellano ea nakoana ea sesosa le phello, hape li fana ka tsebo mabapi le botsitso ba nakoana ba boitšoaro ba papali. Morero o akaretsang oa boithuto bo teng hona joale e ne e le ho fumana kutloisiso e pharaletseng ea mokhoa oa tlhaho oa papali ka lithuto tse tharo tse tlase (Study1, Study2, Study3). Ithute 1 libapali tsa methapo ea methapo e kholo e le sebopeho se sa tsejoeng mme sa fuputsoa likamano tse khahliloeng lipakeng tsa papali ea methapo ea bophelo le bophelo ba kelello ka nako. Boithuto ba 2 bo ile ba lekola likamano lipakeng tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le lihlopha tsa papali ba sebelisa sebopeho sa tlhaho, ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa mofuta oa mekhatlo e fumanoeng thutong ea 1. Study 3 e fuputse botsitso le lits'oants'o nakong, ho sebelisa sebopeho sa typological (sebapali, bothata le libapali tse sebelisitsoeng ho ithuteng 2.
Liphetoho le litlamorao tsa papali ea methapo ea methapo
Boithuto ba nako e telele bo kanna ba etsa lipatlisiso tsa hore na mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello esale pele ke a boloi ba bothata ba lipapali, hore na mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello ke litlamorao tsa boloetse ba lipapali, kapa hore na kamano pakeng tsa mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello le bothata ba lipapali ke tsa mofuta o mong o felletseng. Litlamorao tse khahlano le sefapano li hakanya kamano ea boiphetetso pakeng tsa lintho tse fetoloang nako e telele, ho hlalosa tšusumetso ea bona ho e mong (Kearney, 2018). Kahoo, ho khetholla litlamorao tse lipakeng tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le bokuli ba lipapali ho ka hlakisa mekhoa e amehang ho nts'etsopele le ho boloka moferefere. Le ha ho bile le lithuto tse 'maloa tse amanang le papali ea papali ea papali ea papali ea chelete le bophelo ba kelello (Lemmens et al., 2011a,b), ho na le tlhoko e felletseng ea tsebo mabapi le litloaelano tse se nang matsoho le mathata a lipapali, le mathata a bophelo bo fapaneng ba kelello mehlaleng e meholo le e emeng.
Patlisiso e fetileng e bontšitse hore bokuli ba lipapali bo amahanngoa le mathata a mangata a amanang le bophelo bo botle le sechaba (Wittek et al., 2016; Bargeron le Hormes, 2017), joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho (Mentzoni et al., 2011; Bargeron le Hormes, 2017; Wartberg et al., 2017). bolutu (Lemmens et al., 2011a), tšebeliso ea joala (van Rooij et al., 2014), le mabifi (Kim et al., 2008). Phuputso e 'ngoe e telele e bontšitseng ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo ka bobeli e le litlamorao tsa papali ea methapo ea methapo ka mor'a lilemo tsa 2 (Nations le et al., 2011), le lithuto tse peli tse telele li bontšitse khatello ea maikutlo, empa eseng ho tšoenyeha, ka lebaka la pherekano ea papali ka mor'a e mong (van Rooij et al., 2011), le lilemo tsa 2 (Liau et al., 2015), ka ho latellana. Mabapi le lisosa tse ka bakang bokuli ba lipapali, phuputso e 'ngoe e fumane hore matšoao a sithabetsang ha a ka a bolela esale pele mathata a papali ea nako e tlang (Mößle le Rehbein, 2013). Phuputso e telele ea maDutch e ile ea fumana ho jeoa ke bolutu e le mohopolo le sephetho sa papali ea methapo ea kutlo (Lemmens et al., 2011a), e bonts'a hore ho jeoa ke bolutu ho bohlokoa ho bobeli bakeng sa nts'etsopele le ho boloka bokhoba ba papali ea chelete. Ntle le moo, ho na le lithuto tse 'maloa tse nang le bopaki bo tsoakaneng mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa boloetse ba mabifi, mabifi le tšebeliso ea joala. Ha ho ntse ho ngangisanoa ka phello ea pefo lipapaling tsa video ho mabifi a bophelo ba nnete (Funk et al., 2004; Ferguson, 2015) ho boetse ho na le liphumano tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore bothata ba lipapali, ho sa tsotelloe ke litaba, bo ka eketsa mabifi ho bashanyana (Lemmens et al., 2011b), le hore batho ka bomong ba nang le tšekamelo e mabifi ba na le monyetla o moholo ho feta balekane ba bona ho nts'etsopele lipapali tsa pathological (Kim et al., 2008). Boithuto bo bong bo mabapi le likarolo tsa marang-rang bo bontšitse mathata a amanang le joala le bothata ba papali ea chelete hore bo amanang (Ko et al., 2008; van Rooij et al., 2014), lithuto tse ling ha li so fumane mokhatlo o joalo (Brunborg et al., 2014; Kaess et al., 2017).
Hohle lithuto tse 'maloa, thobalano e bonahala e le selelekela se matla sa lipapali tsa video, kaha banna ba tloaetse ho etsa lipapali tsa video (Mentzoni et al., 2011; van Rooij et al., 2014; Yu le Cho, 2016) le ho aroloa e le libapali tsa mathata ho feta basali (Mentzoni et al., 2011; Brunborg et al., 2013; Yu le Cho, 2016; Milani et al., 2017). Leha ho le joalo, ho boetse ho na le lithuto tse bontšang hore phapang ea thobalano ha e ea sebetsa mabapi le lithahasello le litlamorao tsa papali (Lemmens et al., 2011a; Brunborg et al., 2013). Ho ntse ho le joalo, ho na le tlhoko-leseling e batsi mabapi le thobalano e le motsamaisi ea nang le mathata a lipapali tsa API (APA Task Force on Media Violent), 2015), le bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea nako e telele mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le bokuli ba lipapali.
Ithute 1
Kamano e holofetseng lipakeng tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le papali ea methapo e sebelisang pono e sa tsejoeng
Boithuto ba nako e telele bo fetileng bo lekotse papali ea pathological e le moaho oa unidimensional (Lemmens et al., 2011a; Yu et al., 2015), moo matšoao a neng a senyehile, 'me mokhoa oa lipapali oa lipapali o ile oa lekanngoa molemong oa ho tloha botebong ba tlase ho fihlela ho teba. Khakanyo e sa tsejoeng ea papali ea methapo ea kutlo e etsa hore patlisiso ea likamano tse arohaneng pakeng tsa matšoao a bokuli ba lipapali le bophelo bo botle ba kelello mohlaleng o le mong, li bonts'e kamano ea ho iphetetsa lipakeng tsa tse fapaneng ha nako e ntse e tsamaea (Jeon, 2015).
Khahlano le semelo sena sa morao-rao, sepheo sa thuto ea pele e ne e le ho khetholla mathata le litlamorao, hammoho le phapang ea thobalano, ea mathata a papali ea video. Conceptualization e sa tsejoeng ea boloetse ba lipapali bo sebelisitsoeng lithutong tse fetileng (Lemmens et al., 2011a; Zhenya et al., 2013), e sebelisitsoe (e bitsoang "papali ea pathological" thupelong ea hona joale). Re ne re lebelletse ho fumana likamano tse khahlisang lipakeng tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le matšoao a papali ea methapo. Ka lebaka la tlhahlobo e batsi ea phuputso ena, le bopaki bo tsoakaneng bo tsoang lipatlisisong tse fetileng, lintho tsohle tse fapaneng (bophelo bo botle ba kelello le papali ea methapo ea kutlo) li fumanoe lipatlisiso ka bobeli le litlamorao tsa papali ea methapo ea kutlo.
Ithute 2
Liphetoho le litlamorao tsa papali ea methapo ea methapo ba sebelisa pono ea typological
Khopolo ea pherekano ea papali ea papali e totobatsa ho senyeha hoa ts'ebetso le khatello ea kelello ho khetholla pherekano le ho nka karolo ho phahameng ho papali (Charlton le Danforth, 2007; Brunborg et al., 2013; Kardefelt-Winther et al., 2017). Phephetso ea lipatlisiso sebakeng sena e bile tlhaiso ea lipapatso tse khethollang ka mokhoa o hlakileng lipakeng tsa karolo ea papali ea papali le lipapali tse seng kotsi (mathata le pherekano). Ha ho ntse ho phetoa khang ea hore ho nka karolo (ho bolelang, tšebeliso e ntle ea lipapali) ho kenyelletsa ho sesa, ho mamellana le ho feto-fetoha ha maemo (bothata ba papali), bothata ba papali ea chelete hangata bo kenyeletsa likhohlano, ho ikhula, ho khutla hape le mathata ka lebaka la papali ea lipapali (mantlha a tšebeliso ea taolo) (Charlton le Khampher, 2007; Brunborg et al., 2015) joalo joalo. Mathata a lipapali a 'nile a hlalosoa e le a khotsofatsang a mang, empa ha se lintlha tsohle tsa bohlokoa tsa ho lemalla (Brunborg et al., 2013; Wittek et al., 2016).
