Front Psychiatry. 2018 Apr 23; 9: 154. Doi: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2018.00154. eCollection 2018.
Liu L1,2, Yao YW2, Li CR3,4, Zhang JT2, Xia CC5, Lan J1, Ma SS1, Zhou N1, Fang XY1.
inahaneloang
Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD) bo khetholloa ke bofokoli ba kelello le ba maikutlo. Boithuto bo fetileng bo tlalehiloe ka ho ba teng hoa IGD le khatello ea maikutlo. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tse atileng tsa monahano oa bongo li shebile haholo ho fokola hoa kelello ho IGD. Ke lithuto tse 'maloa tse sebetsaneng le ho hlonama lipakeng tsa IGD le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo le methati e ka tlase ea methapo ea kutlo. Mona, re ile ra fuputsa taba ena ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng ka ho kopanya phuputso e entsoeng ka mahlale a malelele, thuto ea tšebeliso ea likarolo tse ling tsa mmuso le thuto ea ho kenella. Ho etsa mohlala oa sekontiri se selelele ho li-database tsa nako e telele tsa barutoana ba koleche ho bontšitse hore botebo le khatello ea maikutlo li lekantsoeng ka mokhoa o ikhethileng. Boemong ba neural, batho ba nang le IGD ba bonts'itseng li-rsFC tse ntlafalitsoeng pakeng tsa amygdala le letsoho le letona la dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), boemo bo ka tlase bo ka pele le ba pele, ha bo bapisoa le barupeluoa ba taolo, le tšebelisano ea amygdala-frontoparietal sethaleng. ho latela ts'ebetso ea psychotherapy. Ho feta moo, kamora ts'ebetso, batho ba nang le IGD ba bonts'itse ts'ebelisano pakeng tsa amygdala ea leqele le leqele le ka pele, joalo ka ha ho bapisoa le sehlopha se sa keneng. Liphumano tsena hammoho li bontša hore IGD e kanna ea amahanngoa haufi-ufi le khatello ea maikutlo; rsFC e fetohang lipakeng tsa maikutlo le marangrang a taolo e phahameng e ka ba khatello ea maikutlo mme ea emela sepheo sa kalafo ho batho ba nang le IGD. Lebitso la registry: Mokhoa oa boits'oaro le boits'oaro ba IGD; URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02550405; Nomoro ea ngoliso: NCT02550405.
LINKOTSO:
amygdala; khatello ea maikutlo; fMRI; bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete; kgokahanyo ya mmuso e sebetsang; subgenual anterior cingrate cortex
PMID: 29740358
PMCID: PMC5924965
DOI: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2018.00154
URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02550405;
Nomoro ea ngoliso: NCT02550405.
Selelekela
Likhokahano tsa boitšoaro le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi li arolelana lipontšo tse ngata tsa kliniki ho kenyeletsa le li-comorbidities tse joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo [1]. Bokhoba ba marang-rang (IA) bo 'nile ba nkoa e le tšebeliso e mpe ea boitšoaro. Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD), e le mofuta o atileng haholo oa IA, o kenyellelitsoe khatisong ea bohlano ea Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis shida (DSM-5) e le boemo bo hlokang hore thuto e tsoele pele [2]. Boloetse ba kelello bo ntse bo nkuoa e le mekhahlelo e arohaneng. Leha ho le joalo, mohato oa pele oa Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), matšoao a amanang le methapo ea kutlo a maikutlo le ts'oaetso ea maikutlo a nkuoa e le a bohlokoa bo boholo ho khethollong ea tlhahlobo mme a ka arolelanoa lipakeng tsa maemo a neuropsychiatric [3]. Haholo-holo monahano oa kelello o fane ka sesebelisoa se sebetsang sa ho khetholla matšoao ana a neural. Boithuto bo fetileng bo ile ba hlahloba metheo ea neural ea ho senyeha hoa kelello joalo ka taolo e fokolang ea thibelo le ho nka liqeto tse fosahetseng ho IGD [4, 5]. Leha ho le joalo, dysfunctions tsa maikutlo (mohlala, khatello ea maikutlo) le mekhoa ea methapo e ka hare ho sechaba sena e lutse e sa hlaka hantle leha ho na le comorbidity e phahameng ea IGD le khatello ea maikutlo.
Matšoao a sithabetsang maikutlo a hlaha khafetsa ho batho ba nang le IA / IGD [6]. Tlhahlobo ea meta e tlaleha karolo e phahameng haholo ea bakuli ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo ho batho ba nang le IA (26.3%) ho feta taolong e phetseng hantle (11.7%) [7]. Boithuto ho IGD bo boetse bo tlalehile litakatso tse phahameng tsa khatello ho batho ba leng kotsing ea kapa kapa IGD, hammoho le phokotso ea khatello ea maikutlo nakong ea tšoarelo ho IGD [8-10]. Leha ho le joalo, liphumano tsena tse fumanehang karolong e kaholimo li ne li sa khone ho hlakisa tataiso pakeng tsa IA / IGD le khatello ea maikutlo [11, 12]. Phuputso e lebelletsoeng e ka thusa ho senola ka ho eketsehileng kamano lipakeng tsa matšoao a IGD le khatello ea maikutlo.
FMRI ea phomolo ea naha e hlahile e le sesebelisoa se sebelisoang haholo ho etsa lipatlisiso ts'ebetsong ea kelello ea kelello [13, 14] le ho se sebetse ha methapo ea methapo mathateng a mangata a amanang le neuropsychiatric, ho kenyelletsa le IGD le khatello e kholo ea khatello ea maikutlo (MDD) [15, 16]. Habohlokoa, IGD le MDD li shebahala li arolelana liphetoho tsa boemo ba tšebetsong ba maemo a leholimo (rsFC) khokahanong ea maikutlo, e kenyeletsang amygdala le subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC). Ka ho khetheha, amygdala e kenya letsoho ho khetholloeng le ho hokahana ha tlhaiso-leseling ea tlhaiso-leseling le maikutlo a susumetsang, le ho theha le ho boloka mehopolo e fosahetseng ea maikutlo [11, 15, 17-19]. SgACC e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho laoleng maikutlo a ho tsosa mofuteng oa maikutlo le tse ling tse bohlasoa [20, 21]. Boithuto ba pejana bo tlalehile tšebelisano e mpe ea amygdala le libaka tsa netweke ea taolo e kholo, ho kenyelletsa le canal preortal cortex (PFC), e hokahaneng le likarabo tse feteletseng ho susumetso e mpe ka bobeli ba MDD [22-24] le IGD [25]. SgACC e bohareng ba melaoana ea tsamaiso [15, 22] le pathogenesis ea khatello ea maikutlo [15, 26]. E kopantsoe le sgACC le amygdala, PFC ke karolo ea potoloho ea taolo ea mesebetsi e laolang maikutlo [27]. Bakuli ba MDD ba bontšitse khokahano e phahameng lipakeng tsa sgACC le dorsolateral / dorsomedial PFC, kamanong le rumomy e fetelletseng e itlhommeng pele [28, 29]. Khokahano e eketsehileng ea sgACC-PFC e boetse e fumanoe ho batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi [30, 31]. Ka hona, ho lekola li-connectivities tse sebetsang pakeng tsa amygdala, sgACC, le PFC, hammoho le kamano ea bona le khatello ea maikutlo le ho teba ha lithethefatsi li ka senola ho teba ha neural phenotypes ea IGD.
Ho feta moo, lithuto tsa pejana li bonts'itse hore mekhoa ea boits'ebetso e sebetsa hantle ho khahlisa bokhoba ba tahi [32, 33] le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo ho batho ba nang le IGD kapa IA ka kakaretso [34-36]. Ho lekola hore na ho kenella hoa boits'oaro ho ama ho hokahanya marang-rang a maikutlo joang le litloaelano tsa ona le phokotso ea khatello ea maikutlo le matšoao a bokhoba ba ho fana ho tla fana ka bopaki bo eketsehileng ho ts'ehetso ea likarolo tse arolelanoang tsa neural tsa IGD le khatello ea maikutlo.
Phuputsong ea morao tjena, re hlahisitse lipatlisiso ho tsoa tlhahlobong ea nako e telele ea 4 ea ho lekola kamano e pakeng tsa matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo le ho lemalla ho IGD. Ntle le moo, ho hlakisa li-network tsa neural tse totobatsang khatello ea maikutlo ho batho ba nang le IGD, re ile ra etsa lipatlisiso tsa karolo ea sepheo sa mokhatlo tse amanang le amygdala le sgACC. Kamora nako, re ile ra hlahloba kamoo kalafo ea boits'oaro e ntlafatsang khatello ea maikutlo le ho ikoahlaea ho potoloha ha potoloho e amanang le khatello ea maikutlo ho batho ba nang le IGD. E ipapisitse le bopaki ba boitšoaro bo fetileng [11, 12, 37], re thellelitse kamano ea ho hloloheloa lipakeng tsa nako e fetileng le ea nakong e tlang ea bokhoba ba marang-rang / matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo. Ho ea pele, ho ipapisitse le lithuto tse fetileng tsa neuropsychiatric [25, 38], re fane ka maikutlo a hore batho ka bomong ba nang le IGD ba tla bonts'a matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo le ho fetoloa hoa rsFC ea amygdala le sgACC ka libaka tsa netweke ea taolo e kholo, e ka fokotsoang ke ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro bakeng sa IGD.
