Ho Etsa Liqeto Bakeng sa Likotsi Tse Kotsing le ho Lahleheloa ke Liithuti tsa K'holejeng tse nang le Inthanete ea ho Bapala ka Inthanete (2015)

PLoS One. 2015 Jan 23; 10 (1): e0116471. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471.

  • Yuan-Wei Yao,

    Kopanelo: Sekolo sa Psychology, Univesithi e Tloaelehileng ea Beijing, Beijing, China⨯

  • Pin-Ru Chen,

    Kopanelo: Sekolo sa Psychology, Univesithi e Tloaelehileng ea Beijing, Beijing, China⨯

  • Song Li,

    Kopanelo: Sekolo sa Mahlale a Lipalo, Univesithi ea Beijing e Tloaelehileng, Beijing, China⨯

  • Ling-Jiao Wang,

    Poelano: Laboratori ea Bohlokoa ea Naha ea Tsebiso ea ho Utloisisa Bohloko le ho Ithuta le IDG / Setsi sa McGovern sa Patlisiso ea Brain, Univesithi e Tloaelehileng ea Beijing, Beijing, China⨯

  • Jin-Tao Zhang,

    Lengolo-tsoibila: [imeile e sirelelitsoe] (JTZ); [imeile e sirelelitsoe] (XYF)

    Metsoalle: Laboraro la State Key of Cognitive Neuroscience le ho Ithuta le IDG / McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Univesithi ea Beijing tloaelehileng, Beijing, China, Setsi sa Ts'ebetsopele le Ntlafatso ho Saense ea Brain le ho Ithuta, Univesithi ea Beijing e tloaelehileng, Beijing, China⨯

  • Sarah W. Yip,

    Kopano: Lefapha la Psychiatry, Sekolo sa Bongaka sa Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America⨯

  • Gang Chen,

    Kopanelo: Core Science le Statistical Computing Core, Setsi sa Naha sa Bophelo ba Kelello, Litheo tsa Naha tsa Bophelo, Lefapha la Bophelo le Litšebeletso tsa Batho, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America⨯

  • Lin-Yuan Deng,

    Kopanelo: Lefapha la thuto, Univesithi e Tloaelehileng ea Beijing, Beijing, China⨯

  • Qin-Xue Liu,

    Lits'ebetso: Sekolo sa Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China, Laboraro la Bohlokoa la Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Lekala la thuto, Wuhan, China⨯

  • Xiao-Yi Fang

    Lengolo-tsoibila: [imeile e sirelelitsoe] (JTZ); [imeile e sirelelitsoe] (XYF)

    Lits'ebetso: Setsi sa Ntoa ea Nts'etsopele ea Univesithi ea Beijing, Beijing, Chaena, State Key Laborator ea Cognitive Neuroscience le ho Ithuta le IDG / Setsi sa McGovern bakeng sa Lipatlisiso tsa Brain, Univesithi ea Beijing tloaelehileng, Beijing, China, Academy of Psychology and Behaviour, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China

    ⨯

PLOS
  • E phatlalalitsoe: Pherekhong ea 23, 2015
  • ETSA: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471

inahaneloang

Batho ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD) ha ba na ho bonts'a ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi eseng feela bophelong ba bona ba nnete empa le mesebetsing ea laboratori. Ho etsa liqeto ke mosebetsi o rarahaneng oa ts'ebetso 'me mekhoa e fapaneng ea temohisiso e kenyelletsa ho etsa liqeto bakeng sa melemo le tahlehelo. Leha ho le joalo, kamano e pakeng tsa ho nka liqeto tse sa sebetseng hantle le ho fumana tahlehelo e pakeng tsa IGD ha e utloisisoe hantle. Morero o ka sehloohong oa thuto ea morao-rao e ne e le ho lekola ho etsa liqeto ka sepheo sa ho fumana menyetla le tahlehelo lipakeng tsa baithuti ba koleche ba IGD ba sebelisang mosebetsi oa Li-Cups. Ntle le moo, re boetse re hlahloba litlamorao tsa boholo le sephetho mabapi le ho etsa liqeto tse amanang le menyetla le tahlehelo e kotsi. Baithuti ba mashome a tšeletseng ba koleche ba IGD le 42 ba tsamaeang le li-taolo tse phetseng hantle (HCs) ba nkile karolo. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore lithuto tsa IGD li bontšitse tloaelo e kholo ea ho beha likotsi ho feta li-HC. Ha ho bapisoa le li-HC, lithuto tsa IGD li entse likhetho tse kotsi haholo sebakeng sa tahlehelo (empa eseng setsing sa phaello). Tlhahlobo ea kamoso e bonts'itse hore ho senyeha ho ne ho amahanngoa le ho hloka kutloelo-hloko ho liphetoho maemong le boholo ba menyetla ea tahlehelo e kotsi hara lithuto tsa IGD. Ntle le moo, lintlha tse phahameng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang li ne li hokahantsoe le liperesente tsa likhetho tse kotsi tse fumanehang sebakeng sa tahlehelo. Liphumano tsena li totobatsa phello ea ho hloka kutloelo-bohloko ho tahlehelo mabapi le liqeto tse sa sebetseng tlasa kotsi ho tikoloho ea IGD, e nang le liphetho bakeng sa lithuto tsa ho kenella nakong e tlang.

