J Behav Addict. 2018 Feb 15: 1-13. doi: 10.1556 / 2006.7.2018.13.
Leménager T1, Hoffmann S1, Dieter J1, Reinhard I2, Mann K1, Mofumahali F1.
https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.13
inahaneloang
Background
Basebelisi ba inthanete ba lemaletseng joala ba na le likhahla tse phahameng tsa comorbidities, mohlala, ho hloka tlhokomelo ho haelloang ke khatello ea maikutlo (ADHD), khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho. Ntle le moo, likhaello tsa litšobotsi tse amanang le mohopolo li fumanoe ho bapalami ba lemaletseng inthanete le basebelisi ba marang-rang. Morero oa phuputso ena e ne e le ho lekola likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e ntle ea inthanete, e nang le mathata, le e lemalloang mabapi le li-comorbidities le litšoaneleho tse amanang le mohopolo. Kamano lipakeng tsa matšoao a tšoanang le ADHD a sa tsoa fumanoa a le teng le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete le eona e ile ea hlahlojoa.
mekhoa
n = 79 taolo e nepahetseng, n = 35 e mathata, 'me n = Basebelisi ba inthanete ba 93 ba lemaletsoeng ho hlahlojoa bakeng sa comorbidities, boiphihlelo ba sechaba le maikutlo, sebopeho sa 'mele, boitšepo le khatello ea maikutlo. Ntle le tlhahlobo ea ADHD, matšoao a tšoanang le a ADHD a sa tsoa ntlafatsoa le 'ona a ile a hlahlojoa.
Results
Basebelisi ba tlhekefetso ba bonts'itse bofokoli bo amanang le mohopolo le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa li-comorbidities tse nang le ADHD, khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo. Basebelisi ba lithethefatsi le ba nang le mathata ba bontšitse ho tšoana ho atileng ha mafu a sehlopha sa B le ho fokotsa maemo a amanang le bohlale ba maikutlo. Barupeluoa ba nang le matšoao a kang a ADHD joalo ka ha a sa phela le ho teba ha tšebeliso ea inthanete ha ba bapisoa le ba se nang matšoao a ADHD. Barupeluoa ba tlatselletsang ba nang le matšoao a ADHD ba sa tsoa hlahisa bophelo bo phahameng ba tšebeliso ea inthanete ha bo bapisoa le ba se nang matšoao.
Nahanisisa
Seo re se fumaneng se bontša hore mathata a botho ba sehlopha sa B le mathata a tlisoang ke bohlale ba maikutlo li ka hlahisa kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea Inthanete e nang le mathata le e lemalloang. Ho feta moo, lintho tse fumanoeng li fana ka leseli la pele la hore tšebeliso ea inthanete e lemaletseng e amana le matšoao a kang a ADHD. Matšoao a ADHD, ka hona a lokela ho hlahlojoa khahlanong le semelo sa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang se lemaletseng.
Keywords: ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang e nang le mathata le ho lemalla, comorbidities, Matšoao a ADHD, boithati
Selelekela
Ka lebaka la digitalization e potlakileng, haholo, mabapi le lisebelisoa tse nkehang tsa dijithale, Marang-rang a fumaneha kae kapa kae le neng kapa neng. Ka hona, ha ho makatse haholo hore ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea marang-rang e eketsehile haholo lilemong tse mashome a mararo tse fetileng (Lefatše la marang-rang). Phuputso e entsoeng Jeremane e bontšitse hore ho 2015, batho ba limilione tse 44.5 ba ne ba sebelisa marang-rang letsatsi le letsatsi le batho ba limilione tse 3.5 (8.5%) ho feta selemong se fetileng (Tippelt & Kupferschmitt, 2015). Ntle le likarolo tse khahlisang tsa inthanete, menyetla ea bokhoba ba marang-rang e bonahala e eketsehile lilemong tsa morao tjena (Mihara & Higuchi, 2017; Rumpf et al., 2014).
Leha ho kenyellelitsoe "likhathatso tsa libapali tsa inthanete" khatisong ea bohlano ea Buka ea ho hlahloba le ea Statistical ea Mathata a kelello (DSM-5; Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013) joalo ka "boemo bo hlokang hore ho etsoe lipatlisiso tsa bongaka le boiphihlelo pele bo ka nkuoa hore bo kenyeletsoe bukeng ea mantlha e le bothata bo hlophisitsoeng," ho sa ntse ho pheha khang ea hore na tšebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebetso tse ling tsa inthanete, joalo ka marang-rang a batho le ho reka online, e ka nkuoa e le ea bongaka e lekaneng hore e ka kenyelletsoa tlhahlobo ea bongaka ea bongaka. Ho fapana le DSM, ICD-11 Beta DraftMokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, 2015) e sisinya ho hlalosa bothata ba papali (ke hore, "papali ea dijithale" kapa "papali ea video") ka kotloloho tlasa polelo "mathata a bakoang ke ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi kapa boits'oaro bo lemalloang." Morero ona o boetse o fana ka maikutlo a ho khetha tšebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang ea lits'ebetso tse ling (mohlala, ts'ebeliso e ts'oanang ea liwebosaete tsa marang-rang) tlasa karolo "mathata a mang a boletsoeng ka lebaka la boits'oaro."
Tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete e amahanngoa le mathata a kelello le a kelello, joalo ka khatello e mpe ea basebetsi, ho fokotseha ha ts'ebetso ea sekolo le mosebetsi, hammoho le litšitiso tsa boroko le ho ikhula sechabeng (Lemola, Perkinson-Gloor, Brand, Dewald-Kaufmann, & Grob, 2015; Taylor, Pattara-angkoon, Sirirat, & Woods, 2017; Upadhayay & Guragain, 2017; Younes et al., 2016). Lefu la hikikomori (ke hore, ho ikhula setjhabeng, ho its'oara ka lapeng, le ho se nke karolo sechabeng likhoeli tse 6 kapa ho feta) le lona le hokahantsoe le tšebeliso e eketsehileng ea inthanete, empa ho ntse ho sa hlaka hore na hikikomori e ka nkuoa e le bothata bo ikemetseng. kapa matšoao a bongaka a amanang haholo le maemo a mang a kelello (Stip, Thibault, Beauchamp-Chatel, & Kisely, 2016).
Mehlala ea litlhaloso tsa tlhekefetso ea inthanete joalo ka mohlala oa Motho-Afimate-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) oa Brand le basebetsi-mmoho le tsona li fana ka maikutlo a semelo se fetileng sa kelello le litšobotsi tsa botho bo sa sebetseng e le lintho tsa mantlha tse lebisang tlhabisong ea bokhoba ba marang-rang.Brand, Young, Laier, Wolfling, & Potenza, 2016; Davis, 2001). Ka hona, liphuputso tse 'maloa mabapi le tšebeliso ea Marang-rang tse nang le mathata le bokhoba li tlalehile litheko tse phahameng tsa khatello ea maikutlo joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo le mathata a ho tšoenyeha le tlhokomeliso ea khatello ea kelello e lematsang (ADHD) (Bozkurt, Coskun, Ayaydin, Adak, & Zoroglu, 2013; Chen, Chen, le Gau, 2015; Seyrek, Cop, Sinir, Ugurlu, & Senel, 2017). Ntle le moo, Zadra et al. (2016) o tlalehile hore batho ba lemaletseng Inthanete ba bonts'a mathata a phahameng a botho (29.6%). Haholo-holo, bothata ba botho ba moeling o bonts'a ho ata ho hoholo ha ba lemaletseng inthanete ha ho bapisoa le bankakarolo ba se nang bokhoba ba inthanete. Ketsahalo ea matšoao a ADHD e ne e lula e tlalehiloe liphuputsong tsa bacha ba lemaletseng Inthanete. Seyrek le al. (2017) e fumane likhohlano tsa bohlokoa lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang le bothata ba ho tsepamisa mohopolo le matšoao a tšoaetso ea mali ho bacha. Ntle le moo, Weinstein, Yaacov, Manning, Danon le Weizman (2015) e hlokometse bana ba nang le ADHD ho fumana lintlha tse holimo ho Tlhahlobo ea Phatlalatso ea Inthanete ha e bapisoa le sehlopha se seng sa ADHD. Potso e fapaneng ea hore na matšoao a kang a ADHD a hlaha e le phello e mpe ea ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, leha ho le joalo e ntse e sa hlaka. Ts'ebeliso e ngata ea inthanete hangata e tsamaisana le taolo e ts'oanang ea mesebetsi e mengata e fapaneng e tsoelang pele ea inthanete (multitasking ea dijithale; Crenshaw, 2008). Hangata hona ho eketsa maemo a khatello ea maikutlo, a lebisang khaellong ea kelello e bapisoang le e fumanoang ho ADHD. Liphumano tse ithutoang li bonts'a hore likhakanyo tsa dijithale tse ngata li amana le bofokoli mesebetsing e metle (memori e sebetsang le ts'ebetso ea taolo ea taolo), ho eketsa khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo hammoho le matšoao a ho tšoenyeha (Kaine, Leonard, Gabrieli, & Finn, 2016; Meepo, Brasher, McCurdy, Lewis, & Younggren, 2013; Reinecke et al., 2017; Uncapher, Thieu, & Wagner, 2016). Bakuli ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang ba tlalehiloe ba eketsehile maemo a khatello ea maikutlo a letsatsi le letsatsi le a sa foleng ha ba bapisoa le taolo (Kaess et al., 2017).
