E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2019 Apr 26. doi: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2019.00268
PMCID: PMC6498759
PMID: 31105605
Wei-Hsin Lu, 1, † Wen-Jiun Chou, 2, † Ray C. Hsiao, 3, 4 Huei-Fan Hu, 5, * 'me Cheng-Fang Yen 6, 7, *
inahaneloang
Background: Likhaello tsa ho matlafatsa maikutlo le ho ameha ka maikutlo a ferekanyetsano li 'nile tsa etsoa e le karolo ea mekhoa ea litsebi tsa boopsychosocialism, e hlalositseng kotsi e phahameng ea ho lemalla inthanete (IA) har'a batho ba nang le bothata ba ho ela hloko / ho se sebetse hantle (ADHD). Hona joale ho na le tsebo e fokolang mabapi le kamano ea matšoao a IA ka kutloisiso e matlafatsang le ho hloka mamello ho ferekanyang, hammoho le lintlha tse fokolisang likamano tsena ho batho bana.
Morero: Sepheo sa thuto ena e ne e le (1) ho hlahloba mekhatlo ea matšoao a IA ka matla le ho se mamellane ho matlafatsa le (2) ho khetholla batlatsi ba mekhatlo ena har'a bacha ba fumanoang ba e-na le ADHD Taiwan.
Mekhoa: Bacha ba 300 ba lilemo li pakeng tsa 11 le lilemo tse 18 ba fumanoeng ba e-na le ADHD ba kenye letsoho thutong ena. Mekhoa ea bona ea matla a IA, matla a kutloisiso ea ho matlafatsa le ho hloka mamello ho ferekanyang ho ile ha hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa Chen Internet Addiction Scale, mokhoa oa ho thibela boitšoaro (BIS) le mokhoa oa ho itšoara ka mokhoa oa boitšoaro (BAS), le ho tsieleha ha Scale Scale, ka ho latellana. Mekhatlo ea matla a IA ka kutloelo-bohloko e matlafatsang le ho hloka mamello ho ferekanyang li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka ho hlahlojoa ka makhetlo a mangata. Ho ka khoneha hore ba-moderators, ho kopanyelletsa le meriana ea ADHD, ba ile ba lekoa ka mekhoa e tloaelehileng.
Results: Ho ithabisa haholo ho batla BAS (p = .003) le ho hloka kutloano ho hoholo ha maikutlo (p = .003) li amahanngoa le matšoao a matla a IA. Ho fumana meriana bakeng sa ho phekola ADHD ho lekanyelitse mokhatlo pakeng tsa ho batla monate ho BAS le matla a matšoao a IA.
fihlela qeto ena: Ho batla boithabiso ho BAS le ho hloka mamello ho ferekaneng ho lokela ho nkuoa e le sepheo ho mananeo a thibelo le boits'oaro bakeng sa IA har'a bacha ba nang le ADHD.
Selelekela
Litlamorao tse mpe tsa ho lemalla inthanete (IA) li se li tšoenyehile lilemong tse mashome a fetileng. IA e tšoauoa ka ts'ebeliso e sa feleng ea inthanete leha ho na le litlamorao tse mpe, tahlehelo ea taolo, ho ameha haholo ka ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, ho eketsa nako e sebelisoang marang-rang le matšoao a ho tlohela (1). Mathata a lipapali tsa inthanete a thathamisitsoe karolong ea "Maemo a ho Ithuta Haholoanyane" ho Fifth Edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) (2). Bacha ba holisitsoe nakong eo marang-rang a ileng a holisa tšusumetso ea eona kapele bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi.
Bofokoli ba tlhokomelo / khatello ea maikutlo (ADHD) ke pherekano e atileng haholo har'a bacha ba fetiselitsoeng kalafong ea IA (3). Liphuputso tse sebetsang li 'nile tsa tlaleha mekhatlo e pakeng tsa IA le ADHD. Phuputso e 'ngoe e tlalehile hore batho ba baholo ba 14% ba nang le IA le bona ba fumanoe ba e-na le ADHD (4). Batho ba nang le IA ba na le kotsi e kholo ea makhetlo a 2.5 ea ho fumanoa ba e-na le ADHD ho latela tlhahlobo ea meta (5). Ko et al. (6) o fumane hore nakong ea tatellano ea lilemo tse 2, bacha ba nang le matšoao a bohlokoa a ADHD ba na le monyetla oa ho holisa IA ho feta ba neng ba se na eona. Ho feta moo, matšoao a ADHD, ho kenyeletsoa ho se tsotelle le ho se tsotelle, a ne a le matla ho batho ba nang le IA ho feta ka taolo e nepahetseng (5). Bopaki bo fana ka maikutlo a hore kamano lipakeng tsa ADHD le IA e kanna ea ba mahlakore ka bobeli le ho sebelisana. Mohlala, leha thuto ea tatelano ea lilemo tse 3 e tlalehile hore bana le bacha ba nang le mathata a tebileng a tlhokomelo ba qetile nako e ngata ba bapala lipapali tsa video nakong ea tšalo-morao (7), thuto ea lilemo tse 2 e lebelletsoeng e fumane hore basebelisi ba boima ba media ba se nang matšoao a ADHD maemong a mantlha ba na le kotsi e kholo ea ho ba le matšoao a ADHD nakong ea tatellano (8).
Ko et al. (9) o hlahisitse mekhoa e ka bang teng ea biopsychosocial ho hlalosa kamano e phahameng lipakeng tsa ADHD le IA, ho kenyeletsoa ho qoba ho jeoa ke bolutu le ho lieha ho putsoa, ho lokolloa ha dopamine pele ho nako, matšeliso bakeng sa ho ferekana bophelong ba 'nete, thibelo e sa sebetseng le ho kheloha ho matlafatseng kutloisiso. Ho tiisa maikutlo le ho ferekana ho ka bapala karolo ea bohlokoa hara mekhoa ena. Taba ea mantlha, bakuli ba nang le ADHD ba tlalehiloe ba khelohile likarabelong tsa lits'ebeletso, joalo ka tloaelo e potlakileng ea ho fumana meputso khafetsa le ho fokotsa likarabo tsa likotlo, tse ka lebisang batho bana ho IA hobane mesebetsi ea inthanete hangata e fana ka meputso le likarabo kapele (10). Taba ea bobeli, bacha ba nang le ADHD hangata ba thulana le mathata a fapaneng bophelong ba bona ba letsatsi le letsatsi ka lebaka la matšoao a bona. Ho lokolloa ha Striatal dopamine nakong ea papali ea video (11) e ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea libapali tsa papali, ka ho etsa joalo ea thusa bacha ba nang le ADHD ho lefella mathata a bophelo ba 'nete. Ntle le moo, ho se tsotelle, ho se tsotelle le ho se tsotelle hangata ho hlahisa pherekano kamanong ea batho ba bang; ka hona, batho ba nang le ADHD ba ka ts'epa marang-rang hobane ho bonolo ho theha likamano lipakeng tsa batho ho feta inthaneteng. Ka pono ena, IA e kanna ea ba litholoana tsa mamello e mpe ho ferekane. Ho tseba lintlha tsena tse ka tlatsetsang kamanong e matla lipakeng tsa ADHD le IA ho bohlokoa ho thibela le ho fana ka mehato ea IA ho bacha ba nang le ADHD. Leha ho le joalo, li-reseach tse fetileng tse tšehetsang mekhoa ena e reriloeng li ntse li na le moeli. Ho ea ka tsebo ea rona, phuputso e le 'ngoe feela e ile ea hlahloba tse boletsoeng esale pele tsa matšoao a IA ho bacha ba fumanoeng ba na le ADHD (12). Kahoo, thutong ena, re shebile haholo mesebetsing ea ho matlafatsa kutloisiso le mamello ea ho ferekana ho rarolla likheo tsena tsa tsebo.