Lisebelisoa le mekhoa
barupeluoa ba
Bakeng sa Thuto ea 1, lintlha li ile tsa bokelloa e le karolo ea boithuto ba nako e telele ba tšebeliso ea marang-rang ea baithuti ba koleche e Beijing, ka maqhubu a mane, ho qala ka selemo sa 2011. Ka sesebelisoa sa lipatlisiso sa inthanete, sehlopha sa koleche ea selemo sa pele baithuti ba ne ba hlahlojoa selemo le selemo. Bohle bankakarolo ba fane ka tumello e ngotsoeng e nang le tsebo mme ba lefelletsoe nako ea bona, ho latela melaoana e amohetsoeng ke Institutional Review Board ea Sekolo sa Psychology, Univesithi e Tloaelehileng ea Beijing.
Barupeluoa ba lipatlisiso ba kenyelelitsoe thutong ha feela ba kile ba bapala lipapali tsa marang-rang mme ba qeta ka nako e fetang 20% ea nako ea bona ea letsatsi le letsatsi ba sebelisa marang-rang bakeng sa papali nakong e ngoe le e ngoe ea lilemo tse nne tse latellanang tseo data li nkiloeng ho tsona. Ho palo e akaretsang ea baithuti ba 2,182, basali ba 1,619 (basali ba 1,253, banna ba 366) ha baa ka ba kopana le mekhoa ea ho kenyeletsoa mme ba qheleloa ka thoko thutong. Karolelano ea karolelano ea basali (90.99%) e ne e phahame ho feta banna (45.47%) (χ2 = 550.056, P <0.001). Kahoo, lipatlisiso tse tsoang ho kakaretso ea baithuti ba 563 (basali ba 124 le banna ba 439) li fumanoe bakeng sa thuto. Lilemo tsa bona li ne li tloha ho 16 ho isa ho lilemo tse 21 (bolele ± SD = 18.31 ± .89) ka nako 1.
Boithuto 2 le 3 e ne e le likarolo tse peli tsa projeke e kholo ea ho nts'etsapele le ho lekola boits'oaro ba boits'oaro ba IGD. Barupeluoa ba ile ba hiroa ka marang-rang le lipapatso tse rometsoeng liunivesithing tsa lehae, ka mekhoa e latelang ea kenyelletso: (1) lintlha> 67 ho CIAS [39]; (2)> 14 h ka beke ba bapala lipapali tsa inthanete, bonyane selemo se le seng. Mekhoa ea ho kenyelletsa barupeluoa ba taolo ea bophelo bo botle (HC) e ne e le: (1) lintlha <1 ho CIAS; (60) ha ho mohla a kileng a qeta ho feta 2 h ka beke ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete. Barupeluoa bohle e ne e le banna ba nang le letsoho le letona. Mekhoa ea ho khetholla e ne e le ts'ebeliso ea hajoale kapa e fetileng ea lintho tse seng molaong le papali ea chelete (ho kenyeletsoa papali ea chelete inthaneteng), nalane efe kapa efe ea mafu a kelello kapa methapo le ts'ebeliso ea hajoale ea meriana ea psychotropic, joalo ka ha ho lekantsoe ke lipotso tse hlophisitsoeng hantle. Kakaretso ea batho ba 2 ba nang le IGD le 76 HC ba kentse letsoho Thutong ea 41. (Sehlopha sa CBI−) ka lebaka la kemiso ea bona ea mosebetsi. Batho ba mashome a mabeli a metso e meraro ba sehlopha sa CBI + ba nkile karolo ho fMRI ea phomolo pele le ka mor'a CBI. Li-CBI− tse 2 ho tse 3 le tsona li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka nako e le 'ngoe. Lithuto tsa 63 le 44 li ile tsa ananeloa ke Boto ea Setheo ea Tlhahlobo ea Setsi sa Laboraro sa Naha sa Cognitive Neuroscience le Learning ho Beijing Normal University.
Mehato
Bakeng sa Study 1, 2, le 3, re ile ra lekanya ho teba ha lithethefatsi tsa inthanete har'a libapali tsa kolecheng tse sebelisang China Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS; 40), e nang le lintho tsa 26 ho sekepe sa 4-point Likert e lekola litekanyo tsa 5 tsa matšoao / litlamorao ho kenyelletsa tšebeliso e qobelloang, ho tlosoa, mamello, le mathata a likamano tsa batho le taolo ea bophelo / nako. Ho tšepahala le ho nepahala ha CIAS li bontšitsoe pejana bakeng sa liithuti tsa koleche [40], 'me tekong ea hajoale, li-coefficients tsa alpha tsa Cronbach tsa sekala sena li ne li le 0.933-0.950 ho pholletsa le lintlha tse' ne tsa nako. Bakeng sa Thuto ea 1, re ile ra lekanya matšoao a tepeletseng re sebelisa lintho tse leshome le metso e meraro tse tsoang Lethathamong la Matšoao a Matšoao (SCL-90) [41]. Lintho tsena li lekantsoe ka sekala sa 1 (ha se 'nete) ho isa ho 4 (kamehla ke' nete). Tekong ea hajoale, li-coefficients tsa alpha tsa Cronbach bakeng sa sekala sena e ne e le 0.888-0.936 ho pholletsa le lintlha tse 'ne tsa nako. Lithutong tsa 2 le 3, matšoao a barupeluoa a khatello ea maikutlo a ile a lekanyetsoa ho sebelisoa Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) [42].
Tlhaloso ea Lintho tsa MRI
Bakeng sa Study 2 le 3, tlhaiso-leseling ea MRI ea data le ho li lokisa li hlalositsoe ka botlalo lithutong tse fetileng [33]. Ka bokhutšoanyane, data ea fMRI ea ho phomola e fumanoe ho scan ninemanga ea 3.0 T Nokia Trio Setsing sa Brain Imaging, Univesithing ea Beijing tloaelehileng. Paramethara ea data ea EPI e ne e le: nako ea ho pheta-pheta = 2,000 ms, echo time = 30 ms, flip angle = 90 °, lebaleng la pono = 200 × 200 mm2, matrix ea ho fumana = 64 × 64, boholo ba voxel = 3.1 × 3.1 × 3.5 mm3, slice = 33, nako ea nako = 200. Scan ninemanga ea T1 e boetse e fumanoe ka liparamente tse latelang: nako ea ho pheta-pheta = 2,530 ms, echo time = 3.39 ms, flip angle = 7 °, lebaleng la pono = 256 × 256 mm2, boholo ba voxel = 1 × 1 × 1.33 mm3, nomoro ea sekala = 144.
Craving Behavioral Intervention (CBI)
CBI e ntlafalitsoe motheong oa ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro e ntlafalitsoeng pejana [33]. Mekhoa e rarahaneng ea kelello e hokahaneng le ho se sebetse maikutlong [43], ho lakatsa ho ka bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ntlafatsong le tlhokomelong ea IGD. Ho kenella ho thusang batho ho sebetsana ka katleho le ho fokotsa ho lakatsa ho ka khothaletsa liphetho tse ntle le ho thibela ho khutla hape (bona karolo ea Mekhoa ea Lisebelisoa tsa tlatsetso bakeng sa lintlha tse ling).
Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyetso
Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Modeling
Bakeng sa Study 1, re ile ra sebelisa mohlala oa likoloi tsa botho (ACLM) ho lekola likamano tsa nako e telele le tsa boiphetetso lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba ho lemalla le matšoao a sithabetsang. ACLM e tšoaneleha hantle bakeng sa ho lekola likamano lipakeng tsa li-constru tse peli kamora nako. Ho ACLM, paramente ea "orerigg "e bontša mokhoa oa pele oa yt e bolela esale pele mohato oa y(t + 1), mme paramente e koahetsoeng ka sefapano e emetse kamoo tekanyo ea pejana zt e bolela esale pele mohato oa y(t + 1) kaholimo le hofeta tekanyo e fetileng ea yt [44, 45]. ACLM e sebelisitsoe haholo ho fuputsa likamano tsa nakoana tsa likamano tsa bongaka ho kenyeletsoa matšoao a bokhoba [37, 46, 47]. Likarolo tsa meetso e ikhethileng ea liforeimi tse khutšoane li ile tsa lekoa ho Mplus 7.4 [48]. Mplus o sebelisa mokhoa o lekanyelitsoeng oa tlhaiso-leseling ea tlhaiso-leseling e felletseng ho sebetsana le lintlha tse sieo (sheba lisebelisoa tsa tlatsetso bakeng sa lintlha tse ling). SPSS 20.0 e ne e sebelisetsoa lipalo tse hlalosang.
Ho etsa liteko tsa nako eohle
ACLM e kenyelelitse litlhaku tse robeli: khatello ea maikutlo le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi ho Times 1, 2, 3, le 4. Nako e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, lits'ebetso tsa CIAS li ne li hlahisa phapang e tebileng ea bokhoba ba tahi ea inthanete, mme ho teba ha khatello ea maikutlo ho ile ha supoa ke boemo ba subscale ba boemo ba SCL-90. Ho lekola litlamorao tsa ho ikamahanya le maemo a marang-rang, re ile ra hlahloba litekanyetso tsa sebopeho, metri (ke ho re, ho laolla) le sebopeho sa mahlaseli a hlophisitsoeng ka tatellano. Re bapisa li-indices tsa mofuta o tšoanang tsa mefuta e mene ea nested (Tafole 1).
