Litšoaneleho tsa Internet Inthaneteng: Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi / Inthaneteng ea Pathological Sebeliso ho baithuti ba Univesithing ea United States: Phuputso ea Mekhoa ea Boiketlo (2015)

PLoS One. 2015 Feb 3;10(2):e0117372. Doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0117372.

Li W1, O'Brien JE1, Snyder SM1, Howard MO1.

inahaneloang

Boithuto bo supile litheko tse phahameng le litlamorao tse mpe tsa tšebeliso ea marang-rang ea Internet / Pathological Internet Use (IA / PIU) ho baithuti ba univesithi. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tse ngata mabapi le IA / PIU ho baithuti ba univesithi ea US li entsoe ka har'a patlisiso ea lipalo, mme khafetsa li hloleha ho tseba bothata ba IA / PIU. Ho sebetsana le lekhalo lena, re ile ra etsa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea tlhaiso-leseling ka ho sebelisa mokhoa oa sehlopha sa ho tsepamisa maikutlo mme ra hlahloba liithuti tsa univesithi ea 27 US tse ikhethileng e le basebelisi ba matla ba Marang-rang, ba qetileng lihora tse fetang 25 / beke ho inthanete bakeng sa bao e seng sekolo kapa ba sa sebetseng- mesebetsi e amanang le eona le ba tlalehileng mathata a amanang le inthanete le / kapa mathata a kelello. Baithuti ba phethile mehato e 'meli ea IA / PIU (Potso ea Diagnostic ea Bacha le Scale ea Ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang) mme ba nkile karolo ho lihlopha tse shebileng nalane ea tlhaho ea ts'ebeliso ea bona ea inthanete; mesebetsi e ratoang inthaneteng; maikutlong, maikutlong a batho, le maemo a tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso e matla ea inthanete; le bophelo bo botle le / kapa litlamorao tsa kelello tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete. Litlaleho tsa boits'oaro tsa barutoana tsa mathata a tlisoang ke ts'ebeliso ea inthanete tse ngata li ne li lumellana le sephetho sa mehato e emeng. Baithuti ba qalile ho kena inthaneteng ka nako e itekanetseng ea 9 (SD = 2.7), 'me pele ba ne ba e-na le bothata ba tšebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete ka nako e itekanetseng ea 16 (SD = 4.3). Ho hlonama le khatello ea maikutlo, ho sithabela maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo e ne e le lisosa tsa ts'ebeliso e matla ea inthanete. Ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea litaba ea sechaba e ne e batla e le hohle ebile e atile haholo maphelong a bankakarolo. Ho haelloa ke boroko, ho se sebetse hantle lithutong, ho se ikoetlise le ho etsa mesebetsi e amanang le sefahleho, maemo a ho se sebetse hantle le ho fokotsa ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho ne ho tlaleheloa khafetsa litlamorao tsa tšebeliso e matla ea inthanete / tšebeliso e ngata ea inthanete. IA / PIU e kanna ea ba bothata bo sa ananeloeng har'a baithuti ba univesithi ea US le ba fanang ka lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng.

Tlhaloso: Li W, O'Brien JE, Snyder SM, Howard MO (2015) Litšobotsi tsa Phatlalatso ea Inthanete / Tšebeliso ea Marang-rang ea Pathological ho Liithuti tsa Univesithi ea US: Patlisiso ea Mekhahlelo. PloS ONE 10 (2): e0117372. Doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0117372

Mohlophisi oa thuto: Aviv M. Weinstein, Univesithi ea Ariel, ISRAEL

Re amohetse: September 29, 2014; E amohetse: December 21, 2014; E phatlalalitsoe: February 3, 2015

Copyright: © 2015 Li et al. Ena ke sengolo se bulehileng sa phihlello se tsamaisitsoeng tlasa maemo a License ea Boikarabelo ba Creative Commons, e lumellang tšebeliso e sa thibeloang, phetiso, le phetiso ea mofuta o fe kapa o fe, ha fela ho ngolisitsoe mongoli oa mantlha le mohloli

Ho fumaneha ha Data: Lintlha tsohle tse mabapi le a) mehlala ea batho ba nkang karolo le b) likarabo tsa mehato e 'meli tse emisitsoeng li tlalehiloe ka S1, S2, 'me S3 Mabanta. Kakaretso ea mantsoe a 42 a tsoang lipuisanong tsa sehlopha tsa tsepamiso ea 4 tse sebelisetsoang ho hlahisa lihlooho tsa thuto li kenyelelitsoe bukeng e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Likarolo tsa lingoloa tsa sehlopha sa tsepamiso tse amanang le lihlooho tsa maemo li fumaneha ka kopo ea mongoli oa pele kapa mongoli ea tsamaellanang.

Lithuso: Bangoli ha ba na tšehetso kapa chelete ea ho fana ka tlaleho.

Lithahasello tse tsitsitseng: Bangoli ba boletse hore ho na le lithahasello tsa tlhōlisano tse teng.

Selelekela

Moloko o mong le o mong o tloaelane haholo le ho tšepa marang-rang haholoanyane. Palo ea basebelisi ba marang-rang ba US ba eketsehile 257% lipakeng tsa 2000 le 2012 [1]. Ka 2012, Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Survey e bontšitse hore bacha ba Amerika ba ka etsang 90% le batho ba baholo ba pakeng tsa lilemo tse 12 le 30 ba kene inthaneteng [2]. Baithuti ba Univesithi ba na le monyetla o moholo ho feta oa kakaretso ea batho ba sebelisang marang-rang: Hoo e batlang e le 100% ea baithuti ba univesithi ea US ba fumane marang-rang ho 2010 [3]. Ho fumaneha ha inthanete ho ka tsoela batho molemo haholo ka ho ntlafatsa phihlello ea bona ea tlhaiso-leseling e pharaletseng mme ho theha sebaka sa puisano le boithabiso [4, 5]. Leha ho le joalo, ho kenella ha marang-rang bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi ke bothata bo boholo ho palo e eketsehang ea batho, ho nyolohela boemong ba tšebeliso ea marang-rang a Pathological Internet (PIU) kapa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete (IA), mme e na le litlamorao tse mpe tse ts'oanang le tsa bokhoba bo bong ba boitšoaro [6-9].

Conceptualization of IA / PIU

Ha tšebeliso ea inthanete e eketsehile, le litlaleho tsa IA / PIU le tsona li eketsehile. Litlalehong tse potlakileng sebakeng sena, mantsoe a fapaneng a sebelisoa ho bolela mekhoa e sa sebetseng hantle ea ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete. Ka ho fetisisa, ts'ebeliso e mpe ea bothata ba inthanete e reretsoe "Keketso ea Inthanete" kapa "Ho Tloha Inthaneteng", e hlalosoang e le "ho se khone ho laola ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e lebisang litlamorao tse mpe bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi [10, 11]. ”Tlhaloso ena e totobatsa litsela tseo matšoao le matšoao a IA a ts'oanang le phallo ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le bokuli ba methapo ea methapo. Ka ho khetheha, matšoao a IA a kenyelletsa: a) ho ameha ka botebo ka mesebetsi ea inthanete; b) mamello e ntseng e eketseha; c) nts'etsopele ea ts'epahalo ea kelello le matšoao a ho ikhula; d) ho sitoa ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang; e) Ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ho sebetsana le maikutlo a mabe le ho fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo; le f) ho nkela mesebetsi e meng le likamano sebakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e ts'oanang le ha a ntse a hlokomela ka litlamorao tse mpe [9, 10].

Bo-rahistori ba bang ba lumellana le matšoao ana ka ho fapaneng. Bakeng sa likhopolo tsena, matšoao a amanang le mathata a amanang le inthanete a ngotsoe ho thoe, "Tšebeliso e Ntle ea Marang-rang." Tšebeliso e qobelloang ea inthanete e nkuoa e le e ts'oanang le tlhekefetso e thibelang kelello ho feta tšibollo [12]. Baithuti ba bang hape ba lumela hore mathata a tebileng a amanang le marang-rang a mangata, a bitsoang "Pathological Internet Use" kapa "Ts'ebeliso e Ntle ea Marang-rang." Bakeng sa likhopolo tsena, PIU e thehiloe khopolo-taba ka ho sebelisa likhopolo tsa boitsoaro le boits'oaro, 'me e hlalosoa e le ho sebetsana le mathata a fosahetseng. mochine oa khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo, o hlahisang litlamorao tse mpe tsa ts'ebetso ea kelello [13-15].

Lisebelisoa tse Hlahlobang le Ho Hlahloba IA / PIU

Ho hlahisitsoe lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tse sa reroang ho hlahloba IA / PIU ho ipapisitsoe le meralo e fapaneng ea khopolo. Boholo ba litekanyo tsena tsa litekanyetso, lipotso tsa lipotso, le mekhoa ea ho hlahloba li ile tsa amoheloa ho tsoa ho mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea DSM-IV-TR ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea thepa le ts'oaetso ea ts'ebetso ea ho becha [16]. Mehlala ea mehato e joalo ke lipotso tsa lipotso tsa Young's Diagnostic [10, 17], Matšoao a Clinical a Phokotso ea Boemo ba Inthanete [11], le Litlamorao tsa Tebeliso ea Keketso ea Inthanete [18]. Lisebelisoa tse ling li ile tsa qaptjoa ho sebelisoa mehlala ea boits'oaro le boits'oaro le ho lekola likhopolo tse amanang le inthanete le mesebetsi ea sechaba. Mehlala ea mehato ena e kenyelletsa sekhahla sa tšebeliso ea mathata a inthanete a akaretsang.19] le Scale ea Cognition Scale [20]. Bokhoba ba marang-rang ha bo amoheloe joalo ka tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea bongaka ho DSM-5; le ha ho le joalo, mekhoa e mecha ea tlhahlobo ea likotsi tsa lipapali tsa marang-rang (sekhahla sa tšebeliso ea litheko tsa inthanete) e kentsoe Karolo ea Boraro ea DSM-5 [21], e kenyeletsang mekhahlelo ea nakoana ea mathata a kelello a hlokang lipatlisiso tse ling.