Tlhaloso:Yao YW, Chen PR, Li S, Wang LJ, Zhang JT, et al. (2015) Ho etsa liqeto bakeng sa melemo le likotsi tahlehelo hara Baithuti ba koleche ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang. PloS ONE 10 (1): e0116471. Doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471

Mohlophisi oa thuto: Ingmar HA Franken, Erasmus University Rotterdam, NETHERLANDS

Re amohetse: July 17, 2014; E amohetse: December 9, 2014; E phatlalalitsoe: January 23, 2015

Ena ke sengolo se bulehileng sa phihlello, se nang le litokelo tsohle, 'me se ka qopitsoa ka bolokolohi, sa abuoa, sa fetisoa, sa fetoloa, sa hahuoa kapa sa sebelisoa ke mang kapa mang ka sepheo se seng le se seng sa molao. Mosebetsi o oa fumaneha tlasa Mokhatlo oa "Creative Commons CC0" boinehelo ba sechaba

Ho fumaneha ha Data:Lintlha tsohle tse nepahetseng li ka hare ho pampiri le lifaele tsa eona tsa Tšehetso.

Lithuso:Boithuto bona bo tšehelitsoe ke National Natural Science Foundation ea Chaena (No. 31170990 le No. 81100992), chelete ea motheo ea lipatlisiso bakeng sa liunivesithi tsa bohareng (No. 2012WYB01), le Mananeo a National Innovative Foundation bakeng sa Baithuti ba Koleji ea China (Che. 201310027028). SWY e amohetse tšehetso ea moputso ho tsoa ho lithuso ho NIDA (T32 DA007238-23). Bafani ba lichelete ba ne ba sena karolo moqopolong oa ho ithuta, ho bokella le ho sekaseka datha, kapa ho hlophisa sengoloa.

Lithahasello tse tsitsitseng: Bangoli ba boletse hore ho na le lithahasello tsa tlhōlisano tse teng.

Selelekela

Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD) bo hlalosoa e le papali ea chelete e ngata haholo ebile e sa laolehe inthaneteng le ha e e-na le litlamorao tse mpe, ho kenyelletsa ho hloka boroko, ho se sebetse hantle sekolong, le ho itšehla thajana [1,2]. IGD e ntse e amoheloa ka ho eketsehileng e le bothata ba bophelo bo botle ba kelello lefatšeng ka bophara [3], joalo ka ha ho hlakisoa ke morao-rao ha eona ho kenyelletsa Karolo ea Boraro ea DSM-5 e le sehlooho se lokeloang ke lithuto tse ngata tsa kamoso [4]. Ho feta moo, kaha inthanete e fumaneha ka mokhoa o bulehileng likhamphaseng, boholo ba baithuti ba koleche ba bapala lipapali tsa inthanete bakeng sa boithabiso, empa leha ho le joalo, li ba etsa e le e 'ngoe ea batho ba kotsing ea ho fihlela IGD [5,6].

Ho etsa liqeto ka phoso ke e 'ngoe ea matšoao a bohlokoa a kenyelletso [7-9]. Liphumano tse fetileng li supa hore batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi kapa ba lemaletseng ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ba sitisitse ts'ebetso ea mefuta e mengata ea ho etsa liqeto10-14]. Boithuto ba morao-rao bo bonts'a bofokoli ba ho etsa liqeto ho IGD. Mohlala, bafuputsi ba fumane hore batho ba nang le IGD ba entse likhetho tse mpe haholo ho Game of Dice Task e amanang le lithuto tse sa bapalang tse sa bapalang [15], le hore liphokotso tse joalo li kanna tsa hlahisoa ke ho sitoa ho sebelisa maikutlo [16]. Bopaki bo boetse bo fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba lemaletseng ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ha ba na tokelo ea ho etsa liqeto tlasa boikemisetso bo lekantsoeng ke mosebetsi oa papali ea Iowa [17,18]. Boithuto bo botle ba ho sebelisa li-paradigms tse ling (mohlala, mosebetsi oa ho hakanya, mosebetsi oa ho theola monyetla) le tsona li fana ka maikutlo a ho fetoha ha likarabo tsa neural hara batho ba nang le IGD nakong ea ho etsa liqeto, ho kenyelletsa ho lebella le ho lokisa meputso le likotlo [19-21] le ho lekola likotsi [22].

