Ho fokotsa mokhoa oa ho feto-fetoha ha mokhoa oa boipheliso ka tekanyo ea kotsing ho ts'ebetsong ha boko nakong ea ho etsa liqeto ho bacha ba nang le bothata ba ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete (2015)

Xin Qi,^1,† Xin Du,^1,† Yongxin Yang,^2,† Guijin Du,³ Peihong Gao,³ Yang Zhang,¹ Wen Qin,¹ Xiaodong Li,^3,* 'me Quan Zhang^1,*

Boitsebiso ba Mongoli ► Sehlooho sa Article ► Tlhahisoleseding ea Copyright le License ►

Ho ba le tšusumetso e kholo le ho nka likotsi le ho fokotsa liqeto tsa ho etsa liqeto ho tlalehiloe e le litšitiso tse ka sehloohong tsa boitšoaro ho batho ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang (IGD), e fetohileng bothata bo tebileng ba bophelo bo botle ba kelello lefatšeng ka bophara. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho hlakehe ho fihlela joale hore na boemo ba kotsi bo fetola tšebetso ea boko joang nakong ea ho etsa liqeto ho batho ba IGD. Phuputsong ena, bacha ba 23 ba nang le IGD le 24 li-control li-health (HCs) ntle le IGD ba ile ba hloaetsoa, ​​'me tlhahlobo ea balloon analog ea kotsi (BART) e sebelisitsoe mohlaleng oa ts'ebetso ea ho nahana ka matla a matla a maqhubu ho lekola modumo ea boemo ba kotsi (monyetla oa ho phatloha ha balune) holima ts'ebetso ea boko nakong ea ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi ho bacha ba IGD. Phokotso ea molumo oa boemo ba kotsi ts'ebetsong ea tokelo ea dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) nakong ea BART e sebetsang e fumanoe sehlopheng sa IGD ha se bapisoa le li-HC. Sehlopheng sa IGD, ho bile le khokahano e mpe e mpe pakeng tsa ts'ebetso e amanang le kotsi ea DLPFC nakong ea ts'ebetso ea BART e sebetsang le Barratt impulsivity wadogo (BIS-11), tse neng li phahame haholo sehlopheng sa IGD ha se bapisoa le li-HC. Boithuto ba rona bo bonts'itse hore, joalo ka karolo e boima ea liqeto tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea kelello, DLPFC e nepahetseng ha e na taba le kotsi ho bacha ba IGD ha e bapisoa le li-HC, tse ka bakang boemo bo phahameng ba khatello ho bacha ba IGD.