Ho sebelisa pono ea tlhaho ho thusa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa hore na ho na le ho tšoana kapa ho fapana lipakeng tsa "libapali tse lemalloang," "libapali tse nang le bothata" le "libapali tse kenelletseng." Tumellanong le phapang e joalo, thuto e 'ngoe e fumane hore papali ea papali ea chelete e amana haufi le bophelo ba kelello. sephetho ho feta ho lemalla (Loton et al., 2016), 'me lithuto tse ling li tlalehiloe hore ha ho kamano pakeng tsa karolo ea papali ea video le mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello (Brunborg et al., 2013, 2014). Ho tsebahala ka phapang e joalo ho ka ba bohlokoa bakeng sa kutloisiso e eketsehileng ea tlhaiso ea lipapali, le nts'etsopele ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo ea bongaka, maano a kalafo le a thibelo. Ka tsebo eohle ea rona ha ho na lipatlisiso tse fetileng tsa kamano lipakeng tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le mefuta ea boits'oaro bo fapaneng papaling e kholo ea mohlala oa bacha lilemong tsa bocha.
Morero oa Study 2 e ne e le ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa litlamorao le litlamorao tsa mefuta e meraro ea taolo (ho lemalla, ho baka mathata le ho ba le kamano) le libapali kamora nako. Re ne re lebelletse ho fumana palo e kholo ea bahanyetsi, le litlamorao tse ngata tse amanang le "libapali tse lemaletseng," ho fapana le "libapali tsa mathata" le "libapali tse kenelletseng." Ka lebaka la tlhahlobo e batsi ea thuto ena, le ho haelloa ke lithuto tse fetileng ho etsa lipatlisiso ka boits'oaro bo fapaneng ba papali ba sebelisa mokhoa oa typological, lintho tsohle tse fapaneng (bophelo bo botle ba kelello le papali) li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka bobeli e le litekanyetso le litlamorao.
Ithute 3
Khokahano ea nakoana le li-trajectories tsa nts'etsopele li sebelisa sebopeho sa typological
Ntle le ho phenyekolla lisosa le litlamorao, lithuto tse telele li fana ka monyetla oa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa botsitso ba maemo ha nako e ntse e feta. Khokahano ea nakoana ea papali ea papali e fana ka sesupo sa hore na ts'oaetso ke bothata ba nakoana bo rarollang hanghang, ka lebaka la ho feto-fetoha ha maemo, kapa haeba boemo bo ntse bo phehella. Ho fihla joale, litholoana tsa lipatlisiso tse batlisisang botsitso ba papali ea lipapali li se li kopantsoe. Phuputso e le 'ngoe e fumane botsitso bo phahameng ba nakoana ba 84% kamora lilemo tsa 2 (Nations le et al., 2011), ha e 'ngoe e fumane hore 50% ea libapali tse boima tsa marang-rang tse nang le matšoao a boloetse ba lipapali, e ile ea lula e tsitsitse kamora selemo sa 1 (van Rooij et al., 2011). Lithuto tse ling li tlalehile mathata a tlase joalo ka 2.8% kamora 1 selemo (Rothmund et al., 2018) le <1% kamora lilemo tse 2 (Strittmatter et al., 2016). Ho latela tsebo ea rona, ha ho na lipatlisiso mabapi le tsoelopele ea mefuta e fapaneng ea libapali ha nako e ntse e feta. Kahoo, likhohlano pakeng tsa “libapali tse lemalloang,” “libapali tsa mathata,” “libapali tse kenelletseng” le libapali tse tloaelehileng / tseo eseng tsa lipapali ha li e-so fumanoe pele, leha sena se ka fana ka leseli la bohlokoa mekhoeng ea ntlafatso e amanang le boitšoaro ba papali.
Ka hona, sepheo sa ho ithuta 3 e ne e le ho hlahloba botsitso ba "libapali tse lemalloang", le liphetoho tse hlahang lipakeng tsa "libapali tsa mathata", "libapali tse lemalloang" le "libapali tse kenelletseng" ka nako e telele.
mekhoa
Tsamaiso le mohlala
Lithuto tseo ka boraro li sebelisitse lintlha ho tsoa tlhahlobong e kholo e ts'oanang ea ho becha, papali le boitšoaro ba lithethefatsi ho bacha. Mohlala oa naha oa baemeli ba bacha ba 3,000 (50% basali) ea lilemo li 17.5 o nkuoe ho tsoa Norwegian Population Registry ho 2012 (Wave 1). Bacha ba ile ba tsebisoa ka sepheo sa thuto, hore datha tsohle li tla tšoaroa ka lekunutu, le hore lintlha li tla sebelisoa feela bakeng sa lipatlisiso. Ho ile ha fumanoa tumello e ngotsoeng e tsoang ho bohle ba neng ba nkile karolo. Tumello ea motsoali e ne e sa hlokehe ka lebaka la baroetsana ba neng ba le kaholimo ho lilemo tsa 16. Bohle ba arabileng ho Wave 1 ba fumane lipatlisiso tsa tlhahlobo ea selemo le selemo ka poso ea poso (2013 le 2014) ka likhopotso tse ka bang peli bakeng sa leqhubu ka leng. Tlhahlobo e ka arabeloa pampiring 'me ea khutlisoa ka enfelopo e sa lefelloeng kapa ea arabeloa inthaneteng. Barupeluoa bohle ba fumane setifikeiti sa limpho se nang le boleng ba 200 NOK (~ 18 UK £) ha ho phethoa leqhubu ka leng. Boithuto bona, ho kenyelletsa ts'ebetso ea tumello e boletsoeng ka holimo, e amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Lebatooa bakeng sa Patlisiso ea Bongaka le Bophelo, Boitšoaro, Kgaolo ea South East (Nomoro ea Morero: 2012 / 914)
Lintlha tse tsoang maqhubu ohle a mararo (2012, 2013, 2014) li sebelisitsoe lithutong tse tharo tse kenyelitsoeng pampiring ea hajoale. Bacha ba 3,000 ba neng ba memetsoe 2012, 54 ha baa ka ba khona ho fihlella ka lebaka la liaterese tse sa sebetseng, athe 23 ha ea ka ea khona ho araba ka lebaka la mabaka a mang a kang ho holofala kelellong, ho fokotsa sampole ea rona ho 2,923. Ka leqhubu la pele, bacha ba 2,059 ba arabile (tekanyo ea karabelo 70.4%, basali ba 53%). Linyeoe tse 'nè ha lia ka tsa qheleloa ka thoko hobane li ne li le tlase ho lilemo tsa 17,' me linyeoe tse 'ne li sa bonts'a thobalano ea bona ebile ha ba qheleloe ka thoko. Ka leqhubu la bobeli, kakaretso ea batho ba 1,334 e arabetse (sekhahla sa ho boloka 64.9%, 58.7% ea basali); le leqhubu la ho qetela, 1,277 e arabetse (sekhahla sa ho boloka 62.1%, 61.7% ea basali).
Mehato le liletsa
Lintho tse fetohileng tsa batho
Potso ena e ne e e-na le lipotso tse amanang le litaba tsa sechaba le batho ba kopanelang liphate.
dipapadi
Papali ea Pathological e ile ea hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa Game Addiction Scale for Adolescents (GASA) (Lemmens et al., 2009). GASA e na le lintho tse supileng tse lekantsoeng sekaleng sa lintlha tse hlano tse nang le likhetho tsa ho araba ho tloha "ha ho mohla" (Hoffman le Nadelson, 2010) ho "hangata" (Petry le O'brien, 2013). Ho ne ho baloa lintlha tse kopanyang ka ho eketsa palo ea ntho ka 'ngoe. Sekala se boetse se sebelisitsoe ho khetholla lipakeng tsa libapali tse amehang, tse thata le tse lemalloang tse sebelisang mokhoa oa CORE 4 (Brunborg et al., 2013, 2015; Wittek et al., 2016), ka ho arola lihlopha tse fapaneng ho latela Charlton le Danforth's (2007litekanyetso tsa ho lemalla joala le ho kenella haholo (Charlton le Danforth, 2007). Ba arabelitsoeng ba ile ba aroloa e le "bapalami ba lemaletseng" ha lintho tsohle tse 'ne tse lekanyang litekanyetso tsa mantlha tsa lithethefatsi (ho khutlela morao, ho tlohela, likhohlano le mathata ka lebaka la papali) li lumelletsoe, hape e le "sebapali sa mathata" ha litekanyetso tse peli kapa tse tharo tsa mantlha tsa bokhoba li ile tsa lumelloa. Bacha ba buelletseng lintho tsena tse tharo ba ne ba nka e le ntho e ka tlisoang ke ho lemalla (botsitso, mamello le ho fetoha hoa maikutlo) mme e seng e 'ngoe ea litekanyetso tsa mantlha tsa bokhoba li ile tsa aroloa e le "libapali tse kenang." Batho ba setseng ba arabelitsoeng e ne e le sehlopha se fapaneng se seng lemallo / se seng bothata / se sa sebetseng (se kenyeletsang bao e seng libapali). Ho khetholla ts'ebeliso ea mahlakore a GASA le mekhoa e meraro, "papali ea mafu" e tla sebelisoa e le lentsoe ha ho buuoa ka ts'ebeliso ea GASA, athe "sebapali se sebetsanang," "sebapali sa mathata" le "bapalami ba lemaletseng" ”Li sebelisetsoa mokhoa oa ho ngola ka tlholeho. Alpha ea Cronbach bakeng sa GASA maqhubu a mararo e ne e le 0.89, 0.90 le 0.90 ka ho latellana.