Ho etsa liqeto ke mosebetsi o rarahaneng oa bonono, 'me bopaki bo bokelletsang bo bonts'a hore lits'ebetso tse fapaneng li kentse letsoho ha ho etsoa liqeto bakeng sa melemo le tahlehelo [23-26]. Bafuputsi ba bang ba fumane hore batho ba nang le bothata ba ho lemalla bokhoba ba tahi ba entse khetho e mpe haholo haholo phaellong — ho bapisoa le tahlehelo- domain [27,28], athe data e teng e boetse e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho hloka kutloelo-bohloko ho tahlehelo ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho etsa liqeto tsa ho etsa liqeto bathong ba nang le ts'epahalo ea thepa [29,30]. Leha ho le joalo, hore na ho nka liqeto tse fosahetseng pakeng tsa lithuto tsa IGD ho bakoa joang ke liphetoho tse bang teng ha ho bapisoa le tahlehelo ea tahlehelo. Ho etsa lipatlisiso tse arohaneng tsa litšobotsi tsa ho batla moputso le ho qoba ho lahleheloa ke batho ba nang le IGD ho tla ntšetsa pele kutloisiso ea hona joale ea methapo e thehileng bofetoheli ba ho etsa liqeto sechabeng sena, 'me e ka ba thuso ho nts'etsopele ea mats'oao a atlehang a IGD.

Thutong ea hajoale, re batlile ho lekola liqeto tsa liqeto le tahlehelo lipakeng tsa baithuti ba koleche ba IGD. Bakeng sa morero ona, re amohetse mosebetsi oa Li-Cups [26], e khethollang ho etsa liqeto molemong oa taolo le tahlehelo. Ntle le moo, re boetse re batla ho hlahloba litlamorao tsa likarolo tse peli tsa bohlokoa, bophahamo ba sephetho le boemo ba menyetla, liqetong tse amanang le phaello le tahlehelo e kotsi. E ipapisitse le lithuto tse fetileng [15,16,21], re fupere lintlha tsa hore: (1) litaba tsa IGD, ha li bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle (HCs) li tla etsa likhetho tse kotsi haholo ka kakaretso; (2) Lihlooho tsa IGD, ha li bapisoa le li-HC, li ka sebetsa hampe le ho feta litekong tse mpe tse behang kotsing ka bobeli lits'ebetsong tsa phaello le tahlehelo; (3) khaello ea ho etsa liqeto har'a lithuto tsa IGD e ne e amahanngoa le ho hloka botsitso ho hlahisa boholo le boemo ba menyetla; le (4) lintlha tsa boholo ba IGD li ne li amana hantle le likhetho tse kotsi tse entsoeng mosebetsing oa Li-Cups.

mekhoa

Boitšoaro ba Melao

Protocol ea thuto ena e amohetsoe ke Institutional Review Board of School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University. Barupeluoa bohle ba ile ba fana ka tumello e ngotsoeng pele ho teko mme ba fumana tefo ea chelete bakeng sa karolo ea bona.

barupeluoa ba

Kakaretso ea baithuti ba koleche ea 102 (lithuto tsa 60 IGD le 42 HCs) ba hiriloe liunivesithing ke papatso ea inthanete Beijing, China. Ha ho fanoa ka keketseho e phahameng ea IGD ho banna le basali [1,31-33], ho ile ha khethoa lithuto tsa banna feela. Ha ho barupeluoa ba tlalehileng boiphihlelo ba nakong e fetileng ka lithethefatsi tse seng molaong (mohlala, cocaine) kapa papali ea chelete (ho kenyeletsoa papali ea chelete ea inthaneteng). Ho feta moo, barupeluoa ba tlalehileng nalane leha e le efe ea mafu a kelello kapa mafu a methapo ea kutlo, tšebeliso ea meriana ea psychotropic e amang tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo ha e kenyelletsoe thutong e tsoelang pele.

Tlhahlobo ea IGD e thehiloe ke nako ea libapali tsa inthanete tsa beke le beke le tekanyo ea litheko tsa inthanete ea Chen (CIAS) [34]. CIAS e na le lintho tsa 26, tse ipapisitseng le sekhahla sa likhetho tsa 4-point, se lekanyang litekanyetso tsa 5 tsa tšebeliso ea marang-rang: tšebeliso e qobelloang, ho tlosoa, ho mamellana, mathata a likamano tsa kamano le taolo ea nako. Ho tšepahala le ho nepahala ha CIAS har'a baithuti ba koleche ho bontšitsoe pejana [33]. Mekhoa ea ho kenyelletsa lithuto tsa IGD e ne e le: (1) e fane ka 67 kapa e phahameng ho CIAS [33,35], (2) o sebelisitse nako e ngata ho lipapali tsa inthanete ho feta lits'ebetso tse ling tsa marang-rang, mme (3) o qetile bonyane lihora tsa 14 ka beke bonyane selemo se le seng. Ho netefatsa hape hore lithuto tsa IGD li lemaletse papali ea inthanete le ho laola litlamorao tsa mesebetsi e meng ea inthaneteng (haholo-holo papali ea chelete ea inthaneteng) mabapi le ho etsa liqeto, lithuto tsa IGD li ile tsa botsoa hore li thathamise mesebetsi e meraro ea pele ea inthanete e neng e nkile boholo ba nako ea bona inthaneteng. Kaofela ha bona ba behiloe papali ea inthanete pele 'me ba bonts'a hore ba "lemaletse" lipapaling tsa inthanete, empa ha ho le e' ngoe ea bona e kenyelletsang papali ea chelete ea inthaneteng kapa lipapaling tsa poker lenaneng la bona. Litekanyetso tsa ho kenyeletsoa li-HC e ne e le: (1) tekanyo ea ≤ 50 ho CIAS, (2) nako le nako lipapali tsa inthanete (hours lihora tsa 2 ka beke) kapa ha ho mohla li kileng tsa bapala lipapali tsa inthanete bophelong ba tsona.