Khopolo-taba ea Reinforcement Sensitivity (RST) e thehiloe ke Grey mme e na le sistimi ea boits'oaro ea boits'oaro (BIS) le boits'oaro ba boits'oaro (BAS), tse sebelisetsoang ho khetholla kutloisiso ea motho ea kotlo le moputso, ka ho latellana (13). BAS le BIS li ka fana ka litlhaloso tsa ho se ts'oenyehe le ho tšoenyeha, ka ho latellana (14). Le ha Gray a ile a ntlafatsa mohopolo oa hae ka 2000, a etsa liphetoho tse ling ho ikarabella bakeng sa ho rarahana ha molaotheo le tšebelisano ea litsamaiso tsa RST (15), lithuto tse ngata tse hlahelletseng li sebelisitse mofuta oa khale oa RST (14). Boholo ba lipatlisiso mabapi le karolo ea RST ho IA le eona e sebelisitse mofuta oa khale oa RST (12, 16-20). Ho boloka mokhoa o ts'oanang, re sebelisitse mofuta oa mantlha oa RST thutong ena. Ho etsa lipatlisiso ka likarolo tse fapaneng le tse lebelletsoeng ho bacha le ho batho ba baholo ho supile mekhatlo e lipakeng tsa matlafatso a matlafatso le matšoao a IA. Haholo-holo, ho batla boithabiso bo phahameng ba BAS le BIS e phahameng ho bontšitsoe hore li amana hantle le ho tiea ha IA lithutong tsa likarolo tse fapaneng (17, 21). Phuputso e latelang ea selemo se le seng e senotse hore batho ba nang le BAS le BAS e batlang boithabiso bo phahameng ba na le monyetla oa ho holisa IA (18).
Mesebetsi ea inthanete hangata e tšoauoa ka likarabo hanghang le meputso e potlakileng; ka hona, ho kheloha ha kutlo ea ts'ehetso ho ka tlatsetsa ho ts'oaetso ea IA ho bakuli ba nang le ADHD (9). Boikutlo bo sa tloaelehang ba matlafatso bo nkuoa e le tšobotsi ea mantlha ea ADHD (10, 22, 23). Lipatlisiso li bontšitse hore bakuli ba nang le ADHD ba na le kutloelo-bohloko e phahameng ea moputso ho li-reinforcements tse potlakileng (24Tloaelo e potlakileng haholoanyane ea ho matlafatsoa khafetsa (25), le karabelo e tlase ho kotlo (25, 26). Ho se tsotelle, e leng letšoao le hlaheletseng la ADHD, ho tlalehoa hangata ho batho ba nang le IA (19, 27), 'Me e hokahantsoe le ts'ebetso ea BAS (28). Liphuputso lithutong tse nang le ADHD le tsona li tlalehile hore ho batla boithabiso bo phahameng ba BAS, drive ea BAS, le BIS li amahanngoa hantle le matšoao a IA (12, 19). Leha ho le joalo, ho entsoe liphuputso tse fokolang ho bakuli ba fumanoeng ba e-na le ADHD, 'me ho hlokahala tlhaiso-leseling e ngata ho ts'ehetsa karolo ea ho matlafatsa kutlo ho bakuli ba nang le ADHD. Ntle le moo, bopaki bo fana ka maikutlo a hore litlamorao tsa matlafatso a ts'ebeliso li fapana tlasa maemo a fapaneng. Lipatlisiso li fumane hore lilemo tse eketsehileng le mosebetsi o tlase oa botsoali SES li amana haholo le matšoao a matla a ho lemalla inthanete ho bacha ba nang le ADHD (12). Lintho tsa lelapa li tlalehiloe li lekanyetsa botsoalle lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le mathata a boits'oaro ho bana le lilemong tsa bocha (29). Bacha ba fumanang meriana bakeng sa ADHD ba bontšitse matšoao a lipapali a marang-rang a nang le mathata le ho fokotseha ha nako e le 'ngoe ho lintlha tsa BAS le BIS (20). Ntle le moo, kutloisiso ea matlafatso e tlalehiloe e le sesosa se tlokotsing ea mafu a kelello, joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi (30). Leha ho le joalo, ha ho boithuto bo hlahlobileng litlamorao tsa litšoaneleho tsa sechaba le sechaba, kalafo ea bongaka bakeng sa bacha ba nang le ADHD, le mathata a amanang le mafu a kelello mokhatlong o lipakeng tsa matšoao a IA le kutloisiso ea matlafatso ho bacha ba nang le ADHD.