Haholo-holo ho batho ba banyenyane ba ntseng ba hola ka digitalisation le marang-rang, ts'ebeliso e ngata ea marang-rang e bonahala e le sesupo sa mesebetsi ea bona ea letsatsi le letsatsi. Sena se ka boela sa hlalosa lebaka la ho ata ha lithethefatsi tsa inthanete ho phahame haholo nakong ea bocha. Mosebetsi oa mantlha oa nts'etsopele nakong ena ke ho theha boitsebahatso ba motho (bo boetse bo bitsoa boits'oaro; Erikson, 1968; Marcia, 1966). Ts'ebetso ena e kenyelletsa kamohelo ea liphetoho tsa 'mele, li-stereotypes tse ikhethileng tsa semelo sa botona le botšehali hammoho le nts'etsopele ea bokhoni ba sechaba le maikutlo le boits'oaro mesebetsing e amanang le ts'ebetso (Erikson, 1968; Marcia, 1966). Liphuputso tse fetileng li bonts'a likhaello tsa boithati ho bapalami ba lemaletseng le ho liwebosaete tsa marang-rang. Bapapali ba lemaletseng joala ba hana 'mele ea bona ka matla le ho feta,' me ba bonahatsa likhaello tsa ho itšepa hammoho le boiphihlelo ba maikutlo (ke hore, ho lemoha maikutlo a bona le maikutlo a ba bang le maikutlo a bona) ha ba bapisoa le libapali tse tloaetseng ho se lemalloe le taolo e phetseng hantle (Lemenager et al., 2016). Ntle le moo, marang-rang a nang le mathata a neano a kopantsoe le mathata a ho lemoha maikutlo a hau le bokhoni ba taolo ea maikutlo (Lihormone, Kearns, & Timko, 2014).
Ka tsebo eohle ea rona, lithuto mabapi le li-comorbidities le boithati ba ho lemalla ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi Inthaneteng li ile tsa lekola liphapang lipakeng tsa basebelisi ba lemaletseng taolo le taolo e phetseng hantle, empa ha ba ka ba eketsa ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata e ka bonts'ang phetoho lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea Inthanete e ntle le e lemaletseng. Ho kenyelletsa sehlopha sa basebelisi ba nang le bothata ba marang-rang se ka kenya letsoho ho hlakisa hore na ho na le ho tšoana pakeng tsa basebelisi ba marang-rang ba nang le mathata kapa ba lemalloang kapa tšebeliso e nang le mathata e ka nkuoa e le karolo ea phetoho lipakeng tsa batho ba phetseng hantle le ba lemaletseng. Ho fumana litšobotsi tse amanang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea inthanete ho ka kenya letsoho ho khethollotsoeng lintho tse ka bang teng kotsing bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea tšebeliso ea Inthanete e lemaletseng, 'me ka hona e nolofalletsa ho kenella ka thibelo.
Kahoo, sepheo sa thuto ena e ne e le ho hlahloba ho se tšoane le ho tšoana ho li-comorbidities le litakatso tse amanang le maikutlo pakeng tsa basebelisi ba marang-rang ba lemaletseng le ba nang le mathata.
Boitekong ba pele, ntle le ho hlahloba lithuto tse nang le tlhahlobo ea ADHD, re boetse re ile ra hlahloba hore na matšoao a kang a ADHD a sa tsoa fumanoa ntle le tlhahlobo ea ADHD e kanna ea amahanngoa le tšebeliso ea Inthanete e lemaletseng.
mekhoa
barupeluoa ba
Re ile ra thaotha n = 79 taolo e nepahetseng, n = 35 e mathata, 'me n = Basebelisi ba inthanete ba 93 ba li lemaletseng 1). Kabelo ea sehlopha bakeng sa basebelisi ba nang le mathata le ba lemaletseng e entsoe ho sebelisoa lintlha tsa karolo ea lenane lena bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea tlhatlhobo ea Inthanete le K'homphieutha ea K'homphieutha (AICA; Wölfling, Beutel, & Müller, 2012) le ka tekanyo ea boitšoaro bo fumanehang marang-rang bakeng sa batho ba baholo [Skala zum Onlinesuchtverhalten bei Erwachsenen (OSVe-S; Wölfling, Müller, le Beutel, 2010)].
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Lethathamo 1. Tlhaloso ea mohlala
Kakaretso (N = 207) | Litaolo tse Phelisang (n = 79) | Basebelisi ba marang-rang ba nang le bothata (n = 35) | Basebelisi ba marang-rang ba lemaletsengn = 93) | Teko ea lipalo | p boleng | Post hoc: taolo khahlanong le bothata | Post hoc: taolo khahlanong le ho lemalla | Post hoc: ho lemalla le bothata | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p | p | p | |||||||
| Bong (% e motona) | 128 (61.8) | 47 (59.5) | 20 (57.1) | 61 (65.6) | 1.066χ2 (CT) | .589 | |||
| Age (SD) | 27.1 (8.5) | 27.4 (8.8) | 23.8 (3.0) | 28.0 (9.3) | 3.294F(ANOVA) | .039 | .036 | .641 | .012 |
| Thuto [lilemo,SD)] | 14.5 (2.5) | 15.0 (2.3) | 14.3 (2.6) | 14.2 (2.6) | 3.667χ2 (KW) | .160 | |||
| Matsatsi a AICA a 30 (SD) | 8.9 (6.7) | 3.4 (3.0) | 7.2 (2.9) | 14.2 (5.9) | 115.805χ2 (KW) | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Nako ea bophelo ba AICA (SD) | 16.8 (8.7) | 9.2 (6.6) | 16.0 (6.0) | 23.5 (4.8) | 117.890χ2 (KW) | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 |
| OSVe (SD) | 8.9 (5.3) | 3.4 (1.6) | 10.1 (2.0) | 13.2 (3.7) | 151.857χ2 (KW) | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 |
Hlokomela. SD: ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng; χ2 (CT): χ2 crosstab; χ2 (KW): χ2 Teko ea Kruskal-Wallis; F(ANOVA): ANOVA e le 'ngoe; AICA: Tlhahlobo ea Tlatsetso ea Papali ea Inthanete le Khomphutha; OSVe: Skala zum Onlinesuchtverhalten bei Erwachsenen.
Mohlala o lemalloang e ne e le lihlopha tse nyane tsa n = Bapapali ba 32, n = 24 basebelisi ba liwebosaete, 'me n = 37 basebelisi ba lits'ebetso tse ling (liforomo tsa tlhaiso-leseling: n = 1; libaka tsa bootsoa: n = 4; libaka tsa papali ea chelete: n = 9; libaka tsa mabenkele: n = 2; phallela: n = 13; le mefuta e meng: n = 8). Sehlopha sa batho ba lemaletseng ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete se ile sa bapala lipapali tse ngata tse bapaloang inthaneteng (mohlala, World of Warcraft kapa League of Legends) kapa lipapali tsa libapali tsa batho ba pele ba inthaneteng (joalo ka Counterstrike, Battlefield, kapa Call of Duty) haholo. Lipapali tsena kaofela li ne li kenyelletsa likarolo tsa puisano. Basebelisi ba liwebosaete ba ne ba sebetsa ka mafolofolo lits'ebetsong tsa Marang-rang, joalo ka lipuisano tsa inthanete, liforamo kapa sechaba sa sechaba (mohlala, Facebook).
Sehlopha sa basebelisi ba nang le mathata se ne se e-na le n = Bapapali ba 9, n = Liwebosaete tse 15 tsa metsoalle, le n = 11 basebelisi ba lits'ebetso tse ling (liforomo tsa tlhaiso-leseling: n = 3; libaka tsa mabenkele: n = 1; phallela: n = 4; le mefuta e meng: n = 3).
