(CAUSATION) Tlhaloso ea Smartphone le phello ea eona ka ho ipapisa le ho tlohella ho amanang le likarolo tse ling (2018)

Front Psychol. 2018 Aug 13; 9: 1444. doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2018.01444.

Eide TA1, Rekena SH2, Karoline CS3, RM4, Pallesen S2.

inahaneloang

Tšebeliso e feteletseng ea smartphone e 'nile ea amahanngoa le liphello tse ngata tse mpe bakeng sa motho ka mong le tikoloho. Lintho tse ling li ka bonoa pakeng tsa tšebeliso e feteletseng ea li-smartphone le mekhoa e 'maloa ea lits'ilaetso,' me ts'ebetsong e sebelisoang ke e 'ngoe ea litšobotsi tse ngata tse kenyelletsoeng ho lemalla. Bofelong bo fetisisang ba ho abeloa ha tšebeliso ea smartphone, thibelo ea smartphone e ka lebelloa ho hlahisa liphello tse mpe ho batho ka bomong. Liphello tsena tse mpe li ka nkoa e le matšoao a ho itokolla ka tloaelo a amanang le lithethefatsi tse amanang le lithethefatsi. E le ho rarolla bothata bona ba nako e loketseng, thuto ea hona joale e hlahlobile lintlha tse ho Smartphone Ho tlosoa Scale (SWS), Tšabo ea ho Hloleha ho Etsahala (FoMOS) le Setitive le Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) nakong ea 72 h ea thibelo ea smartphone. Mohlala oa barupeluoa ba 127 (72.4% basali), ba lilemo li 18-48 (M = 25.0, SD = 4.5), li ne li abeloa maemo a mabeli: boemo bo fokolang (sehlopha sa liteko, n = 67) kapa boemo ba ho laola (sehlopha sa taolo, n = 60). Nakong ea thibelo nakong ea nako barupeluoa ba qetile likarolo tse boletsoeng ka holimo ka makhetlo a mararo ka letsatsi. Liphetho li ile tsa senola lintlha tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa ho SWS le FoMOS bakeng sa barupeluoa ba fuoeng boemo bo thibetsoeng ho feta ba filoeng boemo ba ho laola. Ka kakaretso liphetho li bontša hore thibelo ea smartphone e ka baka matšoao a ho itokolla.

LINKOTSO: FoMO; PANAS; tlhekefetso ea boitšoaro boithuto ba liteko; thibelo; smartphone; tlosa

PMID: 30150959

PMCID: PMC6099124

DOI: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2018.01444

Selelekela

Theknoloji ea morao-rao ea mehala e se e tumme ebile e hatetse pele haholo lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng. Boemo ba bonono (ke hore, li-smartphones) li kenyelletsa mesebetsi e mengata ea multimedia, e etsang hore basebelisi ba hokahane khafetsa ba be le phihlello ea phallo ea data ea nako ea nnete e tsoang libakeng tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang (li-SNS; ; ). Ka lebaka leo, smartphone e fetohile karolo ea bohlokoa maphelong a batho, ha 73% e tlaleha hore ba tla ikutloa ba tšohile haeba ba behile smartphone ea bona hampe le 58% e tlaleha hore ba e hlahloba bonyane hang ka hora).

Tšebeliso e matla ea smartphone le mathata, e boetse e bitsoa bokhoba ba (boits'oaro); ), e na le litlamorao tse ka bang kotsi (bona , bakeng sa tlhahlobo e hlophisehileng). Patlisiso e bonts'a hore tšebeliso e feteletseng e ka lebisa litlamorao tse sa rateheng bakeng sa motho ka mong le tikoloho eo e leng ho eona mme e ka ba le taba ea bohlokoa bakeng sa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba (; ). Boithuto bo bong bo supa hore tšebeliso e matla ea li-smartphone e ka lebisa ho senyeha ha masculoskeletal (; ), ts'ebetso e mpe ea thuto), matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo (; ) le boleng bo bobe ba ho robala (). Poleloana ea ho tloaela ho bua ka tšebeliso ea tlhekefetso e bua ka tlhekefetso eo eseng ea khemikhale kapa e seng lintho tse amanang le tlhaho le, eo pele e neng e sengoloa, hangata se ne se bitsoa bokhoba ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ntle le lithethefatsi. Tebello ea li-smartphone e hlahile e le karolo ea mekhahlelo ea boitšoaro. Ho latela mohlala oa motsoako o khothalelitse hore e tšoauoa ka likarolo tse ts'eletseng, tsena li kenyelletsa ho sesa, ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo, ho mamella, matšoao a ho tlohela, likhohlano le ho khutlela morao. Likarolo tsena li ne li nkuoa hore li tloaelehile bakeng sa lithethefatsi ka bobeli tse amanang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le tlhekefetso ea boitšoaro. The matšoao a ho ikhula Karolo ena e bua ka litlamorao tse sa thabiseng tsa kelello le mmele tse hlahang e le sephetho sa ho khaotsa mosebetsi o itseng. Tšusumetso e matla ea ho tlohela e ka fapana bakeng sa motho ka mong ho latela sephetho sa kelello le sa mmele. Matšoao a ho khaola maikutlong a kelello a bua ka litlamorao tse kang ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo, ho teneha le ho tšoenyeha, ha matšoao a ho khaola a 'mele a kenyelletsa ho fufuleloa, ho nyekeloa ke pelo, ho hlobaela, hlooho e joalo le tse ling. Matšoao a ho khaola kelello le kelello ke litlamorao tse tlalehiloeng hantle tšebelisong ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (), mme hajoale ho na le 'mele o ntseng o eketseha oa bopaki hape o fanang ka maikutlo a hore matšoao a ho khaola a teng bakeng sa bokhoba ba boits'oaro, bo kang ho ts'oaroa hoa marang-rang ().