Ho t soenyeha le ho tepella maikutlong
Ho lekanya matšoao a ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo Sepetleleng sa Matšoenyeho le ho Tepella maikutlo (HADS) (Zigmond le Snaith, 1983) e ne e tsamaisoa. HADS e lekola matšoao a sa hlahiseng limela a khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho ka lintho tse supileng tse lekolang khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo. Lintho tsohle li arajoa ka sekala sa lintlha tse 'ne ho tloha ho 0 ho isa ho 3. Lintlha tse phahameng li bonts'a ho tiea ha matšoao. Alpha ea Cronbach bakeng sa maqhubu a mararo e ne e le 0.76, 0.80, le 0.81 bakeng sa matšoenyeho, le 0.69, 0.73, le 0.76 bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo, ka ho latellana.
ho jeoa ke bolutu
Ho lekanya bolutu re tsamaisitse Roberts UCLA Loneliness Scale (RULS) (Roberts et al., 1993). Li-RULS li na le lintho tse robeli tse lekang bolutu ka li-point tse 'ne ho tloha "ha ho mohla" (Hoffman le Nadelson, 2010) ho “hangata” (Van Rooij le Kardefelt-Winther, 2017). Bahlahlobi ba laeloa ho bonts'a hore na polelo e ngoe le e ngoe e sebetsa ho bona. Alpha ea Cronbach bakeng sa sekala sena e ne e le 0.75, 0.81, le 0.80 ho Maqhubu 1-3.
Ts'ebeliso ea joala
Ts'ebeliso ea lino tse tahang e ile ea hlahlojoa ka tšebeliso ea tahi ea lebitso la tahi ea Alcohol Use Disorder Idicationication (AUDIT-C) (Bush et al., 1998). AUDIT-C e lekola tšebeliso ea joala ka lintho tse tharo tse lekolang makhetlo le bongata ba ho noa sekaleng sa lintlha tse hlano ho tloha 0 ho ea 4. Lintlha tse phahameng ho AUDIT-C li bonts'a tšebeliso e phahameng ea joala. Li-alphas tsa Cronbach bakeng sa sekhahla sena e ne e le 0.77, 0.71, le 0.67 ho Waves 1-3.
Khahlano
Tlatsetso ea mabifi ea 'Mele le ea Verbal ea Pampiri e Akaretsang ea Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ-SF) (Diamond le Magaletta, 2006) li sebelisoa ho lekola liemahale tsena. Lithuso tsa 'mele tsa' mele le tsa Verbal li na le lintho tse 'ne le tse tharo, e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e arabetsoe ka lintlha tse hlano ho tloha "ho fapana le nna" (0) ho ea "joalo ka nna" (4). Lintlha tse phahameng li bontša tloaelo e phahameng ea ho ba mabifi. Ho Waves 1-3 li-alphas tsa Cronbach e ne e le 0.80, 76, le 0.78 bakeng sa lipehelo tsa mabifi tsa 'mele, le 0.66, 0.68, le 0.67 bakeng sa subscale ea mabifi ea polelo.
Lipatlisiso tsa sethathamo
Tlhahlobo ea pele le tlhahlobo e hohelang e entsoe ho sebelisoa SPSS, mofuta 25 (Corp, 2017). Bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea khahloa, re thehile mokhoa o fapaneng o bonts'ang phethelo ea lintho tsohle tsa 7 GASA (e kapa che). Ho nka karolo maqhubu ohle ho ne ho arotsoe e le 1, e lahlehileng ho T2 feela e neng e arotsoe e le 2, e lahlehile ho T3 feela e neng e arotsoe e le 3, 'me e haella ho T2 le T3 e ne e arotsoe e le 4. Ha re etsa tlhahlobo ea machabeng re sebelisa thobalano, le mehato e latelang ho T1 joalo ka litheko: "papali ea methapo," "sebapali se lemaletseng", "sebapali sa bothata," "sebapali se sebetsanang le maikutlo," khatello ea maikutlo, letsoalo, ho jeoa ke letsoalo, ho hlaseloa ka mantsoe, ho hlonama ka 'mele , le ts'ebeliso ea joala.
Tlhahlobo e ngoe e ile ea etsoa ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo ea lihlopha tsa batho ba bangata ho Mplus, mofuta 7.4 (Muthén le Muthén, 2015).
Ithute 1
Phuputsong ea pele, ho ile ha etsoa mohlala oa sefapano se selelele sa tsela se nang le matšoao a bona ho bona sephetho sa sephetho sa bophelo ba kelello le lipapali ho feta maqhubu a mararo (bona setšoantšo. Figure1).1). Tekanyetso e kholo ea menyetla e nang le liphoso tse tloaelehileng e sebelisitsoe. Bakeng sa likala tsohle, ho ne ho baloa lintlha tsa lipalo. Thutong ena, ts'ebeliso e sa lekanyetsoang ea GASA e sebelisitsoe mme mohlala o ne o hlophisitsoe ka thobalano ho bona phapang e ka bang teng thobalanong. Lipapaling tsa pathological le bophelo bo botle ba kelello (mohlala, khatello ea maikutlo) tse lekantsoeng ka nako e ts'oanang li ile tsa lumelloa ho li lokisa. Tlhahlobo ea tsela e lumella lipatlisiso tsa likhopolo tsa theoretical ka tatellano, 'me re ne re batla ho netefatsa likhopolo tsa mohopolo ka ho bapisa mohlala oa pele le mefuta e meng le lithibelo. Mefuta e mene e mecha e ile ea lekoa ka e 'ngoe ea lithibelo tse latelang: "ha ho liphetho tsa papali" (M1) "ha ho na liqeto tsa papali" (M2), "nako e lekanang" (M3) le "ho lekana ka thobalano" (M4).
Litšoantšo tse tsamaeang le maoto a marang-rang tse metsamao ea papali ea li-pathological (GASA) Khahlano le maemo a bophelo bo botle ba kelello (mehato ea sephetho).
Mefuteng e thibetsoeng ea ha ho liphetho tsa papali, litlamorao tsa papali lipapatsong tsa sephetho (tsela le tsela ea b) li ile tsa beoa zero. Mefuteng e thibetsoeng ea ha ho na liqoso tsa papali ea papali, litlamorao tsa sephetho se feto-fetohang le papali (tsela ea c le tsela d) e ne e thibetsoe ho zero.
Nako e lekanang e ne e thibetsoe ka ho beha litlamorao tsohle tsa papali le mefuta ea liphetho ho lekana lipakeng tsa mehato eohle (tsela ea = tsela ea b, tsela c = tsela ea d), ho thibela litlamorao tsohle tsa nako. Mehlaleng le tekano, litlamorao tsa thobalano li ne li sa kenyelletsoa tlhahlobisong.
Mefuta e thibetsoeng e ne e bapisoa le mohlala o sa thibeloang o neng o sebelisa liteko tsa sekwere sa Satorra-Bentler chi (Satorra le Bentler, 2010), e lekantsoe le khakanyo e kholo ea menyetla e nang le liphoso tse tloaelehileng (MLR) tekanyo ea ho lokisa (Muthé le Muthén, 2018). Haeba menahano ea mefuta e thibetsoeng e ne e sa tsamaisane le datha, ho lekana ha mohlala ho ne ho tla senyeha. Kahoo, sephetho sa bohlokoa tlhatlhohong ea chi-mraba se ka fana ka tlhahiso ea hore mohlala o sa thijoeng o lekana hantle le data ea rona ho feta mohlala o nang le likhopolo. Sephetho se senang bohlokoa se ka supa hore mohlala o thibetsoeng o lekana le data ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le mohlala o sa thibeloang (Bryant le Satorra, 2012), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore thibelo e behiloeng e ka lumellana le data.
Ithute 2
Ho lekola se boletsoeng esale pele bakeng sa sebopeho sa typology, re thathamisitse maemo a papali ka lihlopha tse 'ne: (1) Bapalami ba kentsoeng, (2) Batšoantšisi ba bothata, (3) Bapalami ba lemaletseng, le (4) Barekisi ba se nang bothata / ba sa kopaneleng / ba sa lemalleng sehlopha se fapaneng (ka mor'a moo se supa "sehlopha se fapaneng") se sebelisa mokhoa oa Core 4 (Brunborg et al., 2015).
