(CAUSATION) Ho lekola Likamano tsa Longitudinal pakeng tsa Lekhoba la Inthanete le Botle bo Botle Hong Kong Bacha: Liphuputso tse Nahanngoa ka Nako-lekaneng Ho thehiloe ho Masebe a Mararo a Data (2018)

Selelekela

Lefatše le kene mehleng ea Inthanete moo lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki li hokahaneng li ntseng li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa butle-butle. Ho tloha 1995 ho isa 2016, liperesente tsa palo ea baahi ba lefats'e ba fihletseng marang-rang li eketsehile haholo ho tloha tlase ho 1% ho isa ho hoo e ka bang 46% (Union Telecommunication Union 2016). Le ha ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e fetotse haholo-holo mekhoa eo batho ba phelang ka eona, boitšoaro bo lemalloang bo amanang le inthanete boa matlafatsoa. Ka 1995, Goldberg (1995) o sebelisitse mokhoa o hlalosang ho itšetleha ka lintho ho Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (4th edition) (American Psychiatric Association) 1994) ho hlalosa boits'oaro bo sebelisang tšebeliso ea marang-rang ho kenyelletsa matšoao a latelang a mantlha: mamello (tlhoko ea nako e telele marang-rang), matšoao a ho khaotsa ha o fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang, ho hloka taolo ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ntle le tlhokomeliso ea bothata, palo e kholo ea nako e sebelisitsoeng inthaneteng, ho oela hape hape le litlamorao tse mpe. Ka selemo se le seng, Bacha (1996) le Griffiths (1996) e tlalehile lithuto tsa batho ba nang le matšoao a joalo a amanang le ts'ebeliso e sa laoleheng ea inthanete, e ileng ea rala motheo oa lipatlisiso tse matla sebakeng sena. Nako, temallo ea inthanete (IA), e qapiloe ho bua ka ho sitoa ha motho ho laola tšebeliso ea hae ea inthanete, eo qetellong e lebisang ho senyeha bophelong ba motho ba letsatsi le letsatsi le khatello ea kelello (Bacha) 1998). Leha ho amohetsoe mantsoe a mang (mohlala, tšebeliso ea marang-rang, ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete, ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang, jj.

Ho ipapisitsoe le liteko tsena tsa mantlha, ketsahalo ea tšebeliso ea litheko tsa inthanete e hohetse tlhokomelo e matla ea lipatlisiso lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng mme palo ea lithuto tse matlafatsang lefapheng lena e eketsehile haholo (Dalal le Basu 2016). Liphumano tsa lipatlisiso li bonts'itse khafetsa hore kotsi ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e ntse e hola haholo lilemong tsa bocha lefats'eng lohle, leha phapang e kholo ea litekanyetso tse hlahileng e fumanoe (Shek et al. 2016; Ba banyenyane le Nabuco de Abreu 2010). Ho ipapisitsoe le tlhahlobo e hlophisehileng ea lithuto tse matla tse matlafalitsoeng tse phatlalalitsoeng kamora 2000, bafuputsi ba senotse hore litheko tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang li tsoa 0.8% ho 26.7% ho bacha (Kuss et al. 2014). Ho lumeloa hore litekanyetso tse fapaneng tsa ho ata ha batho ba bangata li hlaha haholo ka lebaka la tekanyo e fapaneng ea ho kenella ha inthanete libakeng tse fapaneng, lisebelisoa tsa tekanyo e fapaneng, le litheko tse fapaneng tse amoheloang ho lemalla litheko tsa inthanete. Ho feta moo, bafuputsi ba bangata le baoki ba hlokometse hore matšoao a bokhoba ba marang-rang a tšoana le mathata a mang a ho lemalla (joalo ka ho ikholisa hang-hang a bakoang ke lintho tse etsahalang marang-rang tse fetolang maikutlo) le mathata a qobelloang (mohlala, phetoho e mpe), 'me a pheha khang ea ho kenyelletsa kenyelletso ea inthanete ho DSM- V joalo ka tlhahlobo e ikhethang. Leha temallo ea inthanete e sa amoheloe ka molao e le pherekano e ikemetseng, boemo bo le bong bo amanang le "Internet Gaming Disorder" bo kentsoe e le "boemo ba ho tsoela pele ho ithuta" ho DSM-V (American Psychiatric Association 2013). Leha ho na le likhang tse tsoelang pele tse mabapi le bothata bona, ho na le tlhokomeliso e akaretsang har'a ba thusang litsebi hore ho sa tsotelehe hore na lithethefatsi tsa inthanete li khethiloe joang, batho ba nang le lithethefatsi tsa inthanete ba hloka ho phekoloa. 2009).