Lethathamo 1. Ho bapisoa ha meetso ea liforeimi tsa likharetene tse ikhethileng.
Model 1 e sebelitse e le mohlala oa motheo ntle le litšitiso tse ka kenang bakeng sa ho leka ho kenella ha maemo. Ho Model 2, re lekile tlhaiso ea metric ka ho hatella lintlha tsa thepa hore li lekane ka nako eohle (Tafole S2), ho netefatsa hore li-construqu li na le moelelo o tšoanang ka nako e ngoe le e ngoe [50, 51]. Ho Model 3, re ile ra thibela mekhoa e metelele ea sefapano bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo (T) 
tšebeliso e mpe ea tahi (T + 1) le bokhoba ba ho lemalla (T) khatello ea maikutlo (T + 1) ho lekana nako eohle, ka ho latellana. Kamora nako ea Model 4, re ile ra qobella tsela tse ikarabellang ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo le bokhoba ba nako ho lekana ka nako eohle. 1). Ka mor'a moo re bapisa li-indices tsa mohlala tsa mefuta eohle e mene ho khetha mofuta o motle haholo. The χ2 boleng, index ea bapisoa e loketseng (CFI), index ea Tucker-Lewis (TLI) le motso o bolelang phoso e lekantsoeng (RMSEA) li sebelisitsoe ho bapisa mohlala oa ho lekana [49].
Setšoantšo sa 1. Ts'ebetso ea "regression" e sekametseng sefapanong. Re bonts'a maqhubu a metric, adaptariance ea lehae, le phapanyetsano ea covariance ea phoso nakong eohle re sebelisa litlhaku litseleng. Linomoro ke li-coefficients tse emeng tseleng (*P <0.05; ***P <0.001).
Tlhahlobo ea Boitšoaro ba Boitšoaro
Thutong ea 2, mehlala e 'meli tLiteko li entsoe ho bapisa bokhoba le khatello ea maikutlo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa IGD le HC. Ho hlahlojoa ho fapana (li-ANOVA) ka mehato e phetoang ho ile ha sebelisoa ho ithuteng 3 ho hlahloba litlamorao tsa CBI lipapaling tsa libapali tsa inthanete, le sehlopha (CBI + le CBI−) e le taba e lipakeng tsa thuto, le karolo (motheo oa tlhahlobo ea bobeli le ea bobeli) joalo ka ntho e ka hare ho taba.
Ts'ebetso ea Tlhahlobo ea MRI
Lintlha li ile tsa ntlafatsoa tsa ba tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mofuta oa DPABI 1.2 (http://rfmri.org/dpabi) le SPM8 (http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm). Meqolo ea 10 ea pele e ile ea lahloa. Lintlha tsa motho ka mong tsa EPI li ne li lokisitsoe ka nako. Barupeluoa bao hlooho ea bona e fetang 3.0 mm ka phetolelo kapa 3 ° ka ho potoloha (lithuto tsa 2 IGD) ha lia ka tsa kenyelletsoa ka thoko. Re boetse re fokotsa likamano tse ka tsamaeang ka hlooho ka tokiso ea Friston-24. Re hlakisitse mats'oao a tsoang mokelikeli oa "cerebrospinal fluid" le lintho tse tšoeu ho fokotsa litlamorao tsa matla a 'mele. Lintlha tsa EPI li ile tsa fetoloa sebakeng sa Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI). Setsi sa sefahleho sa 4 mm ka bophara bo bolelele ba halofo ea Gaussian kernel se sebelisitsoe. Kamora moo, ho ile ha sebelisoa filimi ea nakoana ea nakoana (0.01-0.10 Hz) ho fokotsa sekhahla se tlase sa lerata le lerata le phahameng.
Lipalo tsa rsFC
Bilateal subgenual ACC le lipeo tsa amygdala li ile tsa supuoa ho tsoa setsing sa khokahano ea parcellation-based52], le ho tsoa ho atlelase ea sebakeng sa Brodmann (sebakeng sa Brodmann 34, bona Setšoantšo sa S1). Kakaretso ea letoto la nako kahare ho peo ka 'ngoe e ile ea hatisoa khahlano le li-voxels tsa boko bo felletseng ho hlahisa limmapa tsa khokahano. Li-coefficients tsa Correlation li ile tsa fetoleloa ho lintlha tsa Z le Fisher's r-to-z transform.
Re bapisitse rsFC ea lihlopha tsa IGD le HC ho sgACC le amygdala bakeng sa Study 2, mme ra bapisa le liphetoho tsa rsFC lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa CBI + le CBI− ([rsFC ha ho hlahlojoa la bobeli] - [rsFC ho baseline]) ho Study 3 le tse peli -sampole t-Liteko le limmapa tsa phapano ea sehlopha li ile tsa lokisoa ka mohopolo oa tšimo ea Gaussian e sa sebetseng (GRFT, boemo ba voxel P <0.001 e kopantsoe le boemo ba sehlopha P <0.05 e lokisitsoe bakeng sa phoso e bohlale ho lelapa).
Ka har'a sehlopha sa IGD Thutong ea 2, re ile ra tsoela pele ho etsa litlhahlobo tsa ROI-based regression ho lekola likamano lipakeng tsa BDI, lintlha tsa CIAS, le rs-FC, le li-ROI tse khethiloeng ho tsoa lipapisong tsa bong bo felletseng ba sehlopha. Re tlalehile ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa ea boko ka har'a li-ROI joalo ka ha e lokisitsoe ka GRFT e nang le boemo ba voxel P <0.005 le boemo ba sehlopha P <0.05 (PSVC-FWE <0.05).
Bakeng sa Study 3, ho ile ha etsoa tlhahlobo ea ROI e thehiloeng ho ROI ho lekola likamano lipakeng tsa liphetoho ho BDI le CIAS lintlha le ho fetoloa hoa rsFC joalo ka ha ho khethiloe ho tsoa sampoleng tse peli t-liteko — li-voxel-level P <0.005 le boemo ba sehlopha P <0.05; PSVC-FWE <0.05).
Results
Study 1: Patlisiso e telele ea khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo ho Li-gamers tsa inthanete
Litlatsetso tsa Bivariate li bontsitse botsitso bo leka-lekaneng ba lintho tse tšoanang tse tšoanang maqhubu a mane, maqhubu a bohlokoa a kopanang pakeng tsa maqhubu a teng ka har'a leqhubu ka leng, le maelana a bohlokoa a bolelele ba nako e telele maqhubu (bona Lethathamo la S1). Ka ho khetheha, ho pholletsa le maqhubu a mane, ho teba ha lithethefatsi tsa inthanete pejana ho ne ho amana le khatello ea maikutlo e phahameng hamorao (r'ho tloha 0.19 ho isa 0.27, P <0.01), le khatello ea maikutlo e phahameng pejana e ne e amahanngoa le ts'oaetso e matla ea ho lemalla hamorao (r'ho tloha 0.25 ho isa 0.30, P <0.01).
Ho leka likamano tsa theko ea maikutlo lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba ho lemalla le ho tepella maikutlong, re tlameha ho latela Model 1 ntle le litšitiso. Moetso o loketseng mohlala ona oa mantlha o ne o le motle [χ2(210)
= 441.049, P <0.001, CFI = 0.972, RMSEA = 0.044, SRMR = 0.070]. Model 1 e sebelitse e le mohlala oa mantlha oa ho bapisa le meetso e nang le lithibelo tse ngata, moo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea litsela tse nang le marang-rang e neng e qobelloa ho lekana litekong. Tumellanong le likhopolo-taba tsa rona, Model 2 e bonts'itse hantle ho feta Model 1 e nang le RMSEA e betere empa ha ho na phapang e kholo ho χ2, CFI le boleng ba TLI [Δχ2(12)
= 10.912, P > 0.05; ΔCFI <0.01, ΔTLI <0.01]. Kahoo, phepelo ea metric ea bokhoba ba inthanete e ile ea ts'ehetsoa, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ho tiea ha lithethefatsi ho ile ha utloisisoa le ho hlahlojoa ke libapali tsa inthaneteng hore li ts'oane lilemong tsohle tsa 4. Taba ea bobeli, Model 3 e ne e le betere ha e bapisoa le Model 2, e nang le RMSEA e betere hanyane empa e le CFI, TLI le same2 boleng. Ka mantsoe a mang, litlamorao tse tebileng tsa likamano tse peli [tepella maikutlo / bokhoba ba tahi (T) ho lemalla kapa ho tepella maikutlo ho tebileng (T + 1)] li ne li tšoana hantle ho theosa le lilemo tsa 4. E latelang, Model 4 e fapane le Model 3 ho χ2 empa eseng li-indices tse ling tse loketseng (ΔCFI <0.01, ΔTLI <0.01, ΔRMSEA <0.01), e fana ka maikutlo a hore phello e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea khatello ea mefuta e 'meli e ne e tsitsitse ebile e ts'oana ho theosa le lilemo tse 4. Model 4 ka hona e ile ea khethoa e le mohlala oa ho qetela oa thuto ena.