Mosebetsi oa Li-Cups

Ts'ebetso ea likhomphutha ea China ea likhomphutha e fetotsoe ho tloha mosebetsing oa mantlha o qapiloeng ke [26]. Mosebetsi o na le liteko tsa 54 tse arotsoe ho li-rua le tahlehelo ea tahlehelo ka ho lekana. Tekong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa hore ba khethe pakeng tsa khetho e kotsi le khetho e bolokehileng, 'me khetho e sireletsehileng e emeloa ke senoelo se le seng mme e amana le monyetla oa 100% oa ho hapa kapa ho lahleheloa ke 100 yuan. Khetho e kotsi e emeloa ke linoelo tsa 2, 3 kapa 4 mme e amana le 50%, 33% kapa 25% ea ho hapa kapa ho lahleheloa ke chelete e kholo (sephetho se ka bang teng: 200 yuan, 300 yuan, kapa 400 yuan). Ka har'a sebaka se seng le se seng sa taolo, karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea menyetla e ka bang teng ka makhetlo a mararo, ka hona lits'ebetso tsa taolo le tahlehelo li hlahisoa e le lithibelo tse peli tse fapaneng tsa liteko tsa 27. Barupeluoa ba bontšitse khetho ea bona ka ho tobetsa konopo e ka letsohong le letšehali kapa le letona. Kamora khetho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, barupeluoa ba ile ba fuoa maikutlo hang hang ka sephetho sa nyeoe. Barupeluoa ba mashome a mabeli ba fumaneng kakaretso e phahameng ka ho fetesisa ba tla fuoa bonase e eketsehileng.

Ho ipapisitse le theolo e ikemetseng ea boemo ba menyetla le sephetho sa sephetho, li -xube li ka ba: (1) e na le kotsi (RA), ho bolelang hore boleng bo lebelletsoeng (EV) ba khetho e kotsi bo monate haholo ho feta khetho e bolokehileng; (2) kotsi e behang kotsing (RD), ho bolelang hore khetho ea EV ea likotsi e tlase ho feta khetho e bolokehileng; kapa (3) ea se nke lehlakore, ho bolelang hore likhetho tse kotsi le tse bolokehileng li na le litekanyetso tse lekantsoeng tse lebelletsoeng (EQEV).

Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyetso

Litlhahlobo tsa lipalopalo li ile tsa etsoa ho sebelisoa mofuta oa SPSS 20.0 le mofuta oa R XXUMX. Liteko tsohle li entsoe ka mehala e 'meli' me mokhoa oa bohlokoa o behiloe ho P <.05. Taba ea mantlha, re sebelisitse sampole e ikemetseng ea t-liteko ho lekola phapang ea sehlopha lipapatsong tsa palo ea batho. Taba ea bobeli, ho bapisa ts'ebetso ea lithuto tsa IGD le li-HC mosebetsing oa Cups, re sebelisitse tlhahlobo ea phapang (ANOVAs) ka litekanyo tse phetoang. Bakeng sa ho lekola litlamorao tsa ts'ebelisano, ho ile ha etsoa litlhahlobo tse bonolo. Moo liteko tsa Mauchly li bonts'itseng tlolo ea mohopolo oa ho potoloha, ho ile ha sebelisoa litokiso tsa Greenhouse-Geisser. Liphuputso tsa Post-hoc li ile tsa etsoa ho sebelisoa t liteko ka tokiso ea Bonferroni. Taba ea boraro, re arotse EV ka likarolo tse peli: boemo ba monyetla le boholo ba sephetho, molemong oa ho lekola phello ea likarolo tsena tse peli ha ho etsoa liqeto tekong ka ngoe, re sebelisa mosebetsi oa R lmer oa laeborari ea lme4. Kamora nako, ho fuputsa kamano lipakeng tsa ho tiea ha lithethefatsi tsa inthanete le ts'ebetso ea ho etsa liqeto ho fihlela phaello le ho qoba tahlehelo, likamano tsa Pearson li sebelisitsoe ho lekola mekhatlo lipakeng tsa lintlha tsa CIAS le liperesente tsa likhetho tse kotsi tse entsoeng nakong ea maemo a mararo a EV (RA, EQEV, RD ) bakeng sa phaello le tahlehelo ka ho latellana.