Mabapi le Hong Kong, ho latela tlaleho ho 2004 (Tsuen Wan Center 2004), ho pota 18.8% ho isa ho 35.8% ea baithuti ba sekolo se mahareng, le 37.0% ea baithuti ba univesithi ba ne ba le kotsing e kholo ea ho lemalla Internet. Ho ipapisitsoe le phetoho e thata, Fu et al. (2010) o tlalehile hore hoo e ka bang 6.7% ea bacha ba Hong Kong (ba lilemo li 15-19 ba lilemo li) ba bontšitse matšoao a mahlano kapa ho feta a bokhoba ba inthanete. Haufinyane, Shek le Yu (2016) e fumane hore sekhahla sa litheko tsa inthanete se tsoa ho 17% ho isa 26.8% ho baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng sa Hong Kong ba sebelisang IAT ea Young. Ho ile ha boela ha senoloa hore litheko tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang li qala ho eketseha ebe li fokotseha hanyane ka hanyane lilemong tsa bocha (Shek le Yu 2016).

Le ha mokhoa o lumellanang oa litekanyetso tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete o ntse o fokola 'me khang e le teng mabapi le hore na ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete e tla nkuoa e le boemo bo arohaneng ba bongaka, liphihlelo tse matlafatsang hangata li fana ka maikutlo a hore boits'oaro bo bobebe bo amanang le inthanete bo fetohile bothata bo hlahang hara bacha, bo lokelang ho tsotelloa haholoanyane ho tsoa ho bafuputsi le litsebi sechabeng (Chak le Leung 2004; Fu et al. 2010; Kuss et al. 2014; Shek le Yu 2012, 2013). Patlisiso e netefalitse phello e mpe e atileng ea tšebeliso e sa laoleheng ea ts'ebeliso ea bophelo bo botle ba 'mele bacha, katleho ea thuto, lelapa le likamano tse ling tsa bophelo bo botle, le bophelo bo botle ba kelello (Engelberg le Sjoberg 2004; Kim et al. 2006; Lin et al. 2013; Odaci le Çelik 2013). Ntle le moo, ho bile le ho hlonama pakeng tsa boitšoaro bo bobebe ba marang-rang le mathata a mang a bophelo bo botle ba kelello (mohlala, Byun et al. 2009; Ko et al. 2008; Shapira et al. 2000). Litsebi li boetse li lemositse hore ho lemalla marang-rang ho lebisa ho tahlehelo ea tlhahiso ho mekhatlo ntle le maano a amanang le melaoana ea (Yellowlees le Marks 2007; Ba banyenyane le Nabuco de Abreu 2010). Ho thibela le ho sebetsana le mathata ana ka nepo, ho na le tlhoko e potlakileng ea ho hlakisa mochini o thehang tlhabollo ea bokhoba ba marang-rang.

E 'ngoe ea libaka tse ithutoang haholo lithutong tsa ho lemalla lithethefatsi Inthaneteng ke kamano e teng lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang le boiketlo ba motho ka mong. Ka ho khetheha, ho fumanoe hohle hore lithethefatsi tsa inthanete li amana hampe le khotsofalo ea bophelo, e leng karolo ea kelello ea ho phela hantle ha taba. Ho latela Diener (1984), khotsofalo ea bophelo e hlalosoa e le tlhahlobo e akaretsang ea boleng ba bophelo ba motho ho latela maikutlo le litekanyetso tsa motho ka mong, tse bonts'ang hore na motho o khotsofetse hakae bophelong ba hae ka botlalo. E ipapisitse le tlhahlobo ea meta-thuto e entsoeng lichabeng tsa 31 lichabeng tse supileng tsa lefatše, Cheng le Li (2014) e fumane hore "bokhoba ba marang-rang bo amanang le bophelo bo hokahane le boleng ba bophelo joalo ka ha bo bonts'oa ke matšoao a supang (khotsofalo ea bophelo) le sepheo (boleng ba maemo a tikoloho)" (leq. 755). Liphetho tse tšoanang li phatlalalitsoe ke bafuputsi lithutong tse fapaneng tsa koetliso (Cao le Su 2007; Ko et al. 2008; Fu et al. 2010). Leha ho le joalo, hore na likamano tsa ts'ebetso ea papali pakeng tsa ho lemalla Inthanete le khotsofalo ea bophelo li ntse li sa hlaka. Kahoo, ho na le tlhokahalo e potlakileng ea ho hlakisa bothata bona ba maikutlo.