Sehlopha se laolang bophelo bo botle (n = 79) e kenyelelitsoe n = Barupeluoa ba 35 ba tloaetseng ho sebelisa libaka tsa marang-rang, n = Barupeluoa ba 6 ba neng ba bapala lipapali tsa inthanete ka linako tse ling, mme n = Barupeluoa ba 38 ba sebelisitseng "likopo tse ling," joalo ka liforomo tsa tlhaiso-leseling (n = 15), libaka tsa mabenkele (n = 2), libaka tsa papali ea chelete (n = 1), phallela (n = 15), kapa mefuta e meng (n = 5). Barupeluoa bohle ba ile ba hiroa ka tleliniki ea letsatsi ea Lefapha la Lits'oants'o tsa Addictive and Addiction Medicine Setsing sa Bohareng ba Bophelo ba Kelello Mannheim, inthaneteng. phuputso e entsoeng kapa ka lipapatso.
A χ2 Teko e senotse liphapang tse ikhethang tse mabapi le sehlopha pakeng tsa sehlopha har'a taolo e phetseng hantle le basebelisi ba nang le bothata ba marang-rang mabapi le lits'ebetso tse kholo tsa inthanete tse ileng tsa sebelisoa (Teko e tobileng ea Fisher taolong e phetseng hantle: p = .008; ho basebelisi ba nang le mathata: p = .035; le ho basebelisi ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi: p = .069). Basali ba nang le ts'ebeliso e nepahetseng ea inthanete kapa ba nang le bothata ba bonts'a maqhubu a phahameng a marang-rang a sechaba mme banna ba sebelisa lits'ebetso tse ling khafetsa.
Lipuisano le lipotso
Ho ba teng le ho teba ha batho ba kenelletseng khoebong ea inthanete ho lekantsoe ho sebelisoa lenane la tlhahlobo la AICA (Wölfling et al., 2012) hammoho le OSVe (Wölfling et al., 2010). AICA ke tlhahlobo e sebetsitsoeng ea tlhahlobo ea bongaka e ikemiselitseng ho lekola ho teba ha komiti ea barupeluoa le / kapa lithethefatsi tsa inthanete. E etsa joalo ka ho rekota ts'ebeliso ea komporo ea bona kapa inthanete matsatsing a 30 a fetileng (AICA_30) le nako eohle ea bophelo ba bona (AICA_lifetime). Lenane la tlhahlobo ea AICA le na le ts'epahalo e phahameng joalo ka ha e bonts'itsoe ke Cronbachs α = .90. Motheong oa tlhahlobo ea Kaiser-Guttman le tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea scree, tlhahlobo ea karolo ea mantlha e senotse ntlha e le 'ngoe e hlalosang 67.5% ea phapang e ka fetoleloang e le "ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete" (Wölfling et al., 2012). OSVe ke lenane la lipotso tse itlalehang hape le sebelisetsoang ho hlahlobela batho ba baholo boteng le ho tiea ha bokhoba ba inthanete. Barupeluoa ba nang le lintlha tsa ≥13 ho AICA_30 kapa ho -13.5 ho OSVe ba abetsoe sehlopha se lemaletseng. Kaha AICA_30 e supa feela ts'ebeliso ea likhomphutha le / kapa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, re sebelisitse lintlha tsa OSVe ho hlalosa ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata. Kamora thuto ea Wölfling et al. (2010), Re khethile barupeluoa ba nang le lintlha tsa OSVe lipakeng tsa 7 le 13 joalo ka basebelisi ba mathata. Ka hona, barupeluoa ba fupereng <7 ba abetsoe sehlopha sa taolo. OSVe e bonts'itse botsitso ba kahare (Cronbach's α) ea α = .89 (Wölfling et al., 2012). Tlhahlobo ea karolo ea mantlha e senotse ntlha e le 'ngoe e hlalosang 43.9% ea phapang e ka hlalosoang e le "ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete" (Müller, Glaesmer, Brähler, Wölfling, & Beutel, 2014).
Nako ea bophelo le li-comorbidities tsa hona joale li-axes I le II li ile tsa hlahlojoa motheong oa Puisano ea Cliniki e hlophisitsoeng ea DSM-IV (SCID I le II; Wittchen, Zaudig, le Fydrich, 1997). Matšoao a hona joale a sithabetsang a ile a hlahlojoa ke Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961). Bakeng sa ho hlahlojoa ha ADHD, tlhahlobo e sa emeng (ho latela litekanyetso tsa DSM-IV) le lefu la tlhokomelo ea batho ba nang le bothata ba tlhokomelo ea batho ba nang le bothata ba tlhokomelo ea batho ba nang le bothata ba (MDD) bakeng sa batho ba baholo (E sootho, 1996) li sebelisitsoe ke litsebi tsa kelello tse nang le boiphihlelo. Ho latela DSM-IV (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2000), puisano ea ADHD e lekola likhaello tsa morao-rao tsa sekolo sekolong kapa mosebetsing (hammoho le matsatsing a sekolo pele ho lilemo tse 7), matšoao a ho se sebetse hantle, mathata a amanang le tsoalo, ho fetoha ha maikutlo ka kakaretso, mathata a ho robala, tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi ho fokotsa matšoao a ADHD , le nalane ea lelapa ea ADHD. Lingaka tse peli tsa bongaka ba kelello li entse lipuisano mme nakong e fetileng ba ile ba koetlisoa ke setsebi sa bongaka ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho matšoao a itseng. Ntho ea 40 ea Brown ADD Scale bakeng sa batho ba baholo e thusa ho lekola matšoao a fapaneng a bonts'ang mathata a ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso a amanang le ADHD a etsahetseng likhoeling tse 6 tse fetileng, ho kenyeletsoa (a) ho hlophisa, ho beha lintho pele, le ho kenya tšebetsong mosebetsi; (b) ho tsepamisa maikutlo, ho boloka le ho lebisa tlhokomelo mesebetsing; (c) ho laola ho ba seli, ho boloka boiteko le ho sebetsa ka lebelo; (d) ho sebetsana le ho ferekana le ho ferekanya maikutlo, hammoho le (e) ho sebelisa mohopolo oa ho sebetsa le ho fihlella sehopotso (Murphy & Adler, 2004). Bakuli ba lekantse matšoao ana ka sekala sa Likert tse 4 ("ha ho mohla," "hang ka beke," "habeli ka beke" le "letsatsi le letsatsi". Harrison o tlalehile hore monyetla o moholo oa ho ba le ADHD o tla bonahala ka khaolo ea> 55, eo le eona e sebelisitsoeng phuputsong ena. Tlhatlhobo ea hajoale ea ADHD e fanoe ha motho ea nkang karolo a phethela lipehelo tsa lipotso le ho khaoloa ha Brown ADD Scale (Harrison, 2004). Scale ea brown ADD e na le maemo a ka hare (Cronbach's α) ea α = .96 ea batho ba baholo (E sootho, 1996). Mekhoa ea bophelo ea ADHD e kenyelletsa tlhahlobo e tlalehiloeng ea ADHD nakong e fetileng e fanoe ke setsebi sa bongaka. Barupeluoa ba ile ba fumana lintlha tse kaholimo tse felisitsoeng 55 ho Score ea ADD empa ba sa kang ba phethahatsa maemo a tlhahlobo ea ADHD ea hona joale kapa ea bophelo nakong ea tlhahlobo, ba thathamisitsoe tlas'a "matšoao a morao-rao a ADHD."
Ho lekola likarolo tsa boits'oaro, re sebelisitse Rosenberg Scale (Rosenberg, 1965; ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le boitšepo), Potso ea lipotso tsa 'mele oa Boto (BIQ-20; Clement & Löwe, 1996) hammoho le Potso ea Emotional Competence lipotso (ECQ; Rindermann, 2009). Scale ea Rosenberg ke lipotso tsa 10 tse mabapi le maikutlo a nepahetseng le a seng monate ka boits'oaro, bo lekantsoeng sekaleng sa likhetho tsa 4. Ho lumellana ho kahare ho lintho ho tlalehiloe hore ke Cronbach's α = .88 (Greenberger, Chen, Dmitrieva, & Farruggia, 2003).
BIQ-20 e nang le lintho tsa 20 e khetholla litšitiso tsa setšoantšo sa 'mele ka ho lekanya "ho lahloa ha setšoantšo sa' mele" le "setšoantšo sa bohlokoa sa 'mele." Likarolo tsa kahare tsa sekala li tloha 0.65 ho isa 0.91 lipampiring tsa Jeremane. Ho netefatsoa ha sefapano sa sekala se senotseng ho tsitsipana ho phahameng ho feta sampole e le 'ngoe ea baoki le ba babeli bao e seng ba bongaka (Clement & Löwe, 1996). ECQ e lekola bokhoni ba motho ea nkang karolo ho (a) ho lemoha le ho utloisisa maikutlo a motho; (b) ho lemoha le ho utloisisa maikutlo a ba bang (ho khona ho lemoha le ho utloisisa maikutlo a ba bang ho latela boits'oaro ba bona, puisano e buuoang, sefahleho le boitšisinyo ho latela maemo); (c) ho laola le ho laola maikutlo a hau; le (d) ho hlahisa maikutlo (ho khona le ho ikemisetsa ho ntša maikutlo a motho). Sekala se kahare sa sekala se pakeng tsa α = 0.89 le 0.93 (Rindermann, 2009).