Letotong la mehlala ea morao-rao ea regressions, re fuputsetse hore na maemo a papali a bolela sephetho sa bophelo bo botle ba kelello (hamorao se bitsoang "litlamorao") le hore na sephetho sa bophelo bo botle ba kelello se boletse esale pele boemo ba papali ea papali (hamorao ho bitsoa "antecedents"). Kaha boemo ba papali ea papali e ne e le phetoho e fapaneng, ho ne ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo ea machabeng ho hlahloba lipolao tsa maemo a papali. Ho hlahloba litlamorao tsa boemo ba papali, boemo ba papali bo ne bo hlophisitsoe 'me bo sebelisoa e le lintho tse ikemetseng tse hlahisitsoeng ka sepheo sa kelello e le phapang e fapaneng. Re laetse thobalano, tlhahlobo ea typology, le lintlha ho leqhubu le fetileng ka mehato ea sephetho. Bohlahlobi ka bobeli bo entsoe ka mokhoa o tšoanang, 'me tlhahlobo e ile ea phetoa molemong oa sephetho ka seng. Mekha ea mekhoa ea papali le sephetho e qalile ho hlahlobisisoa le mekhahlelo ea selemo sa 1 (T1-T2, T2-T3), ebe ho latela mofuta o mocha oa lipatlisiso ka litlamorao ho lilemo tsa 2 (T1-T3). Liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea regression li tla tšohloa ho latela liphumano ho ithuteng 1, ho etsa lipatlisiso tse ling tsa litloaelo tse khethiloeng lipakeng tsa papali ea methapo ea bophelo ho bophelo ba kelello ka nako.
Ithute 3
Ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa botsitso le lits'oants'o tsa libapali tse lemalloang, barekisi ba bothata le libapali tse amehang, re hakantse mohlala oa Markov o patiloeng oa menyetla ea phetoho lipakeng tsa mefuta e meraro ea libapali, le sehlopha se fapaneng. Mefuta e patiloeng ea Markov e sebelisoa ho hakanya menyetla ea phetoho lipakeng tsa likarolo tsa mekhahlelo ea tatellano ea nako. Melao e hlokometsoeng e sebelisetsoa ho lekanya ts'ebetso ea Markov e ka tlase le e sa sebetseng, e tsejoang hape ka lesela la Markov, le itšetlehileng ka mohopolo oa hore menyetla ea mmuso oa hona joale e itšetlehile ka mmuso o fetileng (Zucchini et al., 2016; Muthén le Muthén, 2017).
Results
Pheko
Ho bankakarolo ba 2,055, 21 e ile ea qheleloa ka thoko ka lebaka la lintho tse haellang ho GASA ho Wave 1. Ho bankakarolo ba setseng, 999 e nkile karolo maqhubu kaofela; 256 e ne e le sieo ho Wave 2, 309 e ne e le sieo ho Wave 3, mme 470 e ne e le sieo ho Waves 2 le 3. Ka kakaretso, ba boletsoeng esale pele ba lahlehileng ba ne ba fokola ntle le mabaka a 'maloa. Ho ba sieo ho Wave 3 ho ne ho boletsoe esale pele ka ho ba monna (OR = 0.52, p = 0.001), le ka ts'ebeliso e kholo ea joala (OR = 1.10, p = 0.01). Ho ba sieo ho Waves 2 le 3 le eona e ile ea boleloa esale pele ka ho ba monna (OR = 0.31, p = 0.00), le tšebeliso e ngata ea joala (OR = 1.08, p = 0.01), hape le ka ho lemalla sebapali (OR = 4.58, p = 0.02).
Ithute 1
Liphetoho le litlamorao tsa papali ea methapo ea methapo
Liphetho tsa setsoalle lipakeng tsa papali ea methapo ea methapo ea bophelo le liphetho tsa bophelo ka har'a mofuta o sa thibeloang li tlalehiloe ho Tafole Table11.
Lethathamo 1
Mohlala oa tsela oa maoto oa likhaohano tsa litlamorao le litlamorao tsa mathata a papali.
| Maemo a beta a lekanang | Mohlala o loketseng | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tsela A | Tsela ea B | Mona C | Mona D | χ2 (df = 8) | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | SRMR | n | |
| TIISETSO | ||||||||||
| Boys | 0.14** | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 115.33 | 0.907 | 0.674 | 0.114 | 0.050 | 963 |
| Girls | 0.13*** | 0.12** | 0.11** | 0.12** | 1,088 | |||||
| KHOTSO | ||||||||||
| Boys | 0.11* | 0.07 | 0.03 | -0.02 | 93.93 | 0.936 | 0.776 | 0.102 | 0.042 | 963 |
| Girls | 0.07* | 0.07* | 0.05 | 0.05 | 1,088 | |||||
| TLOTLISO | ||||||||||
| Boys | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 92.47 | 0.933 | 0.767 | 0.101 | 0.044 | 962 |
| Girls | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.10* | 0.08* | 1,088 | |||||
| ALCOHOL | ||||||||||
| Boys | -0.03 | -0.05 | -0.05 | -0.06 | 76.62 | 0.938 | 0.784 | 0.091 | 0.038 | 963 |
| Girls | 0.01 | 0.01 | -0.001 | -0.04 | 1,087 | |||||
| PUSELETSO VERBAL | ||||||||||
| Boys | 0.09* | 0.02 | 0.04 | -0.04 | 103.73 | 0.923 | 0.730 | 0.108 | 0.043 | 963 |
| Girls | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | -0.003 | 1,088 | |||||
| TLHOKOMELISO PUSELETSO | ||||||||||
| Boys | 0.05 | -0.03 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 87.91 | 0.938 | 0.782 | 0.099 | 0.040 | 963 |
| Girls | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.08* | 0.05 | 1,088 | |||||
Bophelo bo botle ba kelello joalo ka litlamorao tsa papali bo ile ba lekoa tseleng ea A le ea B, ha bophelo bo botle ba kelello joalo ka litekanyetso tsa papali bo ile ba lekoa tseleng ea C le tseleng ea D.
Liphetho tsa liteko tsa Satorra-Bentler tsa phapang ea likwere tse pakeng tsa ea sa thibeloang tsela ea mohlala le mefuta e thibetsoeng (bona Sehlomathiso A-D bakeng sa litafole) ho tlalehiloe Tafoleng Tafole2.2. Tafole Table22 e bontša hore teko ea ha ho liphetho tsa papali e ne e le bohlokoa bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha le ho jeoa ke bolutu, ho bontšang hore menahano ea lintho tse fapaneng tse se be litlamorao tsa ts'ebetso ea papali ea lipapali e ne e sa sebetse. Teko ea ha ho na liqoso tsa papali ea papali e ne e bohlokoa bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo, ho jeoa ke bolutu le ho ba mabifi 'meleng, ho bonts'a hore mefuta ena ke litloaelo tsa lefu la lipapali. Kahoo, mohlala o ne o le mpe le ho feta ha o thibela litlamorao le litlamorao ho liphapang tse boletsoeng ka holimo. Se fumanoeng se bonts'a hore khopolo ea theoretical ea mohlala, khatello ea maikutlo ho se be lebaka la papali ea methapo ea methapo e ne e se na thuso. Ka hona, re bontsitse mabifi a 'mele e le motsoako oa papali ea methapo, ho tšoenyeha ka lebaka la papali ea methapo, mme re bonts'itse kamano e haulang pakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo, ho jeoa ke bolutu le papali ea methapo. Teko ea omnibus ha e a ka ea senola karohano ea thobalano kapa lilemo ka nako ea lintlha tse tharo. Sena se bontšitse hore li-antecedents tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le litlamorao tsa papali ea methapo ea methapo li tšoana le ho bashanyana le banana, ba ikemetseng ka lilemo ho sena thutong ena.
Lethathamo 2
Teko ea sekwere ea Satorra-Bentler chi e bapisa mehlala ea tsela e thibetsoeng mabapi le litlamorao tsa papali ea methapo, litekanyetso bakeng sa papali ea methapo ea methapo, maikutlo a stationary, le phapang ea thobalano le mofuta o sa thibeloang.
| M1: Ha ho na litlamorao tsa papali (df = 4) | M2: Ha ho na liqoso tsa papali ea papali (df = 4) | M3: Tekanyetso ea nako (df = 8) | M4: Tekano ea thobalano (df = 8) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ho tepella maikutlo | 37.84* | 20.47* | 6.16 | 11.52 |
| ho Tšoenyeha | 19.51* | 6.18 | 13.27 | 5.99 |
| ho jeoa ke bolutu | 12.82* | 16.92* | 8.50 | 10.43 |
| ho noa joala | 2.18 | 5.41 | 12.14 | 13.27 |
| Ho ba mabifi | 7.28 | 2.38 | 8.86 | 7.86 |
| Ho ba mabifi | 7.31 | 10.66* | 12.03 | 7.44 |
Melao ea tokoloho e tlalehiloeng ke phapang lipakeng tsa mohlala o thibetsoeng le mohlala o sa thibeloang.