Results

Litšobotsi tsa Botho

Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Lethathamo 1, lithuto tsa IGD le li-HC li ne li sa fapana ka lilemo, nako e akaretsang ea thuto, le lilemo tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete bophelong. E lumellana le mekhoa ea rona ea ho kenyelletsa (ke hore, CIAS lintlha ≥ 67 ea lithuto tsa IGA le ≤ 50 bakeng sa li-HC), lithuto tsa IGD li ne li na le lintlha tse ngata tsa CIAS, t (100) = 27.14, P <.001. Li-HC tse mashome a mabeli a metso e 'meli ho tse 42 ka linako tse ling li ne li bapala lipapali tsa inthanete, leha ho le joalo, lithuto tsa IGD li qeta nako e ngata haholo lipapaling tsa inthanete beke le beke ho feta li-HC, t (80) = 15.41, P <.001.

ponahalo e nyane
Tafole 1. Demographic, Internet sebelisa nako eohle ea bophelo, lintlha tsa CIAS le nako e sebelisitsoeng lithutong tsa IGD le li-HC.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471.t001

Tekanyo ea koae le tšebeliso ea joala e ne e le tlase bakeng sa lihlopha tsena ka bobeli: lithuto tse tharo tsa IGD le HC e le 'ngoe e tlalehiloe nako le nako (ka tlase ho hanngoe ka khoeli) ho tsuba koae. Lihlooho tsa 19D tsa li-IGD le li-12 HC li tlalehiloe tšebeliso ea joala nako eohle empa kaofela li na le maqhubu a tlase (hang ka beke kapa ka tlase), 'me litefiso tsena li ne li sa fapana lipakeng tsa lihlopha, t (29) = 1.27, P = .216.

Ho Fumana Kotsi

Tekanyo ea ho nka kotsi ke mehato ea tloaelo ea motho ea ho khetha khetho e kotsi ho feta khetho e bolokehileng ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea mekhahlelo e meraro ea EV (RA, EQEV, RD) e balloe ka thoko bakeng sa sebaka sa phaello le tahlehelo [36]. Re tsamaisitse 2 (domain: phaello, tahlehelo) × 3 (Boemo ba EV: RA, EQEV, RD) × 2 (sehlopha: lithuto tsa IGD, HCs) mehato e pheta-phetoang ANOVA. Joalokaha ho ne ho lebelletsoe, re bone phello e kholo ea sehlopha, F (1, 100) = 5.67, P = .019, karolo e itseng2 = .05, e bonts'a hore lithuto tsa IGD li khethile likhetho tse kotsi ka ho fetesisa ho feta li-HC sebakeng sa bobeli sa phaello le tahlehelo; le phello e kholo ea boemo ba EV, F (2, 200) = 289.64, P <.001, karolo η2 = .74. Litlhahlobo tsa post-hoc li bonts'itse hore barupeluoa ba entse likhetho tse kotsi ha boemo ba EV e ne e le RA ho feta kamoo e neng e le RD. Tšebelisano 'moho pakeng tsa boemo ba EV, sehlopha le domain ha ea ka ea fihlela bohlokoa, F (2, 200) = 1.43, P = .242, karolo e itseng2 = .01. Leha ho le joalo, re fumane tšebelisano ea sehlopha sa EV F (2, 200) = 6.08, P = .006, karolo e itseng2 = .06, le tlhahlobo e bonolo ea phello e bonts'itse hore ts'ebelisano e kholo e ne e le haholo ka lebaka la kotsi e kholo ea ho tsamaea litseleng tsa RD har'a lithuto tsa IGD ha li bapisoa le li-HC, F (2, 99) = 7.54, P = .001, karolo e itseng2 = .13. Re fumane le tšebelisano ea bohlokoa ea sebaka sa EV F (2, 200) = 7.70, P = .001, karolo e itseng2 = .07, le tlhahlobo ea phello e bonolo e bonts'itse hore barupeluoa ba khethile likhetho tse kotsi haholoanyane sebakeng sa tahlehelo ha ba bapisoa le domain name ea liteko tsa EQEV (eseng RA le RD), F (1, 100) = 7.57, P = .007, karolo e itseng2 = .07.

Li-ANOVA tse arohaneng bakeng sa domain e 'ngoe le e' ngoe li ile tsa tšoaroa hape. Bakeng sa taolo ea tahlehelo, ntle le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa tsa sehlopha le EV, ho bile le phello e kholo ea tšebelisano ea tšebelisano ea sehlopha sa EV, F (2, 200) = 6.90, P = .002, karolo e itseng2 = .07. Liphumano tse tsoang lipatlisisong tse bonolo tsa phello li bonts'a hore lithuto tsa IGA li entse likhetho tse kotsi ho feta li-HC litekong tsa RD, F (1, 100) = 15.11, P <.001, karolo η2 = .13, empa e ne e sa fapana le li-HC lenaneng la likhetho tse kotsi likhethong tsa RA le EQEV (Feie. 1). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, bakeng sa sebaka sa phaello, ho ne ho se na litlamorao tsa bohlokoa kapa tšebelisano ea sehlopha sa sehlopha sa EV kapa sehlopha sa EV (P = .092 le P = .138, ka ho latellana).

ponahalo e nyane
Setšoantšo sa 1. Ts'ebetso ea ho etsa liqeto bakeng sa lithuto tsa IGD le li-HC mosebetsing oa Li-Cups.