Likarolo tsa IA / PIU tse hlahlobiloeng ho latela mehato ena li feta ka bongata ka litekanyetso tse fapaneng tsa tlhahlobo ea ts'ebeliso ea lik'hemik'hale, joalo ka ho se sebetse (joalo ka, ho lebella le ho nahana ka tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang), mamello (ke hore, nako e eketsehileng e sebelisoang inthaneteng ho fihlella boemo bo lekanang ba khotsofalo), matšoao a ho tlohela, ho hloka taolo le tšebeliso ea marang-rang ho laola maikutlo [22]. Leha ho le joalo, mabaka le mabaka a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang, le takatso ea ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang ha li hlahlojoe hangata [22]. Ho feta moo, lisebelisoa tse joalo li lula li sebelisa libaka tse khaotsoeng tsa tlhahlobo ea ho hlahloba IA / PIU, ka hona ha ho hlake hore na lingaka li ka khetholla basebelisi ba Inthanete ba nang le bothata le basebelisi ba tloaelehileng joang.

Bokapele ba IA / PIU

Ho pepesehela marang-rang ho hoholo ho ka eketsa monyetla oa tšebeliso ea marang-rang a marang-rang le litheko tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang. Hoo e ka bang 6% ho 11% ea basebelisi ba marang-rang ba Amerika ba hakanngoa hore ba tla ba le IA / PIU [7]. Baithuti ba ka ba kotsing e kholo ea nts'etsopele ea mathata a IA / PIU ha ba fuoe kholo e phatlohang ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete har'a bacha ba US lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng [6]. Phihlello ea marang-rang marang-rang a univesithi, tokoloho ea botho le palo e kholo ea nako e sa hlophisitsoeng, le liithuti / liqholotso tse ngata sechabeng tse ba nang le tsona ha ba tloha lapeng ka lekhetlo la pele bohle ba kenya letsoho ho nyolleng litheko tsa IA / PIU [8, 23].

Boithuto ba morao-rao ba mafu a tšoaetsanoang bo bontša hore IA / PIU e ama hoo e batlang e le 1.2% ho 26.3% ea baithuti ba univesithi ea US [24-31]. Boholo ba lithuto tse fetileng bo hapile lisampole tse tsoang khamphaseng e le 'ngoe ea univesithi. Boithuto bo 'maloa bo hapile lisampole tse tsoang liunivesithing tse ngata ka ho tsamaisa tlhahisoleseling ka lenane la mangolo a lengolo-tsoibila la univesithi kapa mecha ea litaba ea sechaba. Lithuto tse tharo li ile tsa hlahloba IA / PIU tse ipapisitseng le litekanyetso tsa DSM-IV bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi mme ba fumana litekanyetso tsa ho ba teng ha IA / PIU har'a baithuti ba univesithi ea US e ne e le 1.2% ho 26.3% [11, 25, 28]. Boithuto bo bong bo bonts'a hore 4% ho 12% ea baithuti ba univesithi ea US ba fihlela mekhoa ea IA / PIU ba sebelisa Teko ea Tlatsetso ea Inthanete [24, 29, 30]. Phuputso e le 'ngoe e fumane 8.1% ea liithuti tsa kolecheng ea Amerika li fihletse litekanyetso tsa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea methapo e sebelisang Scale ea Pathological Use Scale [31]. Tlhahlobo e hlophisehileng ea Moreno et al. ea lithuto tse tlalehang litekanyetso tsa ho ata tsa IA / PIU bakeng sa baithuti ba univesithi ea US ba fumane hore 6 ea lithuto tsa 8 e tlaleha likhakanyo tse kholo ho feta 8% [27]. Lingolo li boetse li fana ka maikutlo a hore keketseho ea IA / PIU har'a palo ea baithuti ba US e lumellana le litlaleho tse ts'oanang tse tsoang China, Greece, Borithane le Turkey [32-35].

Litlamorao le litlamorao tse mpe tsa IA / PIU

Lingoliloeng tse pharalletseng tsa machabeng li fumane likhakanyo tsa litokomane le litlamorao tse mpe tsa 'mele le kelello tse amanang le IA / PIU. Batho ka bomong ba nang le bothata ba IA / PIU ba fana ka bopaki bo eketsehileng ba bophelo bo botle ba 'mele, bo kang ho nona haholo le botenya ka lebaka la ho haelloa ke ts'ebetso ea' mele le mathata a ho robala [36, 37]; litaba tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello, ho kenyelletsa matšoao a sithabetsang, ho tšoenyeha ka linako tse ling le tsa sechaba, le tlhokomeliso ea ho fokola ha kelello le khatello ea kelello (ADHD) [38-41]; litšobotsi tse khahlang tse kang ho potlaka le ho batla maikutlo [42, 43]; ho senyeha ha methapo [44, 45]; mathata a boits'oaro, ho kenyelletsa tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, boits'oaro bo kotsi, le maikutlo a ho ipolaea le liteko [46, 47]; sekolo se sotlehileng le tšebetso ea mosebetsi [29]; le mathata a eketsehileng ka likamano tsa batho tse ka bapisoang le balekane ba bona ntle le IA / PIU [48].

Lingoloa tse fumanehang li bonts'a hore baithuti ba bangata ba univesithing ba na le mathata a fapaneng a bophelo bo botle le kelello ka lebaka la IA / PIU. Leha ho le joalo, boholo ba lipatlisiso mabapi le IA / PIU ho baithuti ba univesithi ea US li entsoe ka har'a patlisiso ea lipalo. Leha lithuto tse nyane li fana ka litlamorao tsa bohlokoa tsa bongaka le lipatlisiso, hangata li hloleha ho hlakisa bothata ba IA / PIU. Ntle le tloaelo ena, litlhaloso tse ikhethang tsa kliniki, ho kenyeletsoa lisosa le mekhoa ea ts'ebeliso, ha li e-so tsejoe. Ntle le moo, ha ho hlake ho tsoa lipatlisisong tsena tse ngata tseo batho ba bang ba utloisisang bohloko ka ho fetisisa 'meleng le maikutlong ka lebaka la kalafo.

Thuto ea Hona joale

Ho sebetsana le lekhalo lena la bohlokoa, sehlopha sa rona sa lipatlisiso se ile sa etsa lipatlisiso tsa tlhahlobo-leseling ea ho hlahloba lintlha tse fapaneng tse amanang le IA / PIU ho kenyeletsa nalane ea tlhaho ea mathata a IA / PIU; lisosa tse tloaelehileng tsa kamano, tsa batho, le maemo a ts'ebeliso e matla ea inthanete; mekhoa e khethiloeng ea ts'ebetso ea inthanete; le litlamorao tse mpe tsa kelello, maikutlo le bophelo bo botle ka lebaka la tšebeliso e matla ea inthanete. Liphetho tsa lipatlisiso tsena tsa boleng li tla fana ka setšoantšo se qaqileng haholoanyane mabapi le IA / PIU ho baithuti ba univesithi tse ka re thusang ho bonts'a sephetho sa lipatlisiso tsa lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao tsa lipatlisiso le ho fumana liphihlelo tsohle tse amanang le IA / PIU ho liithuti tsa univesithi tsa US.

mekhoa

Re sebelisitse mekhoa ea tlhahlobo e kenyeletsang lihlopha tse 'ne tsa ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho fumana litlhaloso tse hlakileng tsa IA / PIU ho baithuti ba univesithi ea 27. Ho nka karolo ha barupeluoa bakeng sa lihlopha tsa tsepamiso ho entsoe pakeng tsa Hlakubele le Mphalane, 2012. Barupeluoa ba ile ba abeloa sehlopha se le seng sa tsepamiso ho latela ho fumaneha ha bona. Qetellong sehlopha ka seng se ne se na le barupeluoa ba 6-8, 'me se nkile hora e le' ngoe. Lintlha tse hlalosang li ile tsa bokelloa nakong ea lihlopha tse shebileng ho hlalosa litšobotsi tsa tšebelisano ea sechaba le boithuto ba inthanete.

Lihlopha tsa ho tsepamisa maikutlo li tataisoa lipuisanong tsa sehlopha ka sehlooho se le seng kapa ho feta le barupeluoa ba arolelanang liphihlelo tse tšoanang le / kapa ba nang le tsebo le tsebo mabapi le lihlooho tsa moqoqo [49]. Re sebelisitse mekhoa ea lihlopha tse akaretsang thutong ena hobane: a) palo ea batho bao ho buuoang ka bona, liithuti tsa univesithi tse itlhahisang e le basebelisi ba marang-rang, li ka fana ka leseli le tsebo mabapi le ts'ebeliso e matla ea marang-rang; le b) Puisano ea sehlopha e batla ho hlahisa tlhaiso-leseling ha lipuisano tsa sehlopha li khothatsa barupeluoa ho arolelana liphihlelo le maikutlo ka tsela e fetisang liphapang le likhohlano tsa lihlooho tse thata [50].

Shebana le Bohlokoa le Lihlahisoa tsa Sehlopha

Lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo ea sehlopha li na le lipotso tse bulehileng tsa 22 le lisebelisoa tsa tekanyo ea sepheo (Tokomane ea S1). Puisano ea sehlopha e ne e hlophisitsoe hantle, 'me morupeli a botsa letoto la lipotso tse arameng. Tataiso ea lipuisano tsa sehlopha e ntlafalitsoe le ho ntlafatsoa ke bafuputsi ho ipapisitse le sepheo sa lipatlisiso, likhopolo tse matla tse sebetsang, le tlhahlobo ea sefofane. Litaba tse kholo tse fumanoeng lihlopheng tse shebaneng le a) liphihlelo tsa barupeluoa ba sebelisang marang-rang, joalo ka mesebetsi ea inthanete eo ba qetileng nako e ngata ho bona, mabaka a ba natefeloa ke mesebetsi eo, nako e telele eo ba e qetileng inthaneteng letsatsi le letsatsi, le nako e telele ho feta ba qetile marang-rang sebakeng se le seng sa ts'ebeliso; b) mabaka a amanang, a harelletsang pakeng tsa batho le maemo a etsang hore ho be le tšebeliso e matla ea inthanete; le c) litlamorao tse mpe tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete, ho kenyelletsa le litlamorao tse mpe 'meleng, kelellong, sechabeng le bophelong bo botle. Re entse lipotso tse tebileng le baithuti ba tšeletseng ba univesithi ho etsa liteko tsa lipotso tseo re ileng ra li sebelisa bakeng sa lihlopha tse tsepamisang maikutlo.