Matšoenyeho a sechaba le bokhoni ba sechaba li ile tsa lekanngoa ho sebelisoa lipotso tse mabapi le Social Anxiety and Social Competence Deficits (SASKO; Kolbeck & Maß, 2009). E ikemiselitse ho lekola tšabo ea ho bua ka pele ho batho ba bang kapa ho ba setsing sa tlhokomelo ea sechaba (subscale "speak"), of discally social ("hana") le likamano pakeng tsa sechaba ("tirisanommoho"), hammoho le khaello ho pono ea sechaba ("leseli") le maikutlo a ho jeoa ke bolutu ("ho jeoa ke bolutu"). Liphetoho tsa kahare tsa subscales li pakeng tsa α = .76 le .87 bakeng sa disampole tse phetseng hantle le lipakeng tsa α = .80 le .89 bakeng sa sampole ea bongaka (Kolbeck & Maß, 2009). Ntle le moo, bonnete ba 'nete bo netefalitsoe ke tlhahlobo ea netefatso ea netefatso (Kolbeck & Maß, 2009). Ho feta moo, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS; Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983) e sebelisitsoe ho lekola pono ea bankakarolo ea khatello ea maikutlo. Ho lumellana ho kahare (Cronbach's α) ea PSS ke α = .78 (Cohen et al., 1983).
Lipatlisiso tsa sethathamo
Litlhahlobo tsa data li ile tsa etsoa ho sebelisoa SPSS Statistics 23 (Statistical Package for the Social Science, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Phapang lipakeng tsa litekanyetso tsa ho ata pakeng tsa basebelisi ba marang-rang ba nang le mathata le tse thata hammoho le taolo e phetseng hantle li ile tsa hlahlojoa ke χ2 liteko le liteko tsa Fisher hantle moo ho loketseng. Ntle le moo, ho hlahlojoa liphapang tsa litšobotsi tse amanang le boits'oaro lipakeng tsa basebelisi ba marang-rang ba lemaletseng, basebelisi ba marang-rang ba nang le bothata, le taolo e phetseng hantle li kenyelletsa tlhahlobo ea phapang (ANOVA), e lateloe ke tlhahlobo ea post hoc e sebelisa liteko tsa Scheffé. Litlhahlobo tsa khatello ea methapo li ile tsa sebelisoa ho lekola kamano pakeng tsa ho fapana le matšoao a hona joale kapa a bophelo nakong ea tšebeliso ea inthanete.
Concordance lipakeng tsa liteko tse peli tsa ADHD (lipuisano le Brown ADD Scale) e ile ea hlahlojoa ka tatellano ea lipapatso le lipalo tsa Cohen's kappa. Re sebelisitse χ2 liteko tsa ho lekola liphapang tse lipakeng tsa sehlopha lipakeng tsa litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea liphetho tse ntle ka har'a mekhahlelo ea (e / che) ea "matšoao a ADHD a ntlafalitsoeng" hammoho le tlhahlobo ea ADHD ea hona joale le ea bophelo bohle. Ntle le moo, ho hlahloba hore na barupeluoa ba nang le tlhahlobo ea ADHD kapa matšoao a morao-rao a ntlafalitsoeng a ADHD ba bonts'a ho teba ha tšebeliso ea inthanete kapa bophelo nako eohle ha ho bapisoa le ba sa phethiseng maemo a ADHD t-liteko mabapi le sampole e felletseng hammoho le taolo e phetseng hantle, ba lemaletseng litheko le basebelisi ba marang-rang.
Ethics
Mekhoa ea ho ithuta e entsoe ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki. Boithuto bo amohetse komiti ea melao ea boitšoaro ea Mannheim, Baden Württemberg (nomoro ea kopo: 2013-528N-MA). Pele ba nka karolo ho ithuteng, barupeluoa bohle ba ile ba tsebisoa ka sepheo sa thuto, 'me ba lumela ha ba qeta ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling ena.
Results
Nako ea bophelo le li-comorbidities tsa mehleng ena
Lintlha li senotse hore 62.4% (45.2%) ea sehlopha se lemaletseng, 31.4% (20.0%) ea sehlopha sa mathata, le 22.8% (13.9%) ea li-taolo tse phetseng hantle e bonts'itse ts'ebetso ea axis I kapa axis II ea bophelo. Ho latela litebello tsa rona, basebelisi ba marang-rang ba lemaletseng ba bonts'itse khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo hammoho le ADHD khafetsa haholo ha e bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle (bona Litšoantšo. 1 'me 2 hammoho le litafole 2 'me 3). Tekanyetso e phahameng ea bophelo le ADHD ea hona joale le mathata a sithabetsang a ile a bonoa sehlopheng sa batho ba lemalloang ha se bapisoa le basebelisi ba nang le mathata. Ntle le moo, batho ba lemaletseng Inthanete le basebelisi ba nang le mathata ba bonts'itse litšitiso tsa botho ba mofuta oa B hangata ho feta taolong e phetseng hantle, empa liphapang tsena tse pakeng tsa sehlopha ha li a ka tsa bonts'oa kahare ho karohano e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea sehlopha se ikemetseng sa B: 3).
Setšoantšo sa 1. Karolo ea tlhahlobo ea nako ea bophelo le phapang lipakeng tsa basebelisi ba marang-rang ba lemallo le ba mathata hammoho le taolo e phetseng hantle (diagnosis%, χ2 le liteko tse tobileng tsa Fisher; *p 05, **p 01 .XNUMX). Mathata a amehang le matšoenyeho le 'ona a ile a aroloa ka har'a likarolo tsa ona
Setšoantšo sa 2. Karolo ea tlhahlobo ea hajoale le phapang lipakeng tsa basebelisi ba marang-rang ba nang le bothata le mathata hammoho le taolo e phetseng hantle (diagnosis%, χ2 le liteko tse tobileng tsa Fisher; *p 05, **p 01 .XNUMX). Mathata a amehang le matšoenyeho le 'ona a ile a aroloa ka har'a likarolo tsa ona
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Lethathamo 2. Phapang lipapaling tsa tšoaetso lipakeng tsa basebelisi ba lemalloang le ba nang le mathata hammoho le taolo e phetseng hantle
Kakaretso (N = 207) | Motlatsi (n = 93) | Bothata (n = 35) | Litaolo tse Phelisang (n = 79) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD (LT) | 5.1 | 13.8 | 0 | 0 | <.001f** |
| ADHD (C) | 6.1 | 11.5 | 0 | 0 | <.001f** |
| Boloetse bo ka thusang (LT) | 21.7 | 35.5 | 17.1 | 7.6 | <.001c** |
| Boloetse bo nang le bothata (C) | 5.3 | 10.8 | 0 | 1.3 | .008f* |
| Ho ferekana kelellong (LT) | 20.8 | 34.4 | 17.1 | 5.3 | <.001c** |
| Ho ferekana kelellong (C) | 4.3 | 9.7 | 0 | 0 | .003f* |
| Matšoenyeho a ho tšoenyeha (LT) | 14.5 | 21.5 | 8.6 | 8.9 | .035c |
| Ho tšoenyeha ka matšoenyeho (C) | 9.2 | 16.1 | 5.7 | 2.5 | .005f* |
| Boloetse ba ho tšoenyeha ka kakaretso | 3.9 | 5.6 | 0 | 3.8 | .452 |
| Boloetse ba ho tšoenyeha ka kakaretso (C) | 2.5 | 4.4 | 0 | 1.3 | .655 |
| PTSD (LT) | 1.5 | 3.3 | 0 | 0 | .073 |
| PTSD (C) | 1.0 | 2.2 | 0 | 0 | .032 |
| E ikhethang phobia (LT) | 3.4 | 4.4 | 5.7 | 1.3 | .559 |
| E ikhethang phobia (C) | 3.0 | 4.4 | 5.7 | 0 | .050 |
| Phobia ea kahisano | 3.4 | 6.5 | 0 | 1.3 | .105f |
| Phobia ea sechaba (C) | 2.9 | 5.4 | 0 | 1.3 | .185f |
| Boloetse bo qhekellang - bo qobellang | 2.4 | 5.4 | 0 | 0 | .075f |
| Boloetse bo qhekellang - bo qobellang | 2.4 | 5.4 | 0 | 0 | .075f |
| Boloetse ba ho ja (LT) | 2.9 | 4.3 | 2.9 | 1.3 | .556f |
| Boloetse ba ho ja (C) | 1.4 | 3.2 | 0 | 0 | .292f |
| Mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ntle le nicotine (LT) | 12.6 | 18.3 | 11.4 | 6.3 | .060f |
| Ho hloka ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ntle le nicotine (C) | 3.9 | 4.3 | 5.7 | 2.5 | .635f |
| Mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ka nicotine (LT) | 20.3 | 25.8 | 17.1 | 15.2 | .198c |
| Mathata a amanang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ka nicotine (C) | 14.0 | 18.3 | 8.6 | 11.4 | .306f |
| Cluster A | 1.9 | 3.2 | 0 | 1.3 | .663f |
| Cluster B | 4.8 | 7.5 | 8.6 | 0 | .013f* |
| Cluster C | 7.2 | 9.7 | 5.1 | 5.7 | .525f |
Hlokomela. Litefiso ka%. f: Teko e tobileng ea Fisher; c: χ2 tlhahlobo; LT: bophelo bohle; C: ea hajoale e lokisoa ke Bonferroni-Holm bakeng sa lipapiso tse ngata tsa nako ea bophelo le tlhahlobo ea hajoale le mathata a botho. ADHD: khatello ea kelello e ka fokotsang tlhokomelo ea kelello; PTSD: Ho sithabela ha khatello ea maikutlo.
