J Behav Addict. 2017 Dec 1; 6 (4): 490-504. doi: 10.1556 / 2006.6.2017.073.
Mofuta oa Bielefeld M.1, Ho hula M2, Putzig Ke3, Bottle L1, Steinbüchel T1, Dieris-Hirche J1, Szycik GR4, Müller A5, Roy M6, Ohlmeier M7, Theodor Te Hornt B1.
inahaneloang
maikemisetso
Ho na le bopaki bo botle ba saense bo bontšang hore ho se tsotellehe ho kula ha motho (ADHD) ke boikutlo ba boikaketsi le bothata ba mathata a ho lemalla motho e moholo. Mekhatlo ena ha e tsepamise maikutlo feela ka lithethefatsi tse amanang le lithethefatsi empa hape le ho lemalla boitšoaro bo kang ho becha le bothata ba ho sebelisa Internet (IUD). Bakeng sa li-IUD, litlhahlobo tse hlophisitsoeng li fumane hore ADHD ke e 'ngoe ea li-comorbidities tse atileng ho feta mathata a tepeletseng le a tšoenyehileng. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le tlhokahalo ea ho tsoela pele ho utloisisa likamano pakeng tsa mathata a mabeli ho fumana moelelo oa phekolo le thibelo e itseng. Sena se etsahala ka ho khetheha ho batho ba baholo ba kliniki moo ho sa tsejoeng hakaalo ka likamano tsena ho fihlela joale. Phuputso ena e ne e reretsoe ho tsoela pele ho batlisisa taba ena ka ho qaqileng ho thehiloe khopolong e tloaelehileng ea hore ho na le likhapano tsa makhaola-khang tsa psychopathology le etiology ho tloha ho IUD le ADHD.
mekhoa
Mehlala e 'meli ea taolo ea linyeoe e ile ea hlahlojoa sepetlele sa univesithi. Bakuli ba AdHD ba baholo le ba IUD ba ile ba feta maemong a fapa-fapaneng a tlhahlobo ea bongaka le psychometrical.
Results
Re fumane tšehetso bakeng sa hypothesis eo ADHD le IUD ba arolelanang likarolo tsa psychopathological. Har'a bakuli ba sehlopha ka seng, re fumane litekanyetso tse ngata tsa ADHD ea comorbid ho IUD le ho fapana. Ntle le moo, matšoao a ADHD a ne a amana hantle le linako tsa ts'ebeliso ea litaba le matšoao a bokhoba ba marang-rang mefuteng eo ka bobeli.
Puisano
Basebetsi ba tsa bongaka ba lokela ho hlokomela likamano tse haufi lipakeng tsa mathata ana a mabeli ka ts'oaetso le kalafo. Ha ho tluoa ho khutliseng taolo holim'a ts'ebeliso ea motho ea inthanete nakong eohle ea kalafo le ntlafatso, phetoho e ka bang teng ea bokhoba e lokela ho lula e hopotsoe ke lingaka le bakuli.
LINKOTSO:Bothata ba tšebeliso ea inthanete; tlhokomeliso khaello ea khatello ea kelello; tlhekefetso ea marang-rang
PMID: 29280392
Selelekela
Ho na le 'mele o matla oa bopaki ba mahlale a hore tlhokomeliso ea hloko ea khatello ea kelello (ADHD) ka bobeli ke ponelopele (Biederman le al., 1995) le comorbidity ea tšoanelehang bakeng sa mafu a mangata a lemalloang (Gillberg et al., 2004). Har'a sampole e kholo ea Europe ea bakuli ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, 13.9% e fumanoe e le ADHD ea batho ba baholo (van Emmerik-van Oortmerssen et al., 2014) ka phapang e kholo ka lebaka la naha le ntho ea mantlha e sebelisitsoeng (van de Glind et al., 2014). ADHD ke bokuli ba kelello bo tsamaeang le mathata a ho ela hloko le ho tsepamisa mohopolo, ts'ebetso e feteletseng, le mathata a ho laola boitšoaro, bo sa lokelang lilemo tsa motho e mong. Haholo-holo, empa eseng feela, ha ADHD e phehella nakong ea bocha le ho ba motho e moholo, ho joalo maemong a ka bang 36.3% (Kessler et al., 2005), kotsi ea ho lemalla joala (joala)Biederman le al., 1995), nicotine (Wilens et al., 2008) kapa lithethefatsi tse seng molaong tse kang koae (Carroll & Rounsaville, 1993) e phahameng. Kaha li-stimulants tse kang methylphenidate (MPH) li sebetsa e le moriana o sebetsang (Van der Oord, Prins, Oosterlaan, & Emmelkamp, 2008), tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le tlhekefetso ho bakuli ba ADHD le tsona li hlalositsoe e le mokhoa oa ho ikoetlisa (Han et al., 2009). Ho feta moo, maemo a phahameng a ho ba le tšusumetso ke tšobotsi ho bakuli ka bobeli ba nang le ADHD (Winstanley, Lenong, & Robbins, 2006) le mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (De Wit, 2009).
ADHD hape ke tšobotsi e monate ea papali ea papali ea chelete ea ho becha, eo ho ea ka ICD-10 (Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, 1992) e ntse e lokela ho aroloa e le bothata ba taolo ea tšusumetso. Ho fapana le hoo, ka 2013, khatiso ea bohlano ea Buka ea ho hlahloba le ea Statistical ea Mathata a kelello (DSM-5; Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013) theha sebaka se tloaelehileng sa mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le lintho tse sa sebelisoeng. Khaolo e reng, "Lits'oaetso tse amanang le boloi le lithethefatsi" tseo hona joale li bitsoang "Mathata a Papali ea Chelete", ke eona feela mokhoa o lemalloang oa boitšoaro. Leha ho le joalo, kahare ho Karolo ea Boraro ea DSM-5, bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete bo hlalosoa e le boemo bo netefatsang lipatlisiso tsa bongaka le boiphihlelo pele bo ka ananeloa ka botlalo e le bokuli bo ikhethileng (Petry & O'Brien, 2013). IGD ehlile ke eona mofuta o fapaneng oa ho lemalla Internet o ithutoang haholo (E monyenyane, 1996hape e bonts'itse tlhaselo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa (Rehbein, Kliem, Baier, Mößle, & Petry, 2015). Nts'etsopele ena ha e makatse, ha ho bonyane hobane lipapali tsa inthaneteng le papali ea chelete ea inthaneteng li ntse li eketsa likarolo tse tloaelehileng.
Ka boeona ho tloha marang-rang, ho lemalla papali ea video e se e hokahane le psychopathology ea ADHD ka litsela tse 'maloa (Arfi le Bouvard, 2008; Yen et al., 2017). Tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng e thathamisitse ADHD e le moetapele ea tloaelehileng (Weiss, Baer, Allan, Saran, & Schibuk, 2011) le comorbidity (Weinstein le Weizman, 2012) bakeng sa IGD Haholo-holo ho bana le bacha. Ntle le moo, ho ts'ebetso e fetelletseng ea maemo a bohlasoa, ho ts'oaroa, ho se tsotelloe, bofokoli ba ho tsepamisa mohopolo, le ho tsepamisa mohopolo mesebetsing e lemohileng ho tsamaisana le ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea lipapali tsa video, ka bobeli ntle le inthanete (Swing, Balichaba, Anderson, & Walsh, 2010). Ho fumanoe tse tšoanang pejana bakeng sa tšebeliso e feteletseng ea TV (Miller le al., 2007), ho kenya letsoho puisanong e tsoelang pele mabapi le hore na ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea media mecha ea phatlalatso ka kakaretso le lipapali tsa video e kanna ea se ke ea eba sesupo feela of empa hape le sesosa sa kotsi etsoe nts'etsopele ea ADHD (Weiss et al., 2011).
Likamano pakeng tsa tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea lits'ebetso tse ling tsa marang-rang le ADHD ha li utloisisoe ka botlalo. Leha ho le joalo, ho nahanoa hore mesebetsi e fumanehang marang-rang, joalo ka papali jj. E fana ka maikutlo a tsoelang pele a meputso le meputso ea kapele, eo, e ananeloang haholo ke batho ba nang le ADHD, ba ratang ho teneha habonolo (Castellanos le Tannock, 2002) le ho qoba boithati bo liehangTaemane, 2005). Lithuto tse ling li ile tsa tiisa hore khokahano ena e ka hlalosoa ke ts'ebetso ea memori e sa sebetseng ho ADHD e khethiloeng e le mofuta oa bohlokoa oa endophenotype oa ADHD (Castellanos le Tannock, 2002). Ha re bua ka sena, lits'ebetso tsa inthanete joalo ka lipapali tsa batho ba bangata tsa inthanete li fana ka thuso e fanoang ka sepheo sa ho bona sepheo sa sepheo sa ho hlola ts'enyeho ena mme ka lebaka leo ba hlola pherekano le ts'ebetso e mpe bophelong ba nnete. Ka lebaka leo, batho ba nang le ADHD ba kanna ba rata likopo tse rarahaneng tsa lipapali tsa inthanete, tse ba thatafallang haholo ho theha ts'ebeliso ea media media (Yen, Yen, Chen, Tang, & Ko, 2008). Ho khahlisang, Koepp et al. (1998) e tlaleha hore papali ea video e lebisa tokelong ea dopamine e ka 'nang ea baka tsitsipano e ntle le ts'ebetso, e ka nkoang e le topollo ke batho bao litsebo tsa bona tsa kelello li sa senyeheng hantle bophelong. Sena se lumellana le ts'ebeliso ea tse etselitsoeng ka ho khetheha lipapali tse tebileng bakeng sa kalafo ea marang-rang ea bakuli ba nang le ADHD ho kenyelletsa likopo tsa neurofeedback (Lau, Smit, Fleming, & Riper, 2017). Matsatsing ana, lipapali tsa video li bapaloa haholo ho lisebelisoa tsa inthanete le ka mekhoa ea inthanete. Ho feta moo, lipapali tsa inthanete li kopanya butle-butle likarolo tsa ho becha, ho ea mabenkeleng le ho etsa metsoalle (Gainsbury, Hing, Delfabbro, & King, 2014), tse nang le likarolo tse ling tsa tlatsetso. Litla-morao tsa boitšoaro bo makatsang, joalo ka bosholu ba papali ea chelete, ho reka ka maikutlong, le lefu la kelello, tse amanang le ADHD hape (Blankenship & Laaser, 2004; Brook, Chenshu, Brook, & Leukefeld, 2016), li iponahatsa ka ho eketsehileng inthaneteng mme ka ho fumana phaello e ncha e matla le phenomenology (Dittmar, Nako e telele le Bond, 2007; E monyenyane, 2008). Ha re nahana ka lintlafatso tsena tse tsoelang pele mabapi le phetisetso ea dijithale le ho kopanya, ho bohlokoa ho beha leihlo mefuteng e meng e ikhethileng le e akaretsang ea tšebeliso ea inthanete kapa e lemalloang ho feta IGD. Haufinyane, litsebi li tloaetse ho sebelisa poleloana ea tšebeliso ea inthanete (IUD; Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013), e bolelang ts'ebeliso e sa laoloeng ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e sitisang bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Ebile, IUD e se e ntse e amana le ADHD le eona. Kamora lefu la khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho, ho fumanoe hore ke mokhoa oa li-comorbidity oa li-IUD ka kakaretso (Ko, Yen, Yen, Chen, & Chen, 2012). Ho feta moo, bakuli ba nang le ADHD le IUD ho bonahala ba le kotsing e kholo ea ho theha lekhoba la mofuta o mong. Boemong ba bongaka, ena ke ntho ea bohlokoa, hobane bakuli bana ba hloka tlhokomeliso e ikhethang mabapi le phetoho e ka ba teng ho tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi nakong ea ha motho a khaotsa ho hlaphoheloa. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho tsejoehale ka likhahla le khokahano lipakeng tsa IUD le ADHD haholo mananeong a batho ba baholo ba kliniki. Ka hona, hoa utloahala ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa likamano lipakeng tsa ADHD le IUD ho tsoa ho pono ea bongaka. Ho bile le lithuto tse 'maloa tse nang le lihlopha tse kholo tse sebetsanang le litaba tsena ka mokhoa o ikhethileng (Yen et al., 2008). Leha ho le joalo, ke liphuputso tse fokolang feela tse kileng tsa etsoa ka disampole tsa bongaka tse nang le ADHD (Han et al., 2009) kapa bakuli ba nang le bothata ba ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (PIU) (Bernardi le Pallanti, 2009). Ho tsebo ea rona, ena ke thuto ea pele ea ho bapisa sehlopha sa bakuli ba baholo ba ADHD le sehlopha sa bakuli ba IUD ba baholo eseng feela ka taolo empa hape le e mong le e mong ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa bona tse tšoanang le liphapang. Boithuto bo tsoa ho khopolo-taba ea hore ho na le tšubuhlellano ea kelello ea psychopathology e hlokang ho rarolloa ka mokhoa o fapaneng litabeng tsa kalafo le tsa thibelo. Ka nepahalo, re lebelletse hore mehato ea ADHD e hokahane le mehato ea bokhoba ba marang-rang ho isa tekanyong e kholo.
