(CUTUSA) Kamano e sa lebelloang pakeng tsa lithethefatsi le marang-rang a amanang le marang-rang a mangata har'a liithuti tsa Chinese College Freshmen: A Longitudinal Cross-Lagged Analysis (2017)

Piguo Han1,2, Peng Wang1, Qingnan Lin2, Yu Tian1, Fengqiang Gao1* 'me Yingmin Chen1*

  • 1Sekolo sa Psychology, Univesithi e Tloaelehileng ea Shandong, Jinan, China
  • 2Lefapha la Thuto ea Likonyana, Yunivesithi ea Heze, Heze, China

Phuputso ena e fuputse likamano lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba taolo ea inthanete (IA) le taolo e amanang le khokahano e amanang le marang-rang (NMC) ho li-korea tse ncha tsa koleche ea China. Phuputso e entsoeng ka nako e telele e khuts'oane le sampole ea batho ba bacha ba koleche ea 213 e entsoe profinseng ea Shandong, China. Liphetho li hlahisitse hore IA e ka bolela esale pele ka tsoalo le nts'etsopele ea li-NMC, le hore ha likhopolo tse joalo tse mpe li se li thehiloe, li ka ama hampe boemo ba liithuti tsa IA. Ho ile ha bonoa potoloho e mpe lipakeng tsa lintho tsena tse peli, 'me IA e etelletse pele kamano ea eona le NMC. Boithuto bona bo boetse bo supile hore kamano lipakeng tsa lintho tsena tse peli e ts'oana ho ba batona le ba batšehali; ka hona, mohlala oa ho qetela oo re o qalileng o ka sebelisoa haholo ho li-korea tsa China tse ncha, ho sa tsotelloe bong. Ho utloisisa kamano ea boiphetetso pakeng tsa lintho tse peli tse fapaneng ho ka thusa lipuisanong ho IA qalong ea bophelo ba koleche.

Selelekela

Ho tloha qalehong ea eona ea li-1990s, Marang-rang e se e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi Chaena, haholo-holo ho bacha ba lilemo li 10-21 (Daniel et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2012). Ho latela Tlaleho ea 36th ea Tlaleho mabapi le Nts'etsopele ea Marang-rang China, e phatlalalitsoeng ke China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC), palo ea basebelisi ba marang-rang ba lilemong tsa bocha Chaena e eketsehile ka potlako ho tloha ho limilione tsa 120 ho 2002 ho isa ho 287 milione ho 2016 (Tian et al., 2017).

Marang-rang a hlahisitse melemo e mengata e kang khokahano e ntlafalitsoeng ea sechaba le boiketlo ba (Bessière et al., 2008; Monyane le de Abreu, 2011). Leha ho le joalo, tšebeliso ea litheko tsa inthanete (IA), e khetholloang ka tšebeliso e fetelletseng kapa e qobelloang ea tšebeliso ea inthanete (Young le al., 1999; Shek et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2014E bile le litlamorao tse ngata tse mpe (Joseph et al., 2016). Boithuto bo 'maloa bo bontšitse hore IA e ka ama hampe bophelo ba' mele le ba kelello (Ayas le Horzum, 2013; Georgios et al., 2014; Mike le Zhong, 2014). Mohlala, bacha ba nang le IA hangata ba ba le matšoenyeho, khatello ea maikutlo, ho jeoa ke bolutu, boitšepo bo tlase, le likamano tse fosahetseng tsa batho ba bang (Tokunaga le lipula, 2010; Georgios et al., 2014; Mike le Zhong, 2014), tse ka amang boiketlo ba tsona (Tokunaga le lipula, 2010; Georgios et al., 2014; Mike le Zhong, 2014) le ntšetso-pele ea thutoChuang, 2006; Kim et al., 2008; Tsai et al., 2009; Ahmadi le Saghafi, 2013). Ka hona, ho ithuta IA bongoaneng ho na le litlamorao tse tebileng tsa thuto le sechaba.

Kamano lipakeng tsa IA le NMC

Networkmadaptive cognition e amanang le marang-rang (NMC) ke khale ho nahanoa hore e bapala karolo ea mantlha ho IA (Li et al., 2013). Ho latela mohlala oa boiketsetso (Davis, 2001), psychopathology (mohlala, khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho a sechaba) ke sesosa sa bohloka sa matšoao a IA ka bo eona ha a hlahise matšoao a IA. Lintho tsa bohlokoa ho IA ke li-NMC, e leng lisosa tse lekaneng (Daniel et al., 2012;; Setšoantšo 1). Liphuputso tse ngata li tlalehile hore psychal psychology e thusa motho ea kotsing ea ho tšoaroa ke IA ka NMC (Kalkan, 2012; Mai et al., 2012; Li le Wang, 2013; Lu le Ee, 2015). Mohlala, bafuputsi ba ile ba etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le kamano e neng e le teng lipakeng tsa bohale (ho re, taolo ea boiteko, ho batla maikutlo a phahameng, le ho halefa kapa ho teneha ho hoholo) le nts'etsopele ea IA; Liphetho li bonts'itse hore maemo a itseng a susumetsa boemo ba IA ka tsela eo maikutlo a bonoang ka eona mabapi le boitšoaro ba marang-rang (Zhang et al., 2015). Tian et al. (2017) e ile ea hlahloba litloaelano tsa boiphetetso lipakeng tsa lihlong, ho ba le tsebo e mpe, le tšebeliso ea methapo ea inthanete (GPIU) mohlaleng oa Chaena. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore mekhatlo e fapaneng pakeng tsa lintho tse fapaneng e matla ebile e batla maikutlo, le hore likhopolo tse mpe li ntse li eketseha ka botsitso pakeng tsa lihlong le GPIU ka nako eohle. Ntle le moo, lithuto tse ling li fumane hore mokhoa oa botsoali le kamano ea lithaka li ka etsa hore batho ba tle pele ho NMC, e ka amang boemo ba IA hape (Li et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2015).

 
Tšoantšiso 1
www.frontiersin.org   

TLHAHLISO 1. Mohlala oa tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea methapo ea kutlo (Davis, 2001).

 
 

Ntle le moo, lithuto tse ling tse ngata li shebile ho lemalla papali ea Inthanete mme li fuputse kamano ea tsona le ho lemosoa hampe. King le Delfabbro (2014) e hlahisitse mofuta o mocha o fanang ka litlhaloso tsa khopolo ea tšimoloho le pathogene ea ho lemalla lipapali tsa inthanete. Bangoli ba thathamisitse likhopolo tse 'ne tse fosahetseng tse tlisoang ke ho lemalla papali ea inthanete, e leng ho fetelletsa, melao e fosahetseng, boitšepo le ho amoheloa ha lipapali. Boithuto bo bong bo matla le bona bo fumane hore bacha ba nang le matšoao a ho lemalla papali ea marang-rang ba tlalehile likotsi tse mpe haholo ho feta bacha ba se nang matšoao ana (Zhou et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2014; King le Delfabbro, 2016). Peng le Liu (2010) e tlaleha hore tekanyo ea lintlha tse hlano e lekanyang likhopolo tsa papali ea chelete ho batho ba baholo ba China. Forrest et al. (2016) fuputsa likotsi tse mpe tse amanang le ho bapala papali ea video e nang le bothata ho sampole ea batho ba baholo ba Australia ba 465. Liphetho li bontšitse hore likhopolo tsena tse thata li amana hantle le bokhoba ba papali ea marang-rang. Forrest et al. (2017) e fuputsitse hore na kelello e mpe e ka lemosa liphetoho tsa nako e tlang lipapaling tsa video tse nang le mathata ka ho sebelisa thuto e telele ea 12 ea khoeli e telele. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore phetoho ea kelello e hlahisitse 28% ea phapang lipapaling tse mpe tsa lipapali ho feta bong, lilemo, le khafetsa lipapaling.