Letšoao le leng la boiketlo ba bophelo bo botle ke ho hloka tšepo ho bolelang maikutlo a mabe kapa litebello tse mabapi le bokamoso (Beck et al. 1985). Batho ba nang le boemo bo phahameng ba ho hloka tšepo ka kakaretso ba lumela hore lintho tse ntle li ke ke tsa etsahala bophelong ba bona mme ha ho letho leo ba ka le etsang ho fetola maemo. Ho ea ka mohopolo o ithutileng ho hloka tšepo oa bophelo, ketsahalo e mpe e lemohuoang hammoho le tloaelo e mpe ea motho ea bohlasoa e kenya letsoho kholisong ea ho hloka tšepo. Tloaelo e mpe ea tloaelo e mpe e kenyelletsa a) tlhahiso ea liketsahalo tse mpe ho lisosa tse tsitsitseng, tsa lefats'e le tsa ka hare; b) tumelo ea hore liketsahalo tse mpe tsa bophelo li tlisa litlamorao tse mpe, le 3) ho etsa litlatsetso tse mpe ka motho (Abramson et al. 1989). Tlhahlobo ea morao-rao (Lester 2013) e senotse hore ho tloha 1978 ho isa 2010 ho bile le keketseho ea ho hloka tšepo ho baithuti ba undergard ea Amerika ho theosa le lilemo, ho bonts'a hore matsatsing ana bacha ba ka tepella maikutlo le ho felloa ke tšepo ba tšoaneloang ke lipatlisiso tse ling.

Lithuto mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa ho hloka tšepo le bokhoba ba marang-rang ha li sa na letho, leha bafuputsi ba bangata ba fumane hore ho lemalla Internet ho ne ho amana haholo le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo. Mohlala, Caplan (2003) e tlaleha hore khatello ea maikutlo le ho jeoa ke bolutu li boletse esale pele bothata ba tšebeliso ea inthanete. E ipapisitse le thuto e nkiloeng sefapanong, Alpaslan et al. (2016) e tlaleha hore ho felloa ke tšepo ho phahame haholo ho bakuli ba sithabetsang maikutlo ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo ho feta bakuli ba se nang ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Phuputsong e 'ngoe (Velezmoro et al. 2010), ho lemohuoa ho hloka tšepo ho fumanoe ho boletsoe esale pele ho hlekefetsoa ha marang-rang bakeng sa batho bao e seng thobalano ho fapana le morero oa thobalano. Lithuto tsena ka kakaretso li bontšitse hore lithethefatsi tsa marang-rang li na le boemo bo phahameng ba ho hloka tšepo ho feta batho ba senang ts'ebeliso ea inthanete.

Ho latela mohopolo oa boithuto ba kelello (Davis 2001) le mofuta oa mathata a kelello le a likhathatso 2003), ho ferekana kelellong le maikutlong ho lebisa tlhokomelong e mpe joalo ka tumelo ea hore motho a ka rarolla bothata ba hae ka ho palama marang-rang. Ka hona, bokhoba ba marang-rang bo emela “boithabiso” bo ikemetseng bo khotsofatsang litlhoko tsa kelello tsa motho mme bo thusa motho ho qoba / ho fetola maikutlo a ho nyahama a amanang le mathata a mantlha a kelello. Le ha tšebeliso e ngata ea marang-rang e ka mpefatsa mathata a motho le ho baka mathata a macha, ho lumeloa hore batho ba lemaletseng marang-rang ba ne ba tla ba le boits'oaro bo itseng ba kelello ba pele ba ho phela. Ka hona, ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e lokela ho nkoa e le ponahatso ea bobeli (ke hore, litlamorao) tsa boemo bo tlase bo neng bo le teng ba boiketlo ba motho (mohlala, khotsofalo e tlase ea bophelo kapa maikutlo a phahameng a ho hloka tšepo) sebakeng sa sesosa sa mathata a motho (Caplan et al. 2009; Chak le Leung 2004; Lo et al. 2005).

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, bafuputsi ba bang ba pheha khang ea hore tšebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang e baka tšenyo ea bokhoni ba motho sechabeng le maikutlong, e leng se sokelang boiketlo ba motho (Beard 2005; Morahan-Martin le Schumacher 2003; Bacha le Roger 1998). Ho latela khopolo ea ho fallisoa ha batho, Inthanete e ka nyenyefatsa nts'etsopele ea motho ka ho ba le nako e lekaneng eo a ka e qetang le ba lelapa le metsoalle (Kraut et al. 1998). Ho fokotseha ha likamano tsa batho le batho ba sebele lefatšeng la 'nete le bakiloeng ke tšebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete ho ka fella ka hore ba ikarole sechabeng, khatello ea maikutlo le bolutu. Ho tlalehiloe hore basebelisi ba bang ba boima ba marang-rang ba ile ba kenella likamanong tsa marang-rang kapa tsa ka ntle ho lenyalo tse lebisitseng mathateng a malapa le mathata likamanong tsa bophelo ba batho ba 'nete (Bacha 1998). Ho boetse ho na le liphumano tse bonts'ang hore ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete joalo ka papali e amme likamano tsa lenyalo hampe. 2012).