 

Bolela liperesente tsa likhetho tse kotsi tse entsoeng ho (A) phaello le (B) sebaka sa tahlehelo, joalo ka ts'ebetso ea boemo le sehlopha sa EV. Mehala ea liphoso e bonts'a liphoso tse tloaelehileng. IGD = Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete; Li-HC = taolo e phetseng hantle; EV = boleng bo lebelletsoeng; RA = kotsi; EQEV = boleng bo lekanang bo lebelletsoeng; RD = kotsi hampe.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471.g001

Boikutlo ba ho hlahisa boholo le maemo a ho ba bonolo

Re ntse re arola EV likarolo tse peli: boholo ba sephetho le boemo ba menyetla. Bakeng sa ho lekola phello ea likarolo tsena tse peli mabapi le ho nka liqeto tse kotsi, re ile ra etsa meetso e meng e sebelisang R lmer mosebetsi oa laebrari ea lme4 ho nahana ka phapano ea liteko ka ho beha menyetla ea bona kotsing, kamora mokhoa o hlalositsoeng thutong e fetileng [37]. Mefuta e 'meli ea motheo ka tatellano ea phaello le tahlehelo e kenyellelitsoe sehlopha (0 = HCs, 1 = IGD masomo), boemo ba menyetla (e emeloang ke monyetla oa ho hapa kapa ho lahleheloa ke likhetho tse kotsi: 0.25, 0.33, 0.50), sephetho sa boholo (2, 3, 4 e emetse 200, 300, 400 ka likhetho tse kotsi) le ts'ebelisano ea sehlopha sa maemo a x le kholo ea sephetho sa sehlopha e le baphethahatsi ba litlamorao, le liphapang tse ikhethang tsa khetho e le litlamorao. Phapang e ka tšeptjoang e ne e le khetho ea lithuto bakeng sa teko e 'ngoe le e' ngoe (0 = khetho e sireletsehileng, 1 = likhetho tse kotsi).

Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho tafole 2, ho bile le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa tsa boemo ba menyetla le boholo ba sephetho ho litheko le tahlehelo ka bobeli. Litlamorao tsena li bonts'itse, bakeng sa phaello le tahlehelo ea bobeli, hore lithutong tsa IGD le li-HCs, lithuto li ile tsa nka likotsi tse fokolang ha monyetla oa khetho e le kotsi o ile oa fokola (sephetho sa mantlha sa monyetla) le hore lithuto li nkile likotsi tse ngata ka lebaka la sephetho kholo ea khetho e kotsi e eketsehile (phello e kholo ea boholo ba sephetho).

ponahalo e nyane
Tafole 2. Phello ea boemo ba menyetla le boholo ba sephetho ka ho nka kotsi e le ts'ebetso ea libaka le lihlopha.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471.t002

Sebakeng sa phaello, ho ne ho se na litlamorao tse kholo tsa tšebelisano lipakeng tsa efe kapa efe ea lintho tse tharo tse epolotsoeng. Ho fapana le hoo, sebakeng sa tahlehelo ho bile le tšebelisano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa sehlopha sa maemo a x le boholo ba sephetho sa sehlopha, ho bonts'a hore lithuto tsa IGD, tse amanang le li-HC, li ne li se na monyetla oa ho fetola liqeto tsa tsona ho latela boemo ba mohlomong le boholo ba sephetho sebakeng sa tahlehelo .

Khokahano lipakeng tsa Phapanyetsano ea Phapanyetsano ea Inthanete le ho Etsa Qeto

Litokellano tsa Pearson li ile tsa boela tsa etsoa pakeng tsa lintlha tsa CIAS le palo ea likhetho tsa likotsi bakeng sa maemo a mararo a EV (RA, EQEV, RD) ka thoko bakeng sa phaello le tahlehelo. Sebakeng sa tahlehelo, liphetho li bonts'a hore lintlha tsa CIAS li amana hantle le likhetho tse kotsi tse entsoeng litekong tsa RD, r = .22, P = .001. Kopano pakeng tsa lintlha tsa CIAS e ne e hokahanngoe le palo ea likhetho tse kotsi litekong tsa RD bakeng sa domain name, r = .19, P = 0.056.