Lethathamo 2 e thathamisa li-coefficients tsa Model 1 le 4, 'me e bonts'a ho teba ha litheko tsa inthanete le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo li ne li amana hantle le nako. Ho feta moo, phello ea khatello ea maikutlo bothateng ba bokhoba ba tahi (β = 0.118, 0.126, 0.127) e ne e phahame ho feta phello ea khatello e matla ea khatello ea maikutlo (β = 0.070, 0.066, 0.070). Ka bobeli, liphetho tsena li fana ka lipalo-palo tsa kamano ea nakoana lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le bokhoba ba tahi.
Lethathamo 2. Likhakanyo tsa parame ea mofuta oa mantlha le ARCL Model 6.
Study 2: Neural Correlates of Depression ho Mathata a Papali ea Inthanete
Lipalo-palo tsa batho le Libapali tsa Inthanete tsa Lipapali tsa IGD le HC Subjects
Lithuto tsa IGD le HC li ne li sa fapana ka lilemo, thuto, kapa tšebeliso ea joala le mekhoa ea ho tsuba koae. Joalokaha ho lebelletsoe, lithuto tsa IGD li tlalehile BDI e phahameng (8.78 ± 5.54 vs. 2.85 ± 3.64; t = 6.91, P <0.001) le lintlha tse phahameng tsa CIAS (78.46 ± 8.40 vs. 43.49 ± 9.64; t = 20.27, P <0.001), ha ho bapisoa le lithuto tsa HC (Letlapa la S3).
Phapang ea rsFC lipakeng tsa IGD le lihlooho tsa HC
Ha ho bapisoa le HC, lithuto tsa IGD li bonts'itse phapang e phahameng haholo pakeng tsa amygdala le DLPFC e ka ho le letšehali (Setšoantšo. 2 le Table 3). Leha ho le joalo, ha ho phapang e kholo pakeng tsa sehlopha e ileng ea bonoa bakeng sa peō e nepahetseng ea amygdala kapa ea naha ka bobeli ea sgACC. Ka ho sebelisa sekoli se lokollang haholoanyane (boemo ba voxel P <0.005 le boemo ba sehlopha P <0.05), lithuto tsa IGD li bontšitse rsFC e phahameng haholo lipakeng tsa sgACC le letšehali le DLPFC e nepahetseng (Setšoantšo sa S2 le Tafole S4).
Setšoantšo sa 2. Khokahano e sebetsang ea mmuso lithutong tsa IGD le HC (A) le setsoalle le khatello ea maikutlo sehlopheng sa IGD (B).
Lethathamo 3. Libaka tsa peo le libaka tse bonts'ang phapang e kholo khokahanong pakeng tsa lithuto tsa IGD le HC (GRFT, boemo ba voxel P <0.001 le boemo ba sehlopha P <0.05).
Kamano ea ho Beha Brain
Ka har'a sehlopha sa IGD, boemo ba khatello ea maikutlo bo ne bo hokahane hampe le khokahano pakeng tsa amygdala ea leqele le DLPFC e nepahetseng (MNI: 57, 9, 30; r = −0.35; Setšoantšo 2). Ha ho khokahanyo ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba ho lemalla le ho tsubella ka letsohong le letšehali - khokahanyo e nepahetseng ea DLPFC.
Study 3: litlamorao tsa ho kenella ha boitšoaro litabeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le litekanyetso tsa Neural tsa Therapeutic ufanisi.
Palo ea batho ba bangata le Litšobotsi tsa Papali ea Inthanete
ANOVA e nang le mehato e phetoang e bonts'itse sehlopha (CBI + & CBI−) ka setlhopha se kopaneng (liteko tsa pele le tsa bobeli) tšebelisano bakeng sa boima ba IGD [F(1, 59) = 22.62, P <0.001] le lintlha tsa BDI [F(1, 59) = 7.89, P <0.01] (Tafole 4). Ha ho bapisoa le sehlopha se laolang, sehlopha sa ho kenella se bontšitse phokotso ea bohlokoa ho li-CIAS le lintlha tsa khatello ea maikutlo kamora kalafo.
Lethathamo 4. Papiso ea lipapiso tse lekantsoeng pakeng tsa CBI + le sehlopha sa CBI− ka nako ea lintlha tsa pele le kamora ho kenella.
Liphetoho ho rsFC lihlopheng tsa li-CBI + le li-CBI−
Ha ho bapisoa le sehlopha sa CBI−, sehlopha sa CBI + se bontšitse phokotso ea bohlokoa ea rsFC ea amygdala e tlohelletsoeng ka li-grey tsa pele le DLPFC, kamora ho kenella (Setšoantšo. 3A le Table 5). Leha ho le joalo, ha ho phapang e kholo pakeng tsa sehlopha e ileng ea bonoa bakeng sa peō e nepahetseng ea amygdala kapa ea naha ka bobeli ea sgACC. Ka sesupo sa bolokolohi bo eketsehileng (boemo ba voxel P <0.005 le boemo ba sehlopha P <0.05), lithuto tsa CBI + li bontšitse phokotso e kholo ea khokahanyo e sebetsang lipakeng tsa sgACC ea leqele le gyrus ea morao-rao ea postcentral (Setšoantšo sa S3 le Tafole S5).
Setšoantšo sa 3. Liphetho thutong ea 3. Papiso ea liphetoho tsa rsFC ([rsFC tekong ea bobeli] - [rsFC qalong ea motheo]) lipakeng tsa li-CBI + le lihlopha tsa CBI over holim'a amygdala e setseng le MFG, grey ea pele le SFG (A); Mokhatlo o fosahetseng pakeng tsa FC of amygdala ka ho le letona le DLPFC ea mantlha ka lintlha tse fetohileng tsa khatello ea maikutlo sehlopheng sa CBI + (B); Scatterplot e bonts'oa khokahano lipakeng tsa palo e fetotsoeng ea BDI le boleng ba beta bakeng sa sehlotšoana se ntseng se phela sethaleng rsFC ea amygdala-DLPFC (C).
Lethathamo 5. Libaka tsa peo le libaka tse bonts'ang phapang e kholo khokahanong lipakeng tsa li-CBI + le li-CBI− (GRFT, boemo ba voxel P <0.001 le boemo ba sehlopha P <0.05).
Kamano ea ho Beha Brain
Leha ho se kamano e kholo lipakeng tsa liphetoho tsa rsFC le maemo a khatello ea maikutlo kapa khatello ea tahi kapa bokhoba ba tahi li hlokometsoeng sehlopheng sa CBI +, khokahano pakeng tsa amygdala le le letona DLPFC qalong e ne e amana hampe le boemo bo fetohileng ba khatello ea maikutlo ([Post-Pre], MNI: 42, 15, 27, r = 0.63; SVC; Lipalo 3B, C) sehlopheng sa CBI +. Leha ho le joalo, mokhatlo ona o ne o se oa bohlokoa le ho feta ha o ne o laoloa ke ho teba ha maikutlo a motheo.
Puisano
Re ile ra lekola kamano lipakeng tsa matšoao a ho tepella maikutlo le bokhoba le mekhoa ea neural e sa sebetseng ka ho kopanya liphuputso tse entsoeng nako e telele, thuto ea karolo ea karolo ea phomolo ea tšebetso ea mmuso le thuto ea ho kenella. Ka kakaretso, bokhoba ba marang-rang le khatello ea maikutlo li boloka likamano li ratoa ho bapalami ba inthanete joalo ka ha tlhekefetso le khatello ea maikutlo li susumetsa e mong le e mong nakong ea lilemo tsa 4. Ka ho bapisa batho ka kotloloho le lihlooho tsa IGD le HC, re fumane hore sehlopha sa IGD se bonts'a khatello e matla ea khatello ea maikutlo le amygdala-DLPFC rsFC, ka matla a khokahanyo e mpe e amanang le khatello ea maikutlo sehlopheng sa IGD. Ntle le moo, batho ba nang le IGD ba bontsitse khatello e tebileng ea khatello ea maikutlo le rsFC pakeng tsa amygdala le DLPFC kamora ho fumana ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro bakeng sa IGD. Litšebelisano tse fetelletseng lipakeng tsa marang-rang a maikutlo le a taolo e phahameng li ka kenya letsoho matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo ho IGD, mme ho nka bohato ho lebisang ho tlosoa hona ho ka fokotsa matšoao ka bobeli a bokhoba ba marang-rang le khatello ea maikutlo. Hammoho, liphumano tsena li fana ka tšehetso e matla ea hore bokhoba ba papali ea marang-rang le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo bo amana haufi.