Le ha ho entsoe liphuputso tse 'maloa ho sebetsana le likamano lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang le bophelo bo botle ba' mele, boholo e ne e le likarolo tse qaqileng mme liphetho tse fumanehang tse ipapisitseng le palo e lekanyelitsoeng ea lithuto tse telele li sa lumellane. Ho ile ha fumaneha hore mathata a kelello a neng a le teng pele ho monahano oa kelello, joalo ka maikutlo a ho ipolaea le ho jeoa ke bolutu li ile tsa bolela esale pele boits'oaro bo lemalletseng inthanete kamora nako eo (ea Balichaba et al. 2011; Koronczai et al. 2013; Yao le Zhong 2014). Ho fapana le hoo, bafuputsi ba bang ba tlaleha hore nako e sebelisitsoeng marang-rang e ne e le mpe mabapi le boleng ba bophelo ba motho (Moody 2001). Batho ba nang le bothata ba ho lemalla Inthanete ba tlalehile thabo e fokolang le khotsofalo ea bophelo (Kraut et al. 1998; Kowert et al. 2015). Ho boetse ho na le liphumano tse tšehetsang kamano ea ho iphetetsa lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang le boiketlo ba kelello (Senol-Durak le Durak 2011). Kahoo, lithuto tse seng li ntse li le teng ha li na ho fana ka bopaki bo hlakileng ba hore na ho lemalla Inthanete ho baka bophelo bo botle ba motho kapa ho fapana le seo.

Ho nka lipatlisiso tsa pejana tse fetileng, thuto e teng hona joale e ne e ikemiselitse ho lekola kamano ea ho lemalla ha inthanete le matšoao a mabeli a boiketlo ba motho (khotsofalo ea bophelo le ho hloka tšepo) hara sampole ea baemeli ba bacha ba Hong Kong ka nako ea lilemo tse tharo. Mefuta e 'maloa ea likhaohano tse arolang likamano tse fapaneng lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang le matšoao a boiketlo ba motho ka nako e ne e tla hlahlojoa kamora ho laola bakeng sa litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa lintlha tsa demographic (Kuss et al. 2014). Mefuteng e chitja ea likarolo tse tšekaletseng, litlamorao ka bobeli tse hlalosang botsitso ba lekhoba la inthanete le boiketlo ba motho ka boeena li haola ka linako tse fapaneng, le litlamorao tse tšekaletseng tse bontšang litlamorao tsa moaho o mong ho o mong ho tloha ketsahalong e 'ngoe ho ea ho e latelang. hlahlojoa ka nako e tšoanang. Sena se thusa ho nyenyefatsa leeme ha le lekanya litlamorao tse matla tsa sefapano.

Phuputso e teng hona joale e hlahloba li-hypotheses tse 'ne tsa tlholisano mabapi le tataiso ea litlamorao lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang le boiketlo ba motho ka mong: 1) Bokhoba ba marang-rang le boiketlo ba motho ka mong ha li susumetsane ka kotloloho, empa li arolelana phapang e bakoang ke lintlha tse sa hlakeloeng (mohlala, botsitso). ; 2) Matšoao a boiketlo ba motho a na le litlamorao tse tobileng le tse telele ho litheko tsa inthanete; 3) Bokhoba ba marang-rang bo na le phello e tobileng boiketlong ba motho, kapa 4) Phatlalatso ea inthanete le matšoao a boiketlo ba motho li bonts'a litlamorao le ho nka nako e telele. Liphetho tsa thuto ena ea bo-pula-maliboho li lebelletsoe ho tebisa kutloisiso ea rona ka lisosa le litlamorao tsa ho lemalla ha Inthanete ho bacha. Liphetho li tla hlahisa leseli holima nts'etsopele ea meetso ea theory mabapi le bokhoba ba marang-rang le mananeo a thibelo le ho kenella ho khothaletsa boiketlo ba bacha.

mekhoa

Results

Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang tsa lintho tsohle tse tlas'a thuto li ile tsa baloa tsa ba tsa khutsufatsoa ho litafole ​Lithane11 'me ​and2.2. Sebopeho sa karohano ea karolo e bohareng le e telele har'a lintho tse fetohileng joalo ka ha se ne se lebelletsoe se thehiloe ho lingoliloeng tse seng li ntse li le teng, ka ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete e amanang le khotsofalo ea bophelo, hape e amana le ho hloka tšepo ka tatellano le ka nako e telele. Khotso ea bophelo le ho hloka tšepo li ne li hokahane hampe.

Lethathamo ​Table33 e akaretsa molemo oa li-indices tse lekanang tsa mefuta eohle ea litekanyo le mefuta e mene ea sebopeho. Ho ka bonoa hore meetso eohle ea litekanyo (MM1 ho MM9) e bonts'a mokhoa o nepahetseng oa data, e fana ka maikutlo a hore lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo ea khotsofalo ea bophelo, ho hloka tšepo le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang li ne li nepahetse ebile li tšepahala hohle maqhubu a mararo (Anderson le Gerzing 1988). Liphetho tsa boleng bo nepahetseng ba mefuta e mene e hlophisitsoeng e bonts'a hore mehlala e lumellana le lintlha tsa hona joale tsa maqhubu a mararo ka mokhoa o khotsofatsang (CFI 95 .XNUMX, NFI 92 .XNUMX, TLI = .95, le RMSEA = .03). Ha mefuta eohle ea sebopeho e le mefuta ea sehlaha, li ile tsa bapisoa le liteko tsa phapang ea li-square (Bentler le Bonett 1980), mme sephetho se hlahisitsoe ho Lethathamo ​Table33.