Ithute 2
Liphetoho le litlamorao tsa mefuta e meraro ea libapali
Lethathamo Table33 e bonts'a liphetho ho tsoa tlhahlobisong ea khatello ea machaba ea machaba. Lintlha li bontšitse hore khatello ea maikutlo e boletse esale pele ho kenella papaling ea video ho tloha T1-T2, le T1-T3. Ho sithabela maikutlo hape ho boletse esale pele bothata ba papali ea chelete ka karohano ea selemo sa 1 (T1-T2, T2-T3) empa eseng ho feta lilemo tsa 2 (T1-T3). Bolutu bo ile ba bolela esale pele ho kenella papaling ea video le papali ea mathata ho tloha T1-T2, le mekhahlelo eohle ea lipapali ho tloha T1-T3. Ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lino tse tahang e boletse esale pele bothata ho lipapali ho tsoa ho T2-T3, le T1-T3, athe tšebeliso e phahameng ea joala e boletse esale pele papali ea papali ea ts'ebetso selemong sa bobeli sa tekanyo (T2-T3) .Bogaleki o ile oa bolela esale pele papali ea lipapali tsa video le papali ea bothata lipakeng tsa mehato e 'meli ea pele ( T1-T2), le mabifi a 'mele a bolela esale pele mekhahlelo eohle ea lipapali ka nako e le ngoe ea tekanyo.
Lethathamo 3
Tlhatlhobo ea maemo a mangata a akaretsang e bonts'ang liqeto tsa "sebapali se kenelletseng", "sebapali sa bothata" le "sebapali se lemaletseng." Sehlopha se fapaneng se na le sehlopha sa litšupiso.
| OR [95% CI] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| E kopanetse | bothata | E lemalla | |
| TIISETSO | |||
| T1-T2 | 1.11* [1.02-1.22] | 1.11** [1.03-1.19] | 1.08 [0.94-1.23] |
| T2-T3 | 1.04 [0.94-1.16] | 1.11* [1.02-1.21] | 1.22 [0.95-1.55] |
| T1-T3 | 1.15** [1.05-1.27] | 1.05 [0.97-1.14] | 1.09 [0.87-1.37] |
| KHOTSO | |||
| T1-T2 | 1.08 [0.98-1.18] | 1.05 [0.99-1.12] | 1.07 [0.92-1.23] |
| T2-T3 | 1.09 [0.97-1.22] | 0.98 [0.89-1.07] | 0.93 [0.78-1.11] |
| T1-T3 | 1.06 [0.95-1.20] | 1.05 [0.98-1.13] | 0.97 [0.82-1.14] |
| TLOTLISO | |||
| T1-T2 | 1.11** [1.04-1.19] | 1.07* [1.01-1.13] | 1.06 [0.98-1.15] |
| T2-T3 | 1.08 [0.99-1.16] | 1.05 [0.99-1.11] | 1.07 [0.94-1.23] |
| T1-T3 | 1.08* [1.01-1.16] | 1.08* [1.01-1.15] | 1.16** [1.05-1.28] |
| TLHOKOMELISO ALCOHOL | |||
| T1-T2 | 0.90 [0.76-1.06] | 0.97 [0.87-1.08] | 1.19 [0.89-1.58] |
| T2-T3 | 0.87 [0.68-1.10] | 0.78* [0.63-0.98] | 1.46* [1.03-2.07] |
| T1-T3 | 0.94 [0.76-1.16] | 0.78** [0.65-0.93] | 0.96 [0.75-1.23] |
| PUSELETSO VERBAL | |||
| T1-T2 | 1.16* [1.03- 1.31] | 1.11* [1.01-1.21] | 1.15 [0.99-1.34] |
| T2-T3 | 1.00 [0.85- 1.16] | 0.95 [0.83-1.09] | 0.66 [0.41-1.08] |
| T1-T3 | 0.96 [0.84-1.10] | 1.04 [0.93-1.17] | 0.75 [0.54-1.04] |
| TLHOKOMELISO PUSELETSO | |||
| T1-T2 | 1.12** [1.04-1.21] | 1.10** [1.03-1.16] | 1.19** [1.07-1.31] |
| T2-T3 | 1.01 [0.90-1.14] | 1.05 [0.96-1.15] | 0.91 [0.68-1.21] |
| T1-T3 | 1.04 [0.95-1.13] | 1.02 [0.95-1.09] | 0.94 [0.78-1.13] |
Bong, boemo ba papali ea papali ea papali, le boemo ba papali ba phetoho bo laoloa ho tlhahlobisong eohle. Pontšo ea nako (mohlala, T1-T2) e fumanoeng tlasa phetoho ea sephetho, e bonts'a hore sephetho se fapaneng leqhubu la pele se bolela esale pele karolo ea papali ho leqhubu la bobeli.
Lethathamo Table44 e hlahisa sephetho sa tlhahlobo ea "regar regression" e bonts'a litlamorao tsa mefuta eohle ea lipapali ho bapisoa le sehlopha se fapaneng. Ho sithabela maikutlo ho fumanoe e le litholoana tsa papali ea mathata kamora selemo sa 1 (T1-T2), le mekhahlelo eohle ea lipapali ho feta lilemo tsa 2 (T1-T3). Bolutu bo fumanoe e le litholoana tsa papali ea mathata kamora selemo sa 1 (T1-T2), le kamora lilemo tsa 2 (T1-T3). Ho tšoenyeha ho fumanoe e le phello ea papali e lemaletseng ka mor'a lilemo tsa 2 (T1-T3). Ho hlaseloa ka mantsoe ka mantsoe ho ile ha fumanoa ka lebaka la mathata a papali ka mor'a selemo sa 1 (T1-T2).
Lethathamo 4
Tlhahlobo ea maikutlo e bonts'a litlamorao tsa ho ba "sebapali se kopanetsoeng," "sebapali sa bothata" le "sebapali sa lithethefatsi", ha se bapisoa le sehlopha se fapaneng le nako ea 1 ea nako pakeng tsa mehato.
| LITLHAKISO TSA BOPHELO TSE TSOANG PELE (STDY) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| T1-T2 | T2-T3 | T1-T3 | |
| TIISETSO | |||
| E kopanetse | 0.13 | 0.30 | 0.38* |
| bothata | 0.42*** | 0.12 | 0.33*** |
| E lemalla | 0.52 | 0.33 | 0.58** |
| KHOTSO | |||
| E kopanetse | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.19 |
| bothata | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.13 |
| E lemalla | 0.24 | -0.04 | 0.38** |
| TLOTLISO | |||
| E kopanetse | 0.15 | 0.29 | 0.06 |
| bothata | 0.30** | 0.14 | 0.30** |
| E lemalla | 0.11 | -0.06 | 0.08 |
| TLHOKOMELISO ALCOHOL | |||
| E kopanetse | -0.07 | 0.26 | -0.02 |
| bothata | -0.01 | -0.22 | -0.02 |
| E lemalla | -0.08 | -0.26 | -0.01 |
| PUSELETSO VERBAL | |||
| E kopanetse | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.25 |
| bothata | 0.19* | -0.03 | 0.11 |
| E lemalla | 0.21 | 0.08 | -0.15 |
| TLHOKOMELISO PUSELETSO | |||
| E kopanetse | 0.09 | -0.04 | 0.11 |
| bothata | 0.06 | -0.01 | 0.13 |
| E lemalla | -0.18 | 0.38 | -0.12 |
Bong, boemo ba papali ea papali ea papali, le boemo ba papali ba phetoho bo laoloa ho tlhahlobisong eohle.
Ithute 3
Ho tsitsa le liphetoho li etsahala lipakeng tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea libapali
Ho ajoa ha “sebapali se amehang,” “sebapali sa mathata,” “sebapali se lemaletseng” le sehlopha se bapalang maqhubu a mararo se fumanoa Sehlomathisong. E, le lipalo tse bolelang sehlopha ka seng ka sephetho sa ho feto-fetoha hoa sephetho sa pele le sa ho qetela li fumanoa Sehlomathisong F. Liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea Markov e patiloeng li tlalehiloe ho Lethathamo Tafole5.5. Setšoantšo Figure22 e hlahisa chate ea Sankey ea phetoho e hakantsoeng lipakeng tsa libapali. Ts'ebetso ea botsitso ea sebapali sa lemallo e lekantsoe e le 35%. Bakeng sa mefuta eohle ea libapali, ntle le ho lemalla, e setseng mokhahlelong o le mong ka nako ea lilemo tsa 2 e ne e na le menyetla e phahameng ho feta ho fetola typology. Bakeng sa libapali tse lemalloang ho na le monyetla o phahameng oa ho fetela ho "sebapali sa bothata" ha nako e ntse e feta (53%), ho feta ho lula o le sehlopheng sa batho ba lemalloang (35%). Ho ne ho se na liphetoho lipakeng tsa sebapali sa "lekhoba la makhoba" ho ea ho "sebapali" sa "" "(0%) le ho tloha ho" kopanela "ho ea ho sebapali sa" addiction "(2%).