*p 05 .XNUMX le **p After .01 kamora khalemelo ea Bonferroni – Holm bakeng sa lipapiso tse ngata.
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Lethathamo 3. Post hoc e bapisa liphapang lipakeng tsa litekanyetso tsa tšoaetso lipakeng tsa basebelisi ba lemalloang le ba nang le mathata hammoho le taolo e phetseng hantle
Litaolo tse phetseng hantle ha li bapisoa le basebelisi ba lemalloang | Litaolo tse phetseng hantle ha li bapisoa le basebelisi ba nang le mathata | Ba lemaletse le basebelisi ba nang le mathata | |
|---|---|---|---|
p | p | p | |
| ADHD (LT) | <.001f** | - | .014f* |
| ADHD (C) | .001f** | - | .029f* |
| Boloetse bo ka thusang (LT) | <.001c** | .117f | .033c* |
| Boloetse bo nang le bothata (C) | .010c | .693f | .036f* |
| Ho ferekana kelellong (LT) | <.001c** | .076f | .043c* |
| Ho ferekana kelellong (C) | .003f** | - | .050f* |
| Ho tšoenyeha ka matšoenyeho (C) | .002c** | .360f | .100f |
| Cluster B | .012f* | .027f* | .549f |
Hlokomela. f: Teko e tobileng ea Fisher; c: χ2 tlhahlobo; LT: bophelo bohle; C: ea hona joale; ADHD: Tlhokomelo ea khatello ea kelello e haellang.
Setšoantšo sa 3. Keketseho ea mathata a botho ho latela DSM-IV le phapang lipakeng tsa basebelisi ba marang-rang ba nang le bothata le mathata hammoho le taolo e phetseng hantle (diagnosis%, χ2- le liteko tsa Fisher's Exact; *p 05, **p 01 .XNUMX)
Ho lumellana ha lisebelisoa tse peli tsa ADHD
Ho lekola ho lumellana lipakeng tsa lisebelisoa tse peli tse sebelisitsoeng (ke hore, Brown ADD Scale le puisano), liphetho li senotse papali ea 63.21% sehlopheng se lemaletseng (Kappa = 0.21, p = .012) le ea 82.1% ho sampole eohle (Kappa = 0.28; p <.001).
Figure 4 e bonts'a liperesente tsa liphetho tse ntle tsa barupeluoa bakeng sa ADHD ho lisebelisoa tse peli tse sebelisitsoeng (lipuisano le Brown ADD Scale) hammoho le likarolo tse nkiloeng tsa matšoao a ADHD a ntlafalitsoeng haufinyane, tlhahlobo ea hajoale le ea bophelo ba ADHD.
Setšoantšo sa 4. Liperesente tsa ADHD bakeng sa mehato e 'meli e fapaneng: Puisano le Brown ADD. Matšoao a morao-rao a ntlafalitsoeng a ADHD ntle le tlhahlobo ea bophelo, nako ea bophelo, le tlhahlobo ea hajoale e nkiloeng ho kharollano ea lisebelisoa ka bobeli
A χ2 Teko e senotse liphapang tse kholo lipakeng tsa sehlopha pakeng tsa taolo e phetseng hantle, lekhoba la ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang le mathata ho hlahlobeloa lipotso tsa ADHD (tlhahlobo e tobileng ea Fisher: p <.001). Papiso ea Pairwise e bontšitse hore basebelisi ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ba phethile litekanyetso tsa ADHD puisanong hangata ho feta taolo e nepahetseng (Teko e nepahetseng ea Fisher: p <.001) empa ha e bapisoe le basebelisi ba nang le mathata (Teko e nepahetseng ea Fisher: p = .232). Phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa sehlopha e boetse ea bonoa ho Brown ADD Scale (tlhahlobo e nepahetseng ea Fisher: p <.001). Papiso ea Pairwise e senotse maqhubu a phahameng haholo a ADHD ho basebelisi ba lemaletseng ba sebelisang Brown ADD Scale ha ba bapisoa le taolo e nepahetseng (p <.001) le basebelisi ba nang le mathata (Teko e nepahetseng ea Fisher: p <.001). Ho feta moo, lipapiso lipakeng tsa sehlopha tsa "matšoao a ADHD a sa tsoa ntlafatsoa" (e / che) li ne li le bohlokoa (Teko ea Fisher hantle: p <.001): basebelisi ba lemaletseng Inthanete ba sa tsoa senola matšoao a ntlafalitsoeng khafetsa ho feta taolo e nepahetseng (Teko e nepahetseng ea Fisher: p <.001) le basebelisi ba nang le mathata (teko e nepahetseng ea Fisher; p <.001).
Re boetse re hlokometse hore sehlopha se lemaletseng se bonts'itse khafetsa haholo ea ADHD ho Brown ADD Scale ha e bapisoa le tlhahlobo (tlhahlobo e tobileng ea Fisher: p = .016).
Ho lekola liphapang tsa ho teba ha tšebeliso ea marang-rang a nakong ea hajoale le nakong ea bophelo bohle (AICA-30 le AICA nako ea bophelo) lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse nang le ADHD (tse tsoang lits'ebetsong ka 'ngoe tsa Setšoantšo. 4), re sebelisitse mehlala e 'meli tLiteko ho ea mohlala kaofela. Boemong bo bong le bo bong, re hlokometse hore barupeluoa ba nang le ADHD e ntle ba fumane lintlha tse phahameng haholo bophelong le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea inthanete ha e bapisoa le ba nang le sephetho se seng sa liteko (Tafole 4).
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Lethathamo 4. Phapang lipakeng tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea Marang-rang ea hona joale le ea bophelo bohle (AICA) lipakeng tsa barupeluoa ba fumane tse ntle le tse mpe bakeng sa ADHD bakeng sa mekhoa e fapaneng mohlaleng kaofela
Matšoao a matla a tšebeliso ea inthanete | E nepahetse bakeng sa bolele ba ADHD (SD) | Phoso ea ADHD Maana (SD) | t lipalo | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Puisano ea ADHD | Current | 12.20 (7.91) | 8.68 (6.53) | -1.970 | .050 * |
| Bophelong | 23.00 (8.01) | 16.12 (8.31) | -3.088 | .002 ** | |
| Brown ADD | Current | 15.13 (5.77) | 7.34 (5.95) | -7.425 | <.001 ** |
| Bophelong | 24.00 (5.35) | 14.80 (8.10) | -6.807 | <.001 ** | |
| Lipontšo tsa ADHD tse sa tsoa etsoa | Current | 15.11 (5.29) | 6.00 (7.42) | -6.260 | <.001 ** |
| Bophelong | 24.33 (4.29) | 14.77 (8.05) | -6.025 | <.001 ** | |
| ADHD ea hona joale | Current | 15.10 (7.85) | 8.59 (6.48) | -3.063 | .003 ** |
| Bophelong | 24.50 (7.58) | 16.24 (8.32) | -3.068 | .002 ** | |
| BOPHELO BAKA ADHD | Current | 14.83 (7.21) | 8.54 (6.49) | -3.236 | .001 ** |
| Bophelong | 24.50 (6.86) | 16.16 (8.32) | -3.397 | .001 ** |
Hlokomela. SD: ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng ho hlophisitsoeng ke Bonferroni-Holm bakeng sa lipapiso tse ngata. ADHD: khatello ea kelello e ka fokotsang tlhokomelo ea kelello; AICA: Tlhahlobo ea Tlatsetso ea Papali ea Inthanete le Khomphutha.