Khetho ea Morupeluoa

Hobane litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea IGD li ntse li ts'oaroa hape (Blaszczynski, 2008; Griffiths, 2008), mekhoa e kenyelletsoeng ea ho kenyelletsa e khethiloe thutong ena. Taba ea pele, YDQ ea ho lemalla joala marang-rang (E monyenyane, 1998) e sebelisitsoe ho khetholla boteng ba bothata ba ho lemalla inthanete. YDQ e ne e le lipotso tse robeli "e" kapa "che" mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang. Barupeluoa ba tlalehileng likarabo tse hlano kapa ho feta tsa "e" ba fumanoe ba na le bothata ba ho lemalla inthanete (ho lemalla)E monyenyane, 1998). Palo ea 50 kapa e phahameng ho IAT (Teko ea Teko ea Bacha le Inthanete [IAT], 2009) e sebelisitsoe e le litekanyetso tsa bobeli tsa kenyelletso. Ntle le moo, ke bacha ba IGD feela ba tlalehileng hore ba qeta lihora tse ka bang 'ne kapa ho feta / ka letsatsi ba bapala lipapali tsa inthanete (> 80% ea nako eohle ea inthanete) ba ileng ba hiroa. Ho ea ka litekanyetso tsena tsa kenyelletso, bacha ba 26 ba banna ba letsohong le letona ba IGD ba ile ba hiroa thutong ena. Ke lithuto tsa banna feela tse ileng tsa hlahlojoa ka lebaka la palo e fokolang ea basali ba nang le boiphihlelo ba ho bapala inthaneteng. Barupeluoa ba mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano ba ile ba hiroa e le li-HC. Li-HC li ile tsa hlalosoa e le bafo ba sa lumellaneng le litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea YDQ, ba sebelisa chelete e ka tlase ho 2 h ka letsatsi marang-rang, mme bao lintlha tsa IAT li neng li le ka tlase ho 50. Barupeluoa bohle ba ne ba se na meriana, ebile ba sa tlalehe nalane ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi. kapa likotsi tsa hlooho. Ho hloka maikutlo ho ile ha hlahlojoa bakeng sa bankakarolo bohle ba nang le BIS-11 (Patton et al., 1995). IQ ea barupeluoa bohle e ile ea lekoa ka ho sebelisa SPM. Lintlha tse tsoang ho bacha ba bararo ba bacha ba 26 IGD le e 'ngoe ea 25 HC li ile tsa lahleloa thutong ena ka lebaka la ho sisinyeha ha hlooho ho hlakileng nakong ea liteko tsa fMRI (ho fallisoa ka ho fetesisa ho lits'oaetso leha e le life tsa karete ho feta 2 mm le / kapa ho pharalla ho phahameng ho feta 2 °) . Lintlha tsa bacha ba 23 IGD ba setseng le 24 HC li sebelisitsoe tlhahlobisong e ngoe. Lilemo, thuto, le IQ li ne li tsamaellana hantle lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli, 'me lintlha tsa BIS le lintlha tsa IAT li ne li phahame haholo sehlopheng sa IGD ho feta ho li-HCs (Lethathamo Lethathamo11).

 

Lethathamo 1

Sebopeho sa palo ea batho le lithuto tsa bongaka (bolela ± SD).

Boithuto bona bo amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Boitšoaro ea Sepetlele sa Bongaka sa Tianjin Medical University mme tumello e ngotsoeng e fumanoe ho tsoa ho thuto e ngoe le e ngoe.

Mosebetsi le Tsamaiso

Thutong ea hona joale, re fetole mofuta o fetoloang oa fMRI oa BART o sebelisitsoeng ke Rao et al. (2008). Ka bokhutšoaane, barupeluoa ba ile ba fuoa balune e tsoang molemong oa ho tobetsa konopo e le 'ngoe ho hatisa (pompo) balune kapa ho ntša chelete. Libalune tse kholo li ne li amahanngoa le moputso o moholo le kotsi e kholo ea ho phatloha. Barupeluoa ba ka emisa ho fokotsa balune ka nako efe kapa efe ho hapa wager kapa ho tsoela pele ho nyoloha ho fihlela balune e phatloha, mme maemong ao ba lahleheloa ke wager. Palo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa eo barupeluoa ba neng ba ka e sebelisa bakeng sa balune e ngoe le e ngoe e ne e le 12. Cue ea taolo ('mala oa potoloho e nyane e fetotsoeng ho tloha ho e khubelu ho e putsoa) e ile ea sebelisoa ho laela barupeluoa ho qala ho nyoloha. Kamora hore barupeluoa ba tobetse konopo ka katleho mme ba putlame balune, potoloho e nyane hanghang e ile ea fetoha e khubelu ka nako e sa lekanyetsoang pakeng tsa 1.5 le 2.5 s. Cue e ile ea boela ea e-ba botala hape ho supa nako e tlang ea inflation. Kamora ho fela ha nyeoe e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea balune, ho bile le karohano e fapaneng ea 2-4 s pele ho teko e latelang ea balune. Setšoantšo sa win kapa sa tahlehelo se hlahisitsoe bakeng sa 1.5 s. Setšoantšo sa balune e phatlohileng se hlahisitsoe bakeng sa 20 ms. Kotsi ea ho phatloha ha balune (monyetla oa ho phatloha ha balune) e hlalositsoe e le "boemo ba kotsi." Covariance lipakeng tsa boemo ba kotsi le ts'ebetso ea likarolo tsa boko e hlalositsoe e le "modulation."