Ho hloka mamello ho ferekaneng ho bolela bothata ba ho amohela hore nnete ha e lumellane le litakatso tsa motho (31). Ke mofuta oa tumelo e sa utloahaleng e amanang le mathata a maikutlo le boits'oaro a ipapisitseng le khopolo ea kalafo ea boits'oaro ea maikutlo e utloahalang (32). Bacha ba nang le IA ba tlalehiloe ba na le mamello e phahameng ea ho se mamellane e laoloang ke bophelo bo botle (21), Ho bontša hore ho hloka mamello ho ferekane ho amahanngoa le bothata ba boitšoaro.33). Ho kheloha moputso o liehang, e ka bang sesosa sa pherekano, ke karolo ea mantlha ea ADHD (22). Bafuputsi ba hlokometse ho hloka mamello ho phahameng ho ferekane ho bacha ba nang le ADHD (34-36). Ho nahana hore ho hloka mamello ho ferekanyang ke selelekela sa matšoao a IA ho batho ba nang le ADHD ka hona hoa utloahala. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho phuputso e seng e hlahlobile kamano lipakeng tsa ho hloka mamello ho ferekaneng le matšoao a IA ho bacha ba nang le ADHD. Ha ho nahanoa ka kotsi e kholo ea IA ho bacha ba nang le ADHD, ho utloisisa karolo ea ho hloka mamello ho ferekanyang ho bolela esale pele IA ho ka thusa ho rala meralo ea kalafo ea boits'oaro e lebisang ho bacha ba ADHD le IA. Ntle le moo, thobalano hajoale ke eona feela ntho e netefalitsoeng ea ho lekanya likamano lipakeng tsa ho hloka mamello ho ferekaneng le IA ho bacha (21). Thutong ea hajoale, re batlisitse hore na litšoaneleho tsa sechaba le sechaba, kalafo ea bongaka bakeng sa bacha ba nang le ADHD, le mathata a kelello a kelello ka nako e le ngoe a tiisa kamano ena lipakeng tsa ho hloka mamello le matšoao a IA ho bacha ba nang le ADHD.
Morero oa thuto ea hajoale e ne e le ho lekola likamano lipakeng tsa matla a IA le ho matlafatsa kutloisiso le mamello ea ho ferekana le ho supa batsamaisi ba likamano tsena ho bacha ba Taiwan ba fumanoeng ba e-na le ADHD. Re nahanne hore bobeli ba matlafatso a mamello le mamello ea pherekano li bonts'a likamano tse kholo le ho tiea ha IA, le hore likamano tsena li kanna tsa lekanyetsoa ke litšobotsi tsa sechaba, matšoao a ADHD le kalafo, mafu a kelello le mabaka a batsoali.
Lisebelisoa le mekhoa
barupeluoa ba
Barupeluoa thutong ena ba ile ba hiroa litsing tsa kokelo ea mafu a kelello tsa bana le bacha tsa litsi tse peli tsa bongaka Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Bacha ba lilemong tse pakeng tsa 11 le 18, ba etetseng litleliniki tsa bakuli ba kantle mme ba fumanoe ba na le ADHD ho latela litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo tse boletsoeng ho DSM-5 (2), ba ile ba mengoa ka tatellano ho nka karolo phuputsong ena nakong ea ho tloha ka Phato 2013 ho isa ka Phupu 2015. ADHD e fumanoe ka lebaka la mehloli e mengata ea data, ho kenyeletsoa (i) puisano le ngaka ea mafu a kelello ea bana; (ii) tlhahlobo ea bongaka ea boits'oaro ba morupeluoa; le (iii) nalane ea bongaka e fanoeng ke batsoali le matla a tlalehiloeng ke motsoali a matšoao a ADHD a hlahlobiloeng ho tsoa phetolelong e khuts'oane ea Swanson, Nolan, le Pelham, Version IV Scale (SNAP-IV) -Chinese version (37, 38). Bacha ba nang le bokooa ba kelello, schizophrenia, lefu la ho ferekana kelellong, bothata ba autistic, mathata a puisano, kapa bofokoli ba kelello bo amang bokhoni ba bona ba ho utloisisa sepheo sa ho ithuta kapa ho tlatsa lipotso ba ne ba qheleloa ka thoko. Bacha ba 333 ba neng ba fumanoe ba e-na le ADHD le batsoali ba bona ba ile ba khethoa bakeng sa phuputso ena, bao 300 ho bona (90.0%) ba lumetseng ho nka karolo phuputsong ena mme ba botsoa lipotso ke bathusi ba lipatlisiso ka lipotso tsa lipotso. Ho bacha ba 33 ba hanneng ho kenela thuto ena, ba 19 ba hanne ka lebaka la maikutlo a batsoali ba bona mme ba 14 ba hanne ka lebaka la maikutlo a bona. Bo-Institutional Review Boards of Kaohsiung Medical University le Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, ba amohetse thuto. Tumello e ngotsoeng e ngotsoeng e fumanoe ho bankakarolo bohle pele ho tlhahlobo.
Mehato
Bokhoba ba marang-rang. Re sebelisitse Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) ho lekola ho nka karolo ha motho ea iketselitseng matšoao a IA khoeling e fetileng ea 1. CIAS e na le lintho tse 26 tse hlahlojoang sekaleng sa Likert tse 4, ka lintlha tse tlohang ho 26 ho isa ho 104 (39); lintlha tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa li bontša matšoao a IA a matla haholo. CIAS e tloaetse ho sebelisoa ho lekola bokhoba ba inthanete har'a bana le bacha ba Taiwan (1, 40). Ho tšepahala ka hare (Cronbach's α) ea CIAS e ne e le .94 thutong ea hajoale.
Matlafatso kutloisiso. Mofuta oa China oa sekala sa BIS le BAS o na le lintho tse 20 tse hlahlojoang ka sekala sa Likert tse 4; Sekala sena se lekola boits'oaro ba bankakarolo ba boithati bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse peli tse susumetsang ho latela RST (13, 28, 41). BIS e lekanya boemo boo ba arabelitsoeng ba lebelletse ho ikutloa ba tšoenyehile ha ba tobane le kotlo. BAS e kenyelletsa litlatsetso tsa karabelo ea moputso, ho khanna le ho batla monate, tse lekanyang hore na meputso e lebisa ho maikutlo a matle, tšekamelo ea motho ea ho phehella lipheo ka mafolofolo, le tloaelo ea ho batla le ho kenella mesebetsing e ka bang meputso ka ho latellana. Lintlha tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa ho subscale li bonts'a boemo bo phahameng ba kutloisiso ea matlafatso. Mefuta ea China ea sekala sa BIS le BAS e ile ea fetoleloa ho tsoa ho mofuta oa mantlha ho sebelisoa mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho ea pele, oa morao le oa bohato ba pele mme ho tlalehiloe hore o na le litekanyetso tse ntle ebile o haha bonnete thutong e fetileng ho baahi ba Taiwan (41). Sekala sa BIS le BAS se sebelisitsoe ho lekola kutloisiso ea matlafatso har'a bacha ba Taiwan (12). Ron ea Cronbach ea li-subscales tse 'ne e tloha ho .68 ho isa ho .83 thutong ea hajoale.