Ho fihla hajoale palo ea lithuto tse shebileng litlamorao tsa thibelo ea phihlello ho li-smartphones e lekantsoe. Phuputso e 'ngoe e senotse hore thibelo e entse hore barupeluoa ba tšoenyehe haholo ha nako e ntse e feta (). Leha ho le joalo, phello ena e fumaneha feela ho batho ba neng ba le li-smartphones tse boima kapa ba itekanetseng (). Phuputsong e 'ngoe ho se khone ho araba li-call tse kenang ka smartphone ea motho ho fumanoe ho baka lebelo le phahameng la pelo le khatello ea mali, hammoho le maikutlo a ho tšoenyeha le ho se thabise (). Lithuto tse ling tse 'maloa li hlahlobe thibelo ea li-smartphone le ho ba lekhoba la tšebeliso ka meetso e fapaneng (; ; ). Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore matšoao a ho tlohela a ka 'na a bapala ha batho ba fihlella mehala ea bona ea selefouno. Ntho e ka 'nang ea hlalosa matšoao a ho tlosoa ha thibelo ea smartphone ke ho tšaba ho lahleha (FoMO), e bolelang ho tšoenyeha ho feteletseng hoo motho a khetholloang ho nka karolo kapa ho arolelana liphihlelo tse monate tseo ba bang ba bang le tsona (). Ho nka karolo inthaneteng ho kanna ha khahla haholo ka lebaka la phihlello ea hang-hang ea tlhaiso-leseling e mabapi le metsoalle le liketsahalo, moo batho ba phahameng ho FoMO ba ka 'nang ba khelohela liteisheneng tsena tsa bophatlalatsi. Ho feta moo, lithibelo phihlelong ea liteishene tsena li ka baka matšoao a amanang le ho tlohela. Lithuto tse 'maloa li tiisa kamano e ntle pakeng tsa FoMO le tšebeliso e feteletseng ea li-smartphone (,; ; ; ; ). Tumellanong le sena, 'mele o ntseng o eketseha oa lipatlisiso mabapi le tšebeliso e feteletseng ea li-smartphone o bontšitse hore o amana haholo le tšebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso ea marang-rang (, ; ; ; ). Litšobotsi tsa smartphone, joalo ka boholo le ho nkeha habonolo, li ka tsamaisa lipallo tse matlafatso tse ngata tse amanang le tšusumetso, e ka potlakisang tšusumetso ea boitšoaro bo lematsang. Ho na le maikutlo a fapaneng mabapi le bokhoba ba theknoloji, hore na bo kenyelletsa ho lemalla bohareng ka boeona kapa hore na motho ea bohareng o mpa a khothaletsa litlolo tse ling. Ho na le maikutlo a mararo a sehlooho mabapi le bothata bona: (1) e le ngoe e ka lemalloang ho se bohareng; (2) motho a ka ba lekhoba la tse mahareng, hobane e fana ka phihlello ea mefuta e fapaneng ea litaba tse fumanehang feela ka mahareng; 'me (3) motho o lemaletse feela litaba tse mahareng a fihlelletsoeng eseng ka bohareng. ea pheha khang ea hore mahareng ke sona se bakang temallo ka lebaka la hore litaba li ne li ke ke tsa fumaneha ntle le eona, ha ba pheha khang ea hore mahareng ka boona ha a lemalle, empa mahareng a sebelisoa e le sethala / mohloli o khothalletsang bokhoba ba litheko. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tse ling tse tsoang lipatlisisong tsa linyeoe li bonts'a hore batho ba 'maloa ba bonahala ba lemaletse marang-rang ka bobona. Hangata batho bana ba sebelisa marang-rang bakeng sa likamore tsa ho qoqa le lintho tse fumanehang feela ka inthanete (). Qabang ena e boetse e sebelisitsoe ho hlalosa batho ba shebahalang eka ba lemaletse mecha ea litaba ea sechaba le SNS (; ). Ntle le moo, ho na le ngangisano ea hore na motho a ka batla ho sebelisa mokhoa o mongata oa tšebeliso ea li-smartphone kapa ho ba le mathata, ho lemalla (). Ka boikemelo ba puisano ena, ho na le ho tšoana ho teng lipakeng tsa tšebeliso e feteletseng ea li-smartphone le bokhoba ba boits'oaro, bo etsang lipatlisiso tsa matšoao a ka bang teng ha a khaotsa ho khahloa.

Ha o nahana ka matšoao a ho khaohana, mmele o bua ka ho khetheha lithahasellong tse amanang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (; , ; ), athe matšoao a ho ikhula litlamong tsa boits'oaro hangata a tsamaisana le matšoao a kelello (, ; ; ). Boithuto bo 'maloa bo sebelisitse mehato ea ho tšoenyeha le litlamorao tse amanang le eona e le mokhoa oa ho etsa lipatlisiso boiphihlelo ba motho ka mong nakong ea lithibelo ho batho ba nang le ts'oaetso e fapaneng ea boitšoaro (; ; ). Leha ho le joalo, ho na le lipatlisiso tse fokolang mabapi le ho khaotsa ho lemalla litekanyetso tsa boitšoaro).

Boithuto ba ho khaotsa ho lemalla lithethefatsi ho bontšitse hore ho na le mekhoa e itseng mabapi le nts'etsopele ea matšoao. Tsebo ka litlamorao tsena e ka ba thuso e kholo ha taba ea matšoao a bang teng ha motho e ntse e le makhoba a boitšoaro e ntse e ka etsoa lipatlisiso tse lekaneng. ba ithutile ho tsuba ba neng ba tlohela koae ka nako e itseng. Liphetho li bonts'a hore matšoao a ne a e-na le sebopeho sa U, moo matšoao a neng a le sephara haholo qalong le ho isa qetellong ea nako ea thibelo. Leha ho le joalo, phuputso e mabapi le ho khaotsa joala e fumane matšoao a ho latela tsela eo U-curve e kentsoeng ka eona.). Liphumano tsena li bonts'a hore ho kanna ha ba le phapang pakeng tsa litlatsetso tse fapaneng mabapi le sebopeho sa nakoana sa matšoao a ho tlohela. Holim'a moo, ba entse tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng tse hlophisehileng moo ba ithutileng ho tsubela, mme ba fumana hore boholo ba boiphetetso bo etsahetse matsatsing a 8 a pele. Kahoo, ho ka pheha khang ea hore ho lokela ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho feta bekeng ea pele ea linako tsa thibelo (). Ho na le lipatlisiso tse fokolang tse entsoeng mabapi le ho tlohela le ho holisa nts'etsopele ea eona ea nakoana litabeng tsa bokhoba ba boitšoaro.

Khahlano le boemo bona bo ka morao, re qapile teko e ka bapisoang le 72 h ea thibelo ea smartphone maemong a taolo ntle le thibelo. Re ile ra nahana hore barupeluoa ba maemong a teko ba ne ba tla ba holimo haholo ho matšoao a ho tlohela smartphone, tšabo ea ho felloa ke matla le maikutlo a mabe, leha ho le joalo ka maikutlo a matle, bapisoa le taolo (H1), e bonts'ang litlamorao tsa maemo. Hape re ne re lebelletse hore matšoao a mabe a tla ba maholo qalong ea nako ea ho ngolisa ha a bapisoa le hamorao (H2), a bonts'a litlamorao tse kholo tsa nako. Kamora nako, re ne re lebelletse ho theoha ho hoholo ha matšoao a ho khaola ka nako e telele litekong ho feta maemong a taolo (H3), a tlang ho bonts'oa ke litlamorao tse kholo tsa tšebelisano-'ngoe (Boemo x Nako).