Taba ea pele, mofuta oa botsitso (M1) ntle le litsela tse tšekaletseng o ne o bapisoa le mohlala oa causal (M2) o hlalosang litlamorao tse bakiloeng ke khotsofalo ea bophelo le ho hloka tšepo ho Nako 1 le Nako 2 mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ka nako ea 2 le Nako 3, ka ho latellana. Liphetho ha li bontše ntlafatso ea bohlokoa (.X ² = 8.91, Δdf = 4, p > .05). Taba ea bobeli, mofuta o fetotsoeng oa causal (M3) o nang le litlamorao tse bakoang ke ho lemalla marang-rang nakong ea pejana (Nako ea 1 le Nako ea 2) ho khotsofalo ea bophelo ba morao-rao le ho hloka tšepo (Nako ea 2 le Nako ea 3) li fane ka boemo bo nepahetseng ba data ho feta mofuta oa botsitso (.X ² = 93.74, Δdf = 4, p <.001). Taba ea boraro, ha mofuta o iphetang (M4) o lekana data hantle ho feta M1 (mohlala oa botsitso) le M2 (causal modeli), mofuta ona ha oa ka oa ntlafatsa haholo mofuta oa mohlala ha o bapisoa le M3, mofuta o khutliselitsoeng oa lisosa (.X ² = 8.57, Δdf = 4, p > .05). Ka hona, M3 e bonahala e le mohlala o motle ka ho fetesisa mabapi le ho hlaseloa, leha M4 e bontšitse ntlafatso e nyane ha e bapisoa le M3 (p = .04 sebelisa teko e nang le mohatla o le mong) e ka hlokang tlhokomelo. Ka mantsoe a mang, data e ts'ehetsa mohopolo oa hore bokhoba ba inthanete bo baka khotsofalo e tlase bophelong le ho hloka tšepo nakong e tlang, empa eseng ka lehlakoreng le leng (Lethathamo ​(Tafole44).

Figure ​Figure22 e tsoetse pele ho bonts'a li-coefficients tsa tsela e tšehetsoeng e khutliselitsoeng ea causal (M3). Pele, ka nako 1, bong (ho ba monna) bo ne bo amana hantle le ho hloka tšepo (β = .08, p <.001) le boemo bo tlase ba moruo oa lelapa (ho amohela CSSA) bo ne bo amana hampe le khotsofalo ea bophelo ba bacha (β =, 08, p <.001). Taba ea bobeli, bokhoba ba inthanete ba bacha ka nako ea 1 bo bile le phello e ntle ea ho felloa ke tšepo nakong ea 2 (β = .21, p <.001), le litlamorao tse mpe tse tlisoang ke ho khotsofala ha bona bophelong ka Nako 2 (β =, 12, p <.001), kamora ho laola litlamorao tsa bona tsa khatello ea maikutlo le ts'usumetso ea lipalo tsa palo ea batho. Taba ea boraro, ho tloha Nako ea 2 ho isa ho Nako ea 3, bokhoba ba inthanete bo ile ba bolela esale pele ka khotsofalo ea bophelo (β =, 10, p <.01), ha polelo ea ho hloka tšepo e ne e se bohlokoa (β = .04, p > .05).

Puisano

Boholo ba lithuto tsa pele mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa lithethefatsi tsa Inthanete le boiketlo ba botho ho bacha li thehiloe moqapong oa likarolo. Ka lebaka leo, litlhaloso tsa nako e telele tsa moemeli oa moemeli li hlokahalang ho bafuputsi ho utloisisa hore na bothata bo kotsi ke bothata ba ho lemalla mocha oa Internet kapa liphello tsa eona. Thuto ea hona joale e phethahatsa morero ona ka ho hlahloba kamano ea longitudinal pakeng tsa lithethefatsi tsa Inthanete le lits'ebotsi tse peli tsa boiketlo ba motho, ho khotsofatsa bophelo le ho hloka tšepo, ka mohlala o moholo oa bacha ba Hong Kong.