mekhoa
Lihlopheng tse peli tsa kliniki (ADHD le IUD) le lihlopha tse peli tsa taolo li ile tsa hiroa Hannover Medical School (MHH). E na le barupeluoa ba 25 motho ka mong, ts'ebetso ena e lumelletse ho bapisa sehlopha ka seng sa kliniki le sehlopha sa bona sa taolo le lihlopha tse peli tsa kliniki le e mong. Lekhetlong la pele, bakuli ba nang le sepheo sa ho phekoloa ba ile ba hlahlojoa ka botlalo ka tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea mafu. Ba ileng ba phethahatsa litekanyetso tsa ADHD kapa IUD, ka ho latellana, ba ile ba memeloa ho nka karolo ho ithuteng ho neng ho etsoa lekhethong la bobeli.
Sehlopha sa ADHD le sehlopha sa eona sa taolo
Barupeluoa ba sehlopha sa ADHD ba ile ba hloaea feela ho tsoa kliniki ea batho ba baholo ea kalafo ea ADHD. Bakuli ba fumane tlhahlobo e phethahetseng ea tlhahlobo mabapi le matšoao a bona a ADHD le li-comorbidities. Tlas'a ts'ebetso ea tlhahlobo ea mafu, batho ba ile ba memeloa bakeng sa sesebelisoa sa mantlha sa tlhahlobo ea mafu, tlhahlobo ea lipotso tsa baoki ea Adult ADHD Diagnostic bakeng sa DSM-IV (CAADID; Epstein, Johnson, & Conners, 2001). Mona, litekanyetso tse 18 tsa DSM-IV tsa ADHD li ikhethile litsing tse peli tsa tleliniki ea ho se tsotelle (lintho tse robong) le hyperactivity / impulsivity (lintho tse 6/3) mabapi le bana le ho ba batho ba baholo li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka tlhahlobo e batsi. ADHD e fumanoe feela haeba maemo a DSM-IV a phethahalitsoe, hoo ho bolelang hore bonyane matšoao a tšeletseng ho a robong a ne a lokela ho ba teng sebakeng se le seng kapa ka bobeli bakeng sa bongoana le ho ba motho e moholo. Tlhahlobo e ne e tlatselletsoa ke lipotso tsa boits'oaro (bona ka tlase). Kamora nako eohle ea lilemo tse 1.5, likiti tsa lipatlisiso tse 50 li ile tsa abeloa bakuli ba fumanoeng ba na le ADHD, ba lilemo li pakeng tsa 18 le 65 mme ba bonts'a tekanyo e akaretsang ea polelo ea tlhahlobo [tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea mantsoe a mangata a khethiloeng (MWT-B) IQ ea 100 ± 15]. Bakuli ba 25 kaofela ba khutlisitse lipatlisiso tsa bona, tse lekanang le sekhahla sa karabelo sa 50%. Ka nako e ts'oanang, sehlopha sa taolo se ile sa haptjoa ka tsebiso kahare ho papiso ea MHH mabapi le kabo ea thobalano, lilemo le thuto ea sekolo. Mekhoa ea ho kenyelletsa sehlopha sa taolo e ne e le: kakaretso ea polelo ea molomo le ho se be teng ha nalane ea lefu la kelello. Botsamaisi bo ile ba hlahlojoa bakeng sa ADHD le IUD.
Sehlopha sa IUD le sehlopha sa eona sa taolo
Sehlopha sa IUD se ile sa hapuoa kahare ho sepetlele sa bophelo sa MHH bakeng sa mathata a amanang le boralitaba, se sebetsanang le lithethefatsi tsa inthanete. Mekhoa ea ho kenyelletsoa e ne e le: tlhahlobo ea IUD ho latela mekhoa ea Young (1996) le Beard (Litelu le Phiri, 2001) (Lethathamo 1) le maikemisetso a ho phekola, dilemo tse pakeng tsa 18 le 65, le maemo a bohlale a polelo a akaretsang. Haeba mekhoa ea ho kenyelletsa e phethahalitsoe, barupeluoa ba ile ba memeloa lipuisanong tsa bongaka tse neng li e-na le pokello ea tlhaiso-leseling. Barupeluoa ba sehlopha sa taolo ba hapuoe ka har'a MHH mme ba fuoe phepelo e lekanang ea thobalano, lilemo le thuto ea sekolo. Mekhoa ea ho kenyelletsa sehlopha sa taolo e ne e le: kakaretso ea polelo ea molomo le ho se be teng ha nalane ea lefu la kelello. Botsamaisi bo ile ba hlahlojoa bakeng sa ADHD le IUD. Kakaretso, barupeluoa ba 25 ba nang le IUD le li-laola tsa 25 ba hapuoe hape ka lebaka leo ba kenyelelitsoe thutong.
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Tafole 1. Tlhahlobo ea ho hlahloba tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang
| Lintho tsohle tse latelang (1-5) li tlameha ho ba teng: |
| 1. O phathahane ka marang-rang (nahana ka lintho tse fetileng tse etsahetseng marang-rang kapa lebella karolo e tlang ea inthanete) |
| 2. Litlhoko tsa ho sebelisa marang-rang ka nako e eketsehileng ho fihlela khotsofalo. |
| 3. O entse matsapa a sa atleheng ho laola, ho fokotsa, kapa ho emisa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. |
| 4. Ha a phomole, o na le maikutlo a ferekaneng, o tepelletse maikutlo kapa oa teneha ha a leka ho fokotsa kapa ho emisa tšebeliso ea inthanete. |
| 5. O lutse marang-rang ho feta kamoo a neng a rerile qalong. |
| Bonyane ho e latelang: |
| 1. O behile kapa a beha kotsing ea ho lahleheloa ke kamano ea bohlokoa, mosebetsi, thuto kapa monyetla oa mosebetsi tseleng. |
| O thetsitse litho tsa lelapa, setsebi kapa batho ba bang ho pata ho kenella ha hae inthaneteng. |
| 3. E sebelisa Marang-rang e le mokhoa oa ho phonyoha mathata kapa oa ho imolla maikutlo a nyahamisang (mohlala, maikutlo a ho hloka thuso, letsoalo, letsoalo le khatello ea maikutlo). |
Hlokomela. E fetotsoe ho tloha ho Monyane (1996) le Beard le Wolf (2001).
Barupeluoa ba lihlopha tsohle tse 'ne ba ile ba tsebisoa ka ho sebetsa ka lekunutu la data ea bona le sepheo sa thuto. Tafole 2 e fana ka kakaretso mabapi le tlhaiso-leseling ea data ea disampole.