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

barupeluoa ba

Mohlala o entsoe ka karolo ea barupeluoa ba 127, basali ba 72.4% (n = 92) le banna ba 27.6% (n = 35). Bohle ba neng ba nka karolo ba ne ba le lipakeng tsa lilemo tsa 18 le 48, ba le lilemo tse 25 (SD = 4.5). Ka kakaretso, 79.5% (n = 101) e ne e le liithuti tsa nako e tletseng tse neng li kena sekolong se phahameng sa Bergen.

Lisebelisoa

Demography

Barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa ho tlatsa lintho mabapi le lilemo tsa bona, bong, boemo ba kamano le boemo ba bona ba baithuti.

Li-frequency tsa Smartphone le Lintho Tse Sebelisang

Potso e ne e le lintho tse hlano moo barupeluoa ba ikarotseng ka lihlooho tse joalo ka maqhubu, bolelele ba nako le litšobotsi (mohlala, "Na u sebelisa smartphone ea hau letsatsi le leng le le leng?") Ea tšebeliso ea li-smartphone. Potso ena e hlahisitsoe ho Sehlomathiso A.

Smartphone Withdrawal Scale (SWS)

Tekanyo ena e kenyellelitsoe thutong bakeng sa ho lekanya litekanyetso tsa matšoao a ho tlohela tse amanang le thibelo ea smartphone. Smartphone Withdrawal Scale (SWS) ke mofuta o fetotsoeng oa Cigarette Withdrawal Scale (CWS; ). Leha ho tsuba koae ho amme ntho, ho na le phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa matšoao a ho khaotsa ho tsuba le matšoao a ho khaotsa a amanang le ho lemalla ho tsuba (). CWS ea mantlha e na le lintho tsa 21 tse arotsoe ka li-subscales tse tšeletseng (khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo, takatso ea maikutlo, ho teneha, khatello ea maikutlo, takatso ea lijo le ho hloka boroko), empa thutong ea hona joale Appetite-Weight Gain le subsomale ea Insomnia e ne e se tsona kenyelletsoa ha ho bonahala eka ha ho na thuso bakeng sa ho tlosoa hoa smartphone. Lintho tse 'ne tse fumanehang subscale ea Craving, tse tobileng ho ts'ebeliso ea koae, li ile tsa fetoloa hore li tšoanelehe bakeng sa ho tlosoa ke smartphone. Ntle le moo, sekala se fetotsoe ho tsoa ho sebopeho ho ea sebopeho sa mmuso, ka ho beha lipotso ho tsoa ho kakaretso ho ea ho boemo bo itseng (mohlala, "Ntho feela eo nka nahanang ka eona motsotso ona, ke smartphone ea ka"; bona Supplementary Material bakeng sa lenane le felletseng la lintho). Sekala se fetotsoeng se na le lintho tsa 15 tse lekantsoeng le litekanyetso tse hlano tsa Likert ho tloha 1 (ho hang hana) ho 5 (lumellana ka botlalo). Ho ile ha baloa lintlha tse kopaneng ho latela palo ea lihlahisoa tsohle tsa 15. Alpha ea Cronbach bakeng sa SWS e bontšitsoe e le ntle haholo makhetlo ohle a robong a neng a lekantsoe, ho tloha 0.88 ho 0.92.

Kemiso e ntle le e mpe ea Lits'oaetso (PANAS)

Kemiso e Amang le e Nepahetseng ea Kamano (PANAS) () e sebelisitsoe ho lekanya mohono o itlalehang 'me e na le lintho tsa 20, lintho tsa 10 tse amanang le Positive Afitive schedule (PA) le lintho tsa 10 tse amanang le Negative Afitive schedule (NA). Lintho tsena li hlalosa linaha tse fapaneng tse amanang, joalo ka tletseng bora 'me thabile. Barupeluoa ba fane ka ntho e ngoe le e ngoe ka sekhahla se nang le lintlha tse hlano ho tloha (hanyane kapa hanyane ho hang) ho 5 (haholo), ho ipapisitse le boemo ba bona ba hona joale. Phuputsong e teng hona joale, likhakanyo tsa alpha tsa Cronbach bakeng sa PA (0.87-0.92) le subsistale ea NA (0.77-0.85) li bonts'itsoe li le molemo ho isa maemong a robong a ho lekanya.

Tšabo ea ho lahleheloa ke maemo (FoMOS)

Tšabo ea ho lahleheloa ke maemo (FoMOS) () e sebelisitsoe e le mokhoa oa ho itlaleha oa FoMO. Leha ho le joalo, thutong ea hona joale, tekanyo e fetotsoe boemong ba mmuso ka ho ngola lipotso ho tsoa ho kakaretso ho ea ho boemo bo itseng le ba hona joale. Sekala se na le lintho tsa 10 (mohlala, "Ke tšaba hore ba bang ba na le boiphihlelo bo khotsofatsang ho feta 'na hona joale") bo kentsoeng tekong ea lintlha tse hlano ho tloha 1 (ho hang ha se 'nete ka' na) ho 5 ('nete haholo ka' na). FoMOS e bontšitse ho tšoana ho lekanang ka linako tsohle tse robong tsa ho lekanya ka ho ts'epahalla ha alpha ho tloha 0.80 ho 0.87.

Mehato e sebelisitsoeng ho khetholla tšebeliso ea li-smartphone e ne e tsamaisoa ka nako e le 'ngoe, ha betri ea likala tse amanang le ho khaola e ne e phethoa ka linako tse robong nakong ea thibelo. Sekala sena se amanang le ho ntša se ne se kenyelletsa lintho tse itšetlehileng ka eona. Nako e ne e emela mehato e pheta-phetoang bakeng sa karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe (makhetlo a robong), e ileng ea thusa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa phapang ea motho ka mong. Boemo bo ne bo emela ho beoa lithibelo kapa taolo.

Tsamaiso

Barupeluoa ba ile ba hapuoa ka papatso ho Facebook le boipiletso ba bona. Barupeluoa ba sa sebeliseng li-smartphone tsa bona bonyane 1 h letsatsi le letsatsi ba ne ba sa kenyelletsoe ka thoko. Boithuto bo etsahetse ka mafelo a beke a leshome nakong ea ho tloha ka Mphalane 2016 ho fihlela ka Hlakola 2017. Morupeluoa e mong le e mong o ne a fuoa ID e ikhethang 'me a ikhethile ka mokhoa o ikhethileng bakeng sa ho ba maemong a thibetsoeng kapa a le taolo ke mochini o ikemetseng oa inthanete ().