Lits'oants'o tsa lipotso tsa Bacha tse fumanehang (YDQ) [10] le Scale e Sebetsang ea Tšebeliso ea Inthanete (CIUS) [51ba ne ba hiriloe ho lekola IA / PIU le ho netefatsa boits'oaro ba baithuti joalo ka basebelisi ba bothata ba inthanete. Re khethile YDQ hobane ke lipotso tse khutšoane ebile li sebelisoa haholo ho lingoliloeng tse fumanehang ho hlahloba boteng le li-correlates tsa IA / PIU har'a bacha le batho ba baholo ba baholo (Li et al., 2014). Ho sebelisa tekanyo e le 'ngoe le lithuto tsena tse fetileng ho re thusitse ho bapisa seo re se fumaneng le ho lingoliloeng tse phatlalalitsoeng. Sehlopha sa rona se khethile ho kopanya YDQ le CIUS hobane CIUS e etselitsoe ho lekanya meetso e tšoanang le YDQ; leha ho le joalo, CIUS e bonts'a thepa e phahameng ea psychometric [51]. Melemo ea ho sebelisa mehato e 'meli e emeng, ka karolo e' ngoe, ke ho matlafatsa bonnete ba sephetho ka tatellano ea data. YDQ le CIUS li hiriloe haholo ho fuputsa ho ata le lithibelo tsa IA / PIU. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho na lintlha tse nepahetseng tsa ho etsa tlhahlobo ea bongaka mabapi le IA / PIU e sebelisang mehato ena. Ka hona, ha ho lipatlisiso tse entsoeng tse entsoeng thutong ena.

YDQ e amoheloa ho tsoa ho litekanyetso tsa DSM-IV-TR tsa ts'oaetso ea ho becha ha methapo ea methapo, e nang le lipotso tsa 8 tse hlahlobang matšoao le matšoao a IA / PIU ho kenyelletsa ho ameha ka pele, ho se tsotelle, ho mamella, matšoao a ho tlohela, le ho senyeha ha ts'ebetso ea psychosocial [10]. Barupeluoa ba arabileng ka "ee" ho 5 kapa lipotso tse ling li ile tsa bonoa e le IA athe likopano tsa 3 kapa 4 li ne li nkuoa li na le "sub-threshold IA" [52]. Ho ts'epahala ha ka hare ho YDQ ho thuto ena e ne e le .69.

CIUS e kenyelletsa lintho tsa 14 tse lekantsoeng sethaleng sa mofuta oa 5-point, ho tloha 0 (ha ho mohla) ho 4 (khafetsa). CIUS e lekola ho teba ha boitšoaro ba tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea marang-rang e qobelloang / ho kenella, ho kenyelletsa tahlehelo ea taolo, ho tšoenyeha, ho se tsitse, likhohlano, matšoao a ho tlohela, le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ka sepheo sa ho sebetsana le mathata le mehopolo ea dysphoric. Lipalo tse phahameng li bonts'a ho teba ha tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e matla. CIUS e na le ts'ebetso e ka hare ea ts'ebetso e tšoanang ea .90 [51]. Thutong ena, CIUS e ne e na le α = .92. Guertler le basebetsi-mmoho ba khothalelitse tšebeliso ea nomoro ea off 21 bakeng sa tekanyo ea tšebeliso ea mathata a marang-rang [53].

Boitšoaro ba Melao

Boithuto bona bo amohetsoe ke Boto ea Univesithi ea North Carolina-Chapel Hill Institutional Review Board mme e entsoe ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki. Tumello e ngotsoeng e fumanoe ho tsoa ho bohle ba nkang karolo pele lihlopha tsa tsepamiso li qala.

barupeluoa ba

Sehlopha sa rona se sebelisitse leano le nang le sepheo la ho etsa sampole ka ho thaotha barupeluoa bao e neng e le liithuti tse tsoang sekolong se phahameng kapa ba pele ba ngolisitsoeng univesithing e kholo ea sechaba ka boroa-bochabela ho United States. Sampole e nang le morero e ile ea khethoa ka sepheo se latelang: ho hlahisa tlhaiso-leseling e mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete har'a liithuti tse ikhethileng e le basebelisi ba matla ba marang-rang, ho khetholla tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang har'a basebelisi ba matla ba marang-rang, le ho hlahloba litlamorao tsa 'meleng le kelellong. ka tšebeliso e matla ea inthanete.

Re romelle lengolo-tsoibila ka lenane la univesithi. Lenane lena la univesithi le kenyelletsa liithuti tsohle tsa undergraduate le liithuti, liithuti tsa phapanyetsano, le alumni tsa morao-rao (tse tsoang lilemong tsa 2 tse fetileng). Ka imeile sehlopha sa lipatlisiso se hlahisitse sepheo sa thuto, litlhokahalo tsa ho nka karolo ho ithuteng, mme sa supa sehlopha sa lipatlisiso e le basebeletsi ba boiketlo ba batho ba sebeletsang Sekolo sa Mosebetsi oa Sechaba. Barupeluoa ba arabelang lengolo-tsoibila la ho ngolla bao e neng e le liithuti tsa morao-rao tse tsoang sekolong sa mathomo kapa ba sa rutehang, ba ikhethileng e le basebelisi ba marang-rang ba matla, bao ho tlalehiloeng hore ba sebelisitse lihora tsa ≥ 25 inthaneteng molemong oa bao e seng sekolo kapa mosebetsi o amanang le ona. Ba nang le bothata bo le bong kapa a mangata a 'mele le / kapa a kelello bo bakiloeng ke tšebeliso e matla ea inthanete ba ne ba tšoaneleha bakeng sa ho nka karolo ho ithuteng. Mathata a mmele le / kapa a kelello a ne a behiloe ka boomo sebaka se tlase haholo sa ho kenyelletsoa (ke hore, tlaleho ea bothata bofe kapa bofe ba bophelo boo mohoebi a reng ke tšebeliso ea bona ea inthanete) ho hlahisa phapang e fapaneng liphihlelong tsa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete.

Baithuti ba fetang 30 ba arabile ka lengolo-tsoibila nakong ea lihora tse peli tsa kopo ea boithuto mme ba bonts'a boikemisetso ba ho nka karolo thutong. Baithuti ba 'maloa ba senotse hore ba sebelisitse marang-rang> lihora tse 40 ka beke bakeng sa mabaka ao e seng a sekolo kapa a sa amaneng le mosebetsi, mme ba bile le mathata a mangata mmeleng le kelellong ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e matla ea Marang-rang. Ka ho arabela lengolo-tsoibila la ho hira la pele, baithuti ba mashome a mararo a metso e robong ba lumetse ho nka karolo lihlopheng tse shebaneng. Sehlopha sa lipatlisiso se arabile ka lengolo-tsoibila ho hlophisa nako ea sehlopha se tsepamisitseng maikutlo le bohle ba arabelitsoeng 39, mme sa tiisa nako eo ka lengolo tsoibila la bobeli. Baithuti ba leshome le metso e 'meli ba hlotsoe ho ea lihlopheng tsa bona tse reriloeng ka mabaka a sa tsejoeng. Kahoo, lihlopha tse 'ne li ile tsa tšoaroa ho kenyeletsoa le baithuti ba 27. Barupeluoa ba ile ba abeloa e 'ngoe ea liboka tsa sehlopha tse' ne ho ipapisitsoe le ho fumaneha ha tsona. Litšobotsi tsa mohlala li tlalehiloe ho Lethathamo 1. Karolelano ea lilemo tsa barupeluoa e ne e le 21 (SD = 3.6), ho tloha 18 ho 36. Boholo (63.0%, N = 17) ea baithuti e ne e le basali mme mohlala e ne e le o fapaneng ka mefuta. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Lethathamo 1, bankakarolo ba emetse li-majors tsa 11 univesithing, mme 72.5% (N = 20) e ne e le li-undergraduate.

ponahalo e nyane
Tafole 1. Litšobotsi tsa Baithuti ba Univesithi ea 27 Ba Ileng ba Itlaleha Tšebeliso e matla ea Inthanete.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0117372.t001

Boitsebiso ba Data

Lihlopha tse 'ne tsa tsepamisa maikutlo li ile tsa tšoareloa ka phapusing ea kopano ka khamphaseng. Sehlopha ka seng se ne se nka nako e ka bang hora. Palo ea batho ba neng ba le teng sehlopheng ka seng e ne e tloha 6 ho isa 8, ho netefatsa hore ho hlahisitsoe maikutlo le maikutlo a fapaneng. Sengoli sa ho qetela se thusitse lihlopha tsohle tsa tsepamiso. Sengoli sa pele se ne se tsamaea le mongoli oa ho qetela 'me o ne a ikarabella bakeng sa ho ngola lintlha nakong ea sehlopha ka seng sa tsepamiso. Lintlha li ile tsa tlatsetsa tlhaiso-leseling ka ho kenya liphetoho ho "puo ea 'mele" ea batho ba nkang karolo kapa puisano e seng ka molomo. Ho ba teng ha bashebelli ba bangata libokeng tsa sehlopha ho lumelletsoe ho bonts'a mohono ho ntlafatsa ts'epahalo le bonnete ba se fumanoeng se tsoa lipuisanong tsa sehlopha [54]. Pele ho sehlopha se seng le se seng sa ho tsepamisa maikutlo, barupeluoa ba ile ba qeta YDQ, CIUS, le lipatlisiso tse khutšoane tsa sechaba. Nakong ea lihlopha tsa tsepamiso, barupeluoa ba ile ba araba lipotso tse amanang le boiphihlelo ba bona ba tšebeliso ea inthanete le pono ea boima ba ts'ebeliso ea bona e thata ea inthanete.