Ho latela maralo a marang-rang a marako a mararo a marang-rang, liphello li tšehetsa mokhoa o tsitsitseng oa ho lemalla lithethefatsi tse kang ho lemala Inthaneteng ho bakile boiketlo bo fokolang ba motho ka mor'a boemo ba motheo le liphello tsa botona le botšehali, lilemo le boemo ba moruo ba lelapa bo laoloang bakeng sa. Mohlala o tloaelehileng o neng o tšoaea tšusumetso e ne e sa tšehetsoa. Liphuputso tsena li fana ka lintlha tse ncha mabapi le tataiso ea likamano pakeng tsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba Inthanete le bophelo bo botle ba bacha. Ho fapana le lipatlisiso tse fapaneng, ho sebelisoa ha lihlopha tsa marang-rang le mekhoa ea moralo ea lihlopha ke mokhoa o matla ka ho fetisisa oa ho hlahloba lintlha tsa bothata le ts'ebetsong.

Ho ile ha fumaneha hore temallo ea inthanete e boletse esale pele bophelo ba bonyatsi ba banyane ba ho khotsofalla bophelo bo tlase le ho hloka tšepo ka ho fetelletseng, empa litlamorao tse tlatselletsang tsa matšoao a mabedi a boits'oaro bo botle bo mabapi le boits'oaro bo bobebe ba inthanete e ne e se ntho ea bohlokoa. Le ha tharollo ena e tiisa kamano e mpe lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang le boiketlo ba motho, tataiso ea mokhatlo ona e lumellana feela le liphetho tse tlalehiloeng pele (Cao et al. 2011; Ko et al. 2008; Whang et al. 2003). Mohlala, ho bile le liphumano tse bonts'ang hore bacha ba nang le ts'oaetso ea kelello le mathata a kelello a ntse a le teng habonolo ba ka kenella ho tšebelisong e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (mohlala, Lemmens et al. 2011a). Boithuto bo entsoeng ke Bozoglan et al. (2013) e senotse hore khotsofalo e tlase ea bophelo, ho itšepa ho tlase, le ho jeoa ke bolutu tse phahameng ho boletse bokhoba ba marang-rang ho liithuti tsa univesithi. Phuputsong e 'ngoe e telele (Lemmens et al. 2011b), bophelo bo botle ba kelello le bophelo bo tlase bo fumanoe e le sesosa ho fapana le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea komporo ea k'homphieutha le papali ea video. Letsatsi le Shek (2013) hape e tlaleha hore khotsofalo ea bophelo e hokahanya kamano lipakeng tsa litšobotsi tse ntle le lenane la boitšoaro ba bacha ho hore kahlolo e nepahetseng mabapi le bophelo e fokotsa boits'oaro ba mathata a nako e tlang ka ho nolofalletsa kholo e ntle ea bacha. Liphumano tsena li fetotsoe ho fana ka maikutlo a hore tsela e tlohang maemong a matle e tlohe boiketlong ba ho kenella bokhobeng ba inthanete.

Ho sa le joalo, litsebi tse ngata li lumela hore ho na le kamano ea boiphetetso pakeng tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le bokhoba ba marang-rang: athe motho ea nang le bophelo bo botle a ka sebelisa internet ka matla e le leano la ho sebetsana le khatello ea maikutlo eo a bang le eona ea nnete , ho kenella ka har'a lefatše la sebele la inthanete ho hlile ho baka mathata a mangata a bophelo le maikutlo a ho jeoa ke bolutu 'me hamorao a mpefatsa boiketlo ba motho. Ka bomalimabe, mohlala oa boiphetetso ha oa ka oa fumana tšehetso e matla lithutong tsena.

Ho na le litlhaloso tse 'maloa tse hlakileng mabapi le liphetho tsa hona joale. Taba ea pele, liphetho li ka nkuoa e le bopaki ba khopolo ea ho fallisoa. Ka mantsoe a mang, bacha ba lemaletseng marang-rang ba etelletsa lintho tsa pele pele ba sebelisa marang-rang ho feta lintho tse ling, 'me ba ikutloa ba tlameha ho tloha lapeng ha ba le Inthaneteng. Ha ho na taba ea hore na mocha o na le boemo ba kelello ba ho phela kapa che, ke ho fallisoa ho khethollang motho ho tsoa bophelong ba hae ba nnete bo bakang mathata a phetoho (mohlala, lelapa, ho ithuta, mathata a mmele) le boemo bo fokotsehileng ba bophelo bo botle . Mohlala, hangata mathata a ho robala a tlalehiloe ka lebaka la bokhoba ba marang-rang (Chen le Gau) 2016; Etsa joalo ka al. 2013), mme ho hloka boroko ho amana le boemo bo tlase ba khotsofalo le bophelo (Piper 2016; Van Praag le Ferrer-i-Carbonell 2007) le maikutlo a holimo a ho hloka tšepo (McCall le Black 2013). Kahoo, mathata a 'mele a bakoang ke tšebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang a ka ama bophelo ba motho ka kotloloho.