Puisano

Ho tsebo ea rona, thuto ea hona joale ke ea pele ea ho lekola ho nka liqeto tse kotsi har'a lithuto tsa IGD ka thoko bakeng sa tahlehelo le menyetla. E lumellana le tšibollo ea rona ea pele, lithuto tsa IGD li bonts'itse tloaelo e kholo ea ho beha ts'ebetsong ea Li-Cups, ha ho bapisoa le li-HC. E lumellana hantle le maikutlo a rona a bobeli le a boraro, lithuto tsa IGD li entse likhetho tse kotsi haholo ho feta liteko tsa HC litekong tsa RD tsa tahlehelo-empa eseng phaello - domain, mme ho senyeha ho ne ho amahanngoa le ho se ananele liphetoho lipakeng tsa kholo ea sephetho le boemo ba menyetla ea kotsi tahlehelo hara lithuto tsa IGD. Tumellanong le tlhaiso-leseling ea rona ea bone, tlhahlobo ea maikutlo e bonts'itse ts'ebetso ea litloaelano tse ntle lipakeng tsa lintlha tsa bokhoba ba taolo ea inthanete le likhetho tse mpe sebakeng sa tahlehelo. Ha re e kopanya, lintlha tsena li fana ka bopaki bo eketsehileng ba ho sitisoa ha liqeto tse tlasa kotsi bathong ba nang le IGD, 'me ho boetse ho fana ka tlhahiso ea hore ts'ebetso ea tahlehelo ea phetoho (khahlanong le phaello) e ka baka bofokoli ba ho etsa liqeto sechabeng sena.

Sebakeng sa tahlehelo, lithuto tsa IGD li ile tsa etsa liqeto tse kotsi holima liteko tsa RD tse amanang le li-HC, mme tlhahlobo ea liteko ka tlhaiso e boetse e bonts'a hore lithuto tsa IGD li na le monyetla o fokolang oa ho fetola liqeto tsa tsona ho latela boemo ba boholo le boholo ba sephetho sebakeng sena. Liphumano tsena li lumellana le tse tsoang liphuputsong tse fetileng tse sebelisang mesebetsi e ts'oanang ea ho etsa liqeto le ho bonts'a mathata a ho etsa liqeto tse amanang le ho qoba ho lahleheloa ke batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi [38], mathata a ho ja [39], le IGD [16, 19]. Tlhaloso e 'ngoe e ka fumanoang bakeng sa liphumano tsena ke hore, ka ho pheta-pheta boits'oaro ba bona ba lipapali, batho ba nang le IGD ba ka nka karolo khafetsa ho rarolla mathata a amanang le tahlehelo, e leng se ka etsang hore ba mamelle kotlo le ho feta. Ho kenyelletsa moo, ho fumana ha rona liqeto tse fetotsoeng tse amanang le tahlehelo ho tsamaisana le tlhahlobo ea bongaka ea batho ba nang le IGD hore ba tloaetse ho nyenyefatsa litlamorao tse mpe tsa bophelo ba nnete bakeng sa ho phehella ho bapala online [2,40,41].

Liphuputso tse fetileng li bontšitse boitšoaro bo kotsi ba ho ipeha kotsing sebakeng sa phaello har'a batho ba nang le mathata a amanang le ts'oaetso a lemalloang ke ho sitisoa ha taolo ea tšusumetso, joalo ka ho becha ha methapo ea mali [28] le ho itšepa joala [27]. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho liphetho tsa ANOVA kapa tlhahlobo ea liteko ka tlhaiso e bonts'ang keketseho ea liqeto tse kotsi tsa ho fumana liteko har'a lithuto tsa IGA. Litlhaloso tse 'maloa tse ka khonehang bakeng sa phapang ena li teng. Ka ho khetheha, batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea papali ea papali ea methapo ea methapo ba bonts'a likarabo tsa moputso ho tsa chelete le meputso e seng ea chelete [42], mme sena se ka baka tšenyo e kholo ea ho beha kotsing ea ho fumana phaello (bapisoa le tahlehelo), joalo ka ha ho tlalehiloe pejana [28]. Bakeng sa batho ba lemaletseng joala, tšebeliso ea nako e telele ea joala le ho fetella e ka fetola methapo ea kelello le mesebetsi e amanang le eona, ho kenyelletsa le likarolo tsa bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea moputso joaloka amygdala [43,44]. Bopaki bo bontšitse hore bakuli ba nang le liso tsa amygdala ba bontšitse bofokoli ba ho etsa liqeto haholo sebakeng sa phaello ea phaello [26]. Leha ho na le lipatlisiso tse ling tse hlokahalang bakeng sa ho netefatsa lintlha tsena, ho se be teng ha menyetla ea ho fumana menyetla har'a lithuto tsa IGD ho ka bonts'a ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea meputso ea chelete (empa e se tahlehelo) ho baahi bana. Ntle le moo, liphumano tsena li hlakisa bohlokoa ba ho lekola likarolo tse fapaneng tsa ho etsa liqeto mathateng a fapaneng a amanang le tahi.