*p 05. **p ≤ .01.
Mehlala e 'meli tLiteko kahare ho sehlopha ka seng (basebelisi ba lemalloang le ba nang le mathata hammoho le taolo e phetseng hantle) ba senoletse feela barupeluoa ba lemaletseng ba nang le matšoao a sa tsoa ntlafatsoa (n = 27) ho bontša tšebeliso e matla ea inthanete ea bophelo bohle (t = -2.549, p = .013) ha e bapisoa le e se nang matšoao (n = 46).
Litšobotsi tse amanang le boithati pakeng tsa basebelisi ba marang-rang ba lithethefatsi le ba mathata le taolo e ntle
litafole 5 'me 6 bonts'a phapang lipakeng tsa taolo, mathata le basebelisi ba marang-rang ba litso tse amanang le maikutlo a hau. Li-ANOVA li hlahisitse litlamorao tse kholo tsa sekala sohle (Lethathamo 5).
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Lethathamo 5. Lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa basebelisi ba lemalloang, basebelisi ba nang le mathata le taolo e ntle
Kakaretso (N = 207) | Motlatsi (n = 93) | Bothata (n = 35) | Litaolo tse Phelisang (n = 79) | F | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PSS e lemohile khatello ea maikutlo | 16.35 (6.74) | 20.01 (6.21) | 15.06 (5.13) | 12.67 (5.72) | 34.437 | <.001 ** |
| BDI | 8.43 (7.63) | 12.96 (8.36) | 6.51 (4.89) | 4.06 (4.02) | 42.256 | <.001 ** |
| Boitlhompho ba Rosenberg | 21.80 (6.25) | 18.89 (6.74) | 22.66 (5.36) | 24.85 (4.14) | 24.285 | <.001 ** |
| SASKO ea buang | 9.98 (7.19) | 13.90 (7.71) | 8.17 (5.38) | 6.22 (4.46) | 33.825 | <.001 ** |
| Ho khesoa ha sechaba ka SASKO | 9.33 (6.43) | 12.76 (7.08) | 7.86 (3.67) | 5.99 (4.24) | 32.247 | <.001 ** |
| Tšebelisano ea SASKO | 6.98 (5.38) | 10.15 (5.67) | 5.51 (3.59) | 3.94 (3.28) | 41.819 | <.001 ** |
| Leseli la SASKO | 7.03 (4.26) | 8.97 (4.39) | 6.26 (3.45) | 5.11 (3.41) | 21.729 | <.001 ** |
| Bolutu ba SASKO | 2.98 (3.26) | 4.49 (3.58) | 2.66 (2.72) | 1.37 (2.07) | 24.239 | <.001 ** |
| ECQ-EE | 55.17 (10.46) | 50.79 (10.29) | 54.40 (10.83) | 60.61 (7.75) | 22.827 | <.001 ** |
| ECQ-EO | 65.06 (10.96) | 62.99 (11.86) | 65.29 (11.12) | 67.37 (9.35) | 3.481 | .034 * |
| ECQ-RE | 47.47 (8.87) | 43.50 (9.05) | 49.51 (8.26) | 51.19 (6.87) | 20.293 | <.001 ** |
| ECQ-EX | 53.87 (13.71) | 49.61 (13.83) | 52.34 (17.79) | 59.52 (10.97) | 12.670 | <.001 ** |
| BIQ e hana setšoantšo sa 'mele | 22.59 (8.45) | 26.41 (9.57) | 21.72 (6.47) | 18.53 (5.32) | 22.664 | <.001 ** |
| BIQ setšoantšo sa bohlokoa sa 'mele | 33.73 (6.97) | 31.27 (7.59) | 34.72 (5.31) | 36.17 (5.87) | 12.075 | <.001 ** |
Hlokomela. Mean (ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng), SASKO: Pherekano ea Sechaba ea Social and Aocial Competence Deficits lipotso; ECQ: Potso ea Matla a Matla a ho Laola; ECQ-EE: ho lemoha le ho utloisisa maikutlo a hau; ECQ-EA: ho lemoha le ho utloisisa maikutlo a ba bang; ECQ-RE: taolo le taolo ea maikutlo a hau; ECQ-EX: ho hlaka hoa maikutlo; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; PSS: Sekala sa khatello ea maikutlo; BIQ: Potso ea Setšoantšo sa 'Mele; F: ANOVA F lipalo.
*p 05 .XNUMX le **p After .01 kamora khalemelo ea Bonferroni – Holm bakeng sa lipapiso tse ngata.
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Lethathamo 6. Lipapiso tsa hoc joala tsa hoc joala (Scheffé) lipakeng tsa basebelisi ba lemalloang, basebelisi ba nang le mathata le taolo e phetseng hantle
Litaolo tse phetseng hantle ha li bapisoa le basebelisi ba lemalloang | Litaolo tse phetseng hantle ha li bapisoa le basebelisi ba nang le mathata | Ba lemaletse le basebelisi ba nang le mathata | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phapang ea mekhoa | p | Phapang ea mekhoa | p | Phapang ea mekhoa | p | |
| PSS | -7.37 | <.001 | -2.39 | .137 | 4.99 | <.001 |
| BDI | -8.89 | <.001 | -2.45 | .175 | 6.44 | <.001 |
| Boitlhompho ba Rosenberg | 5.96 | <.001 | 2.19 | .163 | -3.77 | .004 |
| SASKO ea buang | -7.80 | <.001 | -1.96 | .305 | 5.84 | <.001 |
| Ho khesoa ha sechaba ka SASKO | -6.84 | <.001 | -1.87 | .264 | 4.97 | <.001 |
| Tšebelisano ea SASKO | -6.28 | <.001 | -1.58 | .234 | 4.71 | <.001 |
| Leseli la SASKO | -3.90 | <.001 | -1.14 | .352 | -2.75 | .002 |
| Bolutu ba SASKO | -3.17 | <.001 | -1.29 | .098 | 1.88 | .006 |
| ECQ-EE | 9.89 | <.001 | 6.21 | .006 | -3.69 | .152 |
| ECQ-EO | 4.37 | .035 | 2.08 | .641 | -2.29 | .572 |
| ECQ-RE | 7.85 | <.001 | 1.68 | .599 | -6.17 | .001 |
| ECQ-EX | 9.95 | <.001 | 7.18 | .027 | -2.77 | .565 |
| BIQ e hana setšoantšo sa 'mele | -7.99 | <.001 | -3.18 | .127 | 4.80 | .008 |
| BIQ setšoantšo sa bohlokoa sa 'mele | 4.99 | <.001 | 1.45 | .558 | -3.54 | .028 |
Hlokomela. SASKO: Potso ea Boiketlo ba Sechaba le Kameho ea Boiphetetso ba Sechaba; ECQ: Potso ea Matla a Matla a ho Laola; ECQ-EE: ho lemoha le ho utloisisa maikutlo a hau; ECQ-EA: ho lemoha le ho utloisisa maikutlo a ba bang; ECQ-RE: taolo le taolo ea maikutlo a hau; ECQ-EX: ho hlaka hoa maikutlo; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; PSS: Sekala sa khatello ea maikutlo; BIQ: Potso ea lipotso tsa 'mele.
Basebelisi ba marang-rang ba lemaletseng ho bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle ba bonts'itse setšoantšo se sebe haholo sa 'mele, matšoenyeho a phahameng sechabeng (SASKO), fokotsehile bokhoni ba boiketlo ba sechaba (sekala sohle sa SASKO), khatello e kholo ea kelello (PSS), hammoho le bofokoli boiphihlelo ba maikutlo (ECQ). Ho feta moo, ba ne ba itšepa (Rosenberg) mme ba bonts'a khatello e matla ea kelello (PSS) le matšoao a sithabetsang (BDI; Lethathamo) 6). Basebelisi ba lithethefatsi ba boetse ba bonts'a litekanyetso tse matlafatsang haholo mabapi le litšobotsi tse amanang le maikutlo a hao (ntle le ho lemoha maikutlo a hau le a ba bang le ho khona ho hlahisa maikutlo a hau ho ba bang) bapisoa le basebelisi ba nang le mathata.