Lethathamo 5
Monyetla oa phetoho o fumanehang oa mekhahlelo e mene ea libapali ho latela tlhahlobo e Patiloeng ea Markov ho tlalehiloe ka liperesente.
| % | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| E kopanetse | bothata | lemalla ntho e | bapisa | |
| E kopanetse | 52 | 20 | 02 | 26 |
| bothata | 16 | 59 | 08 | 17 |
| lemalla ntho e | 00 | 53 | 35 | 12 |
| bapisa | 00 | 00 | 00 | 100 |
Chate ea Sankey e bonts'a phetoho e lekantsoeng lipakeng tsa mefuta e meraro ea libapali, le sehlopha se fapaneng sa bacha ba sa kang ba oela mefuteng e meraro ea papali. Khakanyo e ipapisitse le phetoho lipakeng tsa T1-T2-T3.
Puisano
Ithute 1
Liphetoho le litlamorao tsa papali ea methapo ea methapo
Morero oa ho ithuta 1 e ne e le ho khetholla li-antecedents le litlamorao tsa papali ea methapo ea methapo ka nako ea lilemo tsa 2. Re fumane, joalo ka ha ho lebeletsoe, setsoalle se khahlisang lipakeng tsa matšoao a bophelo bo botle ba kelello mabapi le ho jeoa ke bolutu le khatello ea maikutlo ho papali ea methapo. Mabapi le ho jeoa ke bolutu, lintho tseo re li fumaneng li ne li tsamaisana le liphumano tse tlalehiloeng ke Lemmens et al. (2011a) e bontshang hore ho jeoa ke bolutu ho ka lebisa ho lipapaling tsa pathological le tse fapaneng. Lithutong tse telele tse fetileng, khatello ea maikutlo e fumanoe feela ka lebaka la papali ea methapo ea methapo (Mößle le Rehbein, 2013; Mihara le Higuchi, 2017), empa thuto ea hona joale e bonts'a hore matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo a kanna a bolela esale pele ka papali ea methapo. E lumellana le lintho tse fumanoeng tsa pele (Nations et et al. 2011), matšoenyeho a ile a bonoa e le sephetho sa papali ea methapo ea methapo. Sena se ka hlalosoa ke matšoao a phahameng maemong a kantle ho marang-rang a bakoang ke bophelo bo fokolang ba 'nete ea bophelo (Lo et al., 2005), kapa ho se tšoane pakeng tsa boitsebisong ba inthaneteng le bo sa reroang ho baka ho se sireletsehe lefatšeng la 'nete. Patlisiso e fetileng e hlokometse mabifi a mmele ka lebaka la papali (Lemmens et al., 2011b). Ha ho bapisoa, thuto ea hona joale e bontsitse mabifi a 'mele e le mokhoa oa papali ea papali ea methapo. Sena se ka bakoa ke tšekamelo ea khalefo ea ho loants'a 'mele, e ka khotsofatsoang habonolo lipapaling tsa video ho feta lefats'eng la' nete (Kim et al., 2008). Ho fumana sena ho kanna ha supa hore ho ba mabifi e ka ba sesupo sa mathata a sefahleho sa sefahleho, ho etsa hore likamano tsa batho ba bang Inthaneteng (mohlala, papali ea papali ea papali ea papali ea papali ea papali ea chelete) li atlehe ho feta bacha ba mabifi.
E lumellana le lithuto tse fetileng (Lemmens et al., 2011a; Brunborg et al., 2013), likamano lipakeng tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le papali ea methapo thutong ena li fumanoe li sa khahlise thobalano. Phumano ena e bonts'a hore le ha banna ba kotsing e kholo ea ho lemalla papali ea papali (Mentzoni et al., 2011; van Rooij et al., 2014), tsela eo maemo a bophelo bo botle ba kelello a sebetsang joaloka lithahasello le litlamorao tsa papali ea methapo ea maoto, e lekana bakeng sa ba batona le ba batšehali. Phapang nako eohle ha ea ka ea fumaneha e le mohopolo oa thuto ea morao-rao phuputsong ea hona joale, e bonts'ang hore phapang ea lilemo pakeng tsa 17.5 le 19.5 lilemo ha e ea lokela botsoalle lipakeng tsa bophelo ba kelello le papali ea methapo.
Ithute 2
Liphetoho le litlamorao tsa mofuta oa lipapali tsa lipapali
Morero oa ho ithuta 2 e ne e le ho etsa lipatlisiso likamanong tse ikhethang pakeng tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le mefuta e meraro ea papali, ho sebelisa libapali tse sa amehang / tse senang bothata / tse sa lemalleng. Re ile ra etsa lipatlisiso tsa mefuta eohle e le litlamorao le litaba tsa bophelo ba kelello. Re ne re lebelletse ho fumana hore sehlopha sa libapali tse lemalloang se tla amahanngoa le palo e phahameng ea litekanyetso, le liphetho tse phahameng ho feta lihlopha tse ling tsa libapali, tse sa kang tsa ba teng lithutong tsa hona joale. Ha u haha holim 'a tse fumanoeng ho tsoa thutong ea 1, liphetho tse amehang ho tsoa ho thuto 2 li kenyelletsa khatello ea maikutlo joaloka mohanyetsi oa sebapali se sebetsanang le bothata, ho jeoa ke bolutu le ho ba mabifi ho hlaseloa ke mefuta eohle. Mabapi le litlamorao, mekhatlo e amehang e kenyelletsa khatello ea maikutlo ka lebaka la mefuta eohle, ho tšoenyeha ka lebaka la papatso ea papali ea chelete, le bolutu ka lebaka la bothata ba papali ea lipapali.
Joalokaha ho boletsoe thutong ea 1, re hlokometse litlamorao tse pakeng tsa papali ea mafu le bolutu le khatello ea maikutlo. Ha re ntse re batlisisa mefuta e tšoanang mabapi le typologies, bolutu bo ile ba fumanoa e le bohanyetsi le litlamorao tsa bothata ba ho bapala ',' me khatello ea maikutlo e fumanoe e le semolao le litlamorao tsa ho bapala ka bothata hammoho le ho bapala lipapali. Kamano e fokolang empa e le ea bohlokoa, e iphetang pakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le papali ea boithabiso e ne e makatsa ha lipatlisiso tsa pejana li sa ka tsa tlaleha litlamorao tse mpe tsa ho nka karolo papaling ea video (Brunborg et al., 2013). Se fumaneng hajoale se bonts'a hore ho sotha, ho mamellana, le ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo (tseo e leng matšoao a IGD (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), e kanna ea ba ea bohlokoa ho utloisisa setsoalle se tšehetsang se kopaneng pakeng tsa papali ea methapo ea maikutlo le ho jeoa ke bolutu / khatello ea maikutlo e fumanoeng ho ithuteng 1.
Ho boetse ho na le liphumano tse khahlisang tse tobileng ho papali ea lithethefatsi tse lemalloang, tse ka hlalosang hore na hobaneng ha psychopathology e matla e fumanoa e amana le sehlopha sena (Loton et al., 2016). Matšoenyeho a fumanoa feela ka lebaka la libapali tse lemalloang. Ha re theha liphumano tse fumanoeng thutong ea 1, hoa hlokomeleha hore kamano e khethiloeng lipakeng tsa matšoenyeho le "papali ea" "pathological" e bonahala e sebetsa ho "papali ea lithethefatsi" ho ithuteng 2. Ha rea fumana tšehetso ea setsoalle pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea joala le papali ea methapo ea kutlo ho 1. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tsa litheko li bonts'itse hore ts'ebeliso e kholo ea joala e boletse esale pele ho lemalla papali ea video, ha ts'ebeliso e tlase ea joala e boletse esale pele bothata ba papali ea 2. Liphumano tsena tse ka mahlakoreng a fapaneng li ka hlakola phello efe kapa efe e ka bang teng ha ho bapaloa papali ea methapo ea methapo e le tšebeliso e sa tloaelehang, ka hona ho bohlokoa ho elelloa. Liphumano tsena ke tse ling tsa phapang e hlokomelehang lipakeng tsa libapali tse lemalloang le litheko tse ling, 'me li ka hlalosa hore na hobaneng ts'ebeliso ea papali ea lipapali tsa video e baka litletlebo tse tebileng ho feta papali e nang le mathata (Brunborg et al., 2013). Ha ho mekhatlo e ikhethileng ea ho bapalla papaling e lemaletseng e fumanoeng, e bonts'ang hore boemo bona bo bolela esale pele kelello e rarahaneng ea psychopathology, ho fapana le ho boleloa esale pele ke bophelo ba kelello.