Ho se mamellane ho ferekana. Thutong ea hajoale, mofuta oa China oa Frustration Discomfort Scale (FDS) o sebelisitsoe ho lekola tumelo ea ho se mamellane e tlalehiloeng ke litho tsa sehlopha (21, 42). FDS e na le lintho tsa 28 tse hlahlojoang sekaleng sa Likert sa lintlha tse 5, ka lintlha tse tsoang ho 28 ho isa ho 140; lintlha tse holimo li bontša litumelo tse phahameng tsa ho hloka mamello. Mefuta ea China ea sekala sa FDS e ile ea fetoleloa ho tsoa phetolelong ea mantlha ho sebelisoa mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho ea pele, oa morao le oa bohato ba pele mme e sebelisitsoe ho lekola litumelo tsa ho hloka mamello ho bacha ba Taiwan.21). Alpha ea Cronbach ea FDS e ne e le.90 thutong ea hajoale.
Matšoao le kalafo ea ADHD. Thutong ea hajoale, mofuta o khuts'oane oa mofuta oa SNAP-IV-China o sebelisitsoe ho lekola botebo bo tlalehiloeng ke motsoali ba matšoao a ADHD bakeng sa bacha khoeling ea 1 e sa tsoa feta. Phetolelo ena e khuts'oane ea mofuta oa SNAP-IV-China ke sesebelisoa sa lintlha tse 26 se kenyelletsang Khatiso ea Bone ea DSM (DSM-IV) e fuoeng liphallelo tsa ADHD tsa ho se tsotelle, ho se ts'oenyehe / ho se tsotelle, le matšoao a ho hloka taolo ho hanyetsanang ka mokhoa o motle. le ho theha bonnete (37, 38). Ntho e ngoe le e ngoe e ne e lekantsoe sekaleng sa Likert sa lintlha tse 4 ho tloha ho 0 (ho hang) ho isa ho 3 (haholo). Thutong ena, lintlha tsohle tsa ho se tsotelle le ho se ts'oenyehe / liphallelo li sebelisitsoe bakeng sa tlhahlobo. Α ea Cronbach ea li-subscales tse peli e ne e le .86 le .88 ka ho latellana. Hore na bankakarolo ba fumane meriana bakeng sa ADHD ho ile ha etsoa qeto ho ipapisitsoe le litlaleho tsa motsoali le litlaleho tsa bongaka tsa bankakarolo.
Likhathatso tsa kelello. Mathata a sithabetsang maikutlo, mathata a ho tšoenyeha, mathata a tic, le mathata a autism spectrum (ASDs) a bankakarolo a ile a hlahlojoa ho ipapisitsoe le lipuisano tsa bongaka le tlhahlobo ea chate ke lingaka tse tharo tsa mafu a kelello. Bao ba fumanoeng ba e-na le ASD efe kapa efe le bohlale bo tlase (bo hlalosoang e le lintlha tse ka tlase ho 70 phetolelong ea China ea Khatiso ea Bone ea Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children [43]) kapa ba neng ba na le mathata a puisano ba ne ba sa mengoa ho nka karolo phuputsong ena. Bakeng sa tlhahlobo, litlhahlobo tsa mafu a kelello li arotsoe ka mathata a khatello ea maikutlo kapa matšoenyeho, mathata a tic le ASD.
Lisosa tsa batsoali. Phuputso ea hajoale e hlahlobile boemo ba lenyalo ba batsoali ba bankakarolo (ba nyalaneng le ba lulang 'moho le ba hlalaneng kapa ba arohaneng) mme ba lekola maemo a bona a moruo le moruo (SES) ba sebelisa Potso e Haufi-phethelo ea Phuputso ea Mosebetsi (CEQ-OS) (44). Batsoali ba khetha mesebetsi ea bona ho tsoa mekhatlong e 14 ho CEQ-OS, e ileng ea aroloa ka mekhahlelo e mehlano ho latela maemo a bona a moruo le moruo. Boemo bo phahameng bo supa boemo bo phahameng mosebetsing ba moruo. CEQ-OS e netefalitsoe hore e na le ts'epahalo e ntle ebile e nepahetse ebile e sebelisitsoe hangata ho lithuto tsa bana le bacha ba Taiwan (44). Thutong ea hajoale, maemo I, II, le III a CEQ-OS a ne a khethiloe e le SES e tlase ea mosebetsi, athe maemo a IV le V a ne a khethiloe e le SES e phahameng ea mosebetsi. Lenane lena la lipotso le phethetsoe ke batsoali.
Tsamaiso
Bathusi ba lipatlisiso ba ile ba etsa lipuisano ba sebelisa CIAS, BIS / BAS, le FDS ho bokella lintlha ho bacha. Batsoali ba bona ba phethetse SNAP-IV tlasa tataiso ea bathusi ba lipatlisiso. Tlhatlhobo ea data e entsoe ho sebelisoa software ea lipalo ea SPSS 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyetso
Hobane ho bile le lintlha tse 'maloa tse hlahlobiloeng thutong ena, re sebelisitse liphuputso tsa mehato e' meli ho lekola khokahano ea matla a IA le kutloisiso e matlafatsang le mamello ea ho ferekana le ho fokotsa monyetla oa ho bapisa makhetlo a mangata. Mohato oa pele, re sebelisitse khokahano ea Pearson le t teko ea ho khetha lintlha tse ka lebelloang ho tiea ha IA bakeng sa tlhahlobo e tsoelang pele, ho kenyeletsoa litšobotsi tsa maemo a bophelo, matšoao a ADHD le kalafo, mafu a kelello, mabaka a botsoali, kutloisiso ea matlafatso le ho hloka mamello ho ferekaneng. Lintlha tsa bohlokoa mohatong oa pele li sebelisitsoe mohato oa bobeli, o neng o e-na le tlhahlobo ea khatello ea maikutlo e neng e sebelisetsoa ho lekola likamano tsa matlafatso a kutloelo-bohloko le ho hloka mamello le mamello ea IA ka ho laola litlamorao tsa mabaka a mang. Mehatla e mmedi p boleng ba ka tlase ho 0.05 bo ne bo nkuoa bo le bohlokoa ka lipalo.
Re boetse re sebelisitse maemo a tloaelehileng (45) ho lekola hore na mekhatlo ea ts'ebeliso ea maikutlo e matlafatsang le ho se mamellane ho ferekane le IA ho tiea e fapane ho latela maemo a sechaba, matšoao a ADHD le kalafo, mafu a kelello, kapa mabaka a batsoali. Ho ea ka litekanyetso, tekanyetso e etsahetse ha nako ea tšebelisano bakeng sa selelekela (matlafatso a kutloisiso le mamello ea ho ferekana) le mookameli ea nahannoeng a ne a amahanngoa haholo le phapano e itšetlehileng ka eona (IA tieo) tlhahlobisong e mengata ea khatello kamora ho laola litlamorao tse kholo tsa tse boletsoeng esale pele le mefuta e fapaneng ea molebeli. Thutong ena, haeba ts'ebeliso ea matlafatso, mamello ea ho ferekana maikutlo, le bo-moderator ba nang le maikutlo a itseng li ne li amahanngoa haholo le matšoao a IA, joale litšebelisano (mamello e matlafatsang kapa ho hloka mamello ho mamello × baokameli ba hypothesized) li ile tsa khethoa hape bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea khatello ea maikutlo ho lekola litlamorao tsa boitseko.