Liphetho li tsamaellana le khopolo-taba ea hore matšoao a libapali tsa inthanete a ho lemalla le ho tepella maikutlo a susumetsoa ka ho fapana. Haholo-holo, khatello ea maikutlo / ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ea inthanete nakong ea pejana e bolela esale pele ho lemalla / ho tepella maikutlo nakong e tlang. Kahoo, bokhoba ba tahi le khatello ea maikutlo ho bapalami ba inthaneteng li amana ka mahlakore a mabeli, li lumellana le se fumanoeng ke mathata a mang a lemalloang [53, 54]. Le ha lithuto tsa pejana li senotse khatello e phahameng ea maikutlo har'a libapali tsa inthanete [5, 16, 55, 56], hammoho le likamano tse khutlisang maikutlo lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le bokhoba ba ho lemalla ho sebelisa data e telele [57], liphumano tsa morao-rao ke tsa pele ho bonts'a kamano e tsitsitseng ea maikutlo pakeng tsa matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo le bokhoba ba libapali tsa inthanete. Kamano ea ho batla maikutlo e ka fetela hobane batho ba (1) ba sebetsana le khatello ea maikutlo ka ho bapala lipapali tsa Inthanete [2, 58]; (2) papali ea nako e telele ea inthanete e baka khatello ea maikutlo ka lebaka la ho haella kapa ho ikarola likamanong tsa nnete tsa bophelo [58, 59]. Ntle le moo, lintlha tse ling tse arolelanoang joalo ka liketsahalo tsa tlhaho, tsa sechaba kapa tsa bophelo ba pele li ka eketsa kotsi ea khatello ea maikutlo le IGD, hammoho le setsoalle sa bona [58, 60]. Ho feta moo, tšusumetso ea khatello ea maikutlo ho tlhekefetsong ea bokhoba ba tahi e ile ea bonahala e phahame ho feta phello ea ho lemalla ho tepella maikutlong, e leng taba e hlokang hore ho etsoe lipatlisiso tse ling.
Boemong ba neural, ha bo bapisoa le HC, sehlopha sa IGD se bontšitse kholo e phahameng haholo ea FF pakeng tsa amygdala ea leqele le DLPFC e nepahetseng, e neng e amana le khatello ea maikutlo mokhatlong oa IGD. Amygdala e bapala karolo ea bohlokoahali ts'ebetsong ea maikutlo, ho amohela le ho etsa mohopolo [11, 17, 19]. Taba ea bohlokoa ke hore, ho kopana hape hoa amygdala ho ka fetoloa ke PFC, 'me tšebelisano-'mōtoana e sa khaotseng pakeng tsa libaka tsena tse peli e bontšitse khatello ea maikutlo. Ho feta moo, ho kopana hape ha amygdala ho ka fetoloa ke PFC, 'me tšebelisano-'mōtoana e sa khaotseng pakeng tsa libaka tsena tse peli e bontšitse khatello ea maikutlo. Mohlala, rsFC e fokolang ea matla pakeng tsa amygdala le PFC e bonts'itsoe lithutong tsa mmuso tsa phomolo tse fetileng tsa khatello ea maikutlo [23, 24, 61], IGD [25], le tšebeliso e mpe ea joala [62]. Khokahano e sebetsang ea PFC-amygdala e theohileng nakong ea mesebetsi e amanang le maikutlo e boetse e tlalehiloe ho MDD [27, 38, 63]. DLPFC e ts'ehetsa taolo ea kelello le e amanang [64], le khokahano e fetotsoeng lipakeng tsa DLPFC le amygdala e kanna ea amahanngoa le mathata kapa ho sitisoa ha taolo ea maikutlo a mabe. Ho fapana le lithuto tse ngata tse fetileng ho MDD, liphumano tsa hajoale li bonts'itse khokahano ea amygdala-DLPFC e phahameng. An ea tlas'a maemo Tlhaloso ke hore barupeluoa ba IGD ba ka tsoela pele ho papali e le leano la ho sebetsana le ho baleha maikutlo a mabe [58, 61], ho kenyelletsa DLPFC taolong ea maikutlo a mabe, a ka bang le botsitso bathong ba nang le IGD [65], e amanang le ba nang le MDD. Ho lokela ho hopotsoe hore lithuto tsa IGD tse nang le matšoao a phahameng a khatello ea maikutlo li bontšitse khokahano e tlase pakeng tsa amygdala le DLPFC, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore kamano pakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le amygdala-DLPFC e ka se kopane. Kahoo, lithuto tsa IGD tse nang le matšoao a tlase a khatello ea maikutlo li ka eketsa taolo ea pele ho ts'ebetso ea amygdala ho sebetsana le mathata a maikutlo, empa ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo joalo ha hoa ka ha sebetsa kapa hona ho sitisa ba nang le matšoao a tebileng a khatello ea maikutlo. Ka kopanelo, liphetoho tse teng kopanong e thehiloeng ho amygdala li hloka hore ho etsoe lipatlisiso tse ngata, ka ho nahanisisa ka mekhoa, ho teba ha khatello ea maikutlo, ho sebetsa hantle hoa litereke tse tlasa pele, le litlamorao tsa kalafo ea meriana. ”
E lumellana le tse tsoang ho tlhahlobo ea meta ea mekhoa ea boits'oaro ho IGD [34], phuputso ea hajoale ea ho kenella e bonts'itse phokotso e kholo ea matšoao a bokhoba ba marang-rang le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo sehlopheng sa CBI + kamora ho amohela ts'ebetso ho bapisoa le sehlopha sa CBI−. Ntle le moo, sehlopha sa CBI + se bontsitse rsFC e fokotsehileng ea amygdala e nang le libaka tsa kapele tsa cortical. Kahoo, ho bonahala CBI e kopanya ho hokahanya ha amygdala-DLPFC ka ho fokotsa ka ho hlaka moelelo oa maikutlo a mabe, e le hore lithuto tsa IGD li hloke lisebelisoa tse fokolang tsa kutlo bakeng sa molawana oa maikutlo. Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore tšebelisano e sebetsang pakeng tsa amygdala le DLPFC e ka sebetsa e le letšoao le ka 'nang la hlaha la neurobiological la matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo ho IGD le sepheo sa motho ea kenang lipakeng tsa kalafo.
Ho fapana le se fumanoeng ho MDD [15, 29, 64], ha ho phetoho ea bohlokoa ea sgacC e thehiloeng ho sFAC e fumanoeng ho batho ba nang le IGD, kapa phello ea CBI ho khalemela rsFC pakeng tsa sgACC le cortex ea pele. Tlhaloso e le 'ngoe e neng e ka ba teng ke hore, ho ithuteng 2 le 3, re kenyelitse lithuto tsa IGD tse nang le khatello e matla ea maikutlo ho laola lintho tse ka' nang tsa ferekanya, mme ho se sebetse hantle ha sgACC ho ka se bonahale ho batho ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo e fokolang. Monyetla o mong o ama mekhoa e fapaneng e bakang matšoao a phahameng a khatello ea maikutlo ho lithuto tsa IGD le bakuli ba MDD, taba e lokelang ho hlahlojoa le ho feta ke lithuto tsa batho ba nang le tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe le e hlabang ea lefu lena. Leha ho le joalo, ho lokela ho hopoloa hore liphetho li bonts'a mekhoa e ts'oanang ea marang-rang pakeng tsa sgACC le amygdala, e neng e lumellana le lithuto ho MDD tse ileng tsa fetisa rsFC tsa netweke e ntle li kentsoe mokokotlong oa pele.23, 29].
Boithuto bona bo senole kamano e pakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le bokhoba ba tahi le mekhoa ea eona ea motheo ea IGD. Bonyane, lintho tsena tse fumanoeng li fana ka bopaki ba mofuta oa bohlokoa oa neural phenotype — e ka bang RDoC [3] —E leng IGD. Liphetho tsena li ka fana ka leseli le lecha holima nts'etsopele ea lipuisano tse sebetsang hantle tsa IGD. Ho se sebetse hantle maikutlong ho kenyelletsa khatello ea maikutlo ho nkuoa e le sepheo sa bohlokoa sa ho phekola litheko ka lebaka la ho tloaelana le ho oela hape [66]. Ho ipapisitse le liphumano tse teng hona joale, khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo tse ling li lokela ho tsotelloa ha ho etsoa meralo le ho hlahloba sephetho sa kalafo bakeng sa IGD. Mohlala, mekhoa e kang ea FMRI neuro-real-time [67] ho fetolela rsFC ea amygdala le sgACC e ka ntlafatsa hantle matšoao a IGD le khatello ea maikutlo le ho tlatselletsa ho kenella ha tse ling ho fihlella liphetho tse ntle.
Meeli e meng e lokela ho hlokomeloa. Pele, Study 1 e sebelisitse subscale ea SCL-90, athe Study 2 le 3 li sebelisitse BDI ho lekanya khatello ea maikutlo. Le ha ka bobeli e le lisebelisoa tse sebelisoang haholo tsa tlhahlobo tse nang le thepa e ntle ea psychometric, liphumano li ile tsa sala li tiisitsoe ke lithuto tse sebelisang litekanyo tse lumellanang. Taba ea bobeli, IGD ke e 'ngoe ea li-IA tse ithutoang haholo. Leha ho le joalo, motho o lokela ho ba hlokolosi ho akaretsa liphetho tsena ho li-subtypes tse ling tsa IA (mohlala, temallo ea cybersexual) [68]. Taba ea boraro, thuto ea hona joale e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho bacha ba baholo. Nako ea bocha ke nako e 'ngoe e mahlonoko bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea li-IGD le mathata a mangata a maikutlo, ho kenyelletsa khatello ea maikutlo [69]. Ho na le tlhoko e potelletseng ea lithuto tsa nako e tlang ho hlahloba ho hlaka pakeng tsa IGD le khatello ea maikutlo le mekhoa e ka tlas'a motheo ea neural ho bacha. Taba ea bone, liphumano tsa hona joale ha li hlakise kamano ea lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le IGD. Liphuputso tse laoloang habeli, tse sa sebetseng, tse laoloang ke placebo li sebelisa motsoako oa fMRI le antidepressant drug li ka rarolla bothata bona ka kotloloho. Ea bohlano, ho Study 3, lithuto tsa IGD ha lia ka tsa abeloa ka tšohanyetso ho lihlopha tsa CBI + le CBI CB. Kahoo, re ke ke ra qhelela ka thoko lintho tse ka ferekanyang tse kang ho ba le sepheo sa ho fumana kalafo ho seo u se fihletseng nakong ea boitšoaro le lipono. Kamora nako, re fumane qeto ea IGD ho latela lintlha tsa CIAS le nako ea libapali tsa beke le beke. Leha ho le joalo, litlhaloso tse joalo tse thehiloeng ho matšoao li ka hloka motheo o tiileng oa theory mme li ka ba le kotsi ea pathologizing boits'oaro bo tloaelehileng [70]. Kahoo, lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa tlhahlobo ea mafu tse thehiloeng ho tlhaiso-leseling e nepahetseng ea IGD le ho nahana ka mekhoa ea bohlokoa e ikhethang li khothaletsoa lithutong tsa nako e tlang.