Seo re se fumaneng se bonts'a hore mabifi a 'mele a boletse esale pele mefuta eohle ea lipapali ho bapisoa le sehlopha sa litšupiso. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore setsoalle pakeng tsa papali ea papali le mabifi se ka hlalosoa ke bacha ba nang le tšekamelo e mabifi le litšobotsi tse amanang tsa kelello (Kim et al., 2008), ho ba kotsing e kholo ea ts'ebetso ea lipapali tsa lipapali, ho fapana le ho bapala papali ea papali ea mabifi. Re boetse re fumane matšoao a bophahamo ba tlhaselo ea mantsoe ka mokhoa oa papali ea mathata le papali ea mathata, mme ka lebaka la papali ea mathata, empa liphumano tsena li ne li sa lumellane holim'a maqhubu a mararo, ebile li sa tšehetsoe ke tlhahlobo ea Satorra-Bentler thutong ea 1 . Ka kakaretso, seo re se fumaneng se bonts'a hore khokahano lipakeng tsa mabifi le lipapatso tsa papali e lokela ho hlahlojoa le ho sebelisoa, mohlala, mohlala o thehiloeng ho sebapali (Ferguson et al., 2017) kapa paradigm ea ho khotsofatsa (Sherry et al., 2006), e lebisang tlhokomelo ho lefapha la sebapali.
Ithute 3
Botsitso le lits'oants'o tsa mefuta ea lipapali tsa lipapali
Morero oa ho ithuta 3 e ne e le ho batlisisa botsitso ba nakoana ba lipapali tsa papali, le liphetoho tse etsahalang lipakeng tsa typologies tse joalo le sehlopha se fapaneng. Botsitso ba nakoana ba bapalami ba lemaletseng ho hakanngoa e le 35% e bohareng ba mekhahlelo e tlalehiloeng ke lithuto tse ling (<1-84%) (Gentile et al., 2011; van Rooij et al., 2011; Strittmatter et al., 2016; Rothmund et al., 2018). Kahoo, ho bongata ba bacha ba lemalloang lithutong tsa hona joale, ho teba ha matšoao a lipapali ho fokotsehile nako ea lilemo tsa 2. Liphetoho tsa nts'etsopele tsa nako e tšoanang ho tloha nakong ea 17 ho isa ho lilemo tsa 19 (mohlala, boikarabello bo ntlafalitsoeng, likamano tsa lerato le mesebetsi ea baithuti) (Rothmund et al., 2018) e ka hlalosa sena. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, sehlopha sa "libapali tse lemalloang" se ne se le 35%, e leng taba ea bohlokoa, e bonts'a hore bakeng sa sehlopha se seholo sa libapali, matšoao a bokuli ba lipapali a ntse a phehella ho feta lilemo tsa 2. Ho feta moo, karolo e phahameng ea libapali tse lemalloang e fetisetsoa sehlopheng sa lipapali sa lipapali (53%), e amanang le litletlebo tsa maikutlo le tsa bophelo bo botle (Brunborg et al., 2013).
Se fumanoeng se fana ka maikutlo a hore bakeng sa mefuta eohle ea libapali, ntle le bokhoba ba lipapali, ho ne ho ka ba le menyetla e mengata ea ho lula sehlopheng se le seng ka nako ho feta ho tloha. Ntle le moo, ha ho motho ea tsoang sehlopheng sa phapang ea fetohelang ho mofuta leha e le ofe oa papali ea lipapali, e fanang ka maikutlo a hore matšoao a papali ea methapo ea methapo a hlaha pejana nalaneng ea kholo. Sena se ka 'na sa hlalosa ho haelloa ke ho haptjoa ha lihlopha tse ncha tsa bothata le bothata le libapali.
Puisano ka kakaretso le sephetho sa se fumanoeng
Pampiri ea hajoale e sebelisitse mokhoa o pharalletseng oa ho lekola tsela ea tlhaho ea papali ho feta ka nako, ho lekola ho tsamaisana le bophelo bo botle ba kelello, hammoho le lits'itiso lipakeng tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea papali. Ho sebelisa mokhoa o sa lekanyetsoang le tloaelo ea tlhaho ea ho bapalla papaling e tšoanang ho bontša hore mokhoa o sa lekanyetsoang oa taolo ea lipapali (joalo ka ha o sebelisitsoe thutong ea 1) ntle le ho phenyekolla ho eketsehileng, o ka fella ka ho hlokomoloha phapang e ka bang teng lipakeng tsa mefuta ea lipapali tsa lipapali. Mohlala, tataiso e pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea joala le "papali ea mathata" (e mpe) le "papali ea tai chi" (e ntle) thutong ea 2, e ne e shebane, ha 1 ea ho ithuta e sa fumane kamano e teng lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea joala le papali ea methapo. Ka hona, ho ithuta 2 ho fumane hore ho na le phapang lipakeng tsa mofuta oa lipapali tsa lipapali tse neng li ke ke tsa batlisisoa ho ithuteng 1, moo papali ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo e neng e lekantsoe khafetsa. Phapang pakeng tsa mekhahlelo ea libapali tse kenang haholo li ka ba bohlokoa ho khetholla bacha ka ho khetheha ba hlokang kalafo, le nts'etsopele ea lipuisano tsa thibelo le kalafo.
Liphetho tsa ho ithuta 2 le 3 li kopane li fana ka tsebo ea tlhahlobo ea tlhaho ea mefuta e fapaneng ea lipapali. Ho hlahloba lits'oants'o tsa boithuto 3 e bonts'a libapali tse lemalloang haholo (53%) li fetela ho "libapali tsa mathata" kapa li lula li lemaletse (35%). Sena sea khahla mabapi le lintho tse fumanoeng ho ithuteng 2, tse supang litlamorao tse mpe tsa "papali ea mathata" le "papali e lemalloang." Ka kakaretso botsitso ba libapali tse lemalloang le libapali tse nang le mathata bo ne bo le holimo haholo, 'me ho bonahala ho le joalo ho nahana hore bongata ba bacha bana ba hloka kalafo kapa mefuta e meng ea tšehetso.
Ho latela seo re se fumaneng thutong ea 1, khatello ea maikutlo le ho jeoa ke bolutu ho bonahala li tsamaisana le matšoao a lipapatso tsa methapo ea methapo kahare le molemong oa ho iphelisa. Sena se ne se tšehelitsoe haholo ke liphetho tsa 2, ka phapang lipakeng tsa mofuta ona. Mohlala o hlalosang oa tšebeliso ea marang-rang a pathological ho bacha (Strittmatter et al., 2016) e fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso e mpe ea ts'ebetso ea marang-rang e sa sebetseng (mohlala, ho baleha mathata a bophelo ba nnete, maikutlo a mabe, likhohlano) ka ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea pathological e hlahisa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang. Bacha ba boetse ba fumana matlafatso ea marang-rang (mohlala, boitlamo, tlhahlobo ea boitsebahatso), eo ka nako eo e nolofalletsang ts'ebeliso e kholo ea inthanete. Strittmatter et al. (2016) fana ka maikutlo a hore potoloho ena e sebetsa khafetsa ebile e hlokometsoe ke bacha ba nang le mathata a maikutlo ho feta har'a ba se nang mathata a joalo. Ntle le moo, "khopolo ea ho fallisoa" (Nations et et al., 2017) e hlalosa kamoo tšebeliso ea mecha ea litaba e ka nkang mesebetsi e bohlokoa joaloka ho robala le ho thabela botsoalle. Ha re theha taba ena, re etsa tlhahiso ea hore re hlalose mekhoa ea ho ts'ehetsa e lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo, bolutu, le papali ea methapo ea methapo ka potoloho e le 'ngoe (bona setšoantšo. Figure3).3). Pele, papali e kanna ea ba ntho ea ho hasa bacha ba nang le mathata a maikutlo (Lemmens et al., 2011a). Lipapatso li ka fana ka pholoso ea hanghang ea maemo a sa thabiseng, joalo ka mohlala, bohloko bo bakoang ke khatello ea maikutlo le / kapa ho jeoa ke bolutu (matlafatso a fosahetseng a papali ea chelete) hammoho le liphihlelo tse ntle tsa inthanete (khothaletso e ntle ea papali). Matšoao a papali ea li-pathological a ka phahamisoa le ho tšehetsoa ke ho etsa mohlala ka ho ba bonolo bophelong ba bocha, 'me e ba leano la bohlokoa la phetolo ea maikutlo. Sena se ka fella ka ho lahleheloa ke liphihlelo tsa bophelo ba nnete le ho tloheloa ha mesebetsi e meng (Lichabeng et al., 2017) hape ho fella ka mathata a eketsehileng a maikutlo. Ka bobeli, sena se ka hlalosa hore na bacha ba nang le papali ea methapo ea kutlo ba ka loana joang ho baleha potoloho ena e mpe e ipehang. Ho hlakisa, mohlala o leka ho hlalosa mekhoa e sebetsang lipakeng tsa mathata a maikutlo le papali ea methapo e fumanoang thutong ena, eseng boholo ba mahlomola. Moetso o reriloeng ha o fane ka maikutlo a hore papali ka kakaretso e tla lebisa ho sithabetseng kapa ho jeoa ke bolutu, empa ho e-na le hoo e hlalosa ho sebelisana le papali ea methapo ea methapo e fumanoeng thutong ea morao tjena.