Results
Litšobotsi tsa Sociodemographic le Correlates ea Matšoao a IA
Lethathamo 1 e hlahisa litšobotsi tsa maemo a bophelo le tsa ADHD, li-comorbidities, ho tiea ha IA, le likarolo tsa BAS / BIS le FDS tsa bankakarolo. Lethathamo 2 e thathamisa likamano tsa ho tiea ha IA le lilemo, matšoao a ADHD, lintlha tsa BIS / BAS le FDS, joalo ka ha ho hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa peakanyo ea Pearson. Ho ea ka Cohen (46), botsofali, ho se tsotelle ho matla le matšoao a hanyetsanang, lintlha tse phahameng tsa ho batla monate ho BAS, le tumelo e phahameng ea ho hloka mamello ho FDS li ne li fokola empa li amana haholo le matšoao a matla a IA. Setšoantšo sa 1 e bonts'a merero ea ho hasanya likamano lipakeng tsa matšoao a IA le ho batla monate ho BAS le lipakeng tsa matšoao a IA le lintlha tsa FDS.
Lethathamo 1
Litšobotsi tsa Sociodemographic le ADHD, comorbidities, ho tiea ha lithethefatsi tsa inthanete, le maemo a BAS / BIS le FDS (N = 300).
| n (%) | E bolelang (SD) | Range | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lilemo (lilemo) | 12.8 (1.8) | 10-18 | |
| Sex | |||
| Girls | 41 (13.7) | ||
| Boys | 259 (86.3) | ||
| Thuto (lilemo) | 7.0 (1.8) | 4-12 | |
| Boemo ba lenyalo la batsoali | |||
| Re nyalane mme re lula hammoho | 231 (77.0) | ||
| Ba hlalane kapa ba arohane | 69 (23.0) | ||
| Boemo ba moruo oa bo-ntate | |||
| High | 125 (41.7) | ||
| Low | 175 (58.3) | ||
| Boemo ba moruo oa moruo oa bakhachane | |||
| High | 94 (31.3) | ||
| Low | 206 (68.7) | ||
| Matšoao a ADHD ho SNAP-IV | |||
| Ho amohela | 12.7 (5.8) | 0-27 | |
| Ho se ts'oenyehe / ho se ts'oenyehe | 8.8 (6.0) | 0-27 | |
| Khahlano | 9.8 (5.7) | 0-24 | |
| Ho fumana meriana bakeng sa ADHD | 254 (84.7) | ||
| Ho itšoara hampe | |||
| Matšoenyeho kapa khatello ea maikutlo | 40 (13.3) | ||
| Mathata a Tic | 34 (11.3) | ||
| Mathata a Autism | 34 (11.3) | ||
| Boima ba tahi ea inthanete ho CIAS | 47.7 (14.1) | 25-95 | |
| BIS / BAS | |||
| BIS | 19.3 (3.7) | 8-28 | |
| Karabelo ea moputso ho BAS | 16.2 (3.3) | 5-20 | |
| Khanna ho BAS | 12.2 (2.9) | 4-16 | |
| Ho batla monate ho BAS | 10.6 (2.7) | 4-16 | |
| FDS | 71.4 (25.4) | 28-135 |
ADHD, ho haelloa ke tlhokomelo / bothata ba ho se sebetse hantle; BAS, mokhoa oa ho itšoara ka boits'oaro; BIS, sistimi e thibelang boitšoaro; CIAS, Chen Internet Addiction Scale; FDS, Bothata ba ho Ferekana; SNAP-IV, Swanson, Nolan, le Pelham, Mofuta oa Version IV.
Lethathamo 2
Khokahano ea lilemo, matšoao a ADHD, BIS / BAS, le FDS ka matla a ho lemalla inthanete: Khokahano ea Pearson.
| Ho lemalla lithethefatsi Pearson's r | p | |
|---|---|---|
| Lilemo (lilemo) | .142 | .014 |
| Matšoao a ADHD ho SNAP-IV | ||
| Ho amohela | .145 | .012 |
| Ho se ts'oenyehe / ho se ts'oenyehe | .085 | .142 |
| Khahlano | .170 | .003 |
| BIS / BAS | ||
| BIS | .106 | .066 |
| Karabelo ea moputso ho BAS | .004 | .943 |
| Khanna ho BAS | .048 | .403 |
| Ho batla monate ho BAS | .261 | <.001 |
| FDS | .290 | <.001 |
ADHD, Bothata ba ho ela hloko / ho se sebetse hantle; BAS, Sistimi ea Katamelo ea Boitšoaro; BIS, Sistimi ea Thibelo ea Boitšoaro; FDS, Bothata ba ho Ferekana; SNAP-IV, Swanson, Nolan, le Pelham, Mofuta oa Version IV.
Hasanya merero ea likamano lipakeng tsa matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea inthanete le ho batla monate ho sekala sa Behavioural Approach System (BAS) (Setšoantšo sa 1A) le lipakeng tsa matšoao a tahi ea inthanete le ho hloka mamello ho ferekaneng (Setšoantšo sa 1B).
Lethathamo 3 e fana ka phapang pakeng tsa ho tiea ha IA lipakeng tsa bankakarolo ba nang le litšobotsi tse fapaneng tsa maemo a bophelo, boemo ba meriana, le mafu a kelello. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore bacha ba nang le ts'ebetso e tlase ea bo-ntate le bo-mme ba bonts'a matšoao a IA a matla ho feta a nang le basebetsi ba phahameng ba bo-mme le bo-mme. Bacha ba fumanang meriana bakeng sa ADHD ba ne ba na le matšoao a tlase a IA ho feta ba sa fumaneng meriana ea ADHD.