Ka ho phethela, re sebelisa motsoako oa lipatlisiso tsa nako e telele, fMRI le lithuto tsa ho kenella, re tlaleha hore matšoao a bokhoba ba marang-rang le khatello ea maikutlo li ne li amana haholo le tšusumetso ea libapali tsa inthanete. Batho ba nang le IGD ba bonts'itse khokahano e phahameng ea amygdala-DLPFC, e neng e amana hampe le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo, 'me liphetoho tse joalo le khokahano ea fronto-cingulate li ile tsa fokotseha kamora ho kenella hoa boitšoaro ho IGD. Hammoho, matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo a phahameng le ho hloka taolo ea potoloho ea fronto-cingulato-amgydala li lokela ho tsotelloa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea IGD le nts'etsopele ea lipallo tsa IGD.
Menehelo ea Mongoli
J-TZ le X-YF ba ne ba ikarabella molemong oa thuto le moralo; LL, C-CX, JL, le S-SM li kentse letsoho ts'ebetsong ea ho kenella le ho fumana data; Y-WY, LL, J-TZ, le CL ba thusitsoe ke tlhaiso-leseling ea data le ho hlalosa lintho tse fumanoeng; LL le Y-WY ba ile ba ngola sengolo sa letsoho. J-TZ, CL, le X-YF li fane ka ntlafatso e matla ea buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho bakeng sa dikahare tsa thuto. Bangoli bohle ba ile ba lekola ka hloko le ho amohela mofuta oa ho qetela oa sengolo se ngotsoeng se phatlalalitsoeng.
Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso
Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.
lumela hore baa fokola
Re leboha lithuto tsohle ka ho nka karolo thutong ea rona. Mosebetsi ona o tšehelitsoe ke National Natural Science Foundation ea China (No. 31170990, No. 81100992, No. 31700966); Lichelete tsa Boithuto ba Bohlokoa tsa liunivesithi tsa Bohareng (che. 2017XTCX04); thuso ea NIH (che. K02DA026990); le lithuso tse tsoang China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2017M620655).
Boitsebiso bo Eketsehileng
The Supplementary Material bakeng sa sehlooho sena se ka fumaneha Inthaneteng ka: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00154/full#supplementary-material
References
1. Chamberlain SR, Lochner C, Stein DJ, Goudriaan AE, van Holst RJ, Zohar J, et al. Ho lemalla lintho tse itseng — Na ke leqhubu le ntseng le eketseha? Eur Neuropsychopharmacol (2016) 26: 841-55. Doi: 10.1016 / j.euroneuro.2015.08.013
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
2. Mokhatlo oa Maiketsetso oa Amerika. Buka ea ho hlahloba le ea Statistical ea Mathata a kelello, 5th Edn. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association (2013).
3. Insel T, Cuthbert B, Garvey M, Heinssen R, Pine DS, Quinn K, et al. Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): Ho Thulaganyo e Ncha ea Classified bakeng sa Patlisiso mabapi le Mathata a Kelello. Am J Psychiatry (2010) 167: 748-51. Doi: 10.1176 / appi.ajp.2010.09091379
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
4. Lin X, Zhou H, Dong G, Du X. Ho hlahlojoa ha kotsi bakeng sa batho ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang: bopaki ba fMRI ho tsoa mosebetsing o ka fokotsang litheko. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry (2015) 56: 142-8. Doi: 10.1016 / j.pnpbp.2014.08.016
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
5. Liu L, Yip SW, Zhang JT, Wang LJ, Shen ZJ, Liu B, et al. Ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea "ventral and dorsal striatum" nakong ea ho hlophisoa bocha bothateng ba lipapali tsa inthanete. Ho lemalla Moferefere. (2017) 22: 791-801. Doi: 10.1111 / adb.12338
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
6. Kaess M, Durkee T, Brunner R, Carli V, Parzer P, Wasserman C, et al. Tšebeliso ea marang-rang ea Pathological har'a bacha ba Europe: psychopathology le boits'oaro bo kotsi. Ps Child Adolesc Psychiatry (2014) 23:1093–102. doi: 10.1007/s00787-014-0562-7
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
7. Ho RC, Zhang MW, Tsang TY, Toh AH, Pan F, Lu Y, et al. Kopano lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang le tšebelisano ea mafu a kelello: tlhahlobo ea meta. BMC Psychiatry (2014) 14:183. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-14-183
8. King, DL, le Delfabbro, PH The cognitive psychopathology ea boloetse ba lipapali tsa inthanete bohlankeng ba lilemong tsa bocha. J Ho sa tsotellehe Bana ba Psychol. (2016) 44:1635–45. doi: 10.1007/s10802-016-0135-y
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
9. Lin PC, Su CH, Yen JY, Ko CH. Kopano pakeng tsa matšoao a kelello a kelello le ho tšoareloa ha bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang har'a baithuti ba koleche le batho ba baholo bao e seng baithuti. Tai J J Psychiatry (2016) 30: 279-88. Doi: 10.1016 / j.eurpsy.2010.04.011
10. Stetina BU, Kothgassner OD, Lehenbauer M, Kryspin-Exner I. Ntle le ho khahloa ke lipapali tsa marang-rang: boitšoaro bo makatsang le khatello ea maikutlo lefatšeng la lipapali tsa marang-rang. Comp Hum Behav (2011) 27: 473-9. Doi: 10.1016 / j.chb.2010.09.015
11. DA ea Balichaba, Choo H, Liau A, Sim T, Li D, Fung D, et al. Tšebeliso ea papali ea video ea pathological har'a bacha: thuto ea lilemo tse peli. Lingaka (2011). 127:319–27. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-1353
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
12. Mocha KS, Roger RC. Kamano lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le bokhoba ba marang-rang. CyberPsychol Behav. (1998) 1: 25-8. Doi: 10.1089 / cpb.1998.1.25
13. Sutherland MT, McHugh MJ, Pariyadath V, Stein EA. Ho khutlisetsa khokahano ea tšebetsong ea ts'ebetso ea lithethefatsi: lithuto tseo u ithutileng tsona le tsela e tlang pele. Nako ea mokokotlo (2012) 62: 2281-95. Doi: 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2012.01.117
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
14. Zhang S, Li CSR. Tekanyo ea neural ea boitlamo bo kopanetsoeng: ts'ebetso e itšetlehileng ka ts'ebeliso ea mali e tlase-hangata-hangata Nako ea mokokotlo (2010) 49: 1911-8. Doi: 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2009.09.004
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
15. Connolly CG, Wu J, Ho TC, Hoeft F, Wolkowitz O, Eisendrath S, et al. Khokahano e sebetsang ea boemo ba phomolo ea cortex ea anterior cingrate ea bongoaneng ho bacha ba tepelletseng maikutlo. Biol Psychiatry (2013) 74: 898-907. Doi: 10.1016 / j.biopsych.2013.05.036
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
16. Zhang JT, Yao YW, Li CSR, Zang YF, Shen ZJ, Liu L, et al. Boemo bo fetoletsoeng ba mmuso ba ho ikopanya ha mosebetsi oa ho kenella ho batho ba baholo ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete. Ho lemalla Moferefere. (2016a) 21: 743-51. Doi: 10.1111 / adb.12247
17. Adolphs R, Tranel D, Damasio H, Damasio A. Ho amoheloa ka ho hlaka hoa maikutlo liponong tsa sefahleho kamora ho senyeha hoa lefats'e ho amygdala ea motho. Nature (1994) 372:669–72. doi: 10.1038/372669a0
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
18. Gottfried JA, O'Doherty J, Dolan RJ. Ho khoutu boleng ba moputso oa ponelopele ho amygdala ea motho le orbitofrontal cortex. Science (2003) 301: 1104-7. Doi: 10.1126 / science.1087919
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
19. Phelps EA, LeDoux JE. Tlatsetso ea amygdala ho ts'ebetso ea maikutlo: ho tloha mehlaleng ea liphoofolo ho ea ka boitšoaro ba motho. Neuron (2005) 48: 175-87. Doi: 10.1016 / j.neuron.2005.09.025
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
20. Zhang S, Hu S, Chao HH, Ide JS, Luo X, Farr OM, et al. Ventromedial preortal cortex le taolo ea lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho tsa mmele. Soc Cogn Af Ne Neososci. (2013) 9: 900-8. Doi: 10.1093 / scan / nst064
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