Boitsebiso ba Lintlha

Lirosa tsa likarolo tsa sehlopha sa tsepamiso li ne li hatisoa mantsoe le ho hlahlojoa hore na lingoli tsohle li nepahetse. Ha ho software e sebelisitsoeng ho thusa ho hlopheng kapa ho ngola lintlha. Bahlahlobi ba bararo ba hlophisitse likhoutu hore li be li-code tsa li-umbrella le li-subcode (ke hore, sefate sa khoutu). Taba ea pele, likhoutu li hlahisitsoe ho tsoa merero ea lipatlisiso le litlaleho tse phatlalalitsoeng tse tataisang lipatlisiso (mohlala, lipatlisiso tsa lipatlisiso mabapi le li-correlates le litlamorao tsa IA / PIU). Ka mor'a moo, re ile ra hlahloba le ho ntlafatsa melao-kholo e tataisitsoeng ho latela mohopolo, ra fana ka likhoutu tse nang le mangolo le litlhaloso tse bonts'ang data e tala. Ho feta moo, ho latela litlhahiso tsa DeCuir-Gunby et al. [55], potoloho ea bobeli ea ho ngola kh'outu e entsoe holima moelelo oa moelelo ka mokhoa o khannoang ke data, o nolofalletsang likhoutu ho ntlafatsoa maemong a polelo le a serapa. Mothating ona oa ho ngola, re fuputse le ho supa lihlooho tse ncha le menahano e fapaneng e hlahang ho data e sa kang ea nkuoa ke likhoutu tse tsamaisoang ke khopolo, mme ra tseba hore na likhoutu tse tsamaisoang ke khopolo li hloka ho holisoa kapa khoutu e ncha e hlokahalang. ho holisoa.

E mong le e mong oa bafuputsi ba ithutoang o ile a hlahloba le ho ngola a ikemetse le ho ngola lingoloa tsa sehlopha sa likhakanyo a sebelisa sebopeho se fanoeng ho matlafatsa ho ts'epahala le ho nepahala ha liphetho tsa ho ithuta ka ho lekola [54]. Phapang pakeng tsa ho ngola litaba har'a lingoli li ile tsa rarolloa ka lipuisano le tumellano. Meetso e ile ea bonoa ea ba ea aroloa hammoho ke babatlisisi bohle, ho fihlela tlhahlobo e bonts'a khokahano le tatellano. Mekhoa ea ho matlafatsa ho teba ha patlisiso e kenyelletsa ho kenya tšebetsong tlhaiso-leseling ka ho sebelisa mekhoa e mengata e le 'ngoe ho bokella lintlha tse tšoanang (mohlala, sebelisa mekhoa e' meli ea ho itlaleha, lipotso tsa tlhaiso ea batho ka ts'ebeliso ea nakong e fetileng). Ntle le moo, ho lula le bana le ho buisana kamehla har'a litho tsa sehlopha sa lipatlisiso li thusitsoe ho litlhaloso tse hlakileng tsa ts'ebetso ea li-code tsohle le tlhahlobo e mpe ea linyeoe [54].

Results

Liphetho tse Hlalosang

Barupeluoa ba hlalositse mekhoa ea bona ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete mabapi le nako eo ba e qetang ba sebelisa inthanete le nako e telele ho feta eo ba kileng ba e qeta inthaneteng nakong e le ngoe ea ts'ebeliso. Nako eo liithuti li tlalehileng ho qeta ho sebelisa marang-rang letsatsi le letsatsi ho tloha lihora tsa 5 ho isa "letsatsi lohle," ka lebaka la tšebeliso e pharalletseng ea lisebelisoa tsa mehala (mohlala, li-smartphone le lik'homphieutha tsa tablet) tse nang le tlhaiso-leseling (mohlala, "Ke utloa eka ke ka mohala ka linako tsohle o ntse o hlahloba ”). Barupeluoa ba bangata ba hlokometse hore ba ke ke ba khetholla ka nepo nako ea nako e sebelisitsoeng inthaneteng bakeng sa mosebetsi oa sekolo kapa merero e amanang le mosebetsi ho tloha bakeng sa merero e seng ea sekolo kapa e seng e amanang le mosebetsi (mohlala, "Haeba ke ngola pampiri, ke se ke bula sebatli sa ka, kapa ke le fonong ea ka ”). Nako e telele ka ho fetisisa ea barupeluoa ba tlaetse ho qeta marang-rang ka nako e le 'ngoe e tsoelang pele ho tloha lihora tsa 3 ho isa ho letsatsi lohle (mohlala, "Hang ha lehlabula le teng, ke tla ba ho lona [inthanete], joalo ka letsatsi lohle"). Linakong tseo, barupeluoa ba hlalositse ho kenya letsoho liketsong tse fapaneng ho kenyeletsa mabenkeleng a marang-rang, ho shebella video le ho bala marang-rang. Barupeluoa ba bang ba hlalositse ts'ebeliso ea kopo e itseng bakeng sa nako e telele, ho kenyelletsa ho bapala lipapali tsa video le ho shebella livideo (mohlala, mananeo a seea-le-moea-pono le lifilimi) inthaneteng.

Mokha oo barupeluoa ba tlalehileng hore ba qalile ho fihlella marang-rang ho tloha 6 ho isa 19, ka lilemo tse pakeng tsa 9 (SD = 2.7). Mongoa oo barupeluoa ba tlalehileng ka lekhetlo la pele ba ile ba nahana hore ba na le bothata ba ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete ho tloha 10 ho isa 32, ka lilemo tse pakeng tsa mathata a 16 (SD = 4.3). Lethathamo 2 e tlaleha litšobotsi tsa IA / PIU ea barupeluoa.

ponahalo e nyane
Tafole 2. Litšobotsi tsa Tšebeliso ea inthanete tsa Barupeluoa ba 27 ba Ileng ba Itlaleha Bothata Tšebeliso ea Inthanete.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0117372.t002

Hoo e batlang e le halofo (48.1%, N = 13) ea sampole ea baithuti e fupere tse hlano kapa ho feta ho Little's Diagnostic Questionnaire (YDQ), ka hona e finyeletse ka holimo ho ntlha e boletsoeng ea IA. E 'ngoe ea 40.7% (N = 11) e fanne ka tse tharo kapa tse' ne ho YDQ, e bonts'a khaolo e boletsoeng bakeng sa IA ea morao-rao. Hoo e batlang e le sampole eohle e ne e feta molemong oa tšebeliso ea marang-rang e qobelloang ho latela Sculsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS). Ho feta halofo (63.0%, N = 17) ea baithuti ba tlalehileng ba sebelisa Inthanete ho baleha mathata kapa ho hlasimolla moea o mobe. Ha e le ka litlamorao tse mpe tsa tšebeliso e matla ea Marang-rang, 63.0% (N = 17) ea baithuti ba tlalehetse ho hloka boroko; 44.4% (N = 12) e tlaleha hore ba hlokomolohile mosebetsi oa sekolo le boikarabelo bo bong ba letsatsi le letsatsi ka lebaka la tšebeliso e matla ea marang-rang. Khokahano pakeng tsa YDQ le CIUS e ne e le .79.

Liphetho

Ho na le lihlooho tse tharo tse akaretsang tse tsoang lihlopheng tse shebaneng le: a) mabaka a hlohlelletsang ts'ebeliso ea inthanete bakeng sa merero eo e seng ea sekolo kapa e sa amanang le mosebetsi, b) mesebetsi e amanang le inthanete, le c) litlamorao tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete. Feie. 1 e bontša setšoantšo se nang le lihlooho le litlhaloso tsohle tse tlase, ka kopo bona Feie. 1. Bakeng sa ho hlakisa mantsoe a qotsitsoeng, ho fanoa ka karolo ea barupeluoa ba sehlopha le morabe. Bakeng sa 'mali habonolo, babali ba fuoe pseudonyms, ka hona mantsoe a qotsitsoeng ke motho a le mong a ka bonahala.

ponahalo e nyane
Mofuta oa 1. Setšoantšo sa Litema tsa Litekanyetso le Litlhaloso.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0117372.g001

Sehlooho 1: Lintlha tse tsosang tšebeliso ea inthanete. Sehlooho sena se bontšitsoe ke lintlha tsa maikutlo, tse kopaneng, le maemo tse phahamisang takatso ea baithuti ba koleche ea ho sebelisa marang-rang bakeng sa merero e seng ea sekolo kapa e sa amaneng le mosebetsi. Likoporasi li kenyelletsa: a) maikutlo le maikutlo, b) ho hlonama, le c) khatello ea maikutlo le ho pholoha. Barupeluoa ba bangata ba hlokometse hore lintlha tse fetang e le 'ngoe li bakile tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete ka linako tse fapaneng.

Bakeng sa barupeluoa ba bangata, tšebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang e ile ea bakoa ke maikutlo le mehopolo e matla. Bakeng sa ba bang, likhothaletso tse matlahali li tla le maikutlo a monate (mohlala, "Ha ke hlanyaolohile ke thabile, ke batla ho tsebisa metsoalle ea ka. Ke ikutloa eka ke batla ho e beha ho Facebook" ["Andrew", monna e mosoeu). Bakeng sa ba bang, maikutlo a sithabetsang e ne e le sesosa se seholo (mohlala, "Haeba ke na le letsatsi le lebe joale ke loketsoe ke moputso oa ..." [“Lily”, mosali oa Asia]. Ho sa tsotelehe ho teba ha maikutlo, barupeluoa ba bangata ba hlokometse hore maikutlo le maikutlo a itseng a ile a tsosa litakatso tsa ho etsa lintho tse itseng tsa inthanete. "Nancy," mosali oa Asia o hlalositse takatso ea hae ea ho sebelisa sesebelisoa se itseng sa inthanete e le mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le ho hlonama:

Haeba ke hlile ke tepelletse maikutlo, nke ke ka kena ho Facebook, ha ke batle ho bua le mang kapa mang. Ha ke na ho sebelisa letho le kang mofuta oa liwebsaete tseo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho tsona, empa ka sebele ke tla ea ho ntho e kang Tumblr ho sheba lintho tse qabolang joaloka hora.

Baithuti ba bang ba fumane ba sebelisa li-media media ka nako ea likhohlano tsa batho e le tsela ea ho laola matšoenyeho a bona ka likhohlano. Ha barupeluoa ba bang ba tlaleha "ho ntlafatsa boemo ba ka khafetsa," ba bang ba tlaleha ho hlahloba boemo ba batho ba bang. “Jessie,” mosali oa Moamerika oa Moafrika, o hlokometse:

Haeba nkile ka ba le ntoa le motho e mong, kapa tsitsipano, kapa terama… Ke tla kena feela ho Facebook ho bona hore na ho na le seo ba se buang ka maikutlo a bona, kapa eng kapa eng ka nna, kapa ntho e kang eo.