Lethathamo 3
Papiso ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi ea inthanete ea bankakarolo ho latela litšobotsi tsa sechaba, litšoaneleho tsa ADHD, le likamano tse mpe.
| Ho lemalla lithethefatsi E bolelang (SD) | t | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Banana (n = 41) | 49.2 (16.2) | .715 | .475 |
| Bashemane (n = 259) | 47.5 (13.8) | ||
| Boemo ba lenyalo la batsoali: | |||
| Nepahetse (n = 231) | 47.8 (14.5) | .151 | .880 |
| E robehile (n = 69) | 47.5 (13.1) | ||
| Mosebetsi oa bo-ntate SES | |||
| Phahameng (n = 125) | 45.7 (12.7) | -2.108 | .036 |
| Tlaase (n = 175) | 49.1 (14.9) | ||
| Mosebetsi oa bakhachane SES | |||
| Phahameng (n = 94) | 44.4 (12.0) | -2.734 | .007 |
| Tlaase (n = 206) | 49.2 (14.8) | ||
| Ho fumana meriana bakeng sa ADHD | |||
| Che (n = 46) | 53.1 (13.4) | 2.830 | .005 |
| Ho joalo (n = 254) | 46.7 (14.1) | ||
| Ho itšoara hampe | |||
| Matšoenyeho kapa khatello ea maikutlo | |||
| Che (n = 260) | 47.8 (13.9) | .254 | .800 |
| Ho joalo (n = 40) | 47.2 (15.6) | ||
| Mathata a Tic | |||
| Che (n = 266) | 47.7 (14.3) | .115 | .909 |
| Ho joalo (n = 34) | 47.4 (12.9) | ||
| Mathata a Autism | |||
| Che (n = 266) | 47.7 (14.3) | -.027 | .979 |
| Ho joalo (n = 34) | 47.8 (13.0) |
ADHD, Bothata ba ho ela hloko / ho se sebetse hantle; SES, maemo a moruo oa sechaba; SNAP-IV, Swanson, Nolan, le Pelham, Mofuta oa Version IV.
Teko ea Bahlahlobi
Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe karolong ea tlhahlobo ea Statistical, ho ile ha khethoa lintlha tsa bohlokoa mohatong oa pele bakeng sa tlhahlobo e eketsehileng ea khatello mohatong oa bobeli oa ho fumana lintlha tse ikemetseng tse amanang le matšoao a IA (Model I in Lethathamo 4 ). Liphetho li bonts'a hore mosebetsi o tlase oa bo-mme, ho batla boithabiso bo phahameng ho BAS, le tumelo e phahameng ea ho hloka mamello ho FDS li ne li amahanngoa le matšoao a matla a IA, athe ho amohela meriana ea ADHD ho ne ho amahanngoa le IA e seng matla.
Lethathamo 4
Lintho tse amanang le batsamaisi ba matla a ho lemalla inthanete.
| Mohlala I | Mohlala II | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | t | p | β | t | p | |
| Age | .067 | 1.199 | .232 | .071 | 1.262 | .208 |
| SES e tlaase ea bo-ntate | .110 | 1.940 | .053 | .119 | 2.121 | .035 |
| Mosebetsi o tlase oa bo-mme | .125 | 2.226 | .027 | -.358 | -1.470 | .143 |
| Matšoao a sa tsotelleng ho SANP-IV | .038 | .580 | .563 | .039 | .603 | .547 |
| Matšoao a hanyetsang ho SANP-IV | .077 | 1.183 | .238 | .061 | .949 | .343 |
| Ho fumana meriana bakeng sa ADHD | -.113 | -2.061 | .040 | -.077 | -.312 | .755 |
| Ho batla monate ho BAS | .175 | 2.948 | .003 | .300 | 1.582 | .115 |
| FDS | .180 | 3.048 | .003 | -.206 | -1.336 | .183 |
| Mosebetsi o tlase oa bo-mme oa SES x Ho batla monate ho BAS | .051 | .200 | .842 | |||
| Ho amohela meriana bakeng sa ADHD x Ho batla monate ho BAS | .511 | 2.463 | .014 | |||
| Mosebetsi o tlase oa bo-mme oa SES x FDS | -.298 | -1.009 | .314 | |||
| Ho amohela meriana bakeng sa ADHD x FDS | .244 | 1.310 | .191 | |||
| F | 7.827 | 6.151 | ||||
| p | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
| E fetotsoe R2 | .154 | .171 | ||||
ADHD, Bothata ba ho ela hloko / ho se sebetse hantle; BAS, Sistimi ea Katamelo ea Boitšoaro; FDS, Bothata ba ho Ferekana; SES, maemo a moruo oa sechaba; SNAP-IV, Swanson, Nolan, le Pelham, Mofuta oa Version IV.
Hobane SES ea mosebetsi oa bo-mme le ho amohela meriana bakeng sa ADHD li ne li amahanngoa haholo le matšoao a IA, litšebelisano lipakeng tsa tse boletsoeng esale pele (ho matlafatsa kutloisiso le mamello ea ho ferekana) le batsamaisi ba ka bang teng (SES ea mosebetsi oa bo-mme le ho amohela meriana ea ADHD) li kenyelelitsoe tlhahlobisong e mengata ea khatello ho latela litekanyetso tse tloaelehileng tse hlahisitsoeng ke Baron le Kenny (45) e hlalositsoeng karolong ea tlhahlobo ea Statistical (Model II ho Lethathamo 4 ). Liphetho li bonts'itse hore tšebelisano lipakeng tsa ho batla boithabiso ho BAS le ho fumana meriana bakeng sa ADHD e ne e amana haholo le ho tiea ha IA, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ho amohela meriana bakeng sa ADHD ho lekantse botsoalle lipakeng tsa ho batla monate ho tiea ha BAS le IA. Liphetho tsa tlhahlobo e tsoelang pele li senotse kamano e kholo lipakeng tsa ho batla monate ho BAS le IA tieo feela ho bankakarolo ba fumanang meriana ea ADHD (β = .154, t = 2.301, p = .022) eseng ho ba sa fumaneng meriana ea ADHD (β = .291, t = 2.004, p = .052).
Puisano
Liphetho tsa phuputso ena li senotse hore leha ho batla ho khahlisang ha BAS le ho hloka mamello ho ferekane ho ne ho amahanngoa hantle le matšoao a IA, kalafo ea meriana ea ADHD e lekantse kamano lipakeng tsa ho batla monate bothateng ba BAS le IA. Ho ea ka tsebo ea rona, ena ke thuto ea pele ea ho khetholla batsamaisi ba likamano tsa matšoao a IA ka kutloisiso ea ho matlafatsa le ho hloka mamello ho bacha ba nang le ADHD.