21. Zhang S, Hu S, Chao HH, Luo X, Farr OM, Li CSR. Likahare tsa litlatsetso tsa likarabelo tsa letlalo mosebetsing o mongata. Nako ea mokokotlo (2012) 62: 1489-98. Doi: 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2012.05.036
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
22. Kaiser RH, Andrews-Hanna JR, Wager TD, Pizzagalli DA. Khokahano e kholo ea khokahano ea marang-rang khatellong e kholo ea khatello ea maikutlo: tlhahlobo ea meta-khokahanyo ea ts'ebetso ea boiketlo ba mmuso. JAMA Psychiatry (2015) 72: 603-11. Doi: 10.1001 / jamapsychiatry.2015.0071
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
23. Tahmasian M, Knight DC, Manoliu A, Schwerthöffer D, Scherr M, Meng C, et al. Ho hokahanya ho kenelletseng ha hippocampus le amygdala ho aparela ka kotloloho ea mokokotlo oa Fronto-insular le dorsomedial-prefrontal. Ka pel'a Hum Neurosci. (2013) 7: 639. Doi: 10.3389 / fnhum.2013.00639
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
24. Tang Y, Kong L, Wu F, Womer F, Jiang W, Cao Y, et al. Khokahano e sebetsang ea lipakeng tsa amygdala le cortex ea pele e tlang pele ea kalafo ho bakuli ba sa tsotelleng ba nang le bothata bo sithabetsang ba maikutlo: thuto ea ho phomola ea mmuso e sebetsang. Medy Psychol. (2013) 43: 1921-7. Doi: 10.1017 / S0033291712002759
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
25. Ko CH, Hsieh TJ, Wang PW, Lin WC, Yen CF, Chen CS, et al. Tekanyo e fetotsoeng ea lintho tse putsoa le ho sitisoa ha likhokahano tsa amygdala ho batho ba baholo ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry (2015) 57: 185-92. Doi: 10.1016 / j.pnpbp.2014.11.003
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
26. Huebl J, Brücke C, Merkl A, Bajbouj M, Schneider GH, Kühn AA. Ts'ebetso ea maikutlo a susumetsang maikutlo e bonahatsoa ke liphetoho tsa tšebetso ea sehlopha sa beta ka har'a cortex ea anterior cingrate cortex ho bakuli ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo e hananang le khatello ea maikutlo. Motsoalle Tloaelana le Neurosci. (2016) 11: 1290-8. Doi: 10.1093 / scan / nsw038
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
27. Kong L, Chen K, Womer F, Ren L, Jiang W, Cao Y, et al. Tšebelisano e sebetsang pakeng tsa amygdala le preortal cortex ho batho ba sa tsotelleng meriana le ba nang le bothata bo boholo ba khatello ea maikutlo. J Psychiatry Neurosci. (2013) 38: 417-22. Doi: 10.1503 / jpn.120117
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
28. Hamilton JP, Chen G, Thomason ME, Schwartz ME, Gotlib IH. Ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa neural primacy bothateng bo boholo ba khatello ea maikutlo: tlhahlobo ea bokhachane ea tšebeliso ea likhakanyo tsa tlhaiso ea maemo a phomolo ea mmuso. Mol Psychiatry (2011) 16: 763-72. Doi: 10.1038 / mp.2010.46
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
29. Sheline YI, Price JL, Yan Z, Mintun MA. MRI e sebetsang ea mmuso maemong a sithabetsang a totile khokahanyo lipakeng tsa marang-rang ka li-dorsal nexus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2010) 107: 11020-5. Doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1000446107
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
30. Camchong J, MacDonald AW, Mueller BA, Nelson B ,pecker S, Slaymaker V, et al. Liphetoho mabapi le ho phomola ho kopantsoeng ha tšebetsong nakong ea ho itšunya-tšunya ho ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea tšusumetso: papiso ea pele ea ba khutlileng hape ba lahlileng. Lithethefatsi (2014) 139: 145-51. Doi: 10.1016 / j.drugalcdep.2014.03.024
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
31. Camchong J, Stenger A, Fein G. Ho phomola hoa 'muso ho lithethefatsi tse lemaletseng nako e telele. Alcohol Clinic Exp Res. (2013) 37:75–85. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01859.x
32. Zhang JT, Ma SS, Li CSR, Liu L, Xia CC, Lan J, et al. Ho lakatsa ho kenella hoa boits'oaro bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea lipapali tsa marang-rang: ho khutlisetsa likhokahanyo tse sebetsang tsa "ventral striatum". Ho lemalla Moferefere. (2018) 23: 337-46. Doi: 10.1111 / adb.12474
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
33. Zhang JT, Yao YW, Potenza MN, Xia CC, Lan J, Liu L, et al. Ts'ebetso e fetotsoeng ea ho phomola ea boemo ba leholimo le liphetoho tse latelang kamora ho lakatsa ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro bakeng sa pherekano ea lipapali tsa inthanete. Sci Rep. (2016b) 6: 28109. Doi: 10.1038 / srep28109
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
34. Winkler A, Dörsing B, Rief W, Shen Y, Glombviewski JA. Phekolo ea bokhoba ba marang-rang: tlhahlobo ea meta Clin Psychol Rev. (2013) 33: 317-29. Doi: 10.1016 / j.cpr.2012.12.005
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
35. Deng LY, Liu L, Xia CC, Lan J, Zhang JT, Fang XY. Ho lakatsa boits'oaro ba boits'oaro ba ho ntlafatsa mathata a papali ea inthanete ea baithuti ba koleche: thuto ea nako e telele. Front Psychol. (2017) 8: 526. Doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2017.00526
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
36. Yao YW, Chen PR, Chiang-shan RL, Hare TA, Li S, Zhang JT, et al. Phekolo e kopaneng ea 'nete le ho thuisa ka kelello e fokotsa ho kenella ha maikutlo ho batho ba baholo ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete. Comp Hum Behav. (2017a) 68: 210-6. Doi: 10.1016 / j.chb.2016.11.038
37. Liang L, Zhou D, Yuan C, Shao A, Bian Y. Phapang pakeng tsa botona le botšehali pakeng tsa ho lemalla marang-rang le khatello ea maikutlo: boithuto bo khahlisang ho bacha ba China. Comp Hum Behav. (2016) 63: 463-70. Doi: 10.1016 / j.chb.2016.04.043
38. Siegle GJ, Thompson W, Carter CS, Steinhauer SR, Thase ME. Ho eketsa amygdala le ho fokotseha likarabo tsa dorsolateral pele ho BOLD maemong a sithabetsang: likarolo tse amanang le tse ikemetseng. Biol Psychiatry (2007) 61: 198-209. Doi: 10.1016 / j.biopsych.2006.05.048
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
39. Ko CH, Yen JY, Chen SH, Yang MJ, Lin HC, Yen CF. Mekhoa e reriloeng ea tlhahlobo ea mali le sesebelisoa sa tlhahlobo le tlhaiso sa lithethefatsi tsa inthanete ho baithuti ba koleche. Comp Psychiatry (2009) 50: 378-84. Doi: 10.1016 / j.comppsych.2007.05.019
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
40. Chen CY, Huang MF, Yen JY, Chen CS, Liu GC, Yen CF, et al. Bont correlates of reaction inhibition ho Internet lipapali tsa bohloka. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. (2015) 69: 201-9. Doi: 10.1111 / pcn.12224
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
41. Derogatis LR, Lipman RS, Covi L. Tlaleho ea SCL-90: tlaleho ea pele ea litekanyetso tsa ntle. Psychopharmacol Bull. (1973) 9: 13-28.
42. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. Lenaneo la ho lekanya khatello ea maikutlo. Arch Gen Psychiatry (1961) 4: 561-71. Doi: 10.1001 / archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
43. Kober H, Mendesiedlecki P, Kross EF, Weber J, Mischel W, Hart CL, et al. Tsela ea pele-pele e tsamaisa melaoana ea kelello ea ho lakatsa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2010) 107: 14811-6. Doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1007779107
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
44. Bast J, Reitsma P. Mattheu litlamorao ho bala: papiso ea mefuta ea morao ea li-curve tsa li-curve le mefuta e bonolo ea mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng. Multivariate Behav Res (1997) 32:135–67. doi: 10.1207/s15327906mbr3202_3
45. Curran PJ, Bollen KA. Libaka tse ntle ka ho fetisisa tsa lefatše ka bobeli: ho kopanya li-curoregress le latent curve mefuta. Ho Collins LM le Sayer AG, bahlophisi. Mekhoa e Mecha ea Tlhahlobo ea Phetoho. Washington, DC: Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Psychological (2001). leq. 107-135.