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Tafole 2. Mehato ea bongaka. Boleng ba bohlokoa (SD)
Sehlopha sa ADHD (n = 25) | Sehlopha sa taolo (n = 25) | Lipalo-palo li | Sehlopha sa IUD (n = 25) | Sehlopha sa taolo (n = 25) | Lipalo-palo li | Lipalopalo (ADHD vs. IUD) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| iss pyar | 36.36 (17.45) | 23.00 (4.34) | U = 117.0 ** | 53.28 (12.99) | 24.88 (6.62) | U = 28.0 ** | U = 135.0 * |
| Ho lahleheloa ke taolo | 9.68 (4.09) | 4.84 (1.41) | U = 72.0 ** | 11.92 (3.49) | 5.28 (2.01) | U = 41.0 ** | U = 216.0, ns |
| Ho tlosoa matšoao | 6.56 (3.66) | 4.24 (0.72) | U = 72.0 * | 10.12 (3.27) | 4.28 (0.74) | U = 34.0 ** | U = 140.50 * |
| Nts'etsopele ea mamello | 7.92 (4.06) | 5.72 (2.51) | U = 208.0, ns | 12.64 (3.29) | 6.56 (2.95) | U = 64.0 ** | U = 114.50 ** |
| Likamano tsa sechaba | 6.32 (3.73) | 4.12 (0.44) | U = 192.0 * | 10.28 (3.61) | 4.36 (1.08) | U = 50.0 ** | U = 137.50 * |
| Tšusumetso ts'ebetsong ea mosebetsi | 5.88 (3.66) | 4.08 (0.40) | U = 221.50, ns | 8.32 (3.57) | 4.40 (1.44) | U = 76.0 ** | U = 164.50 * |
| BONOLO-k | 41.68 (16.52) | 10.20 (9.97) | U = 26.0 ** | 27.29 (17.30) | 13.84 (11.35) | U = 131.50, ns | U = 125.0, ns |
| CAars (bolelang boleng ba T) | |||||||
| Bothata ba ho ipona kapa ho hopola | 80.05 (11.82) | 46.56 (8.91) | U = 2.50 ** | 61.77 (13.55) | 45.08 (8.36) | U = 67.50 ** | U = 69.50 ** |
| Hyperactivity / Ho phomola | 69.86 (18.19) | 48.32 (10.68) | U = 93.00 ** | 49.77 (13.81) | 49.38 (10.13) | U = 254.50, ns | U = 93.00 * |
| Impulsivity / Ho ba le maikutlo a maikutlong | 77.29 (14.21) | 47.36 (10.96) | U = 33.00 ** | 58.48 (16.55) | 48.13 (10.44) | U = 153.00, ns | U = 84.00 * |
| Mathata ka boits'oaro | 67.14 (12.11) | 44.40 (10.80) | U = 44.00 * | 58.68 (13.93) | 43.13 (9.82) | U = 95.50 ** | U = 146.00, ns |
| DSM-IV: ha e tsotelle | 80.43 (11.91) | 45.16 (7.48) | U = 4.50 ** | 57.41 (14.69) | 43.79 (7.47) | U = 112.00 * | U = 53.00 ** |
| DSM-IV: e matlafatsang — e susumetsang maikutlo | 73.29 (14.34) | 50.48 (8.90) | U = 50.00 ** | 53.14 (14.96) | 51.21 (8.83) | U = 255.00, ns | U = 76.50 ** |
| DSM-IV: Matšoao a ADHD | 80.29 (12.95) | 47.76 (8.51) | U = 17.50 ** | 56.27 (14.51) | 47.42 (8.40) | U = 161.00, ns | U = 56.00 ** |
| Index ea ADHD | 82.00 (10.19) | 47.56 (9.92) | U = 13.00 ** | 61.09 (15.47) | 48.08 (10.95) | U = 127.50 * | U = 60.00 ** |
| Scale ea ho ikarola ea DSM-IV bakeng sa ADHD | |||||||
| Kopantswe | 9 (36%) | - | 3 (12%) | - | |||
| E sa tsotelleng | 8 (38%) | - | χ2 (3) = 31.28 ** | 2 (8%) | 2 (8%) | χ2 (3) = 4.03, ns | χ2 (3) = 14.05 * |
| Hyperactive-e sa susumetsang | 1 (4%) | 1 (4%) | 2 (8%) | 2 (8%) | |||
| Che | 3 (12%) | 23 (92%) | 15 (60%) | 15 (60%) | |||
| BDI | 16.96 (9.91) | 2.76 (3.66) | U = 46.50 ** | 18.54 (8.40) | 2.92 (3.42) | U = 16.50 ** | U = 277.0, ns |
| Boleng ba TL-90-R / amanang | |||||||
| GSI | 0.94 (0.50) / 63 | 0.23 (0.35) / 49 | U = 61.0 ** | 0.88 (0.45) / 62 | 0.25 (0.36) / 50 | U = 74.0 ** | U = 269.00, ns |
| PST | 42.20 (16.92) / 59 | 14.28 (15.78) / 48 | U = 70.0 ** | 40.68 (19.48) / 59 | 15.40 (16.23) / 48 | U = 99.50 ** | U = 301.0, ns |
| PSDI | 1.89 (0.43) / 63 | 1.19 (0.33) / 49 | U = 59.50 ** | 1.82 (0.43) / 62 | 1.25 (0.31) / 52 | U = 63.50 ** | U = 258.0, ns |
| EA-MW | 29.71 (3.54) | 29.40 (3.49) | U = 287.50, ns | 28.65 (3.66) | 26.84 (4.39) | U = 236.50, ns | U = 236.0, ns |
Hlokomela. Lisebelisoa tse kenyellelitsoeng ka har'a sehlopha sa ADHD li tsoa ho n = 20-25 le sehlopheng sa eona sa taolo ho tloha n = 24-25. Ka har'a sehlopha sa IUD, ho kenyelelitsoe lisebelisoa tsa data tse fihlang ho n = 20-25 le sehlopheng sa eona sa taolo ho tloha ho 24 ho isa ho 25. Libaka tse moriti o moputsoa li emela papiso ea lipalo lipakeng tsa sehlopha se fapaneng sa bongaka le taolo. Karolo ea ho qetela e emetse papiso ea lipalo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli tsa bongaka. ADHD: ho haelloa ke tlhokomelo ho haelloa ke botsitso; IUD: Bothata ba tšebeliso ea marang-rang; ISS: Internetsuchtskala; WURS-k: Tekanyo ea Tekano ea Wender Utah; Li-CAARS: Likala tsa Boemo ba Batho ba baholo ba ADHD; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; SCL-90-R: Lethathamo la matšoao-90 - E ntlafalitsoe; GSI: Index ea Bohloko ba Lefatše; PST: Letšoao le Letle la Kakaretso; MWT-B: teko ea bohlale ba mantsoe a khethiloeng a mangata; SD: ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng; ns: ha e bohlokoa.
*p <.01. **p <.001.
Lipotso tsa lipotso
Kakaretso ea lipotso
Potso ea lipotso ka kakaretso e ne e etselitsoe lithuto tseo hantle. Karolo ea pele e ne e kenyelletsa lipotso tse amanang le tlhaiso-leseling ea sechaba mabapi le tšebelisano, thuto le mosebetsi. Ntle le moo, barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa hore ba tlalehe mafu a preexisting le kalafo ea pele. Karolo ea bobeli e ne e etselitsoe ho lekola tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea litaba. Mona, barupeluoa ba ka hlakisa ts'ebeliso ea bona ea media ho ea ka litaba, khafetsa le bolelele ba nako. Ntle le moo, ba ile ba botsoa ka likarolo tse susumetsang le tse khahlisang mabapi le tšebeliso ea bona ea litaba le hore qetellong ba ile ba iphumana ba lemalla ts'ebeliso e itseng ea phatlalatso.
Scale ea ho ikarola ea DSM-IV bakeng sa ADHD
Lenane la matšoao a DSM-IV ke sesebelisoa se ka khutlisetsang tlhahlobo ea ADHD bongoaneng le bohlankaneng. Ha e le hantle, ke mokhoa o lumellanang oa litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea DSM-IV (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2000). E entsoe ka lintho tse 18 tse arotsoeng likarolong tsa bongaka tsa ho se tsotelle (lintho tse robong), hyperactivity (lintho tse tšeletseng), le impulsivity (lintho tse tharo). Sesebelisoa se lumella ho tsebahatsa sehlahisoa se tsoakaneng, se sa tsotelleng kapa se fokolang haholo sa ADHD. Ho fumana lefu la ADHD, bonyane matšoao a ts'eletseng a ts'eletseng a robong a teng ka nako e telele bakeng sa likhoeli tse 6 molemong oa lilemo tse 6-12. Ka ho fetoha ka kotloloho ho litekanyetso tsa DSM-IV, sesebelisoa sena se bonts'a bonnete ba lintlha tse phahameng.
Wale Utah Rating Scale (WURS-k)
Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) ke sesebelisoa se tsebahalang bakeng sa tekolo ea morao-rao ea ADHD bongoaneng bakeng sa batho ba baholo mme e sebelisitsoe haholo moelelong ona. Retz-Junginger le al. (2002) nts'etsopele mofuta o mokhuts'oane oa Jeremane (WURS-k) ea WURS e nang le lintho tse 25 tse emelang tlhahlobo ea moruo ea matšoao a ADHD bongoaneng. Barupeluoa ba fumana lenane la lipolelo tseo ho tsona ba botsoang ho lekola hore na boitšoaro bo hlalositsoeng, semelo kapa bothata bo hlalositsoe joang pakeng tsa lilemo tse 8 le 10 (mohlala, Ha ke le ngoana ea pakeng tsa 8 le 10, ke ne ke e-na le mathata a ho tsepamisa mohopolo kapa ho ne ho se bonolo ho mo khetholla). Mona, likarabo li ka fanoa sekaleng sa likert tse 5 ho tloha ho [0] ha se sebetse ho [4] e boletsoe ka matla. Bakeng sa lintlha tse akaretsang, ho khaoloa ha lintlha tse 30 ho supa ADHD e atileng bongoaneng. Mofuta o khuts'oanyane o bonts'itse thepa e khotsofatsang ea psychometrical ho latela sebopeho sa factor, ts'epahali (halofo e arohaneng: r12 = .85) le ho tsitsa ha kahare (α = 0.91) (Retz-Junginger le al., 2003).
Likala tsa Litekanyetso tsa Adult AdHD (CAARS)
E ntlafalitsoe ka 1999 ke Bohokahanyi [bona Macey (2003) bakeng sa discription e qaqileng], CAARS e fetohile e 'ngoe ea lisebelisoa tse netefalitsoeng haholo ho fumana le ho hlahloba matšoao a ADHD botsofaling. Mona, lithutong tse hlahisitsoeng, ho sebelisitsoe mofuta o molelele oa ho itlaleha o nang le lintho tse 66. Babuelli ba botsoa ho lekola hore na polelo e fanoe hakae, kapa hangata hakae (mohlala, Ke ferekane habonolo) e sebetsa ho boiphihlelo ba bona. Likarabo li fanoa sekaleng sa Likert tse 4 ho tloha ho [0] ho hang / le ka mohla, [1] hanyane / ka linako tse ling, [2] ho ba matla / khafetsa, le [3] ho ba matla haholo / khafetsa. Mofuta o molelele oa tlaleho ea hau o lumella karohano ho ba liphallelo tse robeli, mohlala, bakeng sa ho se tsotelle, ho se tsotelle / ho se tsotelle, le matšoao a ADHD ka kakaretso a ipapisitseng le litekanyetso tsa DSM-IV tsa ADHD. Tloaelo ea Sejeremane ea Christianen, Hirsch, Abdel-Hamid le Kis (2014) e bontšitse ho tšepahala le ho nepahala.
Litekanyetso tsa IUD
Joalo ka ha IUD ke ntho e ncha e batlang e le ncha mme ka lebaka la karohano e ntseng e emetse ea tlhaho e le bothata ba taolo ea tšusumetso kapa tšenyo ea boits'oaro, ha e so tsejoe ka botlalo e le setsi sa kliniki ka har'a ICD-10 le / kapa DSM-IV. Leha ho le joalo, 'mele o ntseng o hola oa lipatlisiso o bontša hore litekanyetso tsa mafu a amanang le lithethefatsi le tsona li ka sebelisoa ho ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete. Mokhoa o le mong o tsamaisanang le lipatlisiso tsena o tsoa ho Bacha (1996) ea hlahisitseng lintlha tse robeli tseo ho tsona bonyane tse hlano a lokelang ho ba teng ho hlahloba bokhoba ba marang-rang. Beard le Wolf (2001) e fane ka phetoho ea ts'ebeliso ea mekhoa ena e robeli. Ho ea ka litlhaloso tsa bona, boteng ba lintho tse hlano tsa pele, bo shebileng boits'oaro bo ka sehloohong ba ho lemalla, ke tlamo ho fumana tlhekefetso ea inthanete. Hape, bonyane karolo e le 'ngoe ho tse tharo tsa ho qetela e lokela ho ba teng, e hlalosang ho senyeha ha ts'ebetso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ka lebaka la boitšoaro bo lematsang. Ka har'a thuto, ho sebelisitsoe melaoana e thata joalo ka ha Beard le Wolf ba fana ka maikutlo 1).