Ho batla monate oa BAS ho emela tloaelo ea ho batla tšusumetso le karabelo meputsong e tlang pele (47). Ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e fa batho ba bang mesebetsi e nang le mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho hlasimolla le meputso e potlakileng; ka hona, batho ba nang le lintlha tse phahameng tsa BAS ba kanna ba ba le monyetla oa ho holisa IA. Kamano ea mahlakore a mabeli e lula e khonahala, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe thutong ea nako e telele (18). Phuputso ea hajoale e fumane hore botsoalle lipakeng tsa ho batla monate oa BAS le ho tiea ha IA bo bohlokoa feela ho bacha ba fumanang meriana ea ADHD. Tlhahiso ena e fapane le liphetho tsa lithuto tse ling, tse phethileng mekhatlo e metle ea boithuto bo monate ba BAS le ho tiea ha IA ho bacha kapa ho batho ba baholo.16-18) le bacha ba nang le ADHD (12). Liphetho tsa boithuto ba rona li ka supa hore litlamorao tsa lits'ebetso tsa RST ho matla a IA li thata ebile lia sebelisana. Phetolelo e ntlafalitsoeng ea Grey ea RST e kenyelletsa litsamaiso tse tlase tsa BAS, Fight / Flight / Freeze System (FFFS), le BIS (14, 15). BAS e laola boits'oaro, 'me FFFS e laola boits'oaro ba ho qoba ho susumetsa maikutlo. Ka bobeli BAS le FFFS li kentsoe tšebetsong ketsahalong e kenyelletsang tšusumetso e matla le e thibelang, e bakang khohlano e hlohlelletsang. Joale BIS e ts'oaroa ke kgohlano e hlohlelletsang, mme boits'oaro bo tsoelang pele boa thibeloa ha o lebisa tlhokomelo ea motho ho mohloli oa likhohlano (14). Le ha ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e hlahisa meputso le phokotso ea ho teneha, e boetse e hlahisa litlamorao tse mpe tse ka lebisang khohlano ea ts'usumetso. Ka hona, matšoao a IA a ka susumetsoa ke litlamorao tsa litšebelisano tse kopaneng tsa lits'ebetso tsa RST. Ntle le moo, ts'ebetso ea BAS e nkuoa e ipapisitse le lits'ebetso tsa dopaminergic ho CNS (48), eo hape e bileng sepheo sa mantlha sa likhopolo-taba ho etiology ea ADHD (49, 50). Ho kheloha ts'ebetsong ea dopaminergic e kanna ea ba sesosa sa phapang pakeng tsa botsoalle lipakeng tsa BAS e batlang monate le IA ho bacha ba nang le ADHD ba nang le ntle le meriana. Dopaminergic le noradrenergic neurotransmission ke liphofu tsa meriana e sebelisoang haholo ea ADHD (ke hore, methylphenidate le atomoxetine) Taiwan. Phuputso e 'ngoe e fumane hore likhoeli tse 3 tsa kalafo ea methylphenidate le atomoxetine ho bacha ba nang le ADHD e ne e amahanngoa le lintlha tse fokotsehileng sekaleng sa BAS (20). Meriana ea ADHD e ka fetisa mekhoa ea dopaminergic le noradrenergic bokong mme ka hona ea ama kamano lipakeng tsa ho batla monate oa BAS le ho tiea ha IA. Kamano lipakeng tsa BAS e batlang monate le IA ka kakaretso bacha ho tsoa sechabeng ka kakaretso le ba alafshoang ka meriana ea ADHD, empa eseng ho bacha ba ADHD ntle le meriana, e ka bonts'a phello e tloaelehileng ea meriana ea ADHD ho matlafatso ea kutlo. Sena se fetolela botsoalle lipakeng tsa BAS e batlang monate le IA ho bacha ba nang le ADHD ba noang meriana e ts'oanang le ea bacha ba tsoang sechabeng ka kakaretso. Leha ho le joalo, litlhaloso tse ling tse ka bang teng li kenyelletsa phapang lipakeng tsa kalafo ea meriana le lihlopha tse se nang meriana ho latela lintlha tsa mantlha tsa palo ea batho kapa matšoao. Kamano ea mantlha ea litlamorao tsa meriana ea ADHD mokhatlong o lipakeng tsa ho batla monate oa BAS le ho tiea ha IA e hloka tlhakiso e ngoe ke ba tlang ho ba lithuto.
Thutong ea hajoale, mamello ea pherekano e bontšitsoe e le selelekela sa bohlokoa sa IA ka matla kamora ho laola li-correlates tse ling ka har'a mofuta oa khatello. Khopolo ea mantlha ea kalafo ea boits'oaro ea maikutlo e fana ka maikutlo a hore litumelo tse sa utloahaleng tse bakoang ke liketsahalo li lebisa liphellong tse mpe tse latelang (51). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, Ko et al. O khothalelitse hore ho pepesehela marang-rang kapele ho ka etsa hore bacha ba tloaelane le maemo a khotsofatsang hanghang, mme ba ka ba le bokhoni bo lekanyelitsoeng ba ho mamella ho ferekana, ho baka kholo ea tumelo e sa utloahaleng ea ho hloka mamello21). Batho ba nang le ADHD ba ka ba le ho ferekana ho hoholo bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi ka lebaka la khaello ea tlhokomelo le ts'ebetso ea bolaoli. Kamora hore mehopolo e bontšang ho se mamellane ho ferekane e halefisitsoe, mesebetsi ea inthanete e ka sebetsa e le maano a ho sebetsana le liphallelo. Liphetho tsa phuputso ena li fana ka maikutlo a hore tumelo ea ho hloka mamello e hloka tlhatlhobo le ho kenella ho lekaneng ha o laola kapa o thibela IA ho bacha ba nang le ADHD.
Phuputso ea hajoale e fumane hore SES ea bo-mme e tlase e ne e amahanngoa le matla a phahameng a IA ho bacha ba nang le ADHD. Lelapa la SES le netefalitsoe hore le bapala karolo ea bohlokoa maemong a bophelo ba bocha, mme SES ea batsoali e bonts'itsoe e susumetsa khatello ea maikutlo, botenya le bophelo bo botle ba boithati har'a bacha ba Amerika (52). Bana le bacha ba tsoang malapeng a nang le SES e phahameng ba tloaetse ho bontša boits'oaro bo botle (53). Ho feta moo, ho ba motsoali ho bohlokoa ho laoleng matšoao a ADHD, mme batsoali ba nang le SES e phahameng ba kanna ba ba le monyetla oa ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling e amanang le ADHD e amanang le kelello. Ntle le moo, batsoali ba nang le SES e phahameng ba ka ba le tsebo e ngata mabapi le ts'ebeliso e nepahetseng ea inthanete, ka hona, ba ka ba le monyetla oa ho beha leihlo bana ba bona. Malapeng a tloaelehileng a ma-Taiwan, hangata bo-'mè ba tsamaisa tloaelo ea lapeng mme haholo-holo ba sebeletsa e le bahlokomeli ba bana. Ka hona, boikarabello ba ho lekola le ho laola ts'ebeliso ea inthanete bo kanna ba nkuoa hangata ke bo-mme ba Taiwan. Leha ho le joalo, hobane mohopolo oa tekano ea bong o fetohile mmoho le ho ata hoa malapa a amohelang chelete habeli Taiwan, tšusumetso ea batsoali ho IA e ntse e hloka hore ho nahanoe ka hloko. Phuputso e 'ngoe e tlalehile hore SES ea batsoali e bolela esale pele ho tiea ha IA ho bacha ba nang le ADHD, empa SES ea bo-mme ha e (12). Ka kakaretso, bopaki bo tšehetsa taba ea hore SES ea batsoali ke kamano e bohlokoa ea IA ho bacha ba nang le ADHD.