Re boetse re hlokometse batho ba lemaletseng Inthanete le basebelisi ba nang le mathata hore ba fapane haholo le taolo e ntle mabapi le bophahamo ba maikutlo “ho lemoha maikutlo a hau” (ECQ-EE) le “maikutlo a ho hlaka” (ECQ-EX; Lethathamo) 6). Patlisiso ea khatello ea methapo e senotse hore mefuta ena e 'meli e hlalositse 11% (R2 = .111; p <.001) ea matla a hajoale a ts'ebeliso ea inthanete (AICA_30) le 22% (R2 = .217; p <.001) ea ts'ebeliso e matla ea inthanete ea bophelo bohle (bophelo ba AICA).
Puisano
Morero o akaretsang oa thuto ena e ne e le ho hlahloba phapang lipakeng tsa li-comorbidities le litšobotsi tse amanang le maikutlo pakeng tsa taolo e phetseng hantle, basebelisi ba marang-rang le ba nang le bothata ho hlakisa karolo ea tšebeliso ea mathata phetohong ho tloha ho phetseng hantle ho sebelisa ts'ebeliso ea Inthanete.
Li-comorbidities ho basebelisi ba marang-rang ba lemaletseng le ba nang le mathata hammoho le taolong e phetseng hantle
Liphetho li bontšitse hore lithethefatsi tsa inthanete li na le litheko tse phahameng tsa ADHD, mathata a nyahamisang le a ho tšoenyeha a teng hona joale hammoho le mathata a botho a sehlopha sa B ha a bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle. Ntle le moo, litheko tse phahameng tsa ADHD le khatello ea maikutlo le tsona li ile tsa bonoa sehlopheng sa batho ba lemalloang ha se bapisoa le basebelisi ba nang le mathata. Liphetho tsena li ipapisitse le mehlala ea litlhatlhobo tsa inthanete tse nkang hore ho na le ts'usumetso e matla ea motheo ea ts'ebeliso ea kelello e sebelisang marang-rang a lemaletseng (Brand et al., 2016; Davis, 2001). Mofuteng oa bona oa I-PACE, Brand et al. (2016) haholo bua ka khatello ea maikutlo le (sechaba) mathata a ho tšoenyeha hammoho le ADHD e le likarolo tse tharo tsa mantlha tsa psychopathological tse amanang le bokhoba ba marang-rang. Mathata 'ohle a kelello a amahanngoa le maikutlo a tebileng a fosahetseng, a joalo ka ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea maikutlo le khalefo. Ntlha ena e boetse e nkuoa ho tlhaloso ea mathata a lipapali tsa inthanete ho DSM-5 moo ho bapalang lipapali tsa marang-rang ho fumanang phomolo ho tsoa maemong a mabe a moea.
Boemong ba ts'ebeliso ea mathata, ketsahalo ea mathata a botho a sehlopha sa B feela e neng e phahame haholo ha e bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo se phetseng hantle mme se sa fapana le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Lingoliloeng li hlalosa mathata a botho ba sehlopha sa B a amana le ts'ebetso e makatsang, ea maikutlo, e sa fetoheng le e susumetsang (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013) hangata e tsamaisana le liketsahalo tsa khatello ea maikutlo. Ba ne ba boetse ba hokahane le monyetla o fokotsehileng oa phokotso ea khatello ea maikutlo e sa foleng (Agosti, 2014). Liphuputso tsena li bonts'a hore mathata a sehlopha sa B e kanna ea ba khokahano ea ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata le ho lemalla ho sebelisa Inthanete. Zadra et al. (2016) e hlokometse keketseho e atileng ea koluoa ea botho ea B Borderline ho batho ba lemaletseng marang-rang. Ha rea fumana liphapang lipakeng tsa sehlopha kahare ho tlholeho e ikhethang ea botho ba mofuta oa B mohlomong ka lebaka la palo e tlase ea linyeoe (nmoeli = 5; nnarcissistic = 4; nhistrionic = 0; nantisocial = 1 sampoleng eohle). Ho ka ba monate ho bapisa sekhahla sa ho ata ha mathata a itseng a botho ho basebelisi ba lemalloang le ba nang le mathata ba sebelisa mehlala e meholo lithutong tse ling. Lithuto tse ling tsa ho ikatisa le tsona lia hlokahala ho netefatsa seo re se fumaneng.
Tlhompho ea ADHD le matšoao a kang a ADHD a ho lemalla batho Inthaneteng
Mabapi le li-ADHD tse fumanoang thutong ena, ho ata ha nako le bophelo bophelong ba sehlopha sa lits'oaetso tsa Inthanete (13.8% le 11.5%) ho ne ho phahame haholo ha ho bapisoa le basebelisi ba Inthaneteng ba nang le bothata le ho laola bophelo bo botle. Tlhaloso ea meta e hakanya ho ata ha ADHD ka hoo e ka bang 2.5% (Simon, Czobor, Bálint, Mészáros, & Bitter, 2009). Boholo ba liphuputso ka ho lemalla ho lemalla li-ADHD le Inthanete li ile tsa etsoa ho bacha, eseng bacha ba baholo (Seyrek et al., 2017; Tateno et al., 2016). Ho na le thuto e le 'ngoe feela e tlalehang ho ata ha ADHD ea 5.5% ho batho ba baholo ba "mathata" ba Inthaneteng (Kim le al., 2016). Leha ho le joalo, mohlala ona o ne o boetse o kenyelletsa basebelisi ba nang le lithethefatsi 'me kahoo liphuputso li ka' na tsa se ke tsa bapisoa le tsa thuto ena.
Ho tsebo ea rona, ena e bile thuto ea pele ea ho leka ho kenyelletsa tlhahlobo ea matšoao a morao-rao a ntlafalitsoeng a ADHD ho kenyelletsa tlhahlobo ea ADHD ho batho ba lemaletseng marang-rang. Barupeluoa ba nang le ADHD hammoho le ba nang le matšoao a kang a ADHD a ntlafalitsoeng haholo ba bontšitse nako e telele haholo ea bophelo le ho teba ha tšebeliso ea inthanete ha ho bapisoa le ba sa kang ba phethahatsa maemo ana. Ho feta moo, barupeluoa ba lemaletseng ba nang le matšoao a ADHD (30% ea sehlopha sa batho ba lemaletseng) ba bonts'itse ts'ebeliso e matla ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ha ho bapisoa le barupeluoa ba lemaletseng ntle le matšoao a ADHD. Liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a hore matšoao a ADHD a ntlafalitsoeng haufinyane (ntle le ho etsa liteko tsa tlhahlobo ea ADHD) a amahanngoa le bokhoba ba marang-rang. Sena se ka lebisa pontsong ea pele ea hore ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea Marang-rang e na le tšusumetso ho ntlafatso ea bofokoli ba kelello bo ts'oanang le bo fumanoang ho ADHD. Phuputso ea morao-rao ea Nie, Zhang, Chen, le Li (2016) o ile a tlaleha hore Inthanete ea bacha e lemaletse le ntle le ADHD hammoho le barupeluoa ba nang le ADHD feela ba bontšitse litšenyehelo tse tšoanang le tsa ho thibela ho thibela le ho sebetsa mohopolo.
Ho nahana joalo ho bonahala eka ho tšehetsoa ke liphuputso tse ling tsa tlaleho tse fokolang bohlooho bo bongata boemong bo ka pele ho lik'homphieutha tse nang le lithethefatsi le ho bakuli ba ADHD (Frodl le Skokauskas, 2012; Moreno-Alcazar et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2015; Yuan et al., 2011). Leha ho le joalo, ho netefatsa likhopolo tsa rona, lithuto tse tsoelang pele tse lekolang kamano lipakeng tsa ho qaleha ha tšebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete le ADHD ho lithethefatsi tsa inthanete lia hlokahala. Ntle le moo, lithuto tse telele li lokela ho sebelisoa ho hlakisa causality. Haeba seo re se fumaneng se netefalitsoe ke lithuto tse ling, sena se tla ba le bohlokoa ba tleliniki bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea tlhahlobo ea ADHD. Ho ka nahanoa hore lingaka li tla koptjoa ho etsa tlhahlobo e felletseng ea tšebeliso ea marang-rang e kulang ho bakuli ba nang le ASHD e belaelloang.