46. Jun S. Kamano e pakeng tsa ho lemalla fono le matšoao a nyahamisang ho bacha ba Korea e ntse e le matla. Comp Hum Behav (2016) 58: 179-86. Doi: 10.1016 / j.chb.2015.12.061
47. Pina TM, An JY, Hayman LL, Kim GS, Lee JY, Jang HL. Tlhahlobo ea lilemo tse tharo ea "patore" e nang le likarolo tse tharo tse sebelisang tšebeliso ea nicotine le ho tsuba ka bongata. Healthcare Informatics Res. (2012) 18: 115-24. Doi: 10.4258 / hir.2012.18.2.115
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
48. Muthén L. Tataiso ea Basebelisi ea Mplus. (2012). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén 1998–2010.
49. Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Ho hlahloba li-index tsa boleng bo nepahetseng bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea litekanyetso. Struct Equ Model Multidiscpl J. (2002) 9:233–55. doi: 10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
50. Ciarrochi J, Parker P, Kashdan T, Leholimo P, Barkus E. Tšepo le boiketlo ba maikutlo. Phuputso e telele ea lilemo tse tšeletseng ea ho khetholla li-antecedents, li-correlates le litlamorao. [Phatlalatso ea inthanete ea Advance]. J. Posit. Psychol. (2015). 10: 520-32. Doi: 10.1080 / 17439760.2015.1015154
51. Steenkamp JBEM, Baumgartner H. Ho hlahlojoa ha Tekanyo ea Tekanyo ho Lipatlisiso tsa Bareki ba Cross-National. J. Consum. Res. (1998) 25: 78-107. Doi: 10.1086 / 209528
52. Neubert FX, Mars RB, Sallet J, Rushworth MF. Khokahano e senola kamano ea libaka tsa boko bakeng sa ho ithuta ho tataisoa ke moputso le ho etsa liqeto ho cortex ea motho le monkey. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2015) 112: E2695-704. Doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1410767112
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
53. Chaiton MO, Cohen JE, O'Loughlin J, Rehm J. Tlhahlobo e hlophisehileng ea lithuto tsa nako e telele mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le ho tsuba ho bacha. BMC Bophelo ba Sechaba (2009) 9:356. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-356
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
54. Gilman SE, Abraham HD. Phuputso e telele e mabapi le tatellano ea ho qaleha ha joala le ho tepella maikutlo ho hoholo. Lithethefatsi (2001) 63:277–86. doi: 10.1016/S0376-8716(00)00216-7
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
55. Tortolero SR, Peskin MF, Baumler ER, Cuccaro PM, Elliott MN, Davies SL, et al. Papali ea video e mabifi ea letsatsi le leng le le leng e bapalang le khatello ea maikutlo ho bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. (2014) 17: 609-15. Doi: 10.1089 / cyber.2014.0091
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
56. Ko CH, Yen JY, Chen SH, Wang PW, Chen CS, Yen CF. Teko ea tekanyetso ea tlhahlobo ea bosholu ba lipapali tsa inthanete ho DSM-5 har'a bacha ba baholo ba Taiwan. J Psychiatr Res. (2014) 53: 103-10. Doi: 10.1016 / j.jpsychires.2014.02.008
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
57. Cho SM, Sung MJ, Shin KM, Lim KY, Shin YM. Na psychopathology bongoaneng e profeta bokhoba ba marang-rang ho bacha ba banna? Hum Ps. (2013) 44:549–55. doi: 10.1007/s10578-012-0348-4
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
58. Rappeneau V, Bérod A. Ho nahanisisa khatello ea maikutlo e le sesosa sa kotsi ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi: lintlha tse tsoang mehlaleng ea litoeba. Neurosci Biobehav. Tšen. (2017) 77: 303-16. Doi: 10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2017.04.001
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
59. Choi J, Cho H, Kim JY, Jung DJ, Ahn KJ, Kang HB, et al. Liphetoho tsa sebopeho se kahare ho cortex ea pele li pakeng tsa kamano pakeng tsa pherekano ea lipapali tsa inthanete le maikutlo a sithabetsang. Sci Rep (2017) 7:1245. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01275-5
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
60. Kendler KS, Prescott CA, Myers J, Neale MC. Sebopeho sa kotsi ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le tikoloho bakeng sa mathata a tloaelehileng a kelello le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho banna le basali. Arch Gen Psychiatry (2003) 60: 929-37. Doi: 10.1001 / archpsyc.60.9.929
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
61. Pannekoek JN, Werff SJA, Meens PH, Bulk BG, Jolles DD, Veer IM, et al. Khokahano e sebetsang ea phomolo ea bo-aberrant ho li-network tsa maoto le masapo ho bacha ba tepelletseng maikutlong ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo. J Child Psychol Psychiatry (2014) 55: 1317-27. Doi: 10.1111 / jcpp.12266
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
62. Hu S, Ide JS, Chao HH, Zhornitsky S, Fischer KA, Wang W, et al. Ho phomotsa ho sebetsa hoa mmuso bakeng sa amygdala le ho nwa bothata ho batho ba sa noeleng joala. Lithethefatsi (2018) 185: 173-180. Doi: 10.1016 / j.drugalcdep.2017.11.026
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
63. Dannlowski U, Ohrmann P, Konrad C, Domschke K, Bauer J, Kugel H, et al. Phokotso ea amygdala-pele ho khatello ea maikutlo maemong a maholo a khatello ea maikutlo: kamano le MAOA genotype le ho teba ha bokuli. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. (2009) 12: 11-22. Doi: 10.1017 / S1461145708008973
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
64. Mulders PC, van Eijndhoven PF, Schene AH, Beckmann CF, Tendolkar I. Phumano ea tšebetsong ea mmuso maemong a maholo a sithabetsang maikutlo: tlhahlobo. Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2015) 56: 330-44. Doi: 10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2015.07.014
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
65. Yao YW, Liu L, Ma SS, Shi XH, Zhou N, Zhang JT, et al. Liphetoho tse sebetsang tsa sebopeho sa neural ho bohlasoa ba lipapali tsa inthanete: tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng le tlhahlobo ea meta. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. (2017) 83: 313-24. Doi: 10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2017.10.029
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
66. Li CR, Sinha R. Taolo ea thibelo le khatello ea maikutlo: ho fana ka bopaki ba morao-rao ba ho se sebetse hantle linthong tse ka kelellong ea motho ea lemaletseng kelello. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. (2008) 32: 581-97. Doi: 10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2007.10.003
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
67. Kirsch M, Gruber I, Ruf M, Kiefer F, Kirsch P. Nako ea sebele ea matla a ts'ebetso ea matla a khoheli a nahanang a ka fokotsa khatello ea kelello ea motho ea morao-rao hape ho susumetsa joala. Ho lemalla Moferefere. (2015) 21: 982-92. Doi: 10.1111 / adb.12278
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
68. Wéry A, Billieux J. Bothata ba cybersex: conceptualization, tlhahlobo, le kalafo. Ho lemalla Behav. (2017) 64: 238-46. Doi: 10.1016 / j.addbeh.2015.11.007
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
69. Paus T, Keshavan M, Giedd JN. Hobaneng ha mafu a mangata a kelello a hlaha nakong ea bohlankana? Nat Rev Neurosci. (2008) 9: 947-57. Doi: 10.1038 / nrn2513
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
70. Kardefelt-Winther D, Heeren A, Schimmenti A, Rooij A, Maurage P, Carras M, et al. Re ka fetolela litloaelo tsa boitšoaro ntle le tšebeliso ea boitšoaro bo tloaelehileng joang? lemalla ntho e (2017) 112: 1709-15. Doi: 10.1111 / eketsa.13763
Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi
Mantsoe a bohlokoa: amygdala, khatello ea maikutlo, fMRI, bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang, khokahano ea ts'ebetso ea boikhathollo, cortex ea anterior cingates cortex
Caring: Liu L, Yao YW, Li CR, Zhang JT, Xia CC, Lan J, Ma SS, Zhou N le Fang XY (2018) The Comorbidity Pakati Pakeng tsa Marang-rang a Lipapatso tsa Inthanete le khatello ea maikutlo: Litloaelano le Mechanisms ea Neural. Ka pele. Psychiki 9: 154. Doi: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2018.00154
E amohetsoe: 26 Januari 2018; E amohetsoe: 04 April 2018;
E phatlalalitsoe: 23 April 2018.
E hlophisitsoeng ke:
Yasser Khazaal, Université de Genève, Switzerland
Hlahloba by:
Qinghua He, Univesithi e Boroa-bophirima, China
Aviv M. Weinstein, Univesithi ea Ariel, Isiraele
Copyright © 2018 Liu, Yao, Li, Zhang, Xia, Lan, Ma, Zhou le Fang. Ena ke sengoloa se bulehileng se fihletsoeng ka tlase ho License ea Boikarabelo ba Creative Commons (CC BY). Ts'ebeliso, ho tsamaisoa kapa ho hlahisoa hape liforong tse ling ho lumelletsoe, ha feela mongoli kapa bangoli ba pele le lengolo la tumello ba ngolisoa ka molao le hore sengoloa sa mantlha koranteng ena se bontšitsoe ho latela tloaelo e amohetsoeng ea thuto. Ha ho ts'ebeliso, ho tsamaisoa kapa ho hlahisoa hape hoa lumelloa ho sa lumellaneng le lipehelo tsena.
Litaba tsa mangolo: Jin-Tao Zhang, [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
Xiao-Yi Fang, [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
†Bangoli bana ba kentse letsoho ka mokhoa o tšoanang mosebetsing ona.
;