Internetsuchtskala (ISS)
Har'a linaha tse buang Sejeremane, ISS [phetolelo ea mahala: Internet Addiction Scale, hore e se ke ea fosahala ka Internet Addiction Scale (IAS) ea Griffiths (1998)] ke Hahn le Jerusalema (2003) ke sesebelisoa se netefalitsoeng hantle sa ho hlahloba IUD. Lintho tse mashome a mabeli li koahela likarolo tse hlano tsa IUD: tahlehelo ea taolo (mohlala, Ke qeta nako e ngata inthaneteng joalokaha ho ne ho reriloe qalong), matšoao a ho tlohela (mohlala, Ha ke sa khone ho ba inthaneteng, ke ikutloa ke koatile ebile ke sa khotsofala), nts'etsopele ea mamello (mohlala, Bophelo ba ka ba letsatsi le leng le le leng bo eketseha ho laoloa ke inthanete), likotsi tse mpe ts'ebetsong ea mosebetsi (mohlala, Ts'ebetso ea ka sekolong kapa mosebetsing e anngoe hampe ke ts'ebeliso ea ka ea inthanete), le litlamorao tse mpe likamanong tsa sechaba (mohlala, Ho tloha ha ke sibolla Inthanete, ha ke etse lintho tse ling tse fokolang le batho ba bang). Subscale e ngoe le e ngoe e na le lintho tse 'ne. Likarabo li etsoa sekaleng sa likoto tse 4 tsa Likert ho tloha ka [1] ha li sebetse, [2] ha li sebetse ka thata, [3] ha li sebetse feela, le [4] li sebetsa hantle. Lintlha tse khaotsoeng ho khetholla IUD li behiloe ho> 59 (karabelo e bolelang ea 3), athe lintlha tse lipakeng tsa 50 le 59 (karabelo e bolelang ea 2, 5) li bonts'a ts'ebeliso e mpe le kotsi ea ho hlahisa IUD. ISS e bonts'itse thepa e khotsofatsang ea psychometrical ho latela botsitso ba kahare ba α = 0.93 bakeng sa lintlha ka kakaretso le α = 0.80 bakeng sa liphallelo tse hlano hammoho le bonnete ka litekanyetso tsa kantle, mohlala, ho se ts'oanehe (bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Hahn & Jerusalema, 2010).
Lenane la Beck Depression (BDI)
BDI e thehiloeng ho DSM (Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961) ke e 'ngoe ea lisebelisoa tse tloaelehileng haholo tsa ho lekanya khatello ea maikutlo ka bobeli lipatlisisong tsa bongaka le boikoetliso. Mefuta ea eona e metle ea kelello e lumella tlhahlobo e tšepahalang le e sebetsang ea khatello ea maikutlo. Tloaelo ea Majeremane (Hautzinger, Keller, & Kühner, 2006) e na le lintho tse 21 tse lumellang ho bala kakaretso ka kakaretso. Likarabo li etsoa maemong a 4 a Likert. Lits'ebetso tse tsoang ho 0 ho isa ho 13 ha li bontše khatello ea maikutlo, boleng ho tloha ho 14 ho isa ho 19 khoutu e nyarosang, litekanyetso tsa ho tloha ho 20 ho isa ho 28 li bonts'a khatello e matla ea maikutlo, 'me litekanyetso tse ka holimo ho 28 li bonts'a khatello e matla ea maikutlo. Tloaelo ea Jeremane ea BDI e bonts'itse ts'epahalo e kholo le netefatso ea tlhahlobo (Kühner, Bürger, Keller, & Hautzinger, 2007).
Lethathamo la matšoao-90 - Le ntlafalitsoe (SCL-90-R)
SCL-90-R (Derogatis, 1977e lekanya ho holofala hoa boikokobetso ka matšoao a mmele le kelello matsatsing a 7 a fetileng. Lenane la lipotso le na le lintho tse 90 tseo ho tsona lintho tse 83 li koahelang libaka tse robong tsa matšoao: ho ikamahanya le maemo, ho qhekella, ho qobella batho ba bang, ho tepella maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, bora, ho tšoenyeha ka phobic, mohopolo oa paranoid le psychoticism. Kakaretso ea lintho tse robong li tlatselletsa ho li-indices tsa lefats'e tse 'maloa (bona ka tlase). Ba arabelitsoeng ba kopuoa ho bonts'a hore na ba utloile bohloko hakae tlasa letšoao le ikhethang matsatsing a 7 a fetileng. Likarabo li etsoa ka sekala sa Likert sa lintlha tse 5. Lenane le lumella ho theha li-indices tse tharo tsa lefats'e: Index ea Severity Global, Positive Symptom Total, le Positive Symptom Distress Index. Phetoho ea Jeremane ea Franke (2016) e bonts'itse likarolo tse phahameng tsa hare bakeng sa maemo a lefats'e le subscales tsohle hammoho le lintlha tse ntle tsa convergent (Schmitz et al., 2000).
Teko ea bohlale ea tlhahlobo ea mantsoe e mengata (MWT-B)
MWT-B ea Lehrl, Triebig, le Fischer (1995) ke lenane le lekolang boemo ba bohlale ba kakaretso ho latela bohlale ba mantsoe ba kristalline har'a batho ba baholo ba lilemo li 20 ho isa ho tse 64. E na le lintho tse 37 tseo ho tsona ba arabelitsoeng ba kopuoang ho fumana le ho tšoaea lentsoe feela la Sejeremane ka tatellano ea mantsoe a mahlano a teng . Ke sesebelisoa sa moruo haholo hobane ho phethela ka tloaelo ho nka feela 5 min. Lintlha tse tala (palo ea likarabo tse nepahetseng) li ka fetoloa boleng ba IQ ka ho nahana ka lilemo tsa motho eo.
Boitsebiso ba Lintlha
Ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa hore na data e lumella mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea parametric, ho ile ha khethoa mokhoa o tsoakaneng. Taba ea pele, liteko tsa bohlokoa (liteko tsa Kolmogorov-Smirnov le Shapiro-Wilk) li ile tsa sebelisoa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa maemo a ajoang. Ntle le moo, graphical (histograms, plots tsa Q-Q, le mekhoa ea P-P) le mekhoa ea lipalo, e kenyelletsang palo ea skew le kurtosis ea lipehelo, li sebelisitsoe ho sekaseka ho nepahala ha tlhaiso-leseling. Bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea mehato ea bongaka, ho ile ha khethoa mekhoa e bonolo ea ho bapisoa. Moo mekhoa ea parametric e neng e loketse, disampole tse ikemetseng tLiteko li ile tsa etsoa. Bakeng sa mekhoa eo eseng ea parameetara, Mann-Whitney U liteko li entsoe. Lisebelisoa tse lahlehileng tsa data li totobatsoa botlaaseng ba leqephe ba litafole. Bakeng sa mefuta-futa ea likarolo, χ2 liteko li ile tsa kopitsoa. Ka lebaka la boholo ba sampole e nyane le lipapiso tse ngata kahare ho disampole, boemo ba bohlokoa bo thehiloe ho 0.01 (tse peli-tailed) bakeng sa tlhahlobo eohle. Ka hona, lipalo-palo tse hlahisitsoeng li emela mokhoa oa tlhahlobo ea boitšoaro.
Ethics
Tsamaiso ea lithuto e entsoe ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki le ho latela litlhoko tsa litekanyetso tsohle tse sebetsang tsa naha le tsa machabeng. Komiti ea litekanyetso tsa melao ea boitšoaro ea sekolo [Hannover Medical School] e amohetse thuto eo. Baithuto bohle ba ile ba tsebisoa ka thuto eo 'me bohle ba fuoe tumello e nang le tsebo' me ba sa fuoe tefo bakeng sa karolo ea bona.
Results
Mehato ea bongaka
Bakuli bohle ba ADHD ba fumanoe motheong oa CAADID e neng e etsoa ke litsebi tse nang le boiphihlelo tsa kliniki. Ts'ebeliso ea lipotso tsa lipotso e bile tlatsetso e 'ngoe. Ho tlameha ho nahanoa hore tlhahlobo ea bongaka e thehiloeng lipuisanong tsa bongaka tse hlophisitsoeng ha e bolele hore batho bohle ba fihletse litaba tse ikhethang tse hlahang lipampiring tsa lipotso (Tafoleng 3).
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Tafole 3. Mehlala ea batho ba bangata
Sehlopha sa ADHD (n = 25) | Sehlopha sa taolo (n = 25) | Lipalo-palo li | Sehlopha sa IUD (n = 25) | Sehlopha sa taolo (n = 25) | Lipalo-palo li | Lipalopalo (ADHD vs. IUD) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bong (monna / mosali) | 14/11 | 14/11 | 19/6 | 19/6 | |||
| Age [bolela ho lilemo (SD)] | 38.8 (10.22) | 38.16 (10.84) | U = 301.0, ns | 29.36 (10.76) | 29.48 (9.96) | U = 302.0, ns | U = 158.5, ns |
| IQ [bolela (SD)] | 109.92 (14.43) | 108.36 (11.22) | U = 289.50, ns | 106.61 (13.11) | 101.72 (10.10) | U = 236.50, ns | U = 236.0, ns |
| Lithuto tsa sekolo (%) | |||||||
| Moithuti oa sekolo | - | - | χ2 (2) = 2.03, ns | 1 (4%) | 1 (4%) | χ2 (3) = 0.36, ns | χ2 (3) = 5.92, ns |
| Sekolo sa morao-rao sa sekolo | 8 (32%) | 5 (20%) | 2 (8%) | 2 (8%) | |||
| Sekolo se mahareng | 10 (40%) | 15 (60%) | 10 (40%) | 12 (48%) | |||
| Sekolo se phahameng / grammar | 7 (28%) | 5 (20%) | 12 (48%) | 10 (40%) | |||
| Thuto ea botsebi (%) | |||||||
| None | 4 (16%) | 2 (8%) | χ2 (5) = 3.47, ns | 9 (36%) | - | χ2 (6) = 13.61, ns | χ2 (6) = 12.92, ns |
| Thutong (boikoetliso) | - | - | 3 (12%) | 4 (16%) | |||
| O qetile ho ikoetlisa | 14 (56%) | 16 (64%) | 6 (24%) | 11 (44%) | |||
| Yunivesithi ea mahlale | 4 (16%) | 2 (8%) | 1 (4%) | 2 (8%) | |||
| Diploma ea Univesithi | 2 (8%) | 4 (16%) | 5 (20%) | 5 (20%) | |||
| Other | - | - | - | 3 (12%) | |||
| Boemo / mosebetsi (%) | |||||||
| Ee, o ithutile | 9 (36%) | 16 (64%) | χ2 (5) = 5.00, ns | 9 (36%) | 15 (60%) | χ2 (6) = 12.41, ns | χ2 (7) = 10.29, ns |
| Ho joalo, tse ling | 6 (24%) | 5 (20%) | 2 (8%) | 3 (12%) | |||
| Ee, e sirelelitsoe | 1 (4%) | - | - | - | |||
| Che, tlhoko ea lelapa | 2 (8%) | 1 (4%) | - | 2 (8%) | |||
| Che, ntle le mosebetsi | 5 (20%) | 2 (8%) | 6 (24%) | 1 (4%) | |||
| Che, matsatsi a phomolo a ho kula ho sa feleng | - | - | 4 (16%) | - | |||
| Che, ka penshene | - | - | 1 (4%) | - | |||
| Che, tse ling | 2 (8%) | 1 (4%) | 3 (12%) | 4 (16%) | |||
| Ts'ebelisano 'moho (%) | |||||||
| Single | 6 (24%) | 4 (16%) | χ2 (3) = 3.09, ns | 11 (44%) | 9 (36%) | χ2 (4) = 8.38, ns | χ2 (4) = 12.77, ns |
| Tšebelisanong | 7 (28%) | 6 (24%) | 12 (48%) | 10 (40%) | |||
| nyetse | 8 (32%) | 14 (56%) | - | 6 (24%) | |||
| Arohane (a-cha) / hlalane | 3 (12%) | 1 (4%) | 1 (4%) | - | |||
| Mohlolohali | - | - | 1 (4%) | - | |||
| Mafu a tšoeroeng ke lefutso [n (%)] | |||||||
| ho tepella maikutlo | 14 (56%) | 0% | - | 12 (48%) | 0% | - | χ2 (1) = 0.32, ns |
| Matšoenyeho a ho tšoenyeha | 7 (28%) | 0% | - | 6 (24%) | 0% | - | χ2 (1) = 0.10, ns |
| OCD | 1 (4%) | 0% | - | 1 (4%) | 0% | - | χ2 (1) = 0, ns |
| Ho ja bothata | 4 (16%) | 0% | - | 2 (8%) | 0% | - | χ2 (1) = 0.76, ns |
| Boloetse ba kelello | 1 (4%) | 0% | - | - | 0% | - | χ2 (1) = 1.02, ns |
| Khaello ea Somatization | 1 (4%) | 0% | - | - | 0% | - | χ2 (1) = 1.02, ns |
| Boloetse ba kelello | 5 (20%) | 0% | - | 3 (12%) | 0% | - | χ2 (1) = 0.60, ns |
| PTSD | 2 (8%) | 0% | - | - | 0% | - | - |
| Dissociative boitsebiso bo tšoaetsanoang | - | 0% | - | 2 (8%) | 0% | - | - |
| Botho bo ka hare ho naha | 1 (4%) | 0% | - | - | 0% | - | |
| Boloetse bo bong | 1 (4%) | 0% | - | 2 (8%) | 0% | - | χ2 (1) = 0.36, ns |
| Boloetse ba ho lemalla | 3 (12%) | 0% | - | 1 (4%) | 0% | - | χ2 (1) = 1.09, ns |
| Schizophrenia | 1 (4%) | 0% | - | 1 (4%) | 0% | - | χ2 (1) = 0, ns |
| ADHD | 10 (40%) | 0% | - | 0 (0%) | 0% | - | χ2 (1) = 12.50 * |
| Other | 0 (0%) | 0% | 4 (16%) | 0% | χ2 (1) = 4.35 |
Hlokomela. Libaka tse moriri o moputsoa li emela papiso ea lipalo pakeng tsa sehlopha sa bongaka le ba taolo. Kholomo ea hoqetela e emela papiso ea lipalo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena ka bobeli tsa kliniki. SD: ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng; IUD: Bothata ba tšebeliso ea inthanete; ADHD: tlhokomeliso ea khatello ea kelello e fokotsang tlhokomelo; OCD: bokuli bo potelletseng bo sebetsang; PTSD: khatello ea maikutlo ea posttraumatic.