Papiso ea litšobotsi tse amanang le boithati lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete, e nang le mathata le ts'ebeliso e ntle ea inthanete
Mabapi le phapang e pakeng tsa sehlopha le litso tse amanang le boithati, liphetho li senotse basebelisi ba Inthanete ba lemaletseng ho bonts'a liphoso tse ngata sekaleng sohle sa "boitlhalo" ha se bapisoa le taolo e ntle. Joalokaha ho boletsoe kaholimo, likhopolo tsa nts'etsopele li hatisa lilemo tsa bocha hore e be karolo eo ho thehwa ha mohopolo e le eona ntho ea mantlha ea ntlafatso. Motho o lokela ho ithuta le ho khetha karolo ea bohlokoa le e nepahetseng ea litekanyetso tse fapaneng tsa bophelo, tse kang karolo ea bong, mantsoe, likhetho tsa setso, jj.Erikson, 1968; Marcia, 1966). Haeba e sa atlehe, sena se lebisa ho ho arohaneng ha boitsebahatso le likarolo tsa boiketlo ba batho mme se eketsa menyetla ea mathata a kelello, a kang botho, khatello ea maikutlo kapa khatello ea maikutlo. Ntle le kalafo e loketseng, hangata mathata ana a tsoela pele ho ba motho e moholo (Erikson, 1968; Marcia, 1966). Ka lebaka la menyetla ea eona ea ho sebelisana le batho ba bang le ho se tsejoe ha eona, Inthanete e fana ka monyetla o hohelang bakeng sa matšeliso a maikutlo a mabe le likhaello tsa maikutlo. Ka hona, liphetho tsa rona tsa likhaello tse ntseng li eketseha tsa boits'oaro ho bacha ba lemaletseng ho sebelisa Inthanete li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho sebetsana hampe le mesebetsi e meng ea ntlafatso nakong ea bocha ho ka kenya letsoho ho theheng bokhoba ba inthanete. Boiphihlelo bo phetoang ba ho lefella likhaello tsena ka tšebeliso ea marang-rang, mohlala, ka ho fumana metsoalle kapa ho atleha papaling (Brand et al., 2016; Davis, 2001; Tavolacci et al., 2013) e ka phahamisa kotsi ea ts'ebeliso e lemalloang. Ho kenyelletsa moo, ho haella ha boiphihlelo ba 'nete bo pakeng tsa batho le ts'ebetso ho ka eketsa bofokoli ba boiqapelo le nts'etsopele ea mathata a kelello. Karolo ena ea morao-rao e ka hlalosa ho hlaha ho hoholo hoa khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha le mathata a botho ba sehlopha sa batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi.
Leha ho na le phapano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea marang-rang e nang le mathata le lithethefatsi mabapi le boholo ba lintho tse hlahlobiloeng, mekhoa eohle e lekantsoeng bakeng sa litšobotsi tsa sehlopha se nang le mathata pakeng tsa basebelisi ba lemallo le sehlopha se laolehileng se phetseng hantle, se bonts'a khokahanyo lipakeng tsa mekhahlelo e mebedi ea ho fetisisa Ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ka mokhoa o hlalosang.
Leha ho le joalo, re bone hape ho tšoana pakeng tsa basebelisi ba nang le mathata le ba lemaletseng. Lihlopha tsena ka bobeli li ikalile ka mokhoa o fokolang oa ho lemoha, ho utloisisa, le ho hlahisa maikutlo a hau ha ho bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle. Mohlaleng oa bona oa bohlale ba maikutlo, Mayer le Salovey ba hatisitse temoho, tšebeliso, kutloisiso le taolo ea maikutlo, e atisang ho hlaha maemong a likamano, ho ba bokhoni bo kaholimo bo kopaneng ba bohlale ba maikutlo (Mayer & Salovey, 1993; Mayer, Salovey, Caruso, & Sitarenios, 2001). Liphetho tsa rona tsa bofokoli bona ho basebelisi ba marang-rang ba nang le mathata le bokhoba li ka supa hore maemo a tlase a bokhoni bona a ka bonts'a mabaka a tlisoang ke phetoho ho tloha ts'ebetsong ea mathata le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Tlhahlobo ea khatello ea maikutlo e bontšitse hore mefuta ena e hlalositse 11% le 22% ea phapang ea hajoale le bophelo bo tebileng ba tšebeliso ea inthanete, ka tatellano, ho sampole e felletseng.
Meeli ea thuto
Meeli ea thuto ena e kenyelletsa likarolo tse latelang.
Mehlala ea mehlala ea lihlopha tse nyane e ne e le nyane. Sena se lokela ho tsotelloa ha re toloka liphetho tsa rona mme ho etsa hore lithuto tsa nako e tlang li hlokahale.
Tekanyetso e 'ngoe e bua ka ts'ebetso ea ho hlahloba lefu la ADHD. Ntle le nalane ea brown ADD, re sebelisitse tlhahlobo e sa emeng le lipotso tse bulehileng bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa ADHD. Ha ho na ho netefatsoa ka botlalo hore tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe le morupelli ea tšoanang e tla hlahisa litholoana tse tšoanang (Kromrey, 2002). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho kopana ha lipuisano ke litsebi tsa kelello tse tšoanelehang tsa bongaka ka ts'ebeliso e eketsehileng ea Brown ADD Scale ts'ebetsong ea tlhahlobo e kanna ea netefatsa bonnete ba litlhahlobo. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tsena li lokela ho phetoa hape li kenyeletse liteko tsa kantle (mohlala, lipuisano tsa malapa) hammoho le liteko tsa methapo ea kutlo ts'ebetsong ea tlhahlobo.
Taba e 'ngoe hape ke hore ha rea ka ra sekaseka liphapang tse amanang le bong, hobane e ka be e fetisitse boholo ba mongolo o ngotsoeng. Re mpa re lekola liphapang tsa bong ho li-subsamples. The χ2 tlhahlobo kahare ho sehlopha ka seng e senotse hore basali ba nang le ts'ebeliso e ntle ea bophelo le mathata a inthanete ba bonts'a marang-rang a ho etsa metsoalle hangata le banna ba sebelisang likopo tse ling hangata. Tumellanong le lingoliloeng (Dany, Moreau, Guillet, & Franchina, 2016), tlhahlobo ea sampole ea mantlha e senotse maqhubu a phahameng a papali ho banna le ts'ebeliso e phahameng ea libaka tsa marang-rang tsa basali. Leha ho le joalo, liphetho tsena li tlameha ho hlalosoa ka hloko ka lebaka la boholo bo fokolang ba subsdom. Boithuto bo tsoelang pele boa hlokahala ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le phapang e ikhethileng ea bong ka litšobotsi tse hlahlobiloeng thutong ena.
Nahanisisa
Ha re kopantsoe hammoho, liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a hore mathata a botho ba sehlopha sa B le bofokoli ba ho utloisisa le ho hlalosa maikutlo a hae e kanna ea ba litšusumetso tse fetotseng ho tloha ho bothata ho isa ts'ebelisong e mpe. Re fumane hape hore basebelisi ba lithethefatsi, ha ba bapisoa le basebelisi ba nang le mathata le taolo e phetseng hantle, ba bonts'a hangata ho ata ha ADHD, mathata a sithabetsang le a ho tšoenyeha a teng hona joale hammoho le bofokoli bo boholo bo amanang le boits'oaro. Kahoo, sephetho sa rona se ka supa hore mathata a botho ba sehlopha sa B le bofokoli ba kelello maikutlong, bo amanang le mathata a amanang le ts'ebetso, a susumetsa phetoho ho tloha ho mathata le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Ho ba le inthanete joalo ka ha qalong ho ne ho etsa puseletso e potlakileng bakeng sa mathata ana ho eketsa kotsi ea ho lemalla. Ka nako e ts'oanang, ho haella ha boiphihlelo ba batho ba kopaneng le ba ts'ebetso e amanang le bophelo bophelong ba 'nete hoa eketseha' me ho lebisa ho pholoheng lefatšeng la sebele. Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore lipuisano tse lebisang bokhoba ba marang-rang li lokela ho eketsa tjantjello ea bona ho ithuteng mekhoa ea kelello e thehiloeng kelellong le mahlale a bophelo ba ho amohela le ho sebetsana ka katleho le maikutlo a mabe le likhohlano tsa batho.
Lintlha tsa rona li boetse li senola ho ata ha ADHD ho batho ba lemalloang empa eseng ho basebelisi ba nang le bothata bo ka bontšang hore ADHD e amana le phetoho e potlakileng ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete.
Menehelo ea bangoli
TL e qopile buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho, ea okamela boithuto, mme ea kenya letsoho ho bokella datha le ho hlahlobisisa. SH e kentse letsoho tlhahlobisong ea data. JD o ne a kentse letsoho khokahanong ea thuto le pokello ea data. Lintlha tse netefalitsoeng tsa IR li hlahlobisisa le ho hlokomela mongolo. KM e ile ea fumana chelete ea thuto le ho e hlokomela. FK e ile ea beha leihlo mme ea kenya letsoho tokisetsong ea letsoho. Bangoli bohle ba amohetse mofuta oa ho qetela oa buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho.
Khohlano ea thahasello
Ha ho na bangoli ba nang le khohlano ea thahasello eo ba ka e phatlalatsang.
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