Mantaha pele ho beke ea liteko (Labohlano le Mantaha; bona Figure Figure11) barupeluoa ba ile ba fumana lengolo-tsoibila le nang le khokahano ho lipatlisiso tse thehiloeng marang-rang (palo ea batho le ts'ebeliso ea li-smartphone). Kamora ho kenyeletsoa, ​​bohle ba neng ba nka karolo ba ile ba fuoa nomoro e ikhethang, e arolelanoang ka tatellano mme ba arotsoe ka mokhoa o ikhethileng hore e be maemo a thibeloang kapa a taolo (bona Figure Figure22). Ka Labohlano, ba abetsoeng maemo a thibelitsoeng (sehlopha sa liteko; n = 67) ba ne ba laetsoe hore ba tima li-smartphones tsa bona ebe ba li kenya. Smartphone e kentsoe ka khabineng e sireletsehileng e koetsoeng beke le beke. Ba abetsoeng maemo a taolo (sehlopha sa taolo; n = 60) ba ile ba lumelloa ho boloka le ho sebelisa li-smartphone tsa bona joalo ka tloaelo. Nakong ea thibelo (72 h), barupeluoa ba ile ba laeloa ho tlatsa lipotso tse loketseng (SWS, FoMOS, le PANAS) makhetlo a mararo ka letsatsi pampiring eo ba e fumaneng ka letsatsi la pele la liteko. Ka Mantaha o latelang, barupeluoa ba ile ba nehelana ka lipotso tse tlatsitsoeng. Bao ba neng ba le maemong a thibetsoeng ba ile ba khutlisa li-smartphones tsa bona 'me ba araba potso e bulehileng e mabapi le liphephetso tse amanang le nako ea thibelo. Barupeluoa bohle ba amohetse moputso oa 500 NOK bakeng sa ho nka karolo ho ithuteng. Chelete ha ea buloa esale pele ho netefatsa sepheo sa mantlha sa ho nka karolo ho ithuteng.

 

Faele e kantle e nang le setšoantšo, papiso, joalo-joalo Lebitso la ntho ke fpsyg-09-01444-g001.jpg

Mohlala oa tsoelo-pele o bonts'a moralo oa liteko.

 

Faele e kantle e nang le setšoantšo, papiso, joalo-joalo Lebitso la ntho ke fpsyg-09-01444-g002.jpg

Ts'ebetso ea karolo ea sehlopha sa lipalesa.

Ethics

Phuputso ena e entsoe ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki mme e amohetsoe ke Lekhotla la Ts'ireletso ea Ts'ireletso ea Norway (porojeke ea. 49769) le komiti ea melao ea boitšoaro e ne e le motho a le mong, Belinda Gloppen Helle ea tsoang Setsing sa Norway sa Tokomane ea Patlisiso. Barupeluoa bohle ba ile ba nkuoa ho tsoa ho batho ba baholo ka kakaretso (bonyane lilemo tsa 18) mme bohle ba filoe tumello ka tlhaiso-leseling.

Boitsebiso ba Lintlha

Ho ile ha sebelisoa tlhahlobo ea metara e tsoakaneng ea motsoako 'me ha sebelisoa mokhoa o lekantsoeng o ka sebelisoang ha sena se hlahisa likhakanyo tse sa lekanyetsoang tsa maemo le phapang ea covariance. Tsela e se nang moeli e kenyellelitsoe mehlaleng (; ). Tlhahlobisong, lintlha tse pakeng tsa lithuto li bonts'itse phapang e teng lipakeng tsa batho ba maemong a thibetsoeng le maemo a taolo, mabapi le ho tlosoa hoa smartphone (e khethiloeng ho tsoa ho lintlha tsa SWS), tšabo ea ho lahleheloa (ho khethiloe ho tsoa lenaneng la FoMOS), le tse mpe / tse mpe tse amang (tse hlahisoang ho tsoa ho lintlha tsa PANAS). Tlhahlobo ea matla e bonts'itse hore palo ea barupeluoa e kenyellelitsoeng e tla lekana matla a 0.80 maemong a boholo ba boholo ba sephetho bakeng sa lintlha tse ikemiselitseng le tumellano ea khokahano e lebelletsoeng pakeng tsa mehato e phetoang ea 0.5 (). Litlhahlobo tsohle li ile tsa etsoa ho sebelisoa SPSS Version 23.

Ho lintho tse tsoang sekeng sa SWS, se phethiloeng nakong ea thibelo, data e lahlehileng e ne e le 4.4% ea kakaretso. Lintho tsa FoMO li ne li na le 4.2%, PA wadogo 4.5%, 'me sekala sa NA se ne se e-na le 4.2% e lahlehileng ea data. Leha ho le joalo, mokhoa oa ho sekaseka oa mohlala o kopanetsoeng o etsa hore ho khonehe ho sebelisa data e fumanehang bakeng sa diyuniti moo lintlha tsa nako li haellang.

Results

Lethathamo lena le tla fumaneha ha le kopuoa ho TE.

Litlhaloso

Ts'ebeliso ea Smartphone e ile ea lekanngoa pele ho beke ea liteko. Phapang ea tšebeliso ea smartphone e itlalehileng e ne e sa fapana lipakeng tsa lihlopha (t = 1.36, df = 125, p = 0.177). Bona Lethathamo Lethathamo11 litlhaloso tse qaqileng haholoanyane. Ho ne ho se na phapang ea phano ea bong (χ2= 0.373, df = 1, p = 0.541) lipakeng tsa maemo ana a mabeli.

Lethathamo 1

Mean (M) le mekhelo e tloaelehileng (SD) ea tšebeliso ea li-smartphone tse tlalehiloeng le mathata a bileng teng nakong ea thibelo ea li-smartphone ka liperesente.

 M (SD)Peresente
Tiriso e tlalehiloeng ea  
Sehlopha se thibetsoeng2.79 (0.85) 
Control2.62 (0.56) 
Liphephetso nakong ea thibelo e amanang le  
Lisebelisoa tsa ts'ebetso 49.3%
Puisano ea kahisano 49.3%
Ho se khonehe 43.3%
Ho rera 40.3%
Alarm / Nako 32.8%
Mmino / podcast 25.4%
Lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang 13.4%
Security 10.4%
Nako ea ho feta 6.0%
 
 
Boleng ba ts'ebeliso ea Smartphone ea tse tharo e bonts'a ts'ebeliso ea 3 ho 6 h.