Lisebelisoa tse 'ne li lahlehile
*p <.01. **p <.001.
Scale ea ho ikarola ea DSM-IV bakeng sa ADHD
Bakuli ba ka bang 18 ho ba 25 ba ADHD (72%) ba fihlile maemong ana a ho ikarola. Sehlopha sena se hlile se phethahalitse litekanyetso tsa subtype (36%) e lateloang ka kotloloho ke subtype e ikhethileng (32%). Ketsahalong e le 'ngoe, ho ile ha fumanoa phofshoana e nyonyehang (4%) mme barupeluoa ba bararo ha ba a ka ba fihlela letho (12%). Ho ne ho se na lintlha tse 'ne tse amanang le tlhaiso-leseling ea lintlha tsa DSM (16%).
Bakuli ba ka bang 7 ho ba 25 ba IUD (28%) ba fumanoe ba na le tšoaetso bakeng sa ADHD maemong a DSM. Mona, subtype e kopaneng e ne e atile haholo (12%). Nyeoe tse peli li ile tsa hlahlojoa li le ntle bakeng sa subtype e sa tsotelleng (8%) le hyperactive-impulsive subtype (8%). Maemong a 15 (60%), psychometrical cut-off bakeng sa ADHD ha ea ka ea fihleloa mme li-data tse tharo (12%) li ne li sa fumanehe. Ho ne ho sena phapang ea letho lipakeng tsa sehlopha sa IUD le taolo ea tsona mabapi le litekanyetso tsa DSM. Kamora nako, lihlopha tseo ka bobeli tsa bongaka li ile tsa fapana haholo ka 'ngoe mabapi le phetisetso ea subtype e kopaneng le e sa tsotelleng molemong oa sehlopha sa ADHD. Ha ho phapang e kholo e fumanoeng mabapi le subtype e matla.
BONOLO-k
Liphetho ho WURS-k li bonts'a ADHD e ntseng e le teng bakeng sa sehlopha sa ADHD motheong oa palo e bolelang.M = 41.68, SD = 16.52). Boemong ba motho ka mong, barupeluoa ba 18 (72%) ba bontšitse boleng bo lekanang kapa kaholimo ho khaolo ea 30. Ka kakaretso, sehlopha sa ADHD se fapane haholo le taolo ea bona (U = 26.00, p <.001). Ha ho nahanoa ka lintlha tse bolelang, sehlopha sa IUD se bonts'a boleng bo holimo ho WURS-k ho ba haufi le tharollo e reriloeng e bonts'a matšoao a phahameng a ADHD bongoanengM = 27.29, SD = 17.30). Boemong ba motho ka mong, linyeoe tse robeli tsa IUD (32%) li fihletse boleng, bo neng bo lekana kapa kaholimo ho khaolo. Lihlopha tsena ka bobeli tsa kliniki li ne li sa fapana haholo mabapi le matšoao a bona a tlalehiloeng a ADHD bongoaneng.
CAars
Kaha CAARS ha e fane ka mokhoa oa ho khaola motheong oa lipalo tse tala ebile e na le litloaelo tse ikhethileng tsa thobalano, t-cores ea buka ea tataiso ke Christianen et al. (2014) ho tlalehoa hore ba hlahloba litekanyo tsa matšoao a hona joale a ADHD. Mona, t-kerese tse lekanang kapa tse kaholimo ho 65 li lekantsoe joalo ka tsa bongaka. The t-kerese lipakeng tsa 60 le 65 e fana ka letšoao le phahamisitsoeng, le kaholimo ho boemo bo tloaelehileng mme le tšoailoe e le moeli ho meeli ea bongaka e loketseng. Sehlopha sa ADHD se bontšitse lintlha tse phahameng haholo le tsa bongaka maemong ohle a CAARS 'me li fapane haholo le taolong ea tsona. Boemong ka bomong, batho ba 19 (76%) ba sehlopha sa ADHD ba bontšitse maemo a loketseng a kliniki ho DSM-IV e bolelang hore ADHD e ntse e le maemong a mangata. Sehlopha sa IUD se bonts'itse hanyane ho fumana lintlha tse phahameng ka ho lekana ho CAARS. Ba fapane haholo le taolo ea bona maemong a mangata ntle le subscales hyperacaction, impulsivity, DSM-IV hyperactive-impulsive, le matšoao a DSM-IV ADHD. Boemong ka bomong, linyeoe tse hlano (20%) li phethisitse tekanyetso mohatong oa CAARS DSM-IV ADHD. Ha ho bapisoa ka kotloloho lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena ka bobeli tsa sehlopha sa bakuli, sehlopha sa ADHD se fapane haholo ka boholo ba tekanyo ea CAARS ntle le mathata a tekanyo ea boitlhahlobo ho tsoa sehlopheng sa IUD.
iss pyar
Ka kakaretso, bakuli ba ADHD ba bontšitse palo e phahameng haholo ea ISS ha e bapisoa le taolo ea bona [(M = 36.36, SD = 17.45) khahlanong le (M = 23.00, SD = 4.34)], athe se boleloang ha sea ka sa fihlella khaello bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata kapa e sebelisang marang-rang ea inthanete. Boemong ba subscale, sehlopha sa ADHD se bonts'itse haholo maemo a holimo a tahlehelo ea taolo (M = 9.68, SD = 4.09), matšoao a ho tlohela (M = 6.56, SD = 3.66), le litlamorao tse mpe likamanong tsa sechaba (M = 6.32, SD = 3.73) ha e bapisoa le litsamaiso tsa bona. Boemong ba motho ka mong, bakuli ba bahlano (20%) ba bontšitse lintlha tse lekanang kapa tse kaholimo ho sehiloeng bakeng sa kotsi ea ho ba le lithethefatsi tsa inthanete. Bakuli ba bararo (12%) ba hlile ba bonts'a litekanyetso tse lekanang kapa tse kaholimo ho tharollo ea bokhoba ba tahi. Ka har'a sehlopha sa IUD, ISS e bonts'itse ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata bakeng sa bakuli ba bane (16%) le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang ea bakuli ba 10 (40%). Boemong ba subscale, sehlopha sa IUD se bontšitse tahlehelo e kholo ea taolo (M = 11.92, SD = 3.49), matšoao a ho tlohela (M = 10.12, SD = 3.27), nts'etsopele ea mamello (M = 12.64, SD = 3.29), litlamorao tse mpe likamanong tsa sechaba (M = 10.28, SD = 3.61), le ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi (M = 8.32, SD = 4.40) ha e bapisoa le taolo ea bona. Ha ho bapisoa ka kotloloho, sehlopha sa IUD se feta sehlopha sa ADHD haholo ntlheng efe kapa efe ea ISS ntle le tahlehelo ea taolo karolo e nyane.
BDI le SCL-90-R
Ka kakaretso, bakuli ba ADHD ba bontšitse matšoao a bontšang bohlokoa ba khatello ea maikutlo (M = 16.96, SD = 9.91). Ho feta moo, li ne li fapane haholo le taolo ea tsona. Har'a bakuli ba ADHD, 13 (52%) ba ile ba hlahlojoa e le ba sithabetseng maikutlo. Sehlopha sa IUD se bontšitse matšoao a tepelletseng a khatello ea maikutlo, a neng a ntse a le bonolo ho latela BDI (M = 18.54, SD = 8.40). Mona, bakuli ba 15 (60%) ba ile ba hlahlojoa hore ba na le khatello ea maikutlo. Hape, sehlopha sena se ne se fapane haholo le taolo ea bona. Ho ne ho se na phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli tsa bongaka. Mabapi le SCL-90-R, lihlopha ka bobeli tsa kliniki li fapane haholo le taolo ea tsona litsing tsohle. Ha ho bapisoa ka kotloloho, lihlopha tse peli tsa bongaka ha lia ka tsa bontša phapang e kholo empa li bonts'a lintlha tse phahameng, tse neng li le moeling oa bongaka hore e be tsa bongaka. Ka kakaretso, lihlopha tse peli tsa kliniki li bontšitse mojaro o phahameng oa matšoao o bontšang boemo bo nepahetseng ba khatello.
Mekhoa e fapaneng ea sechaba le sechaba
Ka bokhutšoanyane, tlhahlobo e senotse hore maemong a mangata, ha ho ts'oaetso e tloaelehileng ea data e ka nahanoang (bona Lethathamo 4). Ke mefuta e fokolang feela ea mefuta e bonts'itsoeng e ajoang ka tloaelo, empa e le mokhoa o sa sebeliseng parametric (mohlala, Mann-Whitney U liteko) le tsona li ka sebelisoa maemong ana, ho khethiloe mokhoa o seng oa parameete bakeng sa data yohle e behiloeng.