Lipalo tsa bokhoba ba taolo ea inthanete li ne li le ntle le tse amanang le palo ea likhetho tse kotsi tse entsoeng mosebetsing oa Li-Cups, ho bonts'a hore lithuto tse nang le lintlha tse ngata tsa tlhekefetso ea inthanete li entse liqeto tse mpe haholo tse amanang le tahlehelo e kotsi nakong ea liteko tsa RD. Liphumano tsena li tsamaellana le lithuto tse fetileng tse bileng li tlalehileng hore na li rata mekhoa e meng e kotsi li ne li amahanngoa le ho teba ha IGD e sebelisa liphapang tse tšoanang, tse kang Game of Dice Task [15,16] le mosebetsi oa ho fokotsa litheolelo [22]. Liphumano tsena li tšehetsa khopolo-taba ea hore ho senyeha ha ho nka liqeto ho amanang le tahlehelo e kotsi ho amana le boemo ba tšebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete (ke hore, CIAS scores) mme ka hona e ka ba sepheo se nepahetseng sa kalafo bakeng sa kalafo ea IGD.

Ka kakaretso, seo re se fumaneng se bontša ho senyeha ha ho nka liqeto tse kotsi maemong a thibelo ea tahlehelo bathong ba nang le IGD. Patlisiso e eketsehileng ea hlokahala ho theha motheo oa neurobiological bakeng sa liphetoho tsena. Khopolo-taba e 'ngoe ke hore ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi sebakeng sa tahlehelo ho ka amana le liphetoho lipakeng tsa batho ba nang le IGD, joalo ka ha ho tlalehiloe har'a batho ba nang le boits'oaro ba lithethefatsi le lithethefatsi [45-47]. Haholo-holo, ts'ebetso e kenya karolo ea bohlokoa ho biology ea ho lemalla le ho etsa liqeto [9,48,49] hape ea kenella ho tebello ea tahlehelo le ho qoba ho ithuta [50]. Kahoo khopolo-taba e 'ngoe e inahaneloang ke hore mathata a ho etsa liqeto tse amanang le taolo a ka lahleheloa ke ts'ebetso e amanang le ts'ebetso e sa sebetseng hara batho ba nang le IGD.

Ho lokela ho hlokomeloa meeli e 'maloa ea thuto ena. Taba ea mantlha, ha a fuoa hore IGD e atile haholo har'a banna [1,32], thuto ena ha e kenyeletse barupeluoa ba basali. Kahoo lithuto tse ling hape lia hlokahala ho lekola ho etsa liqeto bakeng sa katleho le tahlehelo har'a basali ba nang le IGD. Taba ea bobeli, ho hloaea ha rona baithuti ba koleche feela ho fokotsa boholo ba se re se fumaneng. Le ha baithuti ba koleche e le e 'ngoe ea litlhaselo tse atisang ho hlaha ho IGD [5,33], lithuto tsa nako e tlang li hlokahala ho hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa ho nka kotsi bakeng sa phaello le tahlehelo e ka bang teng le IGD ka har'a lisampole tsa kliniki. Kamora nako, lithuto tse nang le meralo e telele li a hlokahala e le ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa hore na liphetoho tse etsoang ha ho etsoa liqeto ke sephetho kapa sesupo sa IGD.

Ka ho phethela, thuto ena ke ea pele ea ho lekola ho etsa liqeto molemong oa taolo le tahlehelo ka thoko ho baithuti ba koleche ba nang le IGA ba sebelisang mosebetsi oa Li-Cups. Lithuto tsa IGD li bonts'itse ts'enyehelo e kholo ho feta tloaelo ho feta li-HC. Ntle le moo, lithuto tsa IGD li entse likhetho tse kotsi haholo ho feta li-HC litekong tsa RD tahlehelong empa li sa fumane sebaka sa taolo, mme ho senyeha ho joalo ho ne ho amahanngoa le ho hloka botsitso ho hlahisa boholo le boemo ba menyetla bo amanang le tahlehelo e kotsi. Ntle le moo, lintlha tse tebileng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang li ne li amana hantle le likhetho tse kotsi tse entsoeng sebakeng sa tahlehelo. Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore tahlehelo ea liphetoho (ho bapisoa le phaello) e ka baka bofokoli ba ho etsa liqeto ho baahi bana.

Ho tšehetsa Boitsebiso

S1 File. Lintlha tse akaretsang.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471.s001

(XLSX)

S2 File. Tlhahiso-leseling ea tlhahlobo ea liteko.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471.s002

(XLSX)

lumela hore baa fokola

Bangoli ba leboha Dr. Elaine Bossard ka ho fana ka demo ea mofuta oa mantlha oa mosebetsi oa Li-Cups, le Dr. Shan Luo bakeng sa thuso ka tlhahlobo ea data.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

O tseba le ho rala liteko: YWY PRC JTZ LYD QXL XYF. O entse liteko: YWY PRC SL LJW JTZ. Ho hlahlobisisa data: YWY SL JTZ GC. Li-reagents tse kentsoeng / lisebelisoa / lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo: JTZ XYF. Ngola pampiri: YWY JTZ SWY XYF.

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