Re sebelisitse mekhoa e 'meli ea BART thutong ea rona: khetho e sebetsang le mekhoa e se nang boikhethelo. Ka mokhoa o ikhethileng oa ho khetha, barupeluoa ba ka tseba hore na boemo ba kotsi bo hokae 'me ba nkile qeto ea ho nyenyefatsa balune kapa chelete. Leha ho le joalo, maemong a boikhethelo ha ho na khetho, barupeluoa ba ne ba eketsa balune hang feela ha k'homphieutha e ntse e tseba ntlha ea pheletso le win kapa tahlehelo bakeng sa balune ka ngoe. Palo ea balune eo barupeluoa ba e finyeletseng nakong ea scan e ne e sa khethoa pele empa e ne e itšetleha ka lebelo la karabelo ka mekhoa e sebetsang kapa e sa sebetseng. Phapang feela pakeng tsa mekhoa ena e mmedi ke khetho e teng ho mode e sebetsang ea ho tlohela inflation le ho hapa wager. Maemo a ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea khetho e sebetsang ha a bapisoa le mokhoa oa ho se etse khetho (e sebetsang-feela) e bontša motheo oa ts'ebetso ea ho etsa liqeto. Kamora liteko, barupeluoa ba ile ba fumana chelete e lekanang nakong ea tlhahlobo e sebetsang.

Tlhahlobo ea Dintlha

MRI e sebetsang e ile ea etsoa ho scan ninemanga ea Nokia 3.0T (Magnetom Verio, Motorola, Erlangen, Jeremane) e sebelisa tatellano ea likhopolo tsa echoentar-e hopotsitsoeng le litekanyetso tse latelang: nako ea ho pheta-pheta (TR) = 2000 ms, echo time (TE) = 30 ms, tšimo ea pono = 220 mm x 220 mm, matrix = 64 × 64, letheba le tsitsitseng = 4 mm, le sekheo sa siling = 1 mm. Sepheo sa mosebetsi ona se ne se bonoa skrineng ea ponts'oa ka pel'a makenete 'me barupeluoa ba ne ba shebelletse seiponeng ka seiponeng se kentsoeng holim'a coil. Barupeluoa ba ile ba arabela mosebetsing ona ka ho tobetsa konopo lebokoseng la karabelo le lumellanang le fMRI. Teko e hlophisitsoeng e entsoe kamora hore barupeluoa ba ithute le ho etsa mesebetsi eo. Bohle ba nkileng karolo ba qetile metsotso e 'meli ea 10 e sebetsang, e le' ngoe bakeng sa mokhoa o mong le o mong oa mosebetsi. Taolo ea ho lekola mesebetsi e 'meli e ile ea hanyetsoa ho barupeluoa sehlopheng ka seng.

Tlhahlobo ea boitšoaro

Litekong tsa fMRI, mefuta ea boitšoaro ea BART e kenyelletsa palo ea liteko, palo e felletseng le e lahlehileng, palo e fetotsoeng ea lipompo (e hlalositsoeng e le palo e tloaelehileng ea lipompo ntle le libalune tse phatlohileng), moputso sekhahla sa pokello (palo ea liteko tsa win e arotsoeng ke palo ea liteko tse felletseng), le RT ea kakaretso bakeng sa lipompo tsohle. Ke data feela ea boits'oaro nakong ea sebopeho e sebetsang e ileng ea hlahlojoa hobane barupeluoa ba ile ba qobelloa ho amohela sephetho se khethiloeng ke khomphutha bakeng sa balune e ngoe le e ngoe nakong ea kemiso ea feela. Mehlala e 'meli t-est e sebelisitsoe ho bapisa phapang ea data ea boits'oaro nakong ea mokhoa o sebetsang pakeng tsa batho ba IGD le li-HC. Litlhahlobo tsa lipalopalo li ile tsa etsoa le SPSS 21.0, mme boemo ba bohlokoa bo behiloe ho P <0.05.

Ts'ebetso ea Tlhahlobo ea MRI e sebetsang

Ho lokisa litaba tsa MRI ea ts'