Tlhahlobo ea liteko

Litlamorao tsa thibelo ea Smartphone mabapi le Matšoao a ho Lahla Lintho (bona litafole Lithane2,2, , 33)

Lethathamo 2

Kameho ea thibelo ea smartphone ho li-reboleng (li-SwS) tsa lintlha ka mefuta e tsoakaneng e kopaneng.

TimeLekanyaPhoso e tloaelehilengtF
10.1770.0712.48 * 
20.1330.0721.85 
30.0260.0720.359 
40.0530.0710.745 
5-0.0500.072-0.696 
6-0.0110.072-0.150 
70.0320.0720.449 
80.0470.0710.657 
9    
boemo   4.90 *
Time   2.83 **
boemo*nako   0.226
 
 
Nako 9 e emela nako ea ho buoa. SWS, Smartphone Ho Lahloa Khale. *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.005, ∗∗∗∗p <0.001.

Lethathamo 3

Phapang e tloaelehileng le e tloaelehileng bakeng sa boemo bo bong le bo bong ho SWS, FoMOS, le PANAS ka Nako 1-9.

 E thibetsoe 


E sa thibeloang 


TimeSWSFoMOPANASWSFoMOPANA
11.69 (0.647)2.01 (0.720)2.77 (0.713)1.34 (0.392)1.57 (0.655)1.86 (0.558)2.78 (0.737)1.27 (0.367)
21.68 (0.660)2.05 (0.744)2.61 (0.576)1.32 (0.422)1.53 (0.562)1.76 (0.642)2.67 (0.854)1.29 (0.405)
31.57 (0.561)1.88 (0.793)2.63 (0.719)1.32 (0.394)1.40 (0.552)1.75 (0.624)2.79 (0.829)1.26 (0.389)
41.60 (0.650)1.93 (0.754)2.61 (0.820)1.34 (0.471)1.44 (0.556)1.77 (0.631)2.73 (0.791)1.20 (0.287)
51.57 (0.683)1.87 (0.660)2.53 (0.699)1.27 (0.382)1.32 (0.395)1.68 (0.597)2.63 (0.775)1.18 (0.282)
61.54 (0.536)1.81 (0.695)2.47 (0.852)1.27 (0.421)1.37 (0.420)1.59 (0.555)2.71 (0.856)1.24 (0.360)
71.62 (0.576)1.86 (0.623)2.30 (0.749)1.33 (0.387)1.41 (0.528)1.64 (0.517)2.60 (0.743)1.25 (0.335)
81.65 (0.676)1.85 (0.682)2.43 (0.695)1.31 (0.388)1.43 (0.461)1.60 (0.586)2.57 (0.775)1.21 (0.352)
91.53 (0.536)1.74 (0.573)2.57 (0.665)1.21 (0.370)1.36 (0.506)1.62 (0.573)2.64 (0.787)1.19 (0.351)
 
 

Ho SWS ho bile le phello ea bohlokoa ea lipalo. F(1,124.97) = 4.90, p <0.05, le nako, F(8,951.19) = 2.83, p <0.005 ho lintlha tsohle. Tšebelisano lipakeng tsa maemo le nako e ne e se bohlokoa ka lipalo, F(8,951.19) = 0.226, p = 0.986 (Figure Figure33). Ka ho khetheha, Nako 1 e ne e e-na le sekhahla se phahameng sa lipalo tsa SWS ha se bapisoa le Nako 9 (t = 2.48, p <0.05) e neng e emela nako ea ts'upiso.

Faele e kantle e nang le setšoantšo, papiso, joalo-joalo Lebitso la ntho ke fpsyg-09-01444-g003.jpg

Bontša lintlha ho "Smartphone Withdrawal Scale" (SWS) bakeng sa maemo a thibetsoeng le taolo. Mehala ea liphoso e emela phoso e tloaelehileng molemong oa boleng bo bong le bo bong. *p <0.05 bakeng sa tšusumetso e kholo ea boemo, p <0.05 bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea mantlha ea nako, le p <0.05 bakeng sa Nako 1 bapisa le Nako 9.

Litlamorao tsa Thibelo ea Smartphone mabapi le Tšabo ea Ho lahleheloa ke letho (bona litafole Lithane3,3, , 44)

Lethathamo 4

Kameho ea thibelo ea smartphone mabapi le ho tšaba ho lahleheloa ke lintlha (FoMOS) ka mefuta e tsoakaneng e kopaneng.

TimeLekanyaPhoso e tloaelehilengtF
10.2390.0643.72 **** 
20.1490.0652.28 * 
30.1140.0651.75 
40.1400.0642.18 * 
50.0720.0651.11 
6-0.0210.065-0.328 
70.0180.0650.280 
8-0.0260.064-0.407 
9    
boemo   3.99 *
Time   8.17 ****
boemo*nako   0.652
 
 
Nako 9 e emela nako ea ho buoa. FoMOS, Tšabo ea ho lahleheloa ke maemo. *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.005, ∗∗∗∗p <0.001.

Ho bile le phello e kholo ea lipalo. F(1,124.81) = 3.99, p <0.05, le nako, F(8,952.40) = 8.17, p <0.001, ho lintlha tsohle tsa FoMOS. Tšebelisano lipakeng tsa maemo le nako e ne e se bohlokoa ka lipalo, F(8,952.40) = 0.652, p = 0.734 (Figure Figure44). Ho feta moo, Nako 1 (t = 3.72, p <0.001), Nako 2 (t = 2.28, p <0.05), le Nako 4 (t = 2.18, p <0.05) e ne e na le lintlha tsa bohlokoa tse holimo tsa FoMOS ha li bapisoa le nako ea ts'upiso (Nako 9).

Faele e kantle e nang le setšoantšo, papiso, joalo-joalo Lebitso la ntho ke fpsyg-09-01444-g004.jpg

Ho bolela lintlha ka tšabo ea ho lahleheloa ke maemo (FOMO) Scale for the limited (n = 67) le taolo (n = 60) boemo. Lithapo tsa liphoso li emela phoso e tloaelehileng ho boleng bo bong le bo bong. *p <0.05 bakeng sa tšusumetso e kholo ea boemo, p textitp <0.05 bakeng sa nako, p <0.05 ea Nako ea 2 le Nako ea 4 ha e bapisoa le Nako 9, le p <0.001 ea Nako 1 ha e bapisoa le Nako 9.

Kameho ea Phokotso ea li-Smartphone mabapi le Positive le e Nepahetseng Bathong (bona litafole Lithane3,3, , 55)

Lethathamo 5

Matla a thibelo ea li-smartphone ho lintlha tse ntle tse amang (PANAS) ka mefuta e tsoakaneng e kopaneng.