Mohlala o bonts'a mekhoa e reriloeng e sebetsang lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo, ho jeoa ke bolutu le papali ea methapo.
Liphumano thutong ea 3 li bonts'a hore libapali tse amehang li ka etsahala ho feta mefuta e meng ho fetela sehlopheng se fapaneng, athe libapali tse lemalloang ha se tsona tse ka fetisetsang ho sehlopha se fapaneng. Ntle le moo, ho bonahala ho se na liphetoho lipakeng tsa "libapali tse kenelletseng" le "libapali tse lemalloang." Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore monyetla oa ho lemalla ka lebaka la papali e nyane ha o nyane. Liphumano lithutong tsa 2 li bonts'a hore libapali tse amehang le tsona ke sehlopha se nang le litlamorao tse fokolang ho feta mefuta e meng. E lokela ho shebisisa ha ho hlahlojoa bongata ba libapali tse amehang (bona Sehlomathiso F) ke hore li bonahala li na le lintlha tse tlase maemong ohle a sephetho ha li bapisoa le bokhoba ba papali ea lithethefatsi. Sena se ka bontša hore libapali tse lemalloang li kenelletse morerong o mobe oa ts'ebetso e mpe, li ba le litlamorao tse mpe tsa boitšoaro ba bona ba papali mme ho bonahala eka ba na le mathata a ho feta ho bapalami.
Potso ea hore na ke hobaneng ha ba bang ba e-ba le bothata ba papali ha ba bang ba e-ba le mekhoa e fokolang ea papali (bothata kapa sebapali) e ntse e le taba ea lithuto tse ling. Ho latela lipatlisiso tse fetileng (Lemmens et al., 2011a),, 1 ea ho ithuta e fumane hore ho jeoa ke bolutu e ne e le papali ea papali ea methapo. Study 2 e fumane hore ho tloaelana le ho jeoa ke bolutu ho ne ho sa bohlokoa feela ntlafatsong ea papali ea papali ea chelete, empa hape e sebetsa le mathateng le ho bapala papali ea chelete. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, mabifi a 'mele a fumanoe e le mohopolo oa mefuta eohle, ho bonts'a hore mefuta ena e' meli e bonahala e profeta boitšoaro bo matla ba papali ka kakaretso. Re boetse re fumane phapang lipakeng tsa typologies ho thuto 2, re fana ka maikutlo a hore ho tepella maikutlo ho boletseng esale pele ho bapala papali ea mathata le mathata, empa eseng ho lemalla joala, le hore ts'ebeliso e kholo ea joala e rere papali ea papali ea joala, ha ts'ebeliso e tlase ea joala e boletse esale pele hore ke papali ea bothata. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang mabapi le phapang le ho ts'oana ho teng lipakeng tsa mofuta ona li ka thusa ho hlahisa tekanyo e kholo ea litheko tse susumetsang nts'etsopele ea mekhoa e fapaneng ea papali.
Matla le mefokolo
Matla a maholo a thuto ea hona joale ke mokhoa o pharalletseng, o telele o fanang ka temohisiso mokhoeng oa lipakeng tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le papali ea methapo, 'me ka ho khetheha, e etsa hore ho hlahlojoe mefuta ena e meraro ka nako. Matla a mang a kenyelletsa boholo ba sampole e kholo, sampling e sa reroang ho tsoa ho National Population Registry, le sekhahla se phahameng sa karabelo. Boithuto ba nako e telele bo fetileng bo 'nile ba nyatsuoa ka ho se ananele maemo a pele a feto-fetohang (Scharkow et al., 2014), empa thutong ena tlhahlobo eohle e laoloe bakeng sa maemo a pele a mefuta eohle, le thobalano.
Moeli o mong oa thuto ea hona joale ke taba ea kakaretsoizability. Mohlala ona o na le bacha ba pakeng tsa lilemo tsa 17.5-19.5, bao e leng bona ba leng kotsing e kholo ea boits'oaro bo bobe, ka lebaka leo liphetho li ka se akaretse ho batho ba lilemo tse ling. Ntle le moo, tlhahlobo ea khahloa e fumane lingoloa tse 'maloa tsa ho lahla T2 le T3 (thobalano, tšebeliso ea joala, le papali ea tai), tse ka bonts'ang khethollo e itseng. Sena se kanna sa ama matla a lipalo tsa thuto ea rona, ka hona ho ka be ho bile le molemo ho ba le sampole e kholo. Leha ho le joalo, taolo e latelang ea thobalano, le boemo ba pele ba lintho tsohle tse fapaneng li fokotsa litlamorao tse hohelang.
Qobello e 'ngoe ke hore mohlala oa 1 oa ho ithuta ha o hantle, o bonts'a hore sephetho sa ho ithuta 1 se lokela ho hlalosoa ka hloko. Tlhaloso e le 'ngoe bakeng sa semolao se matla e ka ba hore mohopolo oa mohopolo o lumellang liphapang tsa thobalano, le ho se lekane ka nako eohle mohlaleng o sa thibeloang ho ne ho sa nepahala. Sena se tšehetsoa ke liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea Satorra Bentler. Likhatiso tse fokolang tsa bolokolohi li kanna tsa kenya RMSEA, 'me ho hana mehlala e se nang hantle ha ho hlokahale ho khothalelitsoe (Kenny et al., 2015).
Moelelo o mong o lokelang ho boleloa ke hore tlhahlobo ea ts'epahalo e bonts'a ho hloka botsitso ho hongata ka hare (Nunnally, 1978) tšebeliso ea joala (lintho tsa 3) ho Wave 3, le ho mabifi ka mantsoe (Lintho tsa 3). Le ha ho le joalo, alpha e ka tlase ho sekhahla sa cutoff ea 0.70 ha e bolele ho ts'epahala ho tlase (Cho le Kim, 2015), mme alpha ea 0.60 e ka nkuoa e amoheleha ha u sebelisa likala tse khutšoane (Loewenthal, 2001) tse nang le lintho tse <10.
fihlela qeto e
Boithuto ba hona joale bo bonts'a hore mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello a bonahala a sebelisana haufi-ufi le boloetse ba lipapali, ka bobeli e le litaba tsa morao-rao le litlamorao ka nako. Ho ile ha tsejoa liphapang tse ngata lipakeng tsa libapali tse amehang, libapali tsa bothata le libapali tse lemalloang, mme ho bonahala ho na le phetoho e kholo lipakeng tsa typologies, empa eseng lipakeng tsa libapali tse lemalloang le libapali tse kenelletseng. “Sebapali se kenelletseng” se amahanngoa le ho teba ho tebileng ka lebaka la litlamorao tse mpe, athe ho ba sebapali sa lemallo ho amahanngoa le psychopathology e matla le ho feta. Ho shebella mathata a papali ho tsoa ponong ea tlhaho ho ka ba molemo ho tekolo e tsoelang pele le conceptualization ea ho lemalla papali ea video, lithutong le maemong a bongaka. Ho feta moo, liphetho li fana ka maikutlo a hore bothata ba papali ea papali bo na le botsitso bo phahameng, bo bonts'a hore bakeng sa libapali tse lemalloang haholo, matšoao a tsona ha a bonahale a raroloha hanghang, a bonts'a tlhoko ea ho kenella kapa taolo ea bongaka.
Menehelo ea Mongoli
SP, RM, TT, HM, le DK li ile tsa emela mohopolo le moralo oa mosebetsi. Bangoli bohle ba kentse letsoho ho etseng phihlello, tlhahlobo le tlhaiso-leseling. EK o ile a ngola mosebetsi. Bangoli bohle ba ile ba ntlafatsa mosebetsi ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho latela litaba tsa bohlokoa tsa mahlale. Bangoli bohle ba amohetse mofuta oa ho qetela mme ba ikarabella bakeng sa likarolo tsohle tsa mosebetsi ho latela bonnete ba hore lipotso tse amanang le ho nepahala kapa botsitso ba karolo efe kapa efe ea mosebetsi li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka nepo le ho rarolloa.
Khohlano ea polelo ea thahasello
Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.
Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe
Lithuso. Morero ona o ne o tšehelitsoe ke Lekhotla la Patlisiso la Norway (ha ho 173551, 240053).
Lintho tse ling tse eketsehileng
The Supplementary Material bakeng sa sehlooho sena se ka fumaneha Inthaneteng ka: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02239/full#supplementary-material
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