Taba ea bobeli, le ha mathata a kelello a neng a le teng a pelehi joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho a setjhaba a ka etsa hore bacha ba lemalle ho sebelisa Inthanete, mathata ka bo bona a ka se be matla hoo bacha ba ka lemalloang Inthaneteng. Ho hlakile hore ho na le mabaka a mang a tlatsetsang kholisong le phepelong ea bokhoba ba marang-rang. Mohlala, ho susumetsoa haholo ke motho ka mong (Lee et al. 2012), ho fihlella mahala ho Marang-rang (Bacha 2004), ts'ehetso e ntle ea boits'oaro ba inthaneteng (mohlala, kutloisiso ea katleho, ho fokotseha ha bolutu), tumelo e lumelang ea hore inthanete ke motsoalle ea tšolisang matšoenyeho a hae (Davis 2001), joalo-joalo ntle le mabaka ana, bophelo bo botle ba kelello bo le bong bo ka 'na ba se hlahise boitšoaro bo bobe ba inthanete ho batjha. Taba ea boraro, hape ho ka etsahala hore kamano ea causal pakeng tsa ho phela hantle le bokhoba ba marang-rang e lokisoe ke lintlha tse ling tse kang taolo ea boitšoaro ba motsoali. Bafuputsi ba fumane hore bacha ba tlalehile boits'oaro bo fetang ba batsoali ba bona ba tloaetseng ho bonts'a boits'oaro bo bobebe ba inthanete ho feta ba ba tlalehileng moitekolo oa batsoali (Li et al. 2013). Kahona, ho etsa lipatlisiso tse tebileng tse tebileng ho hlahloba litlamorao tse ka bang tsa balemisi ba fapaneng le ho leka mokhoa o mong hape oa boiphetetso o fumanoeng o le bohlokoa haholo thutong ena. Ntle le moo, leha ts'ehetso ea mohlala oa ho khutlisetsa e se matla, phapang e kholo ea sekwere e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho na le tlhoko ea ho hlahloba mofuta ona ho sebelisoa maqhubu a data e telele.

Se fumanoeng hajoale se na le mohopolo le ts'ebetso e sebetsang bakeng sa bafuputsi le litsebi tse sebetsang le bacha. Ka khopolo ea hore, joalo ka ha lithuto tse 'maloa li hlahlobile kamano ea nako e telele lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang le ho hloka tšepo, ho fumana hore tšebeliso ea marang-rang e eketsa maikutlo a bacha ba ho hloka tšepo ha nako e ntse e eketsa lingoliloeng tsa lefapha lena. Ka ho khetheha, e fana ka maikutlo a hore boiketlo ba motho ha se ntho ea bohlokoa e lebisang tlatsong ea inthanete. Monyetla o mong ke oa hore batho ba phetseng hantle le bona ba ka tloaela ho lemalla ho sebelisa Inthanete. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ba nang le bophelo bo botle ba 'mele ba ka' na ba se be le matla a ho lemalla 'me ha ba na tšusumetso ea hore ba tšoare nako e telele Inthaneteng. Se fumanoeng hajoale se fana ka maikutlo a hore ho na le tlhoko ea ho sheba likamano tsa thuto ea kelello tse ka bang teng lipakeng tsa bophelo bo botle le bokhoba.

Ha e le hantle, lintho tse fumanoeng li fana ka pono e ncha ea ho ntlafatsa bophelo ba bocha ba bocha. Ka ho khetheha, bafuputsi ba pheha khang ea hore ho hloka tšepo ke ponelo-pele ea bohlokoa ea khatello ea maikutlo le ho ipolaea (Minkoff et al. 1973), le hore ho felloa ke tšepo ho ka lebisa letotong la liphokotso tse se nang tšepo tse kenyeletsang ho ikemisetsa le ho fokotsa mamello, ho tšoenyeha le ho hlonama, ho itšepa seriti le ho sitoa ho lemoha ho fetoloa hoa liketsahalo tse mpe. Ho fokotsa ho felloa ke tšepo ha bacha le ho khothaletsa bophelo ba bona bo botle, maano le lisebelisoa tse ka thusang ho hlahloba le ho phekola boits'oaro bo bobebe ba inthanete ho lokela ho tsotelloa. Mohlala, liphuputso li bontšitse hore mokhoa oa boits'oaro oa kelello o shebileng ka ho khetheha bokhoba ba marang-rang o ka ba molemo ho fokotseng matšoao (King et al. 2011; Jorgenson et al. 2016; Winkler et al. 2013; Nyane 2007). Motheong oa mokhoa ona, ho thusa litsebi sekolong kapa tikolohong ea sechaba ho ka shebana le ho shebella boits'oaro ba bacha ba inthanete (joalo ka ho thusa mocha ho ngola mesebetsi ea bona ea letsatsi le letsatsi inthaneteng), ho lokisa maikutlo a khopameng a bacha mabapi le inthanete, le taolo ea nako ea ho ruta hammoho le tsebo ea ho ipehela lipakane. Ho kenella ha Multilevel ho kenyelletsang likeletso tsa motho ka mong le ho kena lipakeng tsa malapa le hona ho fumanoe ho sebetsa hantle ho fokotsa nako e sebelisoang marang-rang le mathata a kelello a amanang le kelello (Shek et al. 2009). Ha bacha ba sa lemalla ho kena Inthaneteng, ba ka ba le monyetla oa ho sebelisana 'moho le ho theha khokahano ea sechaba e ka thusang ho khothaletsa tšepo ea bokamoso ho bacha (Stoddard et al. 2011). Ho hlakile hore joalo ka ha lintlha tse ling li ka kenya letsoho ho lemeneng Inthanete (mohlala, lits'ebetso tsa malapa), le rona re tlameha ho hlahloba lintlha tsena. Kamora nako, batho ba fapaneng ba nkang karolo ho kenyeletsoa matichere, batsoali le baithuti ka bobona ba lokela ho ela hloko litlamorao tse mpe tsa bokhoba ba inthanete. Se fumanoang hajoale se ka sebelisoa ho nts'etsapele mananeo a thibelo ea bopaki bakeng sa ho lemalla ts'ebeliso ea inthanete.