TimeLekanyaPhoso e tloaelehilengtF
10.1900.1091.75 
20.1010.1110.914 
30.1810.1111.64 
40.0450.1100.405 
50.1310.1101.19 
60.0020.1100.015 
70.0170.109-0.155 
8-0.0170.109-0.155 
9    
boemo   1.89
Time   3.72 ****
boemo*nako   0.865
 
 
Nako 9 e emela nako ea ho buoa. PANAS, Kemiso e ntle ea Tsona le e Ntle. *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.005, ∗∗∗∗p <0.001.

Ha ho na phello e bohlokoa ea lipalo bakeng sa maemo, F(1,125.15) = 1.89, p = 0.171 ho PA. Leha ho le joalo, tlhahlobo e senotse phello e kholo ea lipalo bakeng sa nako, F(8,951.23) = 3.72, p <0.001, ho lintlha tsohle tsa PA. Ha ho liphetho tsa bohlokoa tse fumanoeng lipakeng tsa nako ka 'ngoe tekong ea ho latela. Tšebelisano pakeng tsa maemo le nako ho lintlha tsa PA, F(8,951.23) = 0.865, p = 0.546, e ne e se bohlokoa lipalo-palo (Figure Figure55). Sekolo sa NA se ne se sena tšusumetso e kholo ea boemo, F(1,124.23) = 1.73, p = 0.191, leha e le ka nako F(8,952.48) = 1.95, p = 0.050 (Lethathamo Lethathamo66). Ho feta moo, phello ea tšebelisano lipakeng tsa boemo le nako ho lintlha tsa NA F(8,952.48) = 0.730, p = 0.665, e ne e se bohlokoa lipalo-palo (Figure Figure66).

Faele e kantle e nang le setšoantšo, papiso, joalo-joalo Lebitso la ntho ke fpsyg-09-01444-g005.jpg

Ho bolela lintlha ho Positive Afite (PA) bakeng sa tse thibetsoeng (n = 67) le taolo (n = 60) boemo. Lithapo tsa liphoso li emela phoso e tloaelehileng ho boleng bo bong le bo bong. p <0.001 bakeng sa tšusumetso e kholo ea nako.

Lethathamo 6

Phello ea thibelo ea li-smartphone ho lintlha tse mpe tse mpe (PANAS) ka mefuta e tsoakaneng e kopaneng.

TimeLekanyaPhoso e tloaelehilengtF
10.0540.0491.10 
20.0690.0491.40 
30.0420.0490.861 
4-0.0120.049-0.252 
5-0.0300.049-0.614 
60.0280.0490.570 
70.0320.0490.652 
80.0000.0490.003 
9    
boemo   1.73
Time   1.95 *
boemo*nako   0.730
 
 
Nako 9 e emela nako ea ho buoa. PANAS, Kemiso e ntle ea Tsona le e Ntle. *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.005, ∗∗∗∗p <0.001.
Faele e kantle e nang le setšoantšo, papiso, joalo-joalo Lebitso la ntho ke fpsyg-09-01444-g006.jpg

Fumana lintlha ho Negative Afite (NA) bakeng sa tse thibetsoeng (n = 67) le taolo (n = 60) boemo. Lithapo tsa liphoso li emela phoso e tloaelehileng ho boleng bo bong le bo bong.

Puisano

Morero oa mantlha oa thuto e teng hona joale e ne e le ho etsa lipatlisiso matšoao a bang teng ha motho a tlohela, ho tšaba ho lahleha, le tšusumetso e ntle le e mpe e amanang le thibelo ea smartphone ha nako e ntse e feta. Ho ipapisitsoe le moralo oa lipatlisiso, thuto e teng hona joale e emela e 'ngoe ea lithuto tsa pele tsa liteko tse entsoeng mabapi le sehlooho sena. Liphumano li ne li tsamaisana le e 'ngoe ea li-hypotheses le lipatlisiso tse fetileng,' me liphetho li bonts'a hore thibelo ea li-smartphone e kentse letsoho haholo matšoao a hlalosoang a ho tlohela le FoMO. Leha ho le joalo, thibelo e ne e sa amane le tšusumetso e ntle kapa e mpe.

Ho bile le phello e kholo ea maemo ho SWS moo maemo a thibelitsoeng a neng a e-na le lintlha tse phahameng a bapisoa le maemo a taolo. Ka ho hlaka, bopaki bona bo bontša hore thibelo ea li-smartphone e baka lipontšo tsa ho khaola maikutlong tse ts'oanang le tse fumanoang litlamong tse ling tsa boits'oaro. Liphetho li boetse li senola phello e kholo ea boemo ho FoMOS e bonts'a hore lintlha tsa FoMOS li ne li phahame haholo bakeng sa boemo bo lekantsoeng, ha li bapisoa le boemo ba taolo, ho sa tsotelloe phello ea nako. FoMOS e ka ba sesupo sa karolo ea boithabiso ea ho tlohela, 'me ka hona e ka fana ka ts'ehetso bakeng sa boikaketsi bona. Liphetho tsena li ka hlaha ho tsoa thibelong ea phihlello ea hang-hang ea marang-rang a batho, e hlahisang litlamorao tsena tse mpe. Ha ho na phello e kholo ea maemo ho PA, ka hona ho emela phapang e kholo pakeng tsa maemo a thibelitsoeng le maemo a taolo ho latela lintlha tsa PA. Sena se bontša hore ho thibeloa ho tsoa ho smartphone ha ho bake ho fokotseha ha PA. Mabapi le NA, ho ne ho se na phello ea bohlokoa ea boemo. Sephetho sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore ho thibeloa ho tsoa ho smartphone ha ho bake keketseho ea NA. Liphumano tsena li fana ka ts'ehetso e sa lekanyetsoang ho H1 ka ho bonts'a hore batho ka bomong ba ameha hampe ha ba thibeloa ho sebelisana le li-smartphones tsa bona.

Phello e kholo ea nako ea SWS, FoMOS, le PA e fumanoe, e bonts'a hore lintlha li fapane haholo ha nako e ntse e tsamaea, ho sa tsotelehe maemo. Ho feta moo, phello e kholo ea nako ea NA e ne e se bohlokoa. Ka hona, H2 e ne e tšehelitsoe ka mokhoa o itseng. Ha ho na tšebelisano e kholo ea litlamorao tsa sephetho (SWS, FoMOS, PA, le NA), tse hlahisang ho hloka tšehetso ea H3. Ka lebaka leo, thuto ea hona joale e ne e sa khone ho supa mekhoa mabapi le litlamorao tse mpe tse bakiloeng ke nako ea lithibelo.