Mokhoa o tiisitsoeng oa kalafo oa IA oa haella. Meriana e ithutiloeng e kenyelletsa escitalopram, bupropion, methylphenidate, le atomoxetine (54). Methylphenidate le atomoxetine li tlalehiloe li amana le ho fokotseha ho matla ha lipapali tsa inthanete le lintlha tsa BAS / BIS ho bacha ba nang le ADHD (20). Liphetho tsa phuputso ena li tšehetsa tlhoko ea lipatlisiso tse ling mabapi le karolo ea meriana ea ADHD kalafong ea bacha ba nang le ADHD. Phekolo ea boits'oaro ba kelello ke ts'ebetso e kholo eo e seng ea kalafo ea IA bakeng sa lithuto tsa pele (54). Boithuto ba rona bo bonts'a hore lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li ka lekola katleho ea ho kenyelletsa taolo ea tumelo ea ho hloka mamello le pherekano le tloaelo ea ho ithabisa ho kenella molemong oa boits'oaro ba boits'oaro ho phekoleng bakuli ba nang le ADHD le IA. Ntle le moo, phello ea meriana ea ADHD ho batla ho le monate le ho tiea ha IA e lokela ho beoa leihlo nakong ea boitseko bo joalo.
Mefokolo e mengata ea thuto ena e hloka ho nahanisisoa ka hloko. Litekanyo li ne li itlaleha kaofela; ka hona, mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea leeme e ke ke ea qhelelloa ka ho felletseng. Ho eketsa lipuisano tsa bongaka thulaganyong ea tlhahlobo ho tla ntlafatsa bonnete ba tlhahlobo ea bongaka lithutong tse tlang. Psychometrics ea mefuta ea China ea BIS-BAS scale le FDS e sebelisitsoeng ho palo ea bacha e tiisa tlhahlobo e ngoe. Moralo oa likarolo tse fapaneng o lekanyelitse bokhoni ba ho etsa liqeto mabapi le maemo a teng. Barupeluoa ba ile ba hiroa mafapheng a kantle ho bakuli, 'me batho ba nang le ADHD ba neng ba sa fumane tlhokomelo ea bongaka ba ne ba sa atameloe, ho bolelang hore sephetho se kanna sa se fumanehe ho bacha bohle ba nang le ADHD. Meriana ea ho phekola ADHD e ne e sa boleloa thutong ea rona; ka hona, mefuta e fapaneng ea litlamorao tsa meriana e kanna ea hlahisa leeme liphellong. Leha ho le joalo, methylphenidate le atomoxetine ke tsona feela metsoako e 'meli e lumelletsoeng bakeng sa ho phekola ADHD naheng ea Taiwan mme e na le hoo e ka bang meriana eohle e sebelisetsoang ho phekola ADHD (55, 56). Qetellong, mefuta ea mesebetsi ea inthanete ha ea ka ea tlalehoa thutong ena. Ho bile le liphehisano mabapi le hore na boits'oaro bo fapaneng bo nang le mathata marang-rang, joalo ka papali e sa rateheng, liwebosaete tsa marang-rang le mabenkeleng a marang-rang li lokela ho nkuoa e le ntho e le 'ngoe kapa boitšoaro bo fapaneng bo ikhethileng bo susumetsoang ke khotsofalo e fapaneng (57). Hore na liphapang li teng lipakeng tsa khokahano ea mesebetsi e fapaneng ea inthanete e matlafatsang kutlo le ho hloka mamello ho hloka kutloelo-bohloko. Ho khothaletsoa hape lipatlisisong tse tsoelang pele ho sebelisa moralo o lebelletsoeng, hape le ho hlahloba litlamorao tsa meriana e fapaneng ea ADHD.
fihlela qeto e
Liphetho tsa phuputso ea hajoale li bonts'a hore ho batla ho ithabisa ha BAS le tumelo ea ho hloka mamello ho ne ho amana haholo le ho tiea ha IA ho bacha ba nang le ADHD. Liphapang li ile tsa bonoa kamanong pakeng tsa ho batla monate oa BAS le IA lipakeng tsa bankakarolo ba fumanang meriana ea ADHD le ba sa fumaneng meriana ea ADHD. Ho se tsotelle mamello le ho hloka mamello ho hloka tlhokomelo nakong ea mananeo a thibelo le taolo ea IA ho bacha ba nang le ADHD. Phello ea meriana ea ADHD le eona e lokela ho tsotelloa ha ho hlahlojoa kamano lipakeng tsa matlafatso a matlafatso le IA.
Boitšoaro ba Melao
Phuputso ena e entsoe ho latela likhothaletso tsa Univesithi ea Bongaka ea Kaohsiung ka tumello e ngotsoeng e tsoang ho lithuto tsohle. Lihlooho tsohle li fane ka tumello e ngotsoeng e nang le tsebo ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki. Leano lena le ile la amoheloa ke Univesithi ea Bongaka ea Kaohsiung.
Menehelo ea Mongoli
W-HL: kemolo le moralo oa thuto, ho etsa sengoloa se ngotsoeng ka letsoho. W-JC: kemolo le moralo oa thuto, ho etsa sengoloa se ngotsoeng ka letsoho. RH: ho ngola mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho. H-FH: ho fumana le ho sekaseka lintlha. C-FY: ho emoloa le ho raloa ha boithuto, ho fumana le ho sekaseka lintlha, ho ngola sengoloa kapa lipalo.
Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso
Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.
Ho ananela
Phuputso ena e ne e tšehelitsoe ke thuso e tsoang ho Morero oa Patlisiso ea Bongaka oa Chang Gung Memorial, 102-CMRPG8C0881 le 103-CMRPG8D1281, fana ka MOST 105-2314-B-182A-055, le 105-2314-B-037 -025-MY3 ho tsoa ho Lekala la Saense le Theknoloji, Taiwan, ROC, le ho fana ka KMUH105-M507 e fuoeng ke Sepetlele sa Bongaka sa Bongaka sa Kaohsiung. Litsi tsa lichelete ha lia ka tsa nka karolo thutong ena.
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