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Tafole 4. Ts'ebeliso ea media. Bolela (SD)
Sehlopha sa ADHD (n = 25) | Sehlopha sa taolo (n = 25) | Lipalo-palo li | Sehlopha sa IUD (n = 25) | Sehlopha sa taolo (n = 25) | Lipalo-palo li | Lipalopalo (ADHD vs. IUD) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lipapali tsa video [n (%)] | 15 (60) | 9 (36) | χ2 (1) = 2.89, ns | 21 (87.5)a | 10 (40) | χ2 (1) = 11.89 ** | χ2 (1) = 4.75, ns |
| Tšebeliso ea lipapali tsa video ho tloha ka (lilemo) | 9.3 (5.95) | 13.3 (6.98) | U = 47.0, ns | 13.15 (6.26) | 12.9 (6.15) | U = 93.00, ns | U = 99.00, ns |
| Tšebeliso ea lipapali tsa video (matsatsi / beke) | 4.61 (2.34) | 2.31 (2.05) | U = 55.0, ns | 5.90 (2.02) | 2.75 (2.53) | U = 240.00, ns | U = 88.50 * |
| Tšebeliso ea lipapali tsa video (lihora / letsatsi) | 3.69 (3.12) | 1.81 (1.31) | U = 32.50, ns | 6.47 (5.41) | 1.94 (0.95) | U = 18.00 ** | U = 81.50, ns |
| Khothatso ea ho bapala lipapali tsa video [n (%)] | |||||||
| Interest | 7 (46.7) | 4 (44.4) | 10 (47.6) | 5 (50) | |||
| Entertainment | 10 (66.7) | 7 (77.8) | 16 (76.2) | 9 (90) | |||
| Ho ikoetlisa | 5 (33.3) | 3 (33.3) | 14 (66.7) | 4 (40) | |||
| boikhathollo | 7 (46.7) | 1 (11.1) | 5 (23.8) | 1 (90) | |||
| tlhotlheletso | 1 (6.7) | 0 (0) | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0) | |||
| ho jeoa ke bolutu | 3 (20) | 0 (0) | 3 (14.3) | 0 (0) | |||
| Socialalization | 1 (6.7) | 0 (0) | 5 (23.8) | 0 (0) | |||
| Ho lemaletse [temallo]n (%)] | 11 (73.3) | 0 (0) | χ2 (1) = 12.76 ** | 12 (57.1) | 1 (10) | χ2 (1) = 7.60 * | χ2 (1) = 0.52, ns |
| Marang-rang [n (%)] | 24 (96) | 21 (84) | χ2 (1) = 2.00, ns | 23 (95.8) | 23 (92) | χ2 (1) = 0.31, ns | χ2 (1) = 0.001, ns |
| Tšebeliso ea marang-rang ho tloha (lilemo) | 5.08 (2.86) | 5.86 (2.20) | U = 208.50, ns | 7.43 (3.67) | 5.65 (2.60) | U = 203.50, ns | U = 181.50, ns |
| Ts'ebeliso ea inthanete (matsatsi / beke) | 4.96 (2.20) | 3.48 (2.52) | U = 168.00, ns | 6.96 (0.21) | 3.96 (2.57) | U = 143.00 ** | U = 121.00 ** |
| Ts'ebeliso ea inthanete (lihora / letsatsi) | 2.50 (2.43) | 1.64 (1.97) | U = 134.50, ns | 6.47 (4.07)a | 2.20 (2.52) | U = 66.00 ** | U = 65.00 ** |
| Ho susumetsa ho sebelisa marang-rang [n (%)] | |||||||
| Interest | 22 (91.7) | 21 (100) | 16 (69.6) | 22 (95.7) | |||
| Entertainment | 10 (41.7) | 4 (19) | 14 (60.9) | 8 (34.8) | |||
| Ho ikoetlisa | 5 (20.8) | 2 (9.5) | 14 (60.9) | 4 (17.4) | |||
| boikhathollo | 2 (8.3) | 0 (0) | 4 (17.4) | 0 (0) | |||
| tlhotlheletso | 6 (25) | 7 (33.3) | 5 (21.7) | 6 (26.1) | |||
| ho jeoa ke bolutu | 1 (4.2) | 0 (0) | 6 (26.1) | 0 (0) | |||
| Socialalization | 10 (41.7) | 2 (9.5) | 11 (47.8) | 2 (8.7) | |||
| Ho lemaletse [temallo]n (%)] | 6 (25) | 2 (9.5) | χ2 (1) = 2.02, ns | 17 (73.9) | 3 (13) | χ2 (1) = 20.42 ** | χ2 (1) = 14.03 ** |
Hlokomela. Libaka tse moriri o moputsoa li emela papiso ea lipalo pakeng tsa sehlopha sa bongaka le ba taolo. Kholomo ea ho qetela e emela papiso ea lipalo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena ka bobeli tsa kliniki. SD: ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng; IUD: Bothata ba tšebeliso ea inthanete; ADHD: tlhokomeliso ea khatello ea kelello e fokotsang tlhokomelo; ns: ha e bohlokoa.
aE ngoe ea data e se e lahlehile, data e mene e haella.
*p <.01. **p <.001.
Sehlopha sa ADHD khahlanong le sehlopha
Tlhahlobo e bontšitse hore ha ho phapano ea bohlokoa mabapi le thobalano, lilemo, thuto, boemo ba mosebetsi le tšebelisano lipakeng tsa sehlopha sa ADHD le sehlopha sa eona sa taolo. Haholo-holo, ho latela mekhoa ea ho kenyeletsoa, sehlopha sa ADHD se ne se fapane le sehlopha sa sona sa taolo ho latela mafu a tlalehiloeng esale pele. Mona, khatello ea maikutlo le mathata a ho tšoenyeha e ne e le maemo a khafetsa. Ka tekanyo e fokolang, mathata a ho ja le a psychosomatic a tlalehiloe kahare ho sehlopha sa ADHD.
Sehlopha sa IUD khahlanong le sehlopha sa taolo
Tlhahlobo e bontšitse hore ha ho na phapang e kholo mabapi le phapang ea palo ea batho lipakeng tsa IUD le sehlopha sa eona sa taolo. Sehlopha sa IUD se tlalehile mafu a atileng haholo joalo ka taolo ea ona. Hape, khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho e ne e le maemo a khafetsa.
ADHD khahlanong le IUD
Boholo ba mefuta-futa ea litaba tsa sechaba, ha ho liphapang tse kholo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tseo tsa bongaka tse ka fumanoang. Joalokaha ho ne ho lebelletsoe, sehlopha sa ADHD se tlaleha ADHD e atileng haholo hangata haholo.
Ts'ebeliso ea media
Sehlopha sa ADHD khahlanong le sehlopha
Ho ne ho se na phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea tšebeliso ea Marang-rang pakeng tsa sehlopha sa ADHD le taolo ea bona. Liakhaonto tse tšoanang bakeng sa lipapatso tsa lipapali tsa video. Mabapi le tšusumetso ea ho sebelisa lipapali tsa video, ho na le mokhoa o mong o ikhethang. Bakuli ba ADHD ba tlaleha ho sebelisa lipapali tsa video ho khothatsa, ho hlola bolutu, le / kapa litlhoko tsa botsoalle, athe ha ho le e 'ngoe ea taolo e entseng joalo. Khothatso e 'ngoe e kholo ea ho sebelisa lipapali tsa video har'a bakuli ba ADHD e ne e le ho phomola. Sepheo sa ho sebelisa marang-rang har'a batho ba sehlopha sa ADHD e ne e le haholo ka lebaka la thahasello. Sehlopha sa ADHD se tlalehile haholo hangata ha se bapisoa le taolo ea bona ho ipona ba le lemalla ho tsoa lipapaling tsa video [11 vs. 0, χ2 (1) = 12.76, p <.001].
Sehlopha sa taolo ea IUD le sehlopha
Sehlopha sa IUD se sebelisitse lipapali tsa video hangata haholo ha se bapisoa le taolo ea bona [21 vs. 10, χ2 (1) = 11.89, p <.001]. Ho ne ho boetse ho na le phapang e kholo mabapi le lihora tse sebelisoang ka letsatsi le lipapali tsa video molemong oa sehlopha sa IUD [(M = 6.47, SD = 5.41) khahlanong le (M = 1.94, SD = 0.95), U = 18.00, p <.001]. Mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, sehlopha sa IUD se qetile lihora tse ngata haholo ka letsatsi se sebelisa marang-rang ha se bapisoa le taolo ea sona [(M = 6.47, SD = 4.07) khahlanong le (M = 2.20, SD = 2.52), U = 66.0, p <.001]. Mokhoa o ikhethang o susumetsang oa ho sebelisa lipapali tsa video tse fumanoang har'a bakuli ba ADHD le ona o fumanoe har'a bakuli ba IUD. Sepheo sa ho sebelisa marang-rang har'a batho ba nang le IUD se ne se bakoa haholo ke thahasello. Bakuli ba IUD ba tlaleha hore ba inka e le makhoba a lipapali tsa video [12 vs. 1, χ2 (1) = 7.60, p = .006] khafetsa haholo joalo ka taolo ea bona.
ADHD khahlanong le IUD
Barupeluoa ba sehlopha sa IUD ba ile ba qeta matsatsi a mangata ka beke ba bapala lipapali tsa video [(M = 5.90, SD = 2.02) khahlanong le (M = 4.61, SD = 2.34), U = 88.50, p <.05], leha ba sa ka ba qeta lihora tse ngata haholo ka letsatsi le eona [(M = 6.47, SD = 5.41) khahlanong le (M = 3.69, SD = 3.12), U = 81.50, p > .05]. Tšusumetso ea ho sebelisa lipapali tsa video ka har'a sehlopha sa IUD e ne e fapane le sehlopha sa ADHD ho latela tloaelo e phahameng ea ho qoba ho teneha. Ntle le moo, litlhoko tsa sechaba e ne e le sepheo se hlahelletseng sehlopheng sa IUD. Ts'ebeliso ea lipapali tsa video bakeng sa boikhathollo e ile ea tsebahala le ho feta sehlopheng sa ADHD. Ha ho bapisoa ka kotloloho lihlopha tse peli tsa bongaka, ho ne ho se na phapang e kholo mabapi le lipapali tsa video tse itlhahisang. Sehlopha sa IUD se sebelisitse Inthanete lihora tse ngata haholo ka letsatsi [(M = 6.47, SD = 4.07) khahlanong le (M = 2.5, SD = 2.43), U = 65.0, p <.001]. Tšusumetso ea ho sebelisa Marang-rang e fapane mabapi le ho teneha, bolutu, boithabiso le boikhathollo molemong oa sehlopha sa IUD.