Leha lithuto tse 'maloa li bontšitse tšusumetso ea NMC ho IA, ke lithuto tse fokolang tse ileng tsa hlahloba tšusumetso ea IA ho NMC. Khopolo-taba ea ho hlonepha (Festinger, 1957), eo haholoholo e amehang ka moo batho ba fumanang le ho arabela ho se lumellaneng kahare ho monahano le pakeng tsa boits'oaro le menahano, e fana ka litlhaloso tse ling tsa kamoo NMC e amanang le IA. Ha batho ba hlokomela ho se lumellane, ba ikutloa ba sa thaba kapa ba ikutloa ba hloname, e leng se khothalletsang boiteko ba ho fokotsa liphihlelo tsena mme ba boele ba feto-fetohe ka ho feto-fetola maikutlo a bona, maikutlo, kapa boitšoaro ho fihlela ho se lumellane ho joalo ho rarolloe (de Vries and Timmins, 2016). Ho ea ka khopolo ena, ha batho ba itšoara ka tsela e sa lumellaneng le litekanyetso tsa bona, joalo ka ho inehela inthaneteng ha e se e amme bophelo ba bona hampe, ba ikutloa ba sa hlonephe ka mokhoa oa ho ikoahlaea; hona ho etsahala ka maikutlo a boikarabello ba motho bakeng sa litlamorao tse mpe tsa boits'oaro ba bona. Batho ba bangata ba khona ho fetola mekhoa ea bona ka katleho ho fokotsa ho se lumellane hona. Leha ho le joalo, batho ba bang ba ka fokotsa ho hlonama ka ho fetola maikutlo a bona ka inthanete, ka ho etsa joalo ba fokotsa ho hlonama ha bona ba ntse ba boloka boits'oaro bo thata. Chiou & Wan (2007) fuputsa mokhoa ona ka mehlala ea libapali tsa lipapali tsa video. Liphetho li senotse hore libapali tse ikutloang li ikarabella bakeng sa boits'oaro ba tsona li ka fetole maikutlo a tsona lipapaling tsa video ho tloha ho tse ntle ho isa ho tse mpe, athe libapali tse nang le letsete le phahameng la ho bapala lipapali tsa video ha li na monyetla oa ho etsa boitšoaro bo sa thabiseng.

Patlisiso mabapi le IA hara Baithuti ba Koleche

Liphuputso tse fapaneng li bontšitse hore bacha ba bopa boholo ba basebelisi ba marang-rang, le hore baithuti ba koleche ba hlaseleha habonolo ho IA ka lebaka la ho fihlella habonolo ha inthanete, linako tse feto-fetohang, le bokhoni ba bona bo tlase ba ho laola boitšoaro ba bona (Shaw le Black, 2008; Fu et al., 2010; Georgios et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2014). Ho feta moo, qalo ea bophelo ba koleche ke nako ea nts'etsopele bakeng sa baithuti nakong ea phetoho hole le ts'episo e phahameng haholo ea likamano tsa motho (eseng likamano tsa lelapa feela empa le likamano tsa lithaka le tse ling tsa kahisano; Woodhouse et al., 2012). Liphuputso tse fetileng li tlalehile hore tšebeliso ea marang-rang e sa laoloang e amana haufi le ho putlama ha puisano le malapa (Van den Eijnden et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2012). Kahoo, phetoho lipakeng tsa likamano tsa batho li ka beha beng ba koleche ba kotsing ea ho theha IA (Zhang et al., 2014).

Ntle le moo, li-freshmen li tlameha ho feta tlhahlobo e thata ea ho amoheloa kolecheng Chaena, 'me hangata li na le nako e sa lekanang ea ho itlhahloba nakong ea sekolo se phahameng. Kahoo, ha ba tobana le bophelo ba koleche, ho haella ha bona ho ithuteng le bokhoni ba ho kenella ho batho ba bang ho ka etsa hore ba ikutloe ba ferekane (Ni et al., 2009). Ntle le moo, ka lebaka la nako e ngata ea boikhathollo le phihlello e sa lekanyetsoang ea marang-rang ka lisebelisoa tse ngata tse se nang mohala, barui ba koleche ba tloaetse ho qeta nako e ngata inthaneteng, ka hona ba na le matšoao a IA nakong ena e ikhethang (Chen, 2012). Ho fana ka maano a thibelo le ho kenella bakeng sa IA, ho ile ha etsoa thuto ea nako e telele nakong ea semesara sa pele kolecheng.

Thuto ea Hona joale

Leha bafuputsi ba bangata ba batlisisitse kamano lipakeng tsa IA le NMC, boholo ba bona ba nkile mokhoa oa karohano; ka hona ho thata ho bonts'a kamano ea boiphetetso pakeng tsa lintho tse peli tse fapaneng ((Joseph et al., 2016). Ntle le moo, leha monyetla oa baithuti ba ntlafatsang IA o phahame haholo qalong ea koleche (Li le Liang, 2007; Ni et al., 2009), barupeluoa ba lithuto tse fetileng ba tloaetse ho ba liithuti tsa koleche tsa lilemo tsohle, le baithuti ka semesetara sa bona sa pele ba ameha hangata. Ka hona, thuto ea hona joale e nkile tlhahlobo e sekametseng ho hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa IA le NMC har'a baithuti ba koleche nakong ea semesara ea pele ea bophelo ba bona ba koleche. Ho latela lithuto tsa theoretical tsa nakong e fetileng le tse matla, kamano ea ho iphetetsa e ka ba teng lipakeng tsa lintho tsena tse peli tse fapaneng. Ka hona, re hlahisitse mofuta oa tšebelisano (Setšoantšo 2) mme a leka litlatsetso tse tharo mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa lintho tsena tse peli.

 
Tšoantšiso 2
www.frontiersin.org   

TLHAHLISO 2. Mohlala oa Hypothesized.

 
 

H1. Litsela tse ntle le tse kholo tsa sefapano se setle ho tloha IA ho ea NMC, 'me NMC ke ponelopele ea IA har'a basomi ba koleche ea China.

H2. Litsela tse maoto a haulang ho tloha IA ho ea NMC li fihla sehlohlolong, 'me boemo ba IA ka ho fapana bo ama NMC hampe.

H3. Kamano e pakeng tsa IA le NMC e ka sebelisoa ho banna le basali ka kakaretso.

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

barupeluoa ba

Palo ea pele ea li-freshmen tsa koleche tse fumanehang bakeng sa ho nka karolo e ne e le barupeluoa ba 300, bao kaofela ba neng ba ngolisitsoe litsing tse peli tse metseng e 'meli (e leng Jinan le Heze) profinseng ea Shandong, China. Pokello ea data e ile ea etsoa mathoasong a Loetse a 2015 (T1), likhoeli tsa 2 hamorao (T2), 'me ka mor'a likhoeli tsa 4 hamorao (T3). Lenaneong la pele la pokello ea data, bana bohle ba liithuti tsa 300 ba qetile tekanyo eo. Leha ho le joalo, ka maqhubu a latelang, 87 ea liithuti tsena tsa 300 e ile ea tloha tseleng. Ho haelloa ke karolo ho ne ho bakoa ke ho ba sieo kapa bokuli (sekhahla sa ho nka karolo: 71.00%). Ka hona, baithuti ba 213 ba ile ba sala bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea ho qetela ea data (banna ba 104 le basali ba 109), ba lilemo tse pakeng tsa 17 ho isa lilemong tsa 21 (M = 18.87 lilemo, SD = Lilemo tsa 0.76). Bakeng sa ho fumana hore na data ea baithuti ba tlohileng bohareng ba sekolo (baithuti ba 87) e fapana le ba sa kang ba ikhula (liithuti tsa 213) mabapi le mefuta efe kapa efe e kenyelelitsoeng thutong ena, letoto la tLiteko li entsoe ho sebelisoa data e bokelletsoeng leqhubu la pele la pokello ea data. Ha ho le e 'ngoe ea litlhahlobo tsena e neng e le ea bohlokoa. Bohle ba nkileng karolo ba ne ba na le boiphihlelo ba inthanete mme ba kenyelelitsoe thutong ena. Barupeluoa ba ne ba sebelisitse marang-rang ka karolelano ea lilemo tsa 5.59 (SD = 2.06) qalong ea bophelo ba bona ba koleche. Tlhahisoleseling e ile ea bokelloa ka bolulo ba ngolisitsoeng ba baithuti: 43.19% e ne e lula metseng e meholo, 35.68% e ne e lula litoropong, mme 21.13% e ne e lula metseng. Ntle le moo, faele e thehiloe bakeng sa moithuti e mong le e mong (lifaele tsena li ne li kenyelletsa tlhaiso-leseling ea bona ea mantlha, hammoho le boemo ba bophelo bo botle ba 'mele le ba kelello) ha ba kena kolecheng. Ho latela lifaele, ha ho le ea mong oa karolo ea nang le mathata a kelello kapa a methapo ea kutlo. Boithuto bona bo entsoe ho latela likhothaletso tsa litataiso tsa boitšoaro tsa Shandong tloaelehileng University le Phatlalatso ea Helsinki, ka tumello e ngotsoeng e tsoang ho bohle ba nkang karolo. Protocol e amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Litekanyetso tsa Boithuto ba Batho ea Univesithi e Tloaelehileng ea Shandong.

Lisebelisoa

Internet Addiction

Boithuto ba hajoale bo amohetse Scale e Nchafalitsoeng ea Keketseho ea Inthanete ea China (CIAS-R; Bai le Fan, 2005). CIAS-R e na le dintho tsa 19 tse ka arohanngoang ka lintlha tse 'ne: tšebeliso e qobelloang le ho tlohela (mohlala, "Ke ikutloa ke sithabetse ka nako e itseng ntle le ho fihlella inthanete"), mamello (mohlala, "Ke iphumana ke tlameha ho sebelisa chelete e ntseng e eketseha." nako ea marang-rang ea ho ikutloa u khotsofetse ”), mathata a ho laola nako (mohlala," Seithuti sa ka kapa ho sebetsa hantle se na le mathata a bakoang ke ts'ebeliso ea ka Inthanete "), le mathata a bophelo bo botle le kelello (mohlala," Ke fokotsa nako ea ka ea ho robala hore ke be le nako e ngata. " inthanete ”). Karabelo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ne e lekantsoe sekaleng sa mofuta oa 4-point Likert-size tse nang le lintlha tse ngata tse tsoang 1 (ho hang ha se 'nete) ho 4 (kamehla ke nnete). Ka hona, lintlha tse phahameng li emela maemo a phahameng a IA. Sekala se sebelisitsoe lithutong tsa morao-rao ho baithuti ba koleche ea China mme se bonts'itse ho ts'epahala le ho nepahala (Tian et al., 2015). Thutong ea hona joale, li-coefficients tsa alpha e neng e le 0.92 ho T1, 0.95 ho T2, le 0.91 ho T3.

Khopolo e amanang le marang-rang e amanang le marang-rang

Boithuto bona bo amohetse sekhahla se amanang le marang-rang se amanang le Maladaptive Cognition Scale se entsoeng ke Liang; sekala sa mantlha e ne e le Scalition Scale ea Inthaneteng, e ntlafalitsoeng motheong oa mohlala oa boitsoaro bo khothalletsoang ke Davis (Tian et al., 2015). Sekala se ntlafalitsoeng se na le dintho tsa 14 tse ka arohanngoang ka lintlha tse tharo: Matšeliso a inthanete (mohlala, "Ke amohela tlhompho e eketsehileng inthaneteng ho feta ho 'bophelo ba' nete ''), taolo e fokolisang tšusumetso (mohlala," Ha ke le inthaneteng, hangata ke ikutloa e le mofuta oa 'ho potlaka' kapa o phahame haholo maikutlong ') le litšitiso (mohlala, "Ho sebelisa marang-rang ke tsela ea ho lebala ka lintho tseo ke tlamehang ho li etsa empa ha ke batle ho li etsa"). Barupeluoa ba ile ba lekanya hore na polelo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ne e le 'nete hakae sethaleng sa mofuta oa 5-point, le lintlha tse tsoang 1 (ho hang ha se 'nete) ho 5 (kamehla ke nnete). Kahoo, lintlha tse phahameng li emetse maemo a phahameng a NMC mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Tekanyo e sebelisitsoe lithutong tse fetileng ho baithuti ba koleche ea China (Tian et al., 2015, 2017). Phuputsong ea hona joale, li-coefficients tsa alpha e neng e le 0.87 ho T1, 0.90 ho T2, le 0.90 ho T3.

Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyetso

Thutong ena, re sebelisitse moralo o hlakileng oa litšepe tse felletseng bakeng sa ho lekola likamano tse sa hlokeng botsitso le tsa maikutlo pakeng tsa IA le NMC ka lihlopheng tse ncha tsa koleche ea ChinaVan Lier et al., 2012). Moetso o akaretsang o ne o kenyelletsa mehato ea IA le NMC ho T1, T2, le T3. Re hlahisitse le ho leka mehlala e mene e emelang ts'ebetso lipakeng tsa mefuta e 'meli. Pele, re hlahisitse mofuta oa "solid solid" (Model 1, Setšoantšo 3) e kenyelletsang litlamorao tsa nako ea sefapano sa nako e telele. Taba ea bobeli, mohlala oa boitsoaro (Model 2, Setšoantšo 3) ho khothalelitsoe ho hlahloba hore na NMC ka nako e le 'ngoe e ka bolela IA nakong e latelang ea nako. Taba ea boraro, re hlahisitse mofuta oa "boitšoaro-boikoetliso" (Model 3, Setšoantšo.) 3) ho hlahloba hore na IA ka nako e le ngoe e ka bolela NMC nakong e latelang ea nako. Kamora nako, re hlahisitse mofuta oa "reciprocal-causation" (Model 4, Setšoantšo 3) e ileng ea lekola tšusumetso ea boiphetetso lipakeng tsa IA le NMC. Ntle le moo, tlhahlobo e akaretsang ea bongata bo bongata e thehiloeng ho bong e ile ea etsoa ho lekola hore na kamano e pakeng tsa lintho tse peli tsa bohlokoa e fapana pakeng tsa ba batona le ba batšehali.

 
Tšoantšiso 3
www.frontiersin.org   

TLHAHLISO 3. Liphetho tse tsoang ho tlhahlobo-leseling. Mehala e hlophiloeng ka bonngoe e emela li-coefficients tsa litsela le mela e hlophiloeng habeli e emela li-covariances. Mehala e senyehileng e bonts'a li-coefficients tse sa bohlokoa, mme mela e tiileng e bonts'a li-coefficients tsa bohlokoa. ***bonts'a coeffanele e bohlokoa maemong a 0.001, **bonts'a ho lekana hoa bohlokoa maemong a 0.01, le *supa ho lekana ho bohlokoa maemong a 0.05.

 
 

Modiro oa meaho ea litekanyetso tse nang le lintho tse fetohileng tsa morao-rao li sebelisitsoe ho leka mofuta oa hypothesized thutong ena. Tumellanong le tlhahiso ea Holbert le Stephenson (2002), molemo oa mohlala oa ho lekana o ile oa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mefuta e fapaneng ea indices. The χ2 hakanya ka li-degrees tsa tokoloho e ntse e le mekhoa e sebelisoang haholo ho etsa lipapiso mefuteng e fapaneng. Karolelano pakeng tsa χ2 'me li-degree tsa tokoloho ha lia lokela ho feta 5 bakeng sa mehlala e nang le sekoaelo se setle. Ho ekelletsa moo, re tlaleha index ea bapisi e loketseng (CFI) hammoho le index ea Tucker-Lewis (TLI) le phoso e kholo ea boholo ba appro approation (RMSEA). Ka kakaretso, boleng ba CFI le TLI ba 0.95 kapa bo phahameng bo bonts'a ho lekana mme boleng ba RMSEA bo tlase ho 0.06 bo bontša ho lekana hantle, athe boleng lipakeng tsa 0.06 le 0.08 li bonts'a ho lekana (Yuan et al., 2014). Ho feta moo, χ2 Teko ea phapang (Δχ2) e ne e sebelisoa ho bapisa ho lekana ha mefuta ea nested. Non Ha e bohlokoa2 Teko e bonts'a hore mefuta e 'meli e fana ka boholo bo lekanang le ya data, athe e bohlokoa Δχ2 e fana ka maikutlo a hore mofuta o hatelletseng o lokela ho bolokoa (Tian et al., 2017).

Results

Tlhahlobo e hlalosang

Mekhoa le litlolo tse tloaelehileng tsa liphapang tse bohlokoa thutong ena li hlahisitsoe ho Lethathamo 1. Mehato e phetoang khafetsa ANOVA e ile ea etsoa ho lekola litšusumetso tsa bong le nako ea tekanyo ho barupeluoa IA le NMC ("bong" ke phapang pakeng tsa lithuto, mme "nako ea tekanyo" ke phapang e pakeng tsa lithuto). Liphetho ha li hlahise phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa batona ho latela mefuta e 'meli e itšetlehileng ka bona (F = 0.10, p = 0.749; F = 0.02, p = 0.822). Kamora nako, boemo ba IA bo ile ba eketseha haholo ho tloha T1 ho ea T3 har'a li-freshmen tsa koleche (F = 28.71, p <0.001). Liphetho tsa post hoc Teko e bontšitse hore boemo ba IA bo lekantsoeng ho T3 bo ne bo phahame haholo ho feta ba ho T2 (p <0.01) le T1 (p <0.001), le hore boemo ba IA bo lekantsoeng ho T2 bo ne bo phahame haholo ho feta ba T1 (p <0.001). Ntle le moo, liphapang tse kholo tsa marang-rang li ne li le teng ho NMC ha li lekantsoe ka linako tse fapaneng (F = 2.93, p = 0.055). Liphetho tsa post hoc tlhahlobo e senotse hore boemo ba IA bo lekantsoeng ho T3 bo ne bo le holimo haholo ho feta ho T1 (p <0.05), mme phapang e kholo ea mahlakore e ne e le teng ho NMC ha e lekanngoa ho T1 le T2 (p = 0.065). Leha ho le joalo, ha ho phapang e kholo e bileng teng NMC ha e lekantsoe ho T2 le T3 (p = 0.846). Tšebelisano lipakeng tsa bong le nako ea tekanyo linthong tse peli tse fapaneng ha ea ka ea fihla maemong a bohlokoa (F = 0.38, p = 0.682; F = 0.24, p = 0.791).

 
TABLE 1
www.frontiersin.org   

TEBOHO 1. Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang tsa IA le NMC (n = 213).

 
 

Joalokaha ho bontšoa Lethathamong 2, khokahano ea li-bivariate pakeng tsa IA le NMC ho T1, T2, le T3, hammoho le likhakanyo tsohle tse lipakeng tsa mefuta e 'meli, li ne li bohlokoa ebile li le ntle, li fana ka maikutlo a kamano e ntle pakeng tsa IA le NMC.

 
TABLE 2
www.frontiersin.org   

TEBOHO 2. Likamano lipakeng tsa IA le NMC (n = 213).

 
 

Likamano tse haulang pakeng tsa IA le NMC

Letoto la mefuta-futa ea liphallelo e ile ea hlalosoa ho hlahloba likamano tsa ho iphetetsa lipakeng tsa IA le NMC. Pele, mohlala oa motheo (Model 1, Setšoantšo 3) e ne e boletsoe; ka mohlala ona, li-coefficients tsa IA le NMC li ne li hakantsoe, empa litlamorao tse tlatselletsang pakeng tsa lintho tse peli tse fapaneng ha lia ka tsa lekanngoa. Moetso o loketseng o ne o amoheleha (Lethathamo 3). Taba ea bobeli, ho leka mohlala oa boits'oaro bo hlahisitsoeng pejana, litsela tse phetheselang tse tsoang NMC ho ea IA li ile tsa eketsoa mohlaleng oa motheo (Model 2, Setšoantšo. 3), e ntlafalitseng mohlala hantle haholo (Tafoleng 3). The χ2 Teko ea phapang e senotse hore Model 2 e bonts'a mokhoa o hantle ho feta data ho feta Model 1 (Δχ2 = 27.05, Δdf = 2, Δχ2/ Δdf = 13.53> 6.63) ()Wen et al., 2006). Ho latela Model 2, li-coefficients tse emeng tseleng e ne e le 0.10 (p = 0.309) ea NMC e lekantsoeng ho T1 ho IA e lekantsoeng ho T2, le 0.36 (p <0.001) bakeng sa NMC e lekantsoeng ho T2 ho IA e lekantsoe ho T3. Taba ea boraro, ho hlahloba hore na IA ka nako e le ngoe e ne e ka noha NMC ka nako e latelang, litsela tse nang le marulelo a marang-rang ho tloha IA ho ea NMC li ile tsa eketsoa ho mofuta oa mantlha (Model 3, Figure 3). Sephetho se bonts'itse hore mohlala o motle o tšoanelehile (Tafole 3). The χ2 Teko ea phapang e bontšitse hore Model 3 e bonts'itse boemo bo phahameng ho feta data ho feta kamoo Model 1 a entseng ((2 = 47.20, Δdf = 2, Δχ2/ Δdf = 23.60> 6.63). Ho latela Model 3, li-coefficients tsa standard li ne li le 0.44 (p <0.001) ea IA e lekantsoe ho T1 ho ea NMC e lekantsoe ho T2, le 0.50 (p <0.001) ea IA e lekantsoe ho T2 ho ea NMC e lekantsoeng ho T3. Sena se supa hore IA ka nako e 'ngoe e ne e le sebali se atlehang sa NMC ka nako e latelang, le hore ho eketsoa ha litsela tse peli ho mohlala ho ka ntlafatsa mofuta o loketseng haholo. Ea bone, Model 4 e boletsoe ka li-coefficients tse peli tsa botsitso le phello e lahliloeng pakeng tsa IA le NMC (Model 4, Figure 3). Moetso o lekana le data ka ho lekana (Lethathamo 3). Leha ho le joalo, Models 3 le 4 li fumaneha, 'me χ2 Teko ea phapano e bonts'a hore mehlala e 'meli e sebelitse hantle ka tsela e tšoanang (Δχ2 = 11.69, Δdf = 2, Δχ2/ Δdf = 5.85 <6.63). Kamora nako, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe Model 4, ntle le li-coefficients tsa standard standard bakeng sa NMC e lekantsoeng ho T1 ho IA e lekantsoeng ho T2, litsela tse ling tse setseng tse pakeng tsa IA le NMC li fihlile boemong bo boholo. Ka hona, re hlakotse tsela ena mme ra nts'etsapele Model 5. Moetso o lekana data ka ho lekana (Tafole 3). Ka lebaka leo, Model 5 e ile ea bolokoa e le mohlala oa ho qetela oa ho hlahlobisisoa ka lebaka la mabaka a latelang: (1) Le ha meetso e 'meli e sebelitse hantle ka tsela e tšoanang (Δχ2 = 0.21, Δdf = 1, Δχ2/ Δdf = 0.21 <6.63), Model 5 e bonolo ebile e na le boits'oaro ho feta Model 4, mme ho lokela ho khethoa mekhahlelo e fokolang bakeng sa tlhahlobo. (2) Mokhatlo oa χ2 Teko ea phapang e bontšitse hore Model 5 e bonts'itse ho lekana ha data ho feta kamoo Model 3 a entseng (Δχ2 = 11.48, Δdf = 1, Δχ2/ Δdf = 11.48> 6.63), 'me tsela e lekanang ea coefficient e ne e le 0.25 (p <0.001) bakeng sa NMC e lekantsoeng ho T2 ho IA e lekantsoe ho T3. Ka mantsoe a mang, ho na le monyetla o matla oa hore NMC e lekantsoeng ho T2 e ka bolela esale pele hore IA e tla lekanyetsoa ho T3.

 
TABLE 3
www.frontiersin.org   

TEBOHO 3. Papiso lipakeng tsa mefuta e fapaneng.

 
 

Phapang pakeng tsa bong

Ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa hore na likamano tse haellang pakeng tsa IA le NMC li fapana ho banna le basali, re ile ra etsa tlhahlobo ea bongata bo bongata. Pele re hakanya mofuta oa boleng ba banna (Mmotona) le basali (Mtšehali) ka thoko, 'me li-indices tse loketseng li ne li lekane bakeng sa subsamples ka bobeli (Tafole 4). Boemo ba ho lekanya bo ile ba lekoa ho bona hore na mefuta eo ka bobeli e lekantsoe ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho ba batona le ba batšehali. Ka sebopeho sa tekanyo e sa rutoang ka botlalo (M1), litekanyetso tsohle li ne li lumelloa ho fapana ho lihlopha tsena tse peli. Moetso o amohelehang o ile oa fumaneha, mme mohlala oa meeli o lekantsoeng ka botlalo (M2) e ile ea hlahlojoa moo litekanyetso tsohle li neng li behiloe ka mokhoa o ts'oanang bakeng sa lihlopha tsena tse peli; mohlala o lekana le data ka ho lekana (Lethathamo 4). The χ2 Teko ea phapano e bonts'a hore mehlala e 'meli e sebelitse hantle ka tsela e tšoanang (Δχ2 = 6.50, Δdf = 15, p = 0.970).

 
TABLE 4
www.frontiersin.org   

TEBOHO 4. Tlhatlhobo ea mefuta-futa ho banna le basali.

 
 

Ho sebetsana le sepheo sa lipatlisiso tsa karolo ena ea thuto, re ile ra etsa tlhahlobo e sekametseng linthong tse ngata ho latela bong ba barutoana ba koleche. Litekanyetso tse tharo li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho lekola hore na li fapana pakeng tsa banna le basali: li-coefficients tsa botsitso, li-coefficients tsa tsela, le litšebelisano pakeng tsa IA le NMC. Mohlala o thata (M3) ho ne ho hlalositsoe moo likarolo tsohle tse tharo li neng li ts'oana ka lihlopha tsohle tse peli; mofuta ona o fihletse sutu e khotsofatsang ea mohlala (Lethathamo 4). The χ2 Teko ea phapano e bonts'a hore mohlala ona o lekana le data ka mokhoa o lekanang le mohlala o sa rutoang ka botlalo (Δχ2 = 1.78, Δdf = 7, p = 0.996), e bonts'a hore mokhoa o akaretsang oa litsela o ne o le maqhubu pakeng tsa banna le basali.

Puisano

Boithuto bona bo kenyellelitse ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa likoto tse tšekaletseng tsa letsoho ho lekola likamano tsa ho hlapoloha lipakeng tsa IA le NMC har'a basomi ba koleche ea China. Ho latela mohlala oa boiketsetso (Davis, 2001), kamano ea ho iphetetsa e ka ba teng lipakeng tsa lintho tse peli tse fapaneng, mme NMC e kanna ea ba moetapele oa IA. Leha ho le joalo, khopolo-taba ena e ne e sa tšehetsoa ka botlalo. Likhoeling tsa pele tsa 2 tsa thuto, ha rea ​​ka ra bona sephetho sa NMC ho IA; Sena ha se lumellane le sephetho sa thuto e fetileng (Tian et al., 2015). Ka ho khetheha, NMC e bonahala e se boemo ba bohlokoa molokong oa IA. Liphetho li kanna tsa amana le ba nkang karolo thutong ea hona joale. Thutong ena, ba neng ba nkile karolo phuputsong eo e ne e le barui ba koleche ba Machaena ba neng ba sa tsoa ngola tlhahlobo e thata ea "Gaokao." ka lebaka leo, ke ba fokolang ba bona ba nang le nako e lekaneng ea ho sebelisa marang-rang (Li le Liang, 2007). Ka hona, boemo ba NMC bo ne bo le tlase haholo ha barupeluoa ba ingolisa kolecheng, e leng se neng se ka thibela tšusumetso ea bohlokoa molokong oa IA. Nakong ea koleche, ho na le mabaka a mang a mangata a ka etsang hore batho ba lemale marang-rang. Mohlala, ho se tsebisoe le ho se be teng ha mekhoa e se nang mantsoe le ea demokrasi e fanoang ke marang-rang ho ka ba molemo ho boiketlo ba baithuti ka ho fana ka liphallelo matšoenyehong a maikutlo (Caplan le Turner, 2007) le ho ntlafatsa maikutlo a tšehetso ea sechaba le boitšepo (Kraut et al., 2002), hammoho le ho holisa likhahla tsa likamano tsa batho ba fapaneng (E beiloe, 2008). Ntle le moo, litšobotsi tsa botho li ka bapala karolo ea bohlokoa molokong oa IA nakong ena (Mike et al., 2014). Mohlala, batho ba nang le bokhoni ba taolo ea ho sebetsa ka thata ba atlehile ho hatella liketso tse potlakileng ha ba lekoa ka inthanete, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe pejana. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, batho ba nang le lipalo tse phahameng tsa ho batla maikutlo ba ne ba tloaetse ho ba le boitšoaro bo bobebe (Zhang et al., 2015). Leha ho le joalo, khatello ea thuto ea basomi ba China e ile ea fokotseha haholo kamora ho kena kolecheng, mme ba bile le nako e ngata ea ho sebelisa marang-rang (Li le Liang, 2007). Ka hona, ba kanna ba ba ba theha likarabo tse fapaneng tsa kelello inthaneteng ka boiphihlelo kapa boiphihlelo bo amanang le phapanyetsano ea lithaka, tse ileng tsa ama boemo ba bona ba IA (Wang et al., 2015).

Ho latela mohlala oa boiketsetso (Davis, 2001), IA e ka ba le tšusumetso e mpe ho NMC (Caplan, 2010). Leha ho le joalo, ho entsoe liphuputso tse fokolang tsa maikutlo ho leka tlhahlobo ena, 'me ke bafuputsi ba fokolang ba entseng tlhahiso ea ho hlalosa ketsahalo ena. Leha ho le joalo, bopaki bo matla ba boithuto bo teng hona joale bo bonts'a hore IA e ne e etelletse pele kamano ea eona le NMC, e ka amang moloko le nts'etsopele ea NMC. Bafuputsi ba bang ba fumane boits'oaro ba lipapali tsa inthanete ho bacha ba China. Ba boletse hore boitšoaro ba libapali tsa inthaneteng bo ka ama kutloisiso mabapi le lipapali tsa inthanete hobane ho fetoha ha likelello mabapi le lipapali tsa inthanete e ne e le mokhoa o nepahetseng oa ho imolla likhathatso tse bakoang ke ho se lumellane pakeng tsa boitšoaro le monahano (Wang et al., 2015). Ka hona, re sebelisitse khopolo ea ho hlaseloa ka mokhoa o hlakileng e le mohlala o hlalosang mokhoa oa IA oa ho etsa lintho mabapi le NAC (Cooper, 2007). Ho ea ka mohopolo ona, ha batho ba hlokomela ho se lumellane, ba ikutloa ba sa thaba kapa ba hloname, e leng se khothalletsang boiteko ba ho fokotsa boiphihlelo bona mme ba boele ba feto-fetohe ka ho feto-fetola maikutlo a bona, maikutlo kapa boits'oaro ho fihlela ho se lumellane ho joalo (de Vries and Timmins, 2016). Batho ba bangata ba ka khona ho fetola mekhoa ea bona ka katleho ho fokotsa ho se lumellane hona. Leha ho le joalo, batho ba bang ba tloaetse ho fana ka mabaka a boitšoaro bo bonahalang bo fokotsa ho hlonama, ba sebelisa mabaka a kang "Nka fumana tlhompho e fetisisang inthaneteng ho feta ho 'bophelong ba sebele'," "Ke ikutloa ke sireletsehile haholo ha ke le Inthaneteng," kapa "Ho sebelisa Inthanete ke marang-rang. Tsela ea ho lebala ka lintho tseo ke tlamehang ho li etsa empa ke sa batle ho li etsa. ”Ha batho ba ikholisitse hore ho lemalla marang-rang hoa utloahala, ho hloka kutloano ho fokotsehile mme ba ikutloa ba le betere. Le ha ho le joalo, mokhoa o atlehang oa ho fokotsa ho se khotsofale, o batla ho phetoa ha ho hlaha tlolo e ngoe e tšoanang, e leng bothata (de Vries and Timmins, 2016). Ka mantsoe a mang, ha li-NMC tse joalo li se li thehiloe ke baithuti, ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea marang-rang ha e hlahise maemo a tšoanang a tlokotsi, e leng ho eketsang tšebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete. Ka kakaretso, tsoalo le nts'etsopele ea IA e bakoa ke potoloho e mpe e kenyelletsang NMC le tšebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete, 'me IA e etelletse pele kamano ea eona le NMC.

Liphetho ha li bontše phapang ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa banna le basali. Sena ha se lumellane le liphetho tsa lithuto tse ling tse ngata (Müller et al., 2014). Mohlomong ke ka lebaka la nts'etsopele ea theknoloji e potlakileng ea likhomphutha le marang-rang e fetotseng lisebelisoa tsa "network" le lisebelisoa tsa bona haholo (Daniel et al., 2012; Mike le Zhong, 2014). Mohlala, sechabeng sa mehleng ena, lifono tse se nang mehala li fetohile mekhoa ea mantlha ea ho kena inthaneteng, 'me ho ka etsoa lintho tse fapaneng tse kang ho reka le ho bala. Ba batona le ba batšehali ba natefeloa ke lintho tse joalo (San, 2015). Ntle le moo, liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea mahlakore a mangata li senola hore litsela tse fumanoeng IA le NMC li ne li tšoana ho tse tona le tse tšehali. Ka mantsoe a mang, lits'ebetso tse lebisang IA li ka tšoana ho banna le basali, 'me mohlala oa ho qetela o thehiloeng thupelong ea hona joale o na le ts'ebetso e kholo le bohlokoa bo sebetsang bakeng sa li-korea tse ncha tsa China.

Ho hlakisa mokhoa oa IA oa ho hlahisa le nts'etsopele, re hlahisitse mohlala oa maikutlo a ipapisitseng le liphetho tse fumanoeng thutong ena hammoho le mohlala oa boits'oaro bo hlokometsoeng ke Davis (Setšoantšo. 4). Ho ea ka mohlala ona, ho theha le ho hola IA ke lebaka la potoloho e mpe e amang IA le NMC, 'me potoloho ena e hlohlelletsoa ke ho hloka thabo ho teng pakeng tsa boitšoaro le monahano (de Vries and Timmins, 2016). Hobane mohato ona o qala haholo ka ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete, ho fokotsa mokokotlo ona o mobe qalong ea semestara ho a hlokahala. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la boipiletso bo matla ba marang-rang ho batho ba bacha, ho qoba IA ka botlalo har'a basomi ba koleche ho thata. Ho latela khopolo ea ho se utloisisehe hantle ea kelello, ha tse ling tsa tsona li lemaletse marang-rang, ho na le mekhoa e 'meli ea ho fokotsa tsitsipano e bakiloeng ke ho se lumellane pakeng tsa boitšoaro le monahano. Mokhoa oa pele o kenyelletsa ho fetola boits'oaro Inthaneteng, 'me mokhoa oa bobeli o kenyelletsa ho fetola maikutlo a hau ho ntlafatsa mabaka bakeng sa boitšoaro bo lemalloang. Mokhoa oa bobeli ho hlakile hore oa khethoa. Ka hona, mohlala ona o ka fana ka tšehetso ea theoretical ea merero ea thibelo le khalemelo bakeng sa IA har'a liithuti tsa China qalong ea lilemo tsa bona tsa koleche.

 
Tšoantšiso 4
www.frontiersin.org   

TLHAHLISO 4. Mohlala oa thuto-thuto ea joale.

 
 

Meeli le Litataiso tsa Bokamoso

Re lokela ho hlokomela meeli e mengata ea thuto ena. Taba ea mantlha, leha re ne re fana ka maikutlo a mofuta oa theoretical mabapi le ho hola le IA ea mofuta ona, mofuta ona o ne o sa nepahala ka botlalo thutong ea morao-rao, 'me re tsepamisitse maikutlo likamanong tsa IA le NMC feela. Ha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng tsa matla li tlameha ho etsoa ho netefatsa mofuta ona. Ho feta moo, mohlala ona oa theory o kanna oa sitoa ho sebetsana le tšusumetso ea lintlha tse ling tse ngata tse kang maikutlo le tikoloho e kantle. Ka hona, ho lokela ho hlahisoe mehlala ea theknoloji e rarahaneng ho sebetsana le bothata bona. Taba ea bobeli, ho hlahloba kamano e khutlisang maikutlo lipakeng tsa IA le NMC, thuto ena e ile ea etsa lipatlisiso tse tharo ho tloha ka September 2015 ho fihlela ka Xanuoa 2016. Leha ho le joalo, nako ea lipatlisiso tsena tse tharo e kanna ea ba khutšoanyane haholo ho bona phetoho e tsitsitseng ho IA kamora nako. Mokhoa oa ntlafatso o kanna oa fapana ka linako tse latelang nakong ea bophelo ba liithuti tsa koleche. Kahoo, ho hlokahala tlhahlobo e eketsehileng ea makasine ena lilemong tse setseng tsa nako ea bona kolecheng. Kamora nako, ts'ebeliso ea sampole e bonolo ea barui ba koleche thutong ena e ile ea hlokahala ka lebaka la lits'itiso tse kenyeletsang lichelete le lisebelisoa tsa batho. Mohlala ona o ne o kentse karolo feela bankakarolo ba 213, bao kaofela ha bona ba tsoang univesithing profinseng ea Shandong, China. Phapang pakeng tsa moruo le setso li lipakeng tsa liprofinse li ka ama likamano lipakeng tsa lintho tse peli tsa bohlokoa tse kenyelletsang barui ba koleche. Ka hona, thuto e lokela ho phetoa ka sampole e kholoanyane e kenyeletsang libaka tse fapaneng tsa China.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

PH e kentse letsoho mohopolo oa pele mohopolo, le mongolo o ngotsoeng. PW le FG ba kentse letsoho ntlafatsong e bohloko. QL le YT ba thusitse ho phethela pokello ea data le tlhahlobo. Bangoli bohle ba ananetse tlhahiso ea ho qetela ea buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho hore e phatlalatsoe.

dithuso tsa ditjhelete

Patlisiso ena e tšehelitsoe ke Lenaneo la Patlisiso ea Saense ea Batho ba Sechaba ea Profense ea Shandong (J16YG21), Lenaneo la Mahlale la Art of Profinseng ea Shandong (ZX2015021), le Lenaneo la Patlisiso ea Saense ea Sechaba sa Univesithi ea Heze (XY16SK09).

Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

References

Ahmadi, K., le Saghafi, A. (2013). Litaba tsa kelello le bokhoba ba marang-rang ba bacha ba marang-rang ba Iran. Bo-cyberpsychol. Behav. Motsoalle Marang-rang. 16, 543-548. Doi: 10.1089 / cyber.2012.0237

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Ayas, T., le Horzum, MB (2013). Kamano pakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo, ho jeoa ke bolutu, ho itšepa le ho lemalla joala marang-rang. Education 133, 183-190.

Google Setsebi

Bai, Y., le Fan, FM (2005). Boithuto mabapi le marang-rang ba itšetlehileng ka baithuti ba koleche: ho nchafatsa le ho sebelisa tekanyo. Psychol. Dev. Ruta. 4, 99-104. Doi: 10.3969 / j.issn.1001-4918.2005.04.019

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Bessière, K., Kiesler, S., Kraut, R., le Boneva, BS (2008). Kameho ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang le lisebelisoa tsa kahisano mabapi le liphetoho liphetoho tsa maikutlo. Tsebisa. Bokomonisi. Motsoalle 11, 47-70. doi: 10.1080 / 13691180701858851

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Caplan, S. (2010). Khopolo le tekanyo ea tšebeliso ea mathata a marang-rang a akaretsang: mokhoa oa mehato e 'meli. Comput. Hum. Behav. 26, 1089-1097. Doi: 10.1016 / j.chd.2010.03.012

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Caplan, SE, le Turner, JS (2007). Ho tlisa mohopolo oa ho etsa lipatlisiso ka puisano e khothatsang ea khomphutha. Comput. Hum. Behav. 23, 985-998. Doi: 10.1016 / j.chb.2005.08.003

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Chen, SK (2012). Ts'ebeliso ea inthanete le boiketlo ba kelello har'a baithuti ba koleche: mokhoa oa boemo ba morao-rao oa profil. Comput. Hum. Behav. 28, 2219-2226. Doi: 10.1016 / j.chb.2012.06.029

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Chiou, WB, le Wan, CS (2007). Ho sebelisa dissonance ea kelello ho susumetsa bacha hore ba balehe papaling ea lipapali tsa marang-rang: likarolo tsa boikarabello ba motho le ho ikemela ka litšenyehelo. KaharaPsychol. Behav. 10, 663-670. Doi: 10.1089 / cpb.2007.9972

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Chuang, C. (2006). Batho ba bangata ba nkang karolo e itseng papaling ea papali ea papali e nkang karolo e ngata papaling eo: e leng bothata bo sa tsotelleng ba bokhoba ba marang-rang. Cyberpsychol. Behav. 9, 451-456. Doi: 10.1089 / cpb.2006.9.451

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Cooper, J. (2007). Ho se utloisisehe ho tsebiso: Lilemo tsa 50 tsa Khopolo ea khale. London: Sage.

Google Setsebi

Coned, SR (2008). Tšebeliso ea mahlale a baithuti le litlamorao ho phela hantle. New Dir. Ithute. Sebeletsa. 124, 55-70. Doi: 10.1002 / ss.295

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Daniel, LK, Paul, HD, Mareka, DG, le Michael, G. (2012). Mekhoa e nang le boits'oaro ea ho sebelisa kalafo ea mokuli ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete ho bana le lilemong tsa bocha. J. Clin. Psychol. 68, 1185-1195. Doi: 10.1002 / jclp.21918

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Davis, RA (2001). Mohlala oa boits'oaro oa ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang. Comput. Hum. Behav. 17, 187–195. doi: 10.1016/S0747-5632(00)00041-8

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

de Vries, J., le Timmins, F. (2016). Ho fokotseha hoa tlhokomelo lipetlele: mathata a tloaelo e pepesang ea baoki le karolo ea ho hlaseloa ke kelello. Nurs Educ. Kajeno 38, 5-8. Doi: 10.1016 / j.nedt.2015.12.007

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Festinger, L. (1957). Khopolo ea ho hlonepha. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.

Google Setsebi

Forrest, CJ, King, DL, le Delfabbro, PH (2016). Tekanyo ea menahano e fosahetseng e ipatileng e bapalang lipapali tsa video ho batho ba baholo. Comput. Hum. Behav. 55, 399-405. Doi: 10.1016 / j.chb.2015.09.017

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Forrest, CJ, King, DL, le Delfabbro, PH (2017). Likhopolo tse mpe ka ho feteletseng li bolela liphetoho lipapatsong tse nang le bothata ho batho ba baholo ba ikemiselitseng haholo: thuto e telele ea 12 ea khoeli e telele. Ho lemalla. Behav. 65, 125-130. doi: 10.1016 / j.addbeh.2016.10.013

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Fu, KW, Chan, WS, Wong, PW, le Yip, PS (2010). Tlatsetso ea marang-rang: ho ata, ho nepahala ha khethollo le ho ikamahanya ha bacha ho Hong Kong. Br. J. Psychiatry 196, 486-492. Doi: 10.1192 / bjp.bp.109.075002

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Georgios, F., Konstantinos, S., Ariadni, S., Loannis, G., le Georgios, G. (2014). Kamano lipakeng tsa botho, mekhoa ea ts'ireletso, ts'oaetso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, le psychopathology ho baithuti ba koleche. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 17, 6722-6676. Doi: 10.1089 / cyber.2014.0182

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Holbert, RL, le Stephenson, MT (2002). Modelling oa meaho ea equation lithutong tsa mahlale tsa puisano, 1995-2000. Hum. Bokomonisi. Res. 28, 531–551. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00822.x

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Joseph, CP, Philip, P., Baljinder, S., Sarah, M., Chris, J., Andrew, TG, et al. (2016). Nts'etsopele ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e qobelloang le bophelo bo botle ba kelello: boithuto ba lilemo tse 'ne tsa bocha. Dev. Psychol. 52, 272-283. Doi: 10.1037 / dev0000070

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Kalkan, M. (2012). Tlhahiso ea bokhoni ba ho sebelisana le batho ba hlokolosi ka tšebeliso ea marang-rang e nang le bothata ba basebelisi ba univesithi. Ngoana. Mosebeletsi oa Bacha. Tšen. 34, 1305-1308. Doi: 10.1016 / j.childyouth.2012.03.003

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Kim, EJ, Namkoong, K., Ku, T., le Kim, SJ (2008). Kamano lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba papali ea Inthanete le pefo, boitšoaro le litšobotsi tsa botho bo litšila. EUR. Psychiki 23, 212-218. Doi: 10.1016 / j.eurpsy.2007.10.010

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

King, DL, le Delfabbro, PH (2014). Psychitive psychology ea marang-rang a lipapali tsa marang-rang. Clin. Psychol. Tšen. 34, 298-308. Doi: 10.1016 / j.cpr.2014.03.006

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

King, DL, le Delfabbro, PH (2016). Tlhahiso-leseling ea kelello ea kelello ea bosholu ba marang-rang lilemong tsa bocha. J. Psychol ea bana e sa tloaelehang. 44, 1635–1645. doi: 10.1007/s10802-016-0135-y

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Kraut, R., Kiesler, S., Boneva, B., Cummings, J., Helgeson, V., le Crawford, A. (2002). Papatso ea inthanete e hlahlobiloe hape. J. Soc. Litaba 58, 49-74. doi: 10.1111 / 1540-4560.00248

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Li, DL, Zhang, W., Wang, YH, le Li, DP (2013). Taolo ea kelello ea bakhachane le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea mathata a bacha ba marang-rang: karolo e kopanyang ea temohisiso e mpe. Psychol. Saense 36, 411-416.

Google Setsebi

Li, H., le Wang, S. (2013). Karolo ea ho khopamisa ho ho lemeng ha bokhoba ba lipapali tsa inthanete har'a bacha ba China. Ngoana. Mosebeletsi oa Bacha. Tšen. 35, 1468-1475. Doi: 10.1016 / j.childyouth.2013.05.021

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Li, N., le Liang, NJ (2007). Phuputso e entsoeng motheong oa bohlanya oa ho lemalla tlhekefetso ea litsi tsa bana ba marang-rang. Psychol. Saense 30, 65-68. Doi: 10.3969 / j.issn.1671-6981.2007.01.015

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef

Liu, GC, Jen, JY, Chen, CY, Yen, CF, Chen, CS, Lin, WC, et al. (2014). Brain activation bakeng sa karabo ea karabelo tlasa tšitiso ea lipapali tsa papali ea litaba tsa lipapali tsa inthanete. Kaohsiung J. Med. Saense 30, 43-51. Doi: 10.1016 / j.kjms.2013.08.005

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Liu, QX, Fang, XY, Deng, LY, le Zhang, JT (2012). Puisano ea botsoali lilemong tsa bocha, tšebeliso ea marang-rang ea batsoali le litloaelo tse ikhethileng tsa marang-rang le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea methapo har'a bacha ba China. Comput. Hum. Behav. 28, 1269-1275. Doi: 10.1016 / j.chb.2012.02.010

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Lu, X., le Ee, KJ (2015). Ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea mafu a marang-rang har'a baithuti ba univesithi ea Malaysia: lintlha tse kotsing le karolo ea khethollo ea kelello. Comput. Hum. Behav. 45, 235-242. Doi: 10.1016 / j.chb.2014.12.021

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Mai, Y., Hu, J., Yan, Z., Zhen, S., Wang, S., le Zhang, W. (2012). Sebopeho le ts'ebetso ea menahano e fosahetseng ts'ebetsong ea marang-rang ea methapo har'a bacha ba China. Comput. Hum. Behav. 28, 2376-2386. Doi: 10.1016 / j.chb.2012.07.009

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Mike, ZY, He, J., Deborah, MK, le Pang, KC (2014). Tšusumetso ea boits'oaro ba botho, le boitšepo mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang: thuto ea baithuti ba koleche ea chinese. Bo-cyberpsychol. Behav. Motsoalle Marang-rang. 17, 104-110. Doi: 10.1089 / cyber.2012.0710

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Mike, ZY, le Zhong, ZJ (2014). Bolutu, likhokahano tsa batho ba bang sechabeng le ho lemalla ts'ebeliso ea inthanete: thuto e entsoeng ka sefapano se koahetsoeng ke linepe. Comput. Hum. Behav. 30, 164-170. Doi: 10.1016 / j.chb.2013.08.007

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Müller, KW, Glaesmer, H., Brähler, E., Woelfling, K., le Beutel, ME (2014). Boiteko ba ho lemalla marang-rang ho bongata ka kakaretso: liphetho tse tsoang lipatlisisong tse thehiloeng sechabeng tsa Jeremane. Behav. Tsebisa. Technol. 33, 757-766. Doi: 10.1080 / 0144929X.2013.810778

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Ni, XL, Yan, H., Chen, SL, le Liu, ZG (2009). Lintho tse susumetsang bokhoba ba marang-rang molemong oa baithuti ba univesithi ea freshmen Chaena. Potlako ea puisano. 12, 327-330. Doi: 10.1089 / cpb.2008.0321

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Peng, W., le Liu, M. (2010). Ho itšetleha ka papali ea inthanete: thuto ea pele ho China. Bo-cyberpsychol. Behav. Motsoalle Marang-rang. 13, 329-333. Doi: 10.1089 / cyber.2009.0082

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

San, C. (2015). CNNIC e fane ka tlaleho ea lipalo tsa ntlafatso ea inthanete ea mashome a mararo a metso e mehlano. Dis. Ruta. China 4, 99-104. Doi: 10.13541 / j.cnki.chinade.2015.02.006

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef

Shaw, M., le Black, DW (2008). Tlatsetso ea inthanete: tlhaloso, tlhahlobo, lefu la mafu le tsamaiso ea bongaka. Lithethefatsi tsa CNS 22, 353–365. doi: 10.2165/00023210-200822050-00001

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Shek, DTL, Letsatsi, RCF, le Yu, L. (2013). Bokhoba ba inthanete Neuroscience ho 21st Century: Ho tloha ho Basic ho ea Clinical, ed. DW Pfaff (New York, NY: Springer), 2775-2811. Doi: 10.1007 / 978-1-4614-1997-6_108

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Tian, ​​Y., Bian, YL, Han, PG, Gao, FQ, le Wang, P. (2017). Litloaelano lipakeng tsa kelello le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e sebelisitsoeng ka kakaretso ho barutoana ba Univesithi ea Chaena: tlhahlobo e telele. Comput. Hum. Behav. 72, 178-188. Doi: 10.1016 / j.chb.2017.02.048

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Tian, ​​Y., Bian, YL, Han, PG, Wang, P., le Gao, FQ (2015). Litlamorao tsa ho hlabisoa ke bokhoba ba marang-rang: litlamorao tsa tšekamelo ea ho qoelisoa le ts'oaetso e mpe e amanang le marang-rang. Se-China. J. Qaqileng. Ruta. 12, 83-89. Doi: 10.3969 / j.issn.1007-3728.2015.12.014

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef

Tokunaga, RS, le lipula, SA (2010). Tlhahlobo ea litšobotsi tse peli tsa likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang, nako e sebelisitsoeng marang-rang le mathata a kelello. Hum. Bokomonisi. Res. 36, 512-545. Doi: 10.1111 / J.1468-2958.2010.01386.X

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Tsai, HF, Cheng, SH, Yeh, TL, Shih, CC, Chen, KC, Yang, YC, et al. (2009). Kotsi ea ho lemalla inthanete-tlhahlobo ea li-freshmen tsa univesithi. Resp Psychiatry. 167, 294-299. Doi: 10.1016 / j.psychres.2008.01.015

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Van den Eijnden, RJJM, Spijkerman, R., Vermulst, AA, Van Rooij, TJ, le Engles, RCME (2010). Ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e qobelloang har'a bacha lilemong tsa bocha: likamano tsa motsoali le ngoana tse khothalletsoang. J. Abnorm. Psychol ea bana. 38, 77–89. doi: 10.1007/s10802-009-9347-8

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Van Lier, PA, Vitaro, F., Barker, ED, Brendgen, M., Tremblay, RE, le Boivin, M. (2012). Ho hlekefetsoa ke lithaka, ho se atlehe lithutong, le kamano lipakeng tsa bongoana le ho thatafatsa mathata a hae. Ngoana oa bana. 83, 1775-1788. doi: 10.1111 / j.1467-8624.2012.01802.x

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Wang, T., Wei, H., Zhou, ZK, Xiong, J., Li, X., Yang, X., et al. (2015). Kamano ea karolo ea sebapali sa lithaka, ho lematsa hampe, le ho lemalla papali ea inthanete. Se-China. J. Clin. Psychol. 23, 487-493. Doi: 10.16128 / j.cnki.1005-3611.2015.03.023

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef

Wen, ZL, Chang, L., le Hou, JT (2006). Mokena-lipakeng ea bohareng le mokena-lipakeng ea emisitsoeng. Acta Psychol. Sebe. 38, 448-452.

Google Setsebi

Woodhouse, SS, Dykas, MJ, le Juda, C. (2012). Bolutu le likamano tsa lithaka nakong ea bohlankana. Moruti Soc. Dev. 21, 273-293. doi: 10.1111 / j.1467-9507.2011.00611.x

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Yang, LS, Letsatsi, L, Zhang, ZH, Letsatsi, YH, Wu, HY, le Ye, DQ (2014). Bokhoba ba inthanete, khatello ea maikutlo ea bocha, le karolo ea bohlokoa ea liketsahalo tsa bophelo: Ho fumana ho tsoa mehlala ea bacha ba China. Int. J. Psychol. 49, 342-347. Doi: 10.1002 / ijop.12063

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Bacha, KS, le de Abreu, CN (2011). Tlhatlhobo ea inthanete: Buka e tataisang le Tlhatlhobo ea Tlhahlobo le Phekolo. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Google Setsebi

Bacha, KS, Pistner, M., O'Mara, J., le Buchanan, J. (1999). Mathata a amanang le cyber: matšoenyeho a bophelo bo botle ba kelello bakeng sa sekete se secha sa lilemo. Cyberpsychol. Behav. 2, 475-479. Doi: 10.1089 / cpb.1999.2.475

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Yuan, YC, Shao, AH, Liang, LC, le Bian, YF (2014). Tlhahlobo e sekameng ea kamano e lipakeng tsa ho se kopane, ho khesoa ke lithaka le ho hlekefetsoa ke lithaka. Psychol. Dev. Ruta. 30, 16-23.

Google Setsebi

Zhang, HY, Li, DP, le Li, X. (2015). Tšebeliso e mpe ea mocheso le mathata a marang-rang ho bacha: mofuta o lekanyelitsoeng oa boiphetolo ba menahano e fosahetseng le mekhoa ea botsoali. J. Ntlo ea Lelapa ea Bana. 24, 1886–1897. doi: 10.1007/s10826-014-9990-8

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Zhang, JT, Chen, C., Wang, LJ, Liu, L., Liu, FE, Zhao, HC, et al. (2014). Kamano lipakeng tsa nako e sebelisitsoeng marang-rang le ho lemalla ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang pakeng tsa li-newmen tsa koleche ea semmuso: mohlala o lekanyelitsoeng. Acta Psychol. Sebe. 30, 65-68. Doi: 10.3969 / j.issn.1671-6981.2007.01.015

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Zhou, Z., Yuan, G., le Yao, J. (2012). Khethollo ea kelello e mabapi le litšoantšo tse amanang le papali ea inthanete le liphoso tse phahameng ho batho ba lemaletseng papali ea Inthanete. PLoS ONE 7: e48961. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0048961

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Mantsoe a bohlokoa: Bokhoba ba marang-rang, ts'oaetso e mpe e amanang le marang-rang, boithuto bo bocha ba koleche, tlhahlobo ea mapolanka e phetseng hantle, China

Caring: Han P, Wang P, Lin Q, Tian Y, Gao F le Chen Y (2017) Kamano e khutlelang lipakeng tsa Tebello ea Inthanete le Kameho e amanang le Marang-rang pakeng tsa K'holejeng ea Chaena College Freshmen: Tlhahlobo ea Longitudinal Cross-Lagged. Ka pele. Psychol. 8: 1047. Doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2017.01047

E amohetse: 13 Hlakubele 2017; E amohetsoe: 08 June 2017;
E phatlalalitsoe: 22 June 2017.

E hlophisitsoeng ke:

Qinghua He, Univesithi e Boroa-bophirima, China

Hlahloba by:

Guangheng Dong, Univesithi e Tloaelehileng ea Zhejiang, China
Jennifer Kennel, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Jeremane

Copyright © 2017 Han, Wang, Lin, Tian, ​​Gao le Chen. Ena ke sengoloa se bulehileng se fihletsoeng ka tlase ho License ea Boikarabelo ba Creative Commons (CC BY). Ho sebelisoa, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa liforomo tse ling ho lumelloa, hafeela bangoli ba pele kapa ba le lengolo la tumello ba tlotlisoa le hore sengoliloeng sa pele sa makasine ena se boleloa, ho latela mokhoa o amohelehang oa thuto. Ha ho sebelisoe, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa ho lumelloa ho sa lumellaneng le melao ena.