Ntle le moo, barupeluoa ba ne ba e-na le litakatso tse fapaneng tsa tšebeliso ho ea ka maikutlo, ka ba bang ba nang le temohisiso e kholo ea mekhoa ena ho feta e meng. Mosali e mong oa Asia ea bitsoang "Alice, o buile ka mekhoa ea hae ea ts'ebeliso ho tloha ha a kena kolecheng, a re:

Ke fumane hore ke ea marang-rang haholoanyane ha ke hloname ho feta ho thaba. Ha ke hloname, ke batla feela ho bua le motsoalle oa ka mose ho maoatle ka ho letsetsa hole ka mohala kapa ho hong. Kahoo ke qoqa feela le bona inthaneteng. Mme ha ke thabile, hangata ha ke ee inthaneteng.

Boholo ba barupeluoa ba tlaleha hore ho jeoa ke letsoalo ho entse hore ba be le takatso ea ho sebelisa Inthanete. Baithuti ba ile ba buisana ka inthanete e le leano la bona la mantlha la ho sebetsana ka katleho le ho teneha. "Tom," monna e mosoeu, o hlalositse boiphihlelo ba hae ka tsela ena: "Haeba ke tenoa, ke eona ntho ea pele eo ke eang ho eona." Ba bang ba ne ba bonahala ba hokahanya marang-rang le mefuta e fapaneng ea liphallelo (mohlala, ho tšeha, ho hokahana le ba bang, le ho khutlisetsa tsebo). "Mike," monna oa Moamerika oa Moafrika o itse: "Nako le nako ha ke ikutloa ke borehile, 'me haeba ke ikutloa ke sithabetse, ke kena inthaneteng hore ke phomole, mohlomong ke tšehe kapa ba babeli." Bakeng sa barupeluoa, ho kenyelletsa "Mike," inthanete e ne e le mokhoa oa ho imolla nako efe kapa efe ha u tšoenyeha ka lebaka la ho fihlella habonolo ha lisebelisoa tsa mehala tse nang le tlhaiso-leseling: "Ke nahana hore ha o phutholoha, o lula o batla ho kena ho ntho eo; joaloka ho palama bese e eang ka tlelaseng, u ikutloa u borehile, ha u na metsoalle, u kena hobane u jeoa ke bolutu. ”

Ntle le maikutlo a feto-fetohang, maikutlo le ho jeoa ke bolutu, khatello ea maikutlo sekolong le bathong e ile ea tsosa takatso ea baithuti ea ho sebelisa Inthanete. Mosali e mong oa Asia ea bitsoang "Sue, o tlaleha hore o lakatsa ho qoba lintho, kahoo ke kena inthaneteng. Ha ua tlameha ho nahana ka letho. U ka e shebella feela 'me ua e amohela. ”Ho ba bang, inthanete e ne e le nako ea nakoana:

Ke nahana hore, joalo ka ha ke sithabetse haholo ka sekolo, ha ke hloka phomolo, kapa ke na le bothata, hangata ke ea k'homphieutheng ho tloha sekolong, ke tlohe bothateng ho qeta hora kapa tse peli [“Jessie , ”Mosali oa Moafrika oa Amerika].

Bakeng sa ba bang, nako e sebelisitsoeng inthaneteng ho ne ho le thata haholo ho e laola 'me ba qetella ba eketsa khatello ea bona ea pele:

Ke tšoana le, haeba esale ke le inthaneteng ka lihora tsa 8, 'me ke e-so etse letho, ke sithabetse maikutlo ebe ke ipolella joalo ka "na u ka etsa see joang, u senya nako e telele hakana?" Kea teneha. le nna, empa ha ke halefisitsoe, ke tla batla ho hong ho tšehang ho tšeha [“Sue,” mosali oa Asia].

Barupeluoa ba bang ba hlokometse takatso ea ho baleha litlamo e le sesosa sa ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang. "Sarah," mosali oa Asia, o hlalositse takatso ena ka tsela ena: "Ho 'na, joalo ka ho lieha, ha ke batle ho etsa eng kapa eng, ka hona, ka linako tse ling ke batla ho natefeloa. Ha ke batle ho etsa mosebetsi oa lapeng. ”

Sehlooho 2: Mesebetsi e amanang le inthanete. Sehlooho sena se hlalosa lintho tseo barupeluoa ba li ratang 'moho le mabaka a hore ba natefeloe ke mesebetsi eo. Barupeluoa ba bangata ba ile ba etsa mesebetsi e mengata ha ba le inthaneteng. Likoporasi li kenyellelitsoe: a) mecha ea litaba ea sechaba, b) mosebetsi oa sekolo, le c) mesebetsi e meng ea inthanete.

Boholo ba barupeluoa ba tlaleha ba sebelisa mofuta o itseng oa media oa sechaba. Mecha ea litaba ea sechaba e kenyelletsa likopo tse kang Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest le Tumblr. Ka lebaka la ho fumaneha ha liwebosaete tsa sechaba ka har'a lisebelisoa tsa mehala, barupeluoa ba bangata ba hlokometse ts'ebeliso ea bona e le karolo ea tloaelo ea bona ea letsatsi le letsatsi (mohlala, "Haeba ke sa robala, joale ke ho Twitter kapa Facebook fonong ea ka ... letsatsi lohle" [“Lydia,” mosali oa Moamerika oa Moafrika]. Boholo ba tšebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi e ne e le ntho e tloaelehileng feela (mohlala, "Ho 'na, ke rata ho arolelana mehopolo kapa mehopolo kapa maikutlo le balateli ho Twitter kapa Facebook. Joaloka ha u nahana ka ho hong, u tšoana le' oh, ke tla tweet hore ' ”[“ Jessie, ”mosali oa Moafrika oa Amerika] ho qobella (mohlala," E ba tloaelo ea hore ha ke tsoha hoseng, ntho ea pele eo ke e etsang ke ho sheba Facebook joalo ka khafetsa. Haeba u sa e etse. u tla utloa eka u hloloheloa ho hong ”[“ Sue, ”mosali oa Asia]. Ho hlaha ha libaka tsa marang-rang tse ngata tsa sechaba ho fa basebelisi menyetla e mengata ea ho hokahana le lithaka tsa bona. Barupeluoa ba bang ba hlalositse ts'ebeliso ea libaka tsa marang-rang tse ngata tsa sechaba. "Sharon," mosali oa Moamerika oa Moafrika, o hlalositse ts'ebeliso ea hae ka tsela ena:

Boholo ba nako ke rata ho khatholla litaba tsa ka tsa marang-rang ho Facebook, kapa ho sheba balateli ba ka ho Twitter ho bona hore na motho e mong le e mong o bua ka eng, mme [haeba] batho ba beha maemo a makatsang [ho Twitter], ke tla ea ho sheba ho li-link tsa bona tsa profilse ea [Facebook] mme u bone seo ba se ralileng.

Barupeluoa ba bang ba kang "Christian", mosali oa Moamerika oa Afrika, ba tlaleha ts'ebeliso e matla ea sebaka se le seng:

Ho na le matsatsi ao ke tummeng linako tsa 100… ke tla tsoha ebe ke sheba Twitter, kapa ha ke kena ka beseng ho ea phapusing, ke tla hlahloba Twitter, kapa ka phapusing, ke tla hlahloba Twitter, 'me nakong ea lijo tsa mots'eare, Ke tla sheba Twitter, 'me pele ke robala ke tla bala Twitter.

Leha barupeluoa ba bang ba ile ba totobatsa bohlokoa ba mecha ea litaba ea bophelo ba bona bophelong ba bona ba letsatsi le letsatsi, ba bangata ba ne ba potlakela ho supa mesebetsi e amanang le mosebetsi e amanang le mosebetsi eo inthanete e e phethang. Joalokaha e le "Christian", mosali oa Moafrika oa Amerika, o hlokometse ka mokhoa o makatsang: "Marang-rang ha se Facebook le Twitter le Pinterest feela empa hape ke imeile, le Google, le polokelong ea laebrari e fumanehang marang-rang." Ha e le hantle, liithuti tse ngata li tlaleha hore baprofesa ba hloka baithuti ho sebelisa marang-rang ho phethela mosebetsi oa bona oa sehlopha, ho kenyelletsa le ho ngola li-blog, ho nka lithuto tsa inthanete le ho fihlella lisebelisoa tsa sehlopha sa maemo. "Matt," monna oa Asia, o ne a le motle mabapi le bohlokoa ba inthanete ho thuto ea hae, a re, "Patlisiso ea ka e hloka tlhaiso-leseling e khethehileng eo inthanete e fanang ka eona hantle. Ho 'na, bophelo ba bophelo bo eketsehile. ”Barupeluoa ba bang ba ne ba ikemiselitse ho bua, ba re ho fihlella thepa ea sekolo / lisebelisoa tse amanang le mosebetsi inthaneteng ho ne ho thusa ebile e le tšitiso. "Christian," mosali oa Moafrika oa Amerika, o itse: "O ho Facebook, le Google, le lengolo-tsoibila la hau, le Twitter, 'me u ngola pampiri,' me u bala ho hong. Ho tšoana le ho lula u lula u tsamaea khafetsa. ”Boholo, barupeluoa ba amohetse bonolo le tlhokahalo ea inthanete joalo ka karolo ea tikoloho e kopanetsoeng. Mosali ea tšoeu ea bitsoang "Kate, o itse:" Khafetsa ke sebelisa Inthanete hangata ka tlelaseng le ho hlakisa lihlooho. Ho rala marang-rang ka ho felletseng, ha ke tsebe ho phela ka maemo a univesithi. ”

Senyesemane sa ho qetela, "mesebetsi e meng ea inthanete," se ne se kenyelletsa boithabiso bo kang ho shebella melapo ea video, ho bapala lipapali tsa video tsa inthanete, ho sheba boithabiso, marang-rang a marang-rang le litaba tsa marang-rang, ho romella liforamo (mohlala, Reddit) le lipatlisiso tse akaretsang. Ts'ebetso tsena li ne li etsoa hangata ka kopanelo le media kapa litaba tsa sechaba. “Angela,” mosali oa Moamerika oa Moafrika, o tlaleha hore "Ke mamela 'mino ho Internet ha ke ntse ke etsa mosebetsi oa sekolo, ke hloekisa kamore ea ka kapa ke bapala Zelda (papali ea video), kapa u shebelletse ba bang ba bapala ka inthanete Zelda ka nako e tšoanang. ”Barupeluoa ba bang ba ne ba etsa ketso e le 'ngoe ka nako, ba re ba rata ho etsa lintho tse ling ho feta tse ling. Mehlala e kenyelletsa ho khutlisoa ha litaba ("Ke nahana hore mohloli o ka sehloohong oa litaba o inthaneteng. Ke balile likoranta tsa 3 kapa 4 phepelong ea ka, mme ho bohlokoa haholo" [“Matt, monna oa Asia], papali ea marang-rang (“ Ke bapala le batho ba ikopantseng Inthaneteng, 'me u sebelisane le bona, joalo ka ha ke bapala lipapali tsa basketball. U rata ho li bapala,' me u li bapale ”[“ Tom, ”monna e mosoeu], 'me u tsamaee video (“ Ke ea' na , ho qeta nako e ngata ke shebella lifilimi le mananeo, ho fapana le ho etsa lipapatso tsa litaba tsa sechaba. Sena se fetoha ha nako e ntse e ea, ho tloha ho shebella lifilimi ho ea ho tse ling ”[“ Matt, ”monna oa Asia]. Mosali ea tšoeu ea bitsoang "Claire," o tlaleha hore mabenkele a marang-rang a ne a khahla haholo, a re "Ke hloile ho ea mabenkeleng mme ke hloile ho leka liaparo, joale ha ke tlameha. Ke hona moo marang-rang. ”Ho sa tsotelehe ts'ebetso, sehlophisoana sa" mesebetsi e meng ea marang-rang "se hlakisa ts'ebeliso e fumanehang ea Marang-rang, empa se hatisa le kotsi ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e ka bang le mathata.

Hore na baithuti ba sebelisa marang-rang ho ntlafatsa likhokahano tsa batho le liwebsaete tseo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho tsona, mosebetsi oa sekolo kapa boithabiso, inthanete e fana ka likhetho tse fumanehang habonolo tse khothaletsang ts'ebeliso ea kamehla. Ebile, baithuti ba hlokometse hore lithaka le baprofesa ba tsamaisa le ho matlafatsa ts'ebeliso ea bona ea inthanete, ka hona e ka ba kotsi ho ba kotsing e kholo ea ho ba le IA / PIU. “Kate,” mosali e mosoeu, o hlalositse litebello tsa ba bang ka tsela ena: “Bakeng sa ho lekola lengolo tsoibila la ka, ho tšoana le ha ke sa thaba ho lona, ​​ke utloa eka ke tlameha, ke tlameha ho araba ha motho e mong mosebetsing a nthomella molaetsa, kapa ha ke tsebe hore na ke tlameha. ”

Sehlooho 3: Litholoana tsa tšebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete. Sehlooho "litlamorao tsa tšebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete" se bontšitsoe ke litlhaloso tse nkang karolo tsa litlamorao tsa nakoana le tsa nako e telele tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete. Litaba li kenyelletsa sephetho sa bophelo bo botle ba 'mele le kelello, ts'ebetso ea kelello le ts'ebeliso ea mosebetsi. Leha e se litla-morao tsohle tse neng li se mpe, barupeluoa ba ne ba ikemiselitse ho supa litlamorao, haholo mabapi le bophelo bo botle le mosebetsi.

Barupeluoa ba ile ba bua ka litla-morao tse bohloko ka lebaka la tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete. Barupeluoa ba 'maloa ba ile ba tlaleha mathata a akaretsang mabapi le bophelo bo botle ba' mele. Matšoenyeho ana a ne a kenyelletsa ho hloka boroko (mohlala, "Ke nahana ho hloka boroko. Kea tseba le ha ke qetile ka mosebetsi, ho tšoana le 12 kapa 1. Ke tla tsoha ke le 3 hobane ke etsa lintho tse sa sebetseng ka ho inthanete ”[“ Nancy, ”mosali oa Asia], ho hloka boikoetliso (mohlala," Ke tla rera ho ikoetlisa, nka lula moo, ho boloka lintho tse baliloeng, mme joalo ka ha ke le mpe haholo ha ke a fihla boikoetliso '[“Kevin,” monna e mosoeu], le boemo bo sa sebetseng hantle (mohlala, "… moloko oa rona o na le mekhoa e metle ka lebaka la ho thaepa haholo le ho lula" [“Mike,” monna oa Moafrika oa Amerika]. Monna ea tšoeu ea bitsoang "Tom," o ile a supa phapang pakeng tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le 'mele, a re "Kea inama, ke teneha haeba ke qeta nako e ngata inthaneteng ka letsatsi le leng, ho fapana le ho etsa ho hong ka mmele kapa ho kantle. "

Baithuti ba bang ba ile ba shebana haholo le boiphihlelo ba bona ba matšoao a kelello. Bakeng sa barupeluoa ba bang, khalefo le pherekano e ne e le matšoao a atileng haholo. "Heather," mosali oa Moamerika oa Afrika, o tlalehile: "Ntho ea pele ea letsatsi ke ho fumana ho Facebook kapa Twitter. Haeba ke utloa ho thoe ho na le ho hong ho hlokang kelello, ho tla nkhalefisa letsatsi lohle. ”Ka tsela e tšoanang," Lucy, "mosali oa Asia o ile a hlokomela phapang e teng matsatsing a hae a ho teneha:

Ke nahana hore e etsa hore ke utloe ke blah kamora ho ba inthaneteng nako e telele, joalo ka ha ekare ke utloile eka ke senya nako e ngata. Ke nahana hore, ka linako tse ling, ha ke na botsoalle le batho nakong e telele ea letsatsi, ke ile ka utloa bohloko le ho feta.

Barupeluoa ba bang ba tlalehile ho hlonama le khatello ea maikutlo ka mor'a ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Ho ba bang, masoabi ana a hlahisitsoe ke ho bapisa tsela ea bona ea bophelo ea hona joale le eo lithaka tsa bona li e behileng mecheng ea litaba tsa sechaba. "Andrew," monna e mosoeu, ea matlafalitsoeng ke ho re:

Ka tloaelo batho ba bangata ba ngola karolo e ntle ea bophelo ba bona, joale halofo ea nako eo u eang moo, 'me u bone feela joalo ka "Oh, ke natefeloa haholo,' me ke le lebopong la leoatle ke arohana le banana ba chesang." o tšoana le "Ke ka kamoreng ea ka e katiloeng, 'me ke… Ke sebetsa ho McDonald's." Kea kholoa ... bophelo ba bona bo… betere ho feta ba ka. Empa ha ke se ke sithabetse maikutlo 'me ke kena inthaneteng ebe ke bona seo, ke tšoana le "Ehe monna, kea anya."

Ts'ebeliso ea moithuti Inthaneteng le litlaleho tsa bophelo bo botle tse latelang li ka amana le mesebetsi e ikhethileng ea inthanete eo ba e etsang le mekhoa ea bona ea tšebeliso ea inthanete. Joalokaha "Heather," mosali oa Moafrika oa Amerika a bontšitse: "Haeba u motho ea botsoalle, joale [mecha ea litaba ea sechaba] e ea eketsa. E tšoana le sethala se potlakileng… Empa haeba u se joalo, joale u ntse u shebelletse feela. ”Lits'oants'o tse kang ena li totobatsa litlamorao tse peli kapa tse makatsang tsa inthanete ts'ebetsong ea sechaba. Ka mantsoe a mang, marang-rang a ka ntlafatsa bophelo ba morutoana oa seithuti; leha ho le joalo, ha e sebelisoa ka mokhoa o feteletseng le ka mekhoa e khothalletsang le ho tiisa ho khetholoha sechabeng, ts'ebeliso ea eona e ka fokotsa bongata le boleng ba litšebelisano tsa sefahleho sa sefahleho. Barupeluoa ba bang ba ile ba tletleba ka hore litšebelisano tsa bona le lifahleho li talimiloe ke tšebeliso ea bona ea inthanete. Mosali e mong oa Asia ea bitsoang "Nancy, o hlalositse liphihlelo tsa hae ka tsela ena:

Ke na le ntho ena, joalo ka ha ke ja le motho, ba ntša mohala ebe ba qala ho sheba Facebook, Twitter kapa ntho e joalo, ke tla ba sheba ebe ke tšoana le “ehlile, u tla e etsa ka pel'a ka hona joale? ”

"Den," monna oa Moafrika oa Amerika, o hlokometse hore ho itšetleha ka marang-rang bakeng sa litšebelisano tsa sechaba ho ka lebisa ho se nang tsebo ea ho buisana le sefahleho: "Ha u le ka mor'a khomphutha, u qeta nako u etsa molaetsa o phethahetseng ... Empa ha u shebane le sefahleho, [motho] o mosa sechabeng, eseng moo a leng teng. ”Ntle le moo, ha motho a qotsa mantsoe a maikutlo a ba bangata," Lydia, "mosali oa Moafrika oa Amerika, o hatelletse hore ho sebelisa Inthanete hampe ho mo amme hampe boleng ba kamano, a re: “Ke ne ke ea hae, ho fapana le ho bua le rakhali le bo-motsoala, ke ne ke lula setulong, ke bapala ka laptop kapa ka fono. Se ke oa thabela setsoalle le mang kapa mang. Kahoo ha ke bue le mang kapa mang. ”

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, barupeluoa ba bang ba hlokometse litla-morao tse ntle tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete. Marang-rang a ka tsamaisa khokahano ho malapa, metsoalle le tšehetso ea sechaba. "Fred," monna oa Moafrika oa Amerika ea tsoang sehlopheng sa bobeli, o hlalositse tjena:

Ke ne ke utloa eka o ka Twitter, o tšoana le khokahano. Haeba u le khamphaning, e mong le e mong o haufi. Empa ka nako e ts'oanang, Twitter e etsa hore e atamele… Ke utloa eka o tsebisa batho seo o se etsang phatlalatsa, hore ba tsebe ho bua le uena haeba u batla.

Marang-rang a ne a bonahala e le a bohlokoa haholo ho barupeluoa likamanong tse telele tsa maeto. “Angela,” mosali oa Moafrika oa Amerika, o hlalositse melemo ea ho sebelisa marang-rang ho boloka lelapa le lulang hole, a re: “Ke nahana hore ho molemo. Ho na le litho tse ngata tsa lelapa tseo ke sa tsebeng ho bua le tsona… Joale nka romella lengolo-tsoibila ka potlako ke re, 'ho joang, u phela joang,' ho fapana le ho ba letsetsa. ”

Tlhahiso ea thuto, poleloana ea ho qetela, e hlalosa kamoo barupeluoa ba boneng litlamorao tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete mosebetsing le lihlahisoa tsa sekolo ka kakaretso. Barupeluoa ba bangata ba hlokometse litla-morao tse mpe tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete ts'ebetsong ea bona e akaretsang ea thuto. "Lydia," mosali oa Moamerika oa Moafrika, o itse: "Ke ikutloa eka ha ho sa sebelisoe Inthanete, limaraka tsa ka li ka ba betere ka linako tsa 10." Barupeluoa ba bang, joalo ka "Jessie," mosali oa Moamerika oa Moafrika, ba phetlile sena ka ho se khonehe ho tsepamisa maikutlo: "Bokhoni ba ka ba ho tsepamisa maikutlo nthong e le 'ngoe ka nako e telele bo senyehile haholo ... Ha ke tsebe le ho tsepamisa metsotso ea 2." Baithuti ba bang ba hlokometse hore boleng ba mosebetsi oa bona bo senyehile ka lebaka la ho lieha ho bala inthanete. Mosali e mong oa Asia ea bitsoang "Nancy" o re: "Mosebetsi oa ka oa sekolo o sothile haholo ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ... ho ba inthaneteng ho tšoana le ha u lieha ho etsa lintho tse ngata, 'me qetellong u fihla ntlheng ea hore' ke hloka ho etsoa… ' Ha u joalo feela. ”Ka kakaretso, baithuti ba ne ba tlaleha hore le ha marang-rang a hlokahala bakeng sa sekolo, litlamorao tsa tšebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete li ne li le khahlanong le sepheo sa bona sa sekolo.

Puisano

Phuputso ena e fuputse litaba tse fapaneng tse amanang le IA / PIU ho baithuti ba univesithi ea US ho kenyelletsa le nalane ea tlhaho ea mathata a mangata a ts'ebeliso ea inthanete; lisosa tse tloaelehileng tsa kamano, tsa batho, le maemo a ts'ebeliso e matla ea inthanete; mekhoa e khethiloeng ea ts'ebetso ea inthanete; le litlamorao tse mpe tsa kelello, maikutlo le bophelo bo botle ka lebaka la tšebeliso e matla ea inthanete. Boithuto bona ha boa ka ba leka ho tseba palo ea batho ba lemalloang Inthaneteng ho baithuti ba univesithi ea US. Sebakeng seo, re ne re ikemiselitse ho fana ka litlhaloso tse hlakileng le tse qaqileng tsa liphihlelo tsa baithuti ka tšebeliso e matla ea inthanete / tšebeliso ea marang-rang ka ho qotsa mantsoe a barupeluoa ka kotlolloho lihlopheng tsa sehlopha. Ho feta moo, lihlooho tsa boleng tse hlahisitsoeng ho tsoa lipuisanong tsa sehlopha tse ikhethileng li fumane lintlha tse fumanehang lipatlisisong tse fetileng tsa bongata.

Baithuti ba bangata ba amohetse hore ho ne ho le thata ho bala ka nepo nako eohle eo ba e qetileng inthaneteng ka letsatsi hobane merero ea data e sa lekanyetsoang ho lisebelisoa tsa mehala (mohlala, lifono le matlapa) li bolela hore inthanete e lula e fumaneha. Leha ho le joalo, baithuti ba ne ba ntse ba khona ho itlaleha ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le ka mokhoa o nepahetseng maemong ohle a ho itlaleha le a maemo, ba netefatsa diphetho tsa boleng le boholo. Baithuti ba bangata ba boletse hore ba ke ke ba khetholla ka nepo palo ea nako e sebelisitsoeng inthaneteng molemong oa sekolo kapa merero e amanang le mosebetsi ho tloha bakeng sa merero e sa amaneng le sekolo / mosebetsi. Boithuto bo bong bo hlahisitse kopano e ntle lipakeng tsa kakaretso ea nako e sebelisitsoeng inthaneteng le IA / PIU ho baithuti ba univesithi [26, 56]; leha ho le joalo, e kanna ea ba e nepahetseng haholoanyane ho khetholla nako e sebelisoang inthaneteng bakeng sa mosebetsi le / kapa merero e amanang le sekolo ho latela nako e sebelisitsoeng inthaneteng ka sepheo sa boithabiso [29]. Bakeng sa mesebetsi e amanang le sekolo e sa amaneng le sekolo / barupeluoa, barupeluoa ba ile ba kenya letsoho hanyane tšebelisong ea lipapali tsa video tsa inthaneteng. Ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea litaba ea sechaba e ne e atile har'a sampole eo. Kamano ea liithuti tsa marang-rang le marang-rang e matla ebile e fapane. Le ha ba hlokomela litlamorao tse atileng le tse mpe tsa ho sebelisa ho feteletseng, ba supa le melemo ea inthanete mosebetsing oa bona oa thuto.

Liphumano tse loketseng li bonts'a hore maikutlo a mabe (mohlala, maikutlo a sithabetsang, ho hlonama le bohale), ho sithabela maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo tse amanang le boiketlo ba motho le mosebetsi li ne li etsa hore baithuti ba bangata ba kenelle ts'ebelisong e matla ea inthanete. Ka bomalimabe, tšebeliso ea marang-rang e le leano la ho sebetsana le maemo a fosahetseng a kelello le eona e ka ntlafatsa libaka tsena ka nako e telele. Patlisiso e fana ka maikutlo a hore tšebeliso ea marang-rang e le mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le boemo bo ka tšoana le ho iphekola ka joala le lithethefatsi tse ling tsa kelello [13]. Baithutalo ba khothalelitse hore ts'ebeliso e mpe ea bothata ba inthanete ke mokhoa o ikhethileng oa ho sebetsana le maemo a mabe le a sithabetsang kelellong [13, 15]. Bakeng sa baithuti thutong ena, maikutlo a mabe a hlahisitsoeng ke tšebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang a ne a amana le khalefo le pherekano. Mabaka a pherekano a ne a fapana (mohlala, ho ikutloa a le molato ka lebaka la ho qeta nako e telele le e sa beheng inthaneteng, a halefetse boitšoaro ba batho ba bang inthaneteng); leha ho le joalo, baithuti ba tlaleha ts'ebeliso e matla ea inthanete e thusitse le ho eketsa maemo a mabe a maikutlo. Baithuti ba bangata ba ne ba e-na le takatso ea hang-hang ea ho etsa lintho tse fapaneng inthaneteng (mohlala, ho bala liwebsaete tsa sechaba) ha ba ikutloa ba borehile, haholo ha marang-rang (mohlala, likhomphutha tsa laptop le lisebelisoa tsa mohala tse fumanehang inthaneteng) li fumaneha habonolo. Bacha ba maemong a phahameng a ho ts'oenyeha, ho ts'oaroa, le ho haelloa ke maikutlo / maikutlo a batlang a le maemong a phahameng a kotsing e kholo ea boits'oaro bo bobebe [57, 58]; ka hona, hoa hlolla hore liithuti tse ngata thutong ena li tlalehetse tšebeliso ea inthanete e le mokhoa oa mantlha oa ho sebetsana le ho sithabela. Boithuto litlhophisong tsa machabeng li fumane hore mocha ea nang le IA / PIU o arolelane mekhoa e tšoanang ea tlhaho le maikutlo ho batho ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le litheko tsa boits'oaro, ho kenyelletsa ho ts'oenyeha le ho batla maikutlo [7, 9, 42].

Barupeluoa ba ithutile ka litla-morao tse fapaneng tsa bophelo bo botle le maikutlo tse amanang le tšebeliso e matla ea inthanete. Baithuti ba bangata ba ile ba hloleha ho ikoetlisa le ho etsa mesebetsi e amanang le sefahleho ka sefahleho ka lebaka la nako e ngata eo ba e qetang ba le Inthaneteng. Patlisiso e fetileng e hokahisitse ts'ebeliso ea inthanete le ho nona haholo le botenya [59] mme baithuto ba boletse hore kholo e phatlohang ea tšebeliso ea marang-rang har'a bacha le batho ba baholo e ka ba sesosa sa mantlha seoa sa ho ba botenya haholo Amerika, China le libakeng tse ling [60]. Baithuti ba bangata thutong ena ba qotsitse tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete e le sesosa sa ho hloka boroko. Phumano ena e lumellana le lithuto tse fetileng tse bonts'itseng hore baithuti ba nang le lefu la IA / PIU ba kotsing ea ho ba le bothata ba ho robala, ho hloka boroko le ho hlobaela [30, 61]. Baithuti 'phuputsong ena ba hlokometse hore boroko ba bona bo fokotsehileng bo bakoa ke ho lieha ho Internet. Baithuti ba bang ba ile ba tlameha ho tela nako ea bona ea ho robala e le hore ba potlake mosebetsing oa sekolo ka lebaka la ho qeta nako e telele le e sa beheng inthaneteng.

Ts'ebeliso e feteletseng / ea mathata a libaka tsa media tsa sechaba ho bacha le batho ba baholo ba hlahang ba hlahlobiloe mme ba ngolloa [62-64]. Baithuti ba bangata thutong ena ba ne ba nka mecha ea litaba ea sechaba ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ba hlokometse hore mecha ea litaba e ka bapala karolo e tsamaisang le e thibelang mahlakore a lifahleho tsa sefahleho, ho ipapisitsoe le boemo le tšebeliso ea motho ka mong. Ho fapana le liphetho tsa lithuto tsa pejana, tse fumaneng hore liithuti tsa univesithi li lula li kopana le batho ba bang mecheng ea lipuisano bakeng sa ho sebetsana ka katleho le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo [24, 25, 29], Baithuti ba bang thutong ena ba hlokometse hore ha ba ikutloa ba "hloname" kapa "ba sithabetse maikutlo" ba rata ho shebella livideo kapa ho sheba li-blog le / kapa libaka tsa boto ea litaba (mohlala, Reddit) inthaneteng. Baithuti ba tlalehile ho qoba ho tloaelana le batho ba bang inthaneteng ha ba ntse ba e-na le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo.

Ho qotsitsoe lithuto tse 'maloa thutong ena ho bontša hore ho kena inthaneteng ho theoletse menyetla ea barutoana hoo batho ba ka bang le khatello e matla kapele mme ba eketsa bothata ba ho tsepamisa maikutlo mesebetsing e amanang le sekolo, le mosebetsi. Litsebi tsa kelello li nahana hore ts'ebeliso e ngata ea inthanete e ka ama ts'ebetso ea boko ka litsela tse fokotsang bokhoni ba ho tsepamisa maikutlo [65]. Hape, lithuto tsa pejana li hokahanya tlhokomelo-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ho IA / PIU ho baithuti ba univesithi ea Korea [41, 66]. Se fumanoeng thutong ena se bonts'a hore liphumano tsena tse fetileng li kanna tsa se lumellane moetlong.

Ntle le moo, ho fapana le lingoliloeng tse ngata tse tlalehiloeng [9], bankakarolo boithuto bona ba kenelletse tšebeliso ea lipapali tsa video tsa inthanete. Phumano ena e kanna ea hlahisoa ke mohlala oa sampole ea rona, eo boholo ba eona e neng e le basali. Liphuputso tse fetileng li bontšitse hore banna ba khona ho bapala lipapali tsa video haholo mme ba ba le mathata a kang ho lemalla lipapali tsa video ho feta basali [23, 67]. Mabaka a setso a ka bapala karolo ea maemo a tlase a papali ea video ea inthaneteng e tlalehiloeng mohlaleng ona oa sampole ho latela maemo a khethiloeng lithutong tsa baithuti ba univesithi ea East Asia [23]. Ho feta moo, lipapali tsa video ho sampole ena li ka tlaleheloa hanyane ka lebaka la tsela eo morero oa thuto o phatlalalitsoeng ka eona ha o ntse o hlahloba liphihlelo tsa baithuti ka tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete. Baithuti ba kanna ba ba le tebello ea hore haholo-holo ba ne ba tla bua ka liphihlelo tsa bona tsa ho sebelisa Inthanete ka khomphutha, ho fapana le ho bapala lipapali tsa video inthaneteng ka li-consoles tse ling tsa papali (mohlala, Xbox 360). Ho ts'oaroa ha papali ea chelete e ngata le / kapa e nang le mathata le hona ho ka fokotsa ho tlaleha ka sehlopha.

Qetellong, thuto ena e hlahisitse lipotso tse batlang li le ngata joalo ka ha li arajoa. Ka ho khetheha, liphuputso tsa thuto ena li fana ka leseli le tlatselletsang mabapi le liphumano tse 'maloa tse fetileng tse ileng tsa hlakisoa ho lingoliloeng hore ha li utloahale, kapa ha li sa hlalosehe ka tlhaho. Mohlala, hoo e batlang e le sampole eohle (99.7%, 2 SD ho tloha maemong) e qalile ho fumana marang-rang pele a kena koleche (M = 9 ea lilemo, SD = 2.7); 'me baithuti ba bangata ha baa ka ba iponahatsa ba na le mathata a amanang le tšebeliso e matla ea inthanete ho fihlela ba fihla lilemong tsa bocha / kamora ho kena kolecheng. Liphumano tse ling tse fetileng li bontšitse hore palo ea lilemo tse sebelisoang inthaneteng e ne e amana le IA / PIU [34, 56]; leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tse ling ha li tšehetse liqeto tse joalo [26]. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li hlokahala ho hlakisa hore na tšimoloho ea tšebeliso ea marang-rang kapa tšebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete e ka sebetsa e le ponelopele bakeng sa IA / PIU ea nako e tlang.

Ntle le moo, thuto ena e totobatsa ho tšoana ho teng pakeng tsa IA / PIU le lithahasello tse ling tsa boits'oaro. Ke 'nete litabeng tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le litheko tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello tse qalang tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi li bontša hore ho na le bothata bo tebileng le tlhaelo-pele e futsanehileng ho feta ho qala hamorao.68]. Leha ho le joalo, hobane ha ho na liphuputso tse telele tse batlang patlisiso ea tsoelopele ea IA / PIU, re ke ke ra fihlela qeto mabapi le li-IA / PIU tsa nako e telele har'a liithuti tsena. Boithuto bo eketsehileng ba nalane ea tlholeho ea IA / PIU ho baithuti ba univesithi ea Amerika le litlamorao tse amanang le bophelo bo botle le kelello li ka tsebisa matsapa a thibelo le kalafo ka ho etsa joalo ho ntlafatsa katleho ea bona.

Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, liithuti thutong ena li qetile lihora tse ngata liwebosaeteng tsa sechaba tsa sechaba. Palo ea nako e sebelisitsoeng mecheng ea litaba tsa sechaba e ka fana ka tlhahiso ea tloaelo ho e-na le thepa e lemalloang, leha lithuto tse fetileng li bontšitse hore baithuti ba fumane hore Facebook e ne e le lekhoba [62]. Patlisiso e tsoelang pele ea hlokahala ho fumana likarolo tse tlatsetsang ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea litaba sechabeng har'a liithuti tsa univesithi. Haholo-holo, lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho ba teng ho ba teng ha matšoao a bang teng ha baithuti ba sa khone ho sebelisa libaka tsa sechaba tsa sechaba. Kahoo, lithuto tsa nako e tlang li kanna tsa hlokahala ho hlahloba mesebetsi e khethehileng eo baithuti ba e etsang mecheng ea litaba tsa sechaba (mohlala, haholo-holo ho beha liwebsaeteng tsa sechaba sa sechaba ka ho bapatsa poso ea batho ba bang) le hore na mesebetsi e fapaneng e hlahisa sephetho sa tleleniki ea ts'ebeliso e matla ea phatlalatso ea litaba tsa sechaba joang. . Patlisiso mabapi le nts'etsopele ea lisebelisoa tse lekolang mathata a ts'ebeliso ea liwebsaete tsa sechaba e ka una molemo ho kenyeletsa lipotso tse nkang lintlha tse fapaneng. Kamora nako, lithuto tse ling li hlokahala ho theha mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea bongaka e ka khethollang hantle basebelisi ba tloaelehileng ho baithuti ba nang le bothata ba IA / PIU. Ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng ho etsa lipatlisiso hore na liithuti tsena lia khonahala ebile li ka rua molemo ka ho kenella ka thibelo le kalafo.

Meeli ea ho ithuta e kenyelletsa boholo ba sampole e nyane, sebaka se le seng sa lipatlisiso, le lipatlisiso tsa se fumanoeng. Lintlha tsena kaofela li ka fokotsa kakaretso ea sephetho. Lengolo-tsoibila leo ho romelloang sehlopha sa liithuti tsohle tsa univesithi le sebelisitsoe e le sesebelisoa sa tlhahlobo; le ha ho le joalo, ho ka etsahala hore baithuti ba ikhethetseng thutong mme ba kanna ba fapana le baithuti ba nang le mathata a IA / PIU ba hanneng ho araba lengolo-tsoibila la ho hira. Ho kenyelletsa moo, litekanyetso tse tloaelehileng tsa IA / PIU tse sebelisitsoeng thutong ena ha li na lintlha tsa tlhahlobo tsa bongaka kapa tse fanang ka maikutlo tse khethiloeng bakeng sa ho khetholla pakeng tsa IA / PIU le ts'ebeliso e tloaelehileng ea inthanete. Ka hona, re itšetleha ka maikutlo a barupeluoa le litlaleho tsa bona, tse ikhethileng ka tlhaho.

Leha ho na le meeli ena, univesithi eo ho entsoeng lipatlisiso tsena ho eona ha e tšoane le liunivesithi tse ling tse ngata tse kholo tsa sechaba 'me mehlala ea thuto e ne e fapane ntlheng ea morabe le bong. Ho feta moo, boitlhahlobo ba barupeluoa le likarabo tsa boleng mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bona e nang le bothata ea inthanete li eketsa botebo ho se fumanoeng le ho thusa ho hlahisa sephetho sa lipatlisiso tsa nakong e fetileng tse amanang le IA / PIU ho liithuti tsa univesithi, ho kenyelletsa nalane ea tlhaho ea PIU, lisosa le mekhoa ea IA / PIU, le litlamorao tsa IA / PIU. Baithuti ba bangata bao re ithutileng bona ba ne ba bua ka tieo ka likotsi tse ba utloileng bohloko ka lebaka la tšebeliso e matla ea inthanete / tšebeliso e ngata ea inthanete. Ho na le monyetla oa hore baithuti ba bangata ba kotsing ea kapa ba nang le mathata a IA / PIU a US ha ba fuoe mananeo a thibelo a itseng kapa a kalafo bakeng sa mathata a bona a ho sebelisa Inthanete. Leha sehlopha se seholo sa lingoliloeng tsa machabeng se iphumanetse ho khetholla litlamorao tse bohloko tsa IA / PIU ho liithuti tsa univesithi, litsi tsa bophelo bo botle ba kampong ea univesithi le mekhatlo e meng ea tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle e loanela ho tseba IA / PIU ho baithuti ba univesithi le ho fana ka kalafo ka lebaka la khaello ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo ea bongaka le ho kena lipakeng ho loketseng [7, 23]. Re ts'epa hore liphumano tsa rona li tla tsosa lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng sebakeng sena se hlahang.

Ho tšehetsa Boitsebiso

S1_Document.docx
 
 

Tokomane ea S1. Lipotso tsa patlisiso mabapi le semelo sa Sociodemographic le IA / PIU, le Tataiso ea Puisano ea Sehlopha.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0117372.s001

(DOCX)

Lethathamo la S1. Tlhalo ea data bakeng sa Mehlala ea Mehlala ea Barupeluoa ba 27 ba Ileng ba Itlaleha Tšebeliso e matla ea Inthanete.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0117372.s002

(DOCX)

Lethathamo la S2. Data seta bakeng sa lipotso tse fumanehang tse ncha tsa lipotso tsa bacha (N = 27).

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0117372.s003

(DOCX)

Lethathamo la S3. Tlhalo ea data bakeng sa Scale e Ts'ebelletsang ea Tšebeliso ea Marang-rang (N = 27).

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0117372.s004

(DOCX)

Menehelo ea Mongoli

O ile a amohela le ho hlophisa liteko: WL MOH. O entse liteko: WL MOH. Hlahloba data: WL JEO SMS. Li-reagents tse kentsoeng / lisebelisoa / lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo: WL JEO MOH. Ngola pampiri: WL JEO SMS MOH.

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