Li-Comorbidities
Ho hlahloba le ho hlakisa mela le likamano tse kopaneng lipakeng tsa mathata ao ka bobeli, bakuli ba fihletseng litheko tse amehang ka methati ea ADHD le IUD ba ile ba hlahlojoa ka thoko. Mona, bakuli ba bonts'itseng boleng bo phahameng ho feta kapa bo lekanang le 50 ho ISS le T-boleng bo phahameng ho feta kapa bo lekanang le 65 lekanyetsong ea CAARS DSM-IV ADHD ba kentsoe sehlopheng sena se ka tlase. Ts'ebetso ena e felletse ka hore bakuli ba robeli ba tsoang mekhatlong eo ka bobeli ba arolelanoe ka bongata. Sehlopha sena se ne se e-na le ba batona ba bahlano le basali ba bararo ba lilemo li 41.6 (SD = 10.23). Hoo e ka bang 75% ba ne ba hiriloe mme 62.5% ba ne ba na le balekane. Ho latela WURS-k, 87.5% e phethile litekanyetso tsa ADHD bongoaneng (haholo-holo e kopantsoe). Ka lebaka leo, sehlopha sena se bontšitse boleng bo phahameng ba WURS-k (M = 49.88, SD = 16.19) hape e bonts'a ADHD e neng e le teng bongoaneng. Mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bona ea media, 62.5% ea sehlopha sena e tlalehile hore e bapala lipapali tsa video ka karolelano bakeng sa lilemo tse 4.40 (SD = 2.07) ka matsatsi a 6 / beke (SD = 1.73) ka karolelano ea hora ea 4.60 (SD = 4.22) haholo bakeng sa boithabiso (60%) le boikhathollo (60%). Marang-rang a ne a sebelisoa ke bakuli ba sehlopha sena ka karolelano ho tloha lilemo tse 7.75 (SD = 3.77). Ntle le moo, ba tlalehile hore ba sebelisa marang-rang ka mokhoa o bolelang ka 6 hr / ka letsatsi (SD = 5.90) haholo bakeng sa boithabiso (62.5%), thahasello (62.5%), le botsoalle (50%). Ka kakaretso, sehlopha se fetisitse ho khaola bakeng sa ho lemalla ho ISS (M = 61.50, SD = 9.53). Litekanyetso tsa CAARS DSM-IV: Tekanyo ea ADHD e ka nkuoa e le ea bohlokoa haholo tleleniking (M = 81.75, SD = 7.72). Kamora nako, sehlotšoana sena se ka hlalosoa se sithabetse maikutlo (M = 17.13, SD = 7.10).
Litumellano
Ka kakaretso, lisebelisoa tse sebelisitsoeng li bonts'itse likarolo tse phahameng tsa kahare mme li hapile liemahale tse ka tlase ka mokhoa o khotsofatsang (Tafole 5). Ka har'a sehlopha sa ADHD, WURS-k le lihora tsa tšebeliso ea marang-rang li bonts'itse kamano e matla le ea bohlokoa (r = .630, p <.01). Ho khahlisang ke hore mokhatlo ona o ne o fokola feela ka har'a sampole ea IUD mme o hloleha ho bonts'a bohlokoa (r = .264, ns). Kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea papali ea video ka lihora le WURS-k ka har'a sampole ea ADHD e ne e le holimo empa e se bohlokoa (r = .564, p = .056). Ho khahlisang ke hore ho ne ho se joalo kahara sampole ea IUD (r = .297, ns). Ka har'a sampole ea ADHD, ho bile le kamano e leka-lekaneng empa e se ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa ISS le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ka lihora (r = .472, ns), e neng e se joalo ka har'a sampole ea IUD (r = .171, ns). Ka har'a sampole ea IUD, tekanyo ea CAARS ea ho se sebetse hantle e ne e amahanngoa le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ka lihora ho isa tekanyong e itekanetseng, e seng ea bohlokoa (r = .453, ns). Ka har'a sehlopha sa bakuli ba fumanoeng ba na le ADHD le IUD, ho bile le kamano e matla le ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa WURS-k le ISS (r = .884, p <.01) (ha e hlahe Lethathamong 5).
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Tafole 5. Litlhokahalo tsa sekala le likarolo tse ka hare (ka ho le letšehali: ADHD le IUD e nepahetseng) ho diagonal bakeng sa ADHD (ka tlase ho diagonal) le sampuli ea IUD (kaholimo ho diagonal)
Tekanyo | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. BOTSOALI-k | 0.919 | 0.907 | -0.022 | 0.627 | 0.223 | 0.715* | 0.208 | 0.611* | 0.264 | 0.297 | ||||||||
| ISS | 0.394 | 0.977 | 0.918 | 0.232 | 0.218 | 0.159 | 0.169 | 0.236 | 0.171 | -0.319 | ||||||||
| 3. LITLHAHISO DSM-IV: ADHD | 0.509 | 0.364 | 0.932 | 0.929 | 0.771* | 0.830* | -0.281 | 0.442 | 0.315 | -0.147 | ||||||||
| 4. CAARS DSM-IV: ho se tsotelle | 0.389 | 0.396 | 0.891* | 0.888 | 0.866 | 0.285 | -0.315 | 0.159 | -0.017 | -0.200 | ||||||||
| 5. CAARS DSM-IV: Ha e na matla | 0.523 | 0.271 | 0.919* | 0.640* | 0.838 | 0.898 | -0.147 | 0.525 | 0.453 | -0.077 | ||||||||
| 6. BDI | -0.011 | 0.357 | 0.176 | 0.143 | 0.174 | 0.881 | 0.820 | 0.294 | 0.216 | -0.050 | ||||||||
| 7. SCL-90 (GSI) | -0.206 | 0.104 | 0.276 | 0.304 | 0.203 | 0.580* | 0.962 | 0.945 | 0.298 | -0.042 | ||||||||
| Tšebeliso ea inthanete (hr) | 0.630* | 0.472 | 0.418 | 0.385 | 0.392 | 0.025 | -0.223 | - | - | -0.078 | ||||||||
| Tšebeliso ea lipapali tsa video (hr) | 0.564 | 0.418 | 0.313 | 0.231 | 0.342 | 0.209 | -0.158 | 0.818* | - | - | ||||||||
Hlokomela. Litokellano tsa Pearson, li kenyellelitse li-data ho tloha ho 12 ho isa ho 25 (sehlopha sa ADHD) le 17 ho isa ho 24 (sehlopha sa IUD). WURS-k: Sekala sa Tekanyo ea Wender Utah; ISS: Internetsuchtskala; IUD: Bothata ba tšebeliso ea inthanete; ADHD: tlhokomeliso ea khatello ea kelello e fokotsang tlhokomelo; CAARS: Likala tsa Litekanyetso tsa Batho ba baholo AdHD; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; SCL-90-R: Matšoao-tlhahlobo-matšoao-90; GSI: Global Severity Index.
*p <.01; p boleng bo mahlakore a mabeli.
Puisano
Sehlopha sa IUD
Joalokaha ho lebelletsoe, bakuli ba fumanoang ba na le IUD ba fapane haholo mehatong eohle ea bokhoba ba marang-rang ho tsoa taolong ea bona. Re fumane mokhoa o tšoanang mabapi le mehato e meng ea ADHD ea batho ba baholo.
Tlhahlobo ea ADHD ka har'a IUD
Ka hare ho bakuli ba fumanoeng ba e-na le IUD, re fumane sekhahla sa ho ata ha ADHD. Linomoro tse atileng haholo tsa bongoana ba ADHD sehlopheng sa bakuli ba IUD li bonts'a hore ADHD e kanna ea emela kotsi e kholo ea ho qala le nts'etsopele ea IUD. Ts'ehetso ea mohopolo ona e bakoa, mohlala, ho tsoa sebakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea bokoali le joala. Mona, Ohlmeier et al. (2007) e fumane hore hoo e ka bang karolo ea bone ho sehlopha sa bakuli ba lemaletseng joala ba ka fumanoa ba le ADHD bongoaneng. Ts'ehetso e eketsehileng sebakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete e tsoa ho Dalbudak le Evren (2014). Patlisisong ea bona ea baithuti ba koleche, ba fumane khokahano e matla le e bohlokoa pakeng tsa tekanyo ea WURS-25 le IAS. Thutong ena, bakuli ba IUD ba mashome a mabeli lekholong ba tšoaetsoe matšoao a ADHD ea batho ba baholo. Ho nka linomoro tsena, re bona tšehetso mohopolo oa rona oa likamano tse matla lipakeng tsa mathata ana ka bobeli. Ha sehlopha sa lingoliloeng ka sehlooho sena, haholo maemong a batho ba baholo ba bongaka, se sa le nyane, ke Bernardi le Pallanti feela (2009) fana ka datha ho bapisa liphetho. Mona, ba fumane hore karolo ea mashome a mabeli lekholong ea bakuli ba bona ba baholo, ba khethiloeng ba lemaletse marang-rang ho latela Young's (1998) IAS, e phethahalitse litekanyetso tsa ADHD ea batho ba baholo. Ha liphumano tsa bona li tsamaellana le sephetho sa rona, re ts'epa hore data ea rona e ea nepahala. Lintlha tse ling li tsoa Ko, Yen, Chen, Chen, le Yen (2008) ea entseng lipatlisiso tsa kelello methapo ea mafu a kelello mohlaleng oa baithuti ba koleche ea batho ba baholo ka lekhoba la marang-rang. Mona, baithuti ba ile ba feta lipuisanong tsa tlhahlobo ea mafu a kelello mme ba 32.2% ba tšoauoa ka hore ba na le ADHD. Leha ho na le maemo ao e seng a bongaka, liphetho tsena li ntse li bonts'a hore ADHD le IUD li bonts'a likamano tse ntle.
IUD - Karolo ea khothatso le khokahano
Mabapi le sepheo sa ho sebelisa lits'ebetso tse ling tsa marang-rang, re fumane mokhoa o tsotehang ka har'a sehlopha sa bakuli ba fumanoeng ba na le IUD. Joalokaha ho tlalehiloe, lipapali tsa video li ile tsa sebelisoa ho khothatsa, ho hlola bolutu, le ho etsa botsoalle le ba bang sehlopheng sa IUD, athe ha ho le e 'ngoe ea taolo ea bona e tlalehileng khothatso e joalo. Ntle le moo, ho jeoa ke bolutu e ne e le sepheo se seholo ho bakuli ba fumanoeng ba na le IUD. Mohlala oa baithuti ba univesithi, Skues, Williams, Oldmeadow, le Wise (2016) bonts'a letsoalo la ho hlonepha joalo ka moetapele oa PIU. Ntle le moo, ho jeoa ke bolutu ho ne ho amahanngoa le ho jeoa ke bolutu le PIU empa e ne e se moetapele oa bohlokoa oa mohlala. Ba phethela ka hore baithuti ba univesithing ba tloaetseng ho jeoa ke bolutu ba sebelisa Inthanete ho batla ho ba le monyaka le khotsofalo e le puseletso. Ho ipapisitse le datha tsa rona, re arolelana maikutlo ana joalo ka ha re fumane ho jeoa ke bolutu le boithabiso e le tsona sepheo se seholo sa ho etsa lintho tse fumanehang marang-rang, bakeng sa lipapali tsa video le inthanete ka kakaretso. Mabapi le likamano tse atamelaneng, re fumane feela likamano tse fokolang kapa tse mpe lipakeng tsa mehato ea kliniki le likarolo tsa kantle joalo ka linako tsa ts'ebeliso ea media. Mona, ho tlameha ho boleloa hore lihora tse sebelisang mecha ea litaba ha li nkoe e le sesupo se nepahetseng sa ho tsebahatsa IUD. Mekhoa ea bongaka e kang eo e ngotsoe ke Young (1996) le Beard le Wolf (2001) maemo a khauta a kenyeletsa litlamorao tse mpe tsa IUD maemong a ikemetseng le a boits'oaro a bophelo. Ntlha ena e hatisoa ke lipatlisiso tsa Hahn le Jerusalema (2010) ea tlalehileng amanang mabapi le feela r = .40 lipakeng tsa ISS le linako tse sebelisoang tsa mecha ea phatlalatso nakong ea beke. Leha ho le joalo, ho tlameha ho boleloa hore patlisiso ena e etsahetse ka sampole eo e seng ea bongaka.
Sehlopha sa ADHD
Mabapi le matšoao a bokhoba ba marang-rang, bakuli ba ADHD ba fapane haholo le taolo ea bona mehatong e mengata.