Ho lokela ho hlokomeloa meeli e 'maloa ea thuto e teng hona joale. Taba ea mantlha, le ha re sebelisitse mohlala o akaretsang oa data e telele e bokelletsoeng lilemo tse fetang tse tharo ho thefula likamano lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang le boiketlo ba botho ho bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha, bopaki bo thehiloeng boithuto bo nang le boqapi ba liteko bo ea hlokahala ho netefatsa sesosa le sephetho. kamano. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li ka amohela teko e laoloang ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng ho eketsa tlhahlobo ea hore na ho fetola mekhoa ea bacha ba lemaletseng marang-rang ho tla eketsa khotsofalo ea bophelo ba bona le ho felloa ke tšepo. Taba ea bobeli, ha re ntse re laola litlamorao tsa lintlha tsa palo ea batho ka ho kenyelletsa mefuta e lekantsoeng ho Nako 1 mehlaleng e tšekaletseng, ho ne ho nahanoa hore lintlha tsena li ka ba le tšusumetso e tobileng ho bokhoba ba marang-rang, khotsofalo ea bophelo, le ho hloka tšepo tse lekantsoeng ka nako ea 1, le feela litlamorao tse sa tobang ho li-construgies tsena tse lekantsoeng maqhubu a morao ka litlamorao tsa bona tsa ho ikarola. Leha ho le joalo, ho ka etsahala hore mefuta ea lipalo tsa batho e ka fetoha ka nako eohle (mohlala, boemo ba moruo ba lelapa) hape ho ka ba le setsoalle se lumellanang pakeng tsa lintlha tsa batho le libaka tsena ka nako ea morao-rao. Ka hona, lithuto tsa nako e tlang li ka kenyelletsa lintlha tsena e le li-covariate leqhubu le leng le le leng ha u hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa ho lemalla Inthanete le ho phela hantle. Ntle le moo, ho fumanoe hore ho na le kamano e mpe lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang le bophelo bo botle ho basali ba baholo ho feta ho banna. E ka ba ho khahlisang ho etsa lipatlisiso phapang e ka bang teng pakeng tsa bong ho kamano e joalo ho bacha ka ho sebelisa mekhoa e mengata ea lihlopha.

Qobello ea ho qetela ke hore litlamorao tse tlisoang ke sefapano se fumanehang thutong ea hona joale li ne li fokola, haholo phello ea ho lemalla ha inthanete ho Nako 2 mabapi le ho hloka tšepo le khotsofalo ea bophelo ho Nako 3. Tlhaloso e 'ngoe e ka ba hore bophelo bo botle ba lilemong tsa bocha selemong se fetileng sa thuto ea sekolo se mahareng ba banyane bo ammetsoe haholo ke lintlha tse ling ntle le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, joalo ka khatello ea tlhahlobo ea sekolong sa mathomo sekolong se mahareng. Ka hona, phapang e eketsehileng e ka hlalosoang ke temallo ea inthanete e lekantsoe. Hape, litlamorao tsa bokhoba ba inthanete mabapi le ho hloka tšepo le khotsofalo ea bophelo li ka fetoloa ke lintlha tse ling, tse kang ts'ebetso ea barutoana ea barutoana, e sa kang ea botsoa lithutong tsa hona joale. Patlisisong ea nako e tlang, litlamorao tse ka ntlafatsang tsa lithuto tsa baithuti le khatello ea maikutlo mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang le boiketlo ba motho li lokela ho hlahlojoa ka ho eketsehileng. Le ha litlamorao tse fumanoeng thutong ea hona joale e ne e le litekanyetso, liphumano li ka nkuoa li le bohlokoa.

Liteboho

Boitsebiso ba bafani

Lu Yu, Fono: (852) 2766 4859, Email: [imeile e sirelelitsoe].

Daniel Tan Lei Shek, Email: [imeile e sirelelitsoe].

References