Litlamorao tse tlalehiloeng tse mpe (SWS le FoMOS) tse bakoang ke ho se khone ho sebelisana le smartphone ea hau li ka hokahanngoa le maemo a phahameng a khatello ea maikutlo (; ) joalo ka ha lithuto tse ling li bontšitse hore ho sebelisa smartphone ea motho e mong ho ka baka monyetla oa nakoana oa khatello ea maikutlo (; ). Phuputso e entsoeng ke O senoletse hore bana ba neng ba bapala papali ea video ea handheld pele ho ts'ebetso ea ho buoa ba ne ba na le khatello e tlase le khatello ea maikutlo ho feta bana bao batsoali ba bona ba leng teng feela. Papali ea video ea handheld e na le litšobotsi tse ts'oanang le li-smartphones, e leng se etsang hore papiso ena e tšoanelehe mabapi le phetolelo ea liphetho tse teng hona joale. Le ha lipapali tse 'maloa li fumaneha ka li-smartphones, ho boetse ho na le phapang e mpe lipakeng tsa lipapali tsa video le li-smartphone tse behang meeli lipapisong. Leha ho le joalo, ha e na le smartphone, hang-hang e fumaneha ka lits'ebetso tsohle tse fapaneng- le li-social services. Motho a ka nahana hore batho ba baholo ba baholo ba ka ba le tšusumetso e tšoanang e matlafatsang ea smartphone maemong a ferekanyang a letsatsi le letsatsi. Ha ho le joalo, motho a ka pheha khang ea hore thibelo ea mefuta e tšoanang ea lisebelisoa e ka thibela phello e mpe ea matlafatso ea smartphone. Leha ho le joalo, tsena ke likhopolo-taba ebile lithuto tse ling tsa hlokahala ho hlahloba menyetla ea khokahano e joalo. Ho tloha sekala sa PANAS, Negative Afact e netefalitsoe hore e lumellana hantle le khatello ea maikutlo e tlalehiloeng ().

Tlhaloso e 'ngoe bakeng sa liphetho mabapi le H1 e ka hokahana le khokahano le katoloso ea boithati. Ho tsebahala ha li-SNS ho ntse ho tsoela pele ho hola ho tloha moo li qalileng teng mme li se li hatetse pele ho kenyelletsa mesebetsi, joalo ka melaetsa ea hang-hang. Ho 'nile ha fanoa ka tlhahiso ea hore tlhaloso e ka bang teng ea li-SNS e ratoa joalo ka ha e se e le ka lebaka la ho khona ho hokela litlhoko tsa mantlha tsa motho. Li-SNS li khona ho fa basebelisi ba tsona tšehetso ea sechaba ka ho fana ka tsela ea ho lula ba hokahane le ba lelapa, metsoalle, le bao ba ba tloaetseng 24 / 7. Ntle le moo, lits'ebetso tsena tsa melaetsa ea hang-hang li fana ka foramo ea poraefete ea lithaka ho sebelisana ntle le taolo ea ba bang. Sena se ka thusa ho hlalosa tšebelisano e phahameng eo basebelisi ba e bontshang SNSs (; ). Li-smartphone li entse hore ho be bonolo ho fihlella li-SNS mme ka hona ka ho thibela tšebelisano ea li-smartphone e le 'ngoe e etsa hore ho be thata haholo ho hokahana le ho kenya letsoho ka botlalo likarolong tsa sechaba tse tsamaisoang ke li-smartphones.

Polelo e 'ngoe e amanang haholo malebana le karolo ea sechaba ea thibelo ke boithatelo bo atolositsoeng ke . Ha a theha mohopolo oa boithati, o re thepa ea motho e mong e emela karolo ea bohlokoa ho bonahatseng botho ba hae. Ha thepa ea bona e tlosoa, ho tla itšepa ho tlola. Sena se bolela ho hlaha ha maikutlo a fosahetseng. Phello e 'ngoe ea liphetoho tsa mahlale a mahlale ke ho atolosoa ha litšoantšo ho hlahisa litšoantšo tse hlakileng tsa batho, joalo ka li-avatars tse ka amang maikutlo a rona a kantle ho naha. Sethala sa dijithale se tlohile ho ba sephiri ho ba sethala sa mantlha sa ho itšenola le ho its'ala. Keketseho ea ho arolelana tlhahisoleseling ea poraefete ho li-SNS e ka siea mosebeletsi a le kotsing, moo ho hlokahalang litlhoko tsa khafetsa bakeng sa ho boloka kapa ho fumana taolo ().

Ho se khone ho botsa lipotso, ho fana ka litaelo kapa ho fapanyetsana lintlha tsa motho leetong ho ka hlalosa lintlha tse holimo ho SWS le FoMOS. Ntle le moo, e kanna ea amana le lits'ebetso tsa ts'ebetso tse fumanehang ho smartphone, tse thusang ho sebelisana le sechaba ka kakaretso ka litaba, litekete tsa libese, mangolo-tsoibila, joalo-joalo. Sena se tsamaisana le a mang a mathata a tlalehiloeng ke karolo ea sehlopha, moo hoo e batlang e le halofo e tlalehileng ho thatafalloa ke ho thibeloa mesebetsing ea boithuto, le puisano ea sechaba. Ho feta moo, barupeluoa ba tlaleha mathata a amanang le ho rala le ho se khonehe ho batho ba bang. Motho ea ikemetseng o fana ka pono e khahlisang mabapi le tšebeliso ea mahlale. Ka theknoloji ea dijithale, motho ea inthaneteng le ea inthaneteng o hahuoa ka kopanelo; ka hona, ho beha thibelo ho motho ea mo tlosang marang-rang, joalo ka thibelo ea li-smartphone, ho ka baka matšoao a amanang le ho tlohela (, ).

Phuputso ena ke e 'ngoe ea lipatlisiso tsa pele tse mabapi le phello ea thibelo ea smartphone bakeng sa ho eketsa nako le ho tlosa smartphone ka boeona. Ke lithuto tse ling tse fokolang tse ileng tsa hlahloba thibelo ea li-smartphone, empa ka meralo e fapaneng. Phuputso e entsoeng ke , barupeluoa ba ne ba abetsoe ka mokhoa o sa sebetseng boemong bo bong ba maemo a mabeli: boemo bo bong bo ile ba fetoha ka har'a smartphone ea bona, athe maemo a mang a ile a lumelloa ho boloka li-smartphone tsa bona empa a tlameha ho e tima bakeng sa nako ea thuto. Karolo ea liteko e ile ea nka metsotso e 75 feela. Phuputso ea bobeli e batlisisitse thibelo ea smartphone bakeng sa 3 h moketeng (). Phuputsong ena, barupeluoa ba tlameha ho boloka li-smartphone tsa bona, empa ba tlameha ho e beha ka mokhoa oa sefofane mme skrini se entsoe se sa bonahale ka tiiso. Mabapi le litloaelo tsa ho tlohela chelete, ea pele ke eona feela e kenyeletsang mekhoa ea teng. Leha ho le joalo, ho thata ho bapisoa le thuto ea hona joale ka lebaka la phapang ea nako.

Matla le Mefokolo

Mefuta e itšetlehileng ka eona e kenyellelitsoe ho lekola likarolo tse fapaneng le tse loketseng ho tloheloa ha smartphone le ho emela matla a le mong a bohlokoa thutong ea joale. Karolo ea liteko ea 72 h, e telele haholo ho feta teko ea thibelo ea smartphone e fetileng e lumelletsoeng tlhahlobo e felletseng ea maemo a feto-fetohang ho fetoheng ho itšetlehileng mme ke sesebelisoa se seng sa thuto ea hona joale (; ). Taba ea hore barupeluoa ba maemong a teko a fanoeng ka li-smartphones nakong ea thibelo e netefalitse botšepehi ba liteko.

Mabapi le meeli ea khetho, khethollo ke bofokoli bo teng boithuto ba hona joale kaha motho a ka nahana hore batho ba neng ba sebelisa basebelisi ba bangata haholo ba ne ba fokola ho nka karolo. Barupeluoa ba ka khetha ka bolokolohi beke eo ba lakatsang ho nka karolo. Sena e ka ba moeli oa ho nka hore barupeluoa ba ka fetola meralo ea bona ea beke le beke. Keketseho ea basali sampole e emela tlokotsi e 'ngoe, hobane lithuto tse ling li bontšitse hore banna le basali ba etsa mefuta e fapaneng ea tšebeliso ea li-smartphone. Ho ka nahanoa hape hore barupeluoa ba sebelisitse SNS ho lisebelisoa tse ling tsa mahlale (mohlala, laptop, Letlapa) nakong ea thibelo. Sena se lokela ho laoloa bakeng sa lithuto tsa nako e tlang. Ho ka boleloa hore thuto ea hona joale ha e bolele lithibelo tsa 'nete kaha barupeluoa ba ka sebelisa lisebelisoa tse ling tsa elektroniki ka tseo ba ka fihlelang inthanete. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka batho ba bangata kajeno ba sebelisa mehala ea bona ea marang-rang ho fihlella marang-rang maemong ao ba sa fihletseng PC / phuputso eo e leng teng thutong ea hona joale e ne e fana ka thibelo mabapi le mefuta eo ea maemo. Hape, ho lokela ho hlokomeloe hore likopo tse ling li fumaneha feela ka mehala ea mehala. Ntle le moo, ho lokela ho hopoloa hore sepheo sa thuto ea hona joale e ne e le ho fuputsa ho tlosoa hoa mohala oa selefouno ka kotloloho, eseng ho ntshwa ha inthanete ka kakaretso. Taba ea hore sehlopha sa liteko se na le lintlha tse phahameng mehatong e 'maloa ea ho tlohela ha ho bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo, e boetse e bontša hore thibelo ea' nete e etsahetse. E 'ngoe ea sekala se sebelisitsoeng ho lekanya ho tlosoa ha smartphone (SWS) e ne e le sekala se fetotsoeng sa ho tsuba koae. Le ha SWS e ne e na le ts'ebelisano e phahameng ea ka hare ha e so sebelisoe lithutong tse ling, tse ka nkoang e le bofokoli. Ho feta moo, phapang ea mantlha pakeng tsa thepa ea mohiruoa oa nicotine e loketse ho bua. Ntle le moo, ho haella ha lintlha tsa motheo bakeng sa likotsi tse amanang le ho tlosoa ho sebeletsa e le tšitiso e 'ngoe thutong ea joale. Kamora nako, ho lokela ho hlokomeloa hore phapang pakeng tsa sehlopha sa liteko le sehlopha sa taolo ea tšebeliso ea li-smartphone pele ho nako ea thibelo e kanna ea ba moeli.

boleloang

Mabapi le bokhoba ba boits'oaro, lintho tse fumanoeng li tlatsana le bopaki bo bonts'ang hore ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea smartphone e kenyelletsa lintlha tsa bokhoba. Liphumano ho tsoa thutong ea morao-rao li tla thusa katoloso ea tsebo le kutloisiso tse potileng karolo ena ea karolo ea tšibollo ea litheko, joalo ka litlamorao tse mpe kamora thibelo. Liphetho tsena li netefatsa moelelo oa litlamorao tse amanang le ho khaotsa ho ba le boits'oaro bo kotsing ea ts'ebeliso e ngata. Ho feta moo, thuto ena e ka thusa lithuto tsa nako e tlang tse tla hlahloba matšoao a amanang le ho khaola kamora tšitiso, joalo ka ha li bontšitsoe matla le bofokoli.

fihlela qeto e

Phuputso e teng e senotse hore ho thibeloa ke li-smartphone tsa hau ho eketsa matšoao a tsoang le ts'abo ea ho lahleha, empa u se ke ua susumetsa tšusumetso e ntle le e mpe, ka kotloloho. Liphetho li bonts'a hore karolo e kholo ea litlamorao tse mpe tse fumanoeng ke karolo ea barupeluoa nakong ea thibelo, e tšoana le ea mefuta e meng ea bokhoba ba boitšoaro. Ntle le moo, thuto e kenyelelitse karolo ea nako bakeng sa ho hlahloba mekhoa ea ho tlohela, empa litholoana e ne e se tsa bohlokoa. Ha ho fanoa ka sephetho sa thuto ea hona joale, ho bohlokoa lithutong tsa nakong e tlang ho hlahloba ka botlalo mohopolo oa ho lemalla li-smartphone ka ho shebana le matšoao a ho tlohela. Hape e tla ba ho khahlisang ho bapisa mekhoa ea ho tlohela e fetang bongata ba litheko. Ena ke boithuto ba pele ba mofuta oa bona ho tsebeng lingoli, mabapi le moralo o rarahaneng. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho nka matla le mefokolo ha li ntse li etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le sehlooho sena.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

TE, SA, le SP ba emetse mme ba rala liteko mme ba sekaseka tlhaiso-leseling. TE le SA ba entse liteko. TE, SA, SP, CA, le RB ba ngotse pampiri eo.

Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

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