Tlhahlobo ea IUD ka har'a ADHD
Tlhatlhobo ea ISS e senotse hore 20% ea bakuli ba fumanoeng ba e-na le ADHD ba bonts'a litekanyetso, tse neng li le kaholimo ho nako ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e nang le mathata. Ho tsebo ea rona, ena ke thuto ea pele e fanang ka tlhaiso-leseling mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea media ho motho e moholo le ea bongaka ba ADHD. Ka hona, papiso e tobileng ea liphetho tsena e thata. Monghali Han et al. (2009) ba fuputse sampole ea bana ba fumanoeng ba na le ADHD mme ba fumana 45% ho lemalla inthanete ho latela maemo a phahameng ho IAS. Le ha mohlala oa rona o fapana ka lilemo le lisebelisoa tse sebelisitsoeng, re ntse re bona tšehetso bakeng sa pono ea rona ea hore IUD ha se taba feela ho bana empa hape le ho batho ba baholo ba nang le ADHD. Boithuto ba nako e tlang ho batho ba baholo ba tleliniki ba hlokahala ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e eketsehileng mabapi le sekhahla sa keketseho. Li-ISS-off-offs ho hlalosa ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea litaba e nang le bothata kapa ea methapo e tsejoa e le tse phahameng haholo ka lebaka la mekhoa e phatlalalitsoeng. Ka hona, ho bonahala ho utloahala ho nahana hore sekhahla se phahameng sa IUD ho batho ba baholo ba fumanoeng ba na le ADHD.
ADHD - Karolo e susumetsang le lihokelo
Mabapi le likarolo tse susumetsang tsa ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea litaba ho bakuli ba fumanoeng ba na le ADHD, re fumane mohlala o ikhethang. Morero o moholo har'a bakuli ba ADHD ho bapala lipapali tsa video e ne e le ho phomola. Ho joalo, sena ha se sa bophelo ka boeona, empa se ntse se khahla kaha sepheo sena se ne se le teng haholo hara bakuli ba fumanoeng ba na le ADHD ha ba bapisoa le lihlopha tse ling kaofela. Ho latela pono ea tlhaho, ho tsejoa hantle hore ADHD e amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e tlase ea dopamine (Friedel et al., 2007; Khauta, Blum, Oscar-Berman, & Braverman, 2014; Volkow et al., 2009). Joalokaha ho bapala lipapali tsa video ho hokahane le striatal dopamine ho lokolloa (Koepp et al., 1998) papali e ka hlalosoa e le mokhoa oa ho iphekola ka mekhoa ea boikhathollo. Tlhahiso ea maikutlo ea ho itlhahisa e boetse e hlahisitsoe ho hlalosa ho ata ha mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi har'a batho ba nang le ADHD (ka kakaretso Biederman le al., 1995). Ka hona, mona, sepheo se tlalehiloeng sa ho sebelisa lipapali tsa video bakeng sa ho phomola se ka hlalosoa e le tšusumetso ea maikutlo ea ho lokolloa ha dopamine ha a ntse a bapala. Ha 'mele oa lingoliloeng ka har'a bakuli ba ADHD ba baholo le ba kliniki o le monyane, mohopolo ona o ntse o nahanisisa. Boemong ba khokahano, re fumane likamano tse bohlokoa lipakeng tsa WURS-k le linako tsa ts'ebeliso ea media. Khokahano pakeng tsa WURS-k le tšebeliso ea lipapali tsa video ka lihora tse ngata e ne e se ntho ea bohlokoa empa e ntse e le phahameng. Mona, boholo ba sampole e nyane le boemo ba bohlokoa ba tšireletso bo ka be bo thibetse bohlokoa. Leha ho le joalo, likamano tsena tse phahameng li ea khahlisa kaha ho na le bopaki bo bong ba hore matšoao a ADHD a tlalehiloeng ka nepo a amana le litekanyetso tse hlakileng tsa sephetho sa boits'oaro bo bobebe. Mohlala o mongata oa batho ba baholo ba bacha, Kollins, McClernon, le Fuemmeler (2005) o fumane kamano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa matšoao a tlalehiloeng hang-hang a ADHD nakong ea lilemo tse 5 - 12 le palo ea lisakerete tse tsubiloeng ka letsatsi. Ka botlalo, palo ea matšoao a tlalehiloeng a ho se tsotelle a amanang hantle le palo ea lisakerete tse tsubeloang ka letsatsi. Mona, re bona mela e fetohang ho data ea rona, e ka ts'ehetsang mohopolo oa boikhathatso.
Ho hlahlojoa habeli - ADHD le IUD
Ka har'a sehlotšoana sa bakuli ba bonts'itseng mathata a methapo ea methapo ea mafu ho ISS le lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa kliniki ka tekanyo ea CAARS ADHD, re fumane khokahano e matla le ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa WURS-k le ISS. Kamano ena e khetholle sehlotšoana sena ho tsoa lihlopheng tsa lingaka tse fumanehang hore li na le ADHD kapa IUD, moo kamano e tšoanang e neng e fokola feela. Ho fumana hona ho ka hatella bohlokoa ba hore ADHD ea bongoana e be 'moleli bakeng sa ho qala le ho holisa IUD.
Matla le mefokolo
Sena ke, ho tsebo ea rona, thuto ea pele ho fana ka lipatlisiso tse haufi ho bapisa disampole tsa bakuli ba fumanoeng ba na le ADHD le IUD (le taolo ea bona) ba fana ka bopaki bo bong ba ho ts'epahallana le ho hlohlelletsa lipatlisiso tse ling mabapi le sena. Phuputso ena e sebelisitse mokhoa o akaretsang oa psychometrical le clinical, o neng o sebetsa ka mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea lisebelisoa le lisebelisoa tse hlophisitsoeng hantle tse nkang mehloli e mengata ea thahasello ka hona e re lumella ho etsa lipatlisiso le ho lekola mekhatlo e mengata. Kaha hona ke thuto e arolelanang, re ke ke ra qobella ho bua ka mekhatlo eo re e fumaneng. Joalokaha ADHD ka tloaelo e qala ho ba le lilemo tse 7, ho ka nahanoa haeba bonyane mekhatlo e meng e fumanoeng e amana le matšoao a ADHD. Leha ho le joalo, sena se ke ke sa nka sebaka sa moralo oa bolelele, bo bohlokoa ha ho tluoa ho etsa lipatlisiso le ho lekola liphapang tsa nts'etsopele lipakeng tsa ADHD le IUD. Karolo e 'ngoe e sitisang litlhaloso tsa rona e ne e le mehlala e menyenyane ea mohlala ka lebaka la tlhaiso-leseling e lahlehileng. Ntle le moo, litla-morao tsa tlhahlobo ea mafu bakeng sa bakuli ba ADHD le IUD ha lia ka tsa sebelisoa ka mokhoa o fapaneng, e leng bothata hobane liphetho tsa lipotso tse ipolelang ha li hlile ha li bonts'e tlhahlobo ea lefu. Ka hona, liphumano tsa rona li lokela ho hlalosoa ka hloko ho fihlela li phetoa ka mehlala e meholo. Kamora nako, sehlopha sa ADHD se ne se tsofetse ho feta sehlopha sa IUD, leha phapang ea lipalo e ne e sa bohlokoa. Kaha ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso ea dijithale e eketsehile haholo hara meloko e monyane, sehlopha sa khale sa ADHD se kanna sa ba moemeli ho latela ts'ebeliso ea bona ea inthanete. Leha ho le joalo, boithuto ba rona bo bonts'a hore ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e nang le mathata le ea methapo e ka fumaneha le har'a batho ba baholo ba ka 'nang ba se buleloe mecha ea phatlalatso ea inthanete ho tloha ba sa le banyenyane ho ea pele. Haeba ho pepesetsoa litaba tse ngata haholo pele ho ka lumellana hantle le nts'etsopele ea ADHD, liphetho tsa rona li ka bonoa e le khakanyo e matla ea tšusumetso ena hara sampole ea rona ea ADHD.
Litlamorao tsa tleleniki le mahlale
Ho tloha ponong ea bongaka le ka lebaka la litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa comorbidity, bakuli ba nang le IUD ba lokela ho hlahlojoa bakeng sa ADHD ha matšoao a eona a hlaha. Bakuli ba nang le ADHD ba lokela ho sebelisa tšebeliso e ntle ea papali ea inthanete le livideo e le leano la thibelo. E le leano la kalafo, Park, Lee, le Han (2016) e ka bontša hore moriana oa libeke tse 12 o nang le atomoxetine kapa MPH o ka fokotsa boima ba IGD, bo neng bo amana le phokotso ea khatello. Ka hona, mekhoa ea meriana le ea psychotherapeutic e ikemiselitseng ho fokotsa ho se tsotelle, khatello ea maikutlo, le ho ts'oaroa e kanna ea ba lipuisano tse tšepisang ho fihlela joale. Jwalo ka bakuli ba nang le ADHD ka kakaretso ba na le kotsi e kholo ea ho theha lithethefatsi tse ling, lingaka li tlameha ho tseba phetoho e ka bang teng ho lemalloeng ho sa feleng kalafo le ka ntle. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho ke ke ha fanoa ka qeto ea hore tšebeliso e ngata ea litaba mecheng ea bongoana e ka ba sesosa hara ba bang, e leng se ka bakang kapa sa mpefatsa matšoao a ADHD.
Nahanisisa
Re fumane tšehetso bakeng sa hypothesis eo ts'ebeliso ea litaba e ngata haholo kapa e sebelisang methapo ea methapo ho bakuli ba fumanoeng ba na le ADHD le / kapa IUD ehlile e le tšobotsi e tloaelehileng le e kholo ea ts'ebetso ea methapo mme e hloka ho rarolloa ka nepo kalafong le ntlafatsong. Har'a bakuli, lipapali tsa video li bonahala e sebetsa e le sesebelisoa se khethang ho hlola maemo a bophelo ba dysphoric, athe marang-rang a sebelisoa ka mabaka ana le har'a batho ba phetseng hantle. Sena ke haholo-holo ho bakuli ba nang le ADHD ba sebelisang lipapali tsa video bakeng sa ho phomola ho isa tekanyong e matla, e ka ananeloang ke bofokoli ba bona mosebetsing oa dopamine. Ka ha litekanyetso tsa comorbidity li hlolla, lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho fuputsa mekhoa e lipakeng tsa mafu a mabeli ka hona e tlameha ho sebelisa meralo e telele haholo ho batho ba baholo le ba baholo. Basebeletsi ba tsa bongaka ba lokela ho hlokomela likamano tse haufi pakeng tsa mafu a mabeli, ka ho hlaka le ka kalafo. Melao-motheo e thehiloeng hantle kalafong ea ADHD e ka sebetsa le kalafong ea bakuli ba IUD. Ntle le moo, ha ho tluoa taolong ea ts'ebeliso ea motho ea inthanete ho pholletsa le kalafo le ntlafatso, phetoho e ka bang teng ea ho lemalla e tlameha ho lula e hopotsoe ka lehlakoreng la lingaka le bakuli.
Menehelo ea bangoli
BTW: mofuputsi ea ka sehloohong; MB: tlhahlobo ea data le mongoli oa pele; MD le IP: liteko tsa bakuli ba nang le IUD; MR le MO: litlhahlobo ho bakuli ba nang le ADHD; LB, TS, JD-H, GRS, le AM: li-coauthors tse nang le boiphihlelo ho IUD.
Khohlano ea thahasello
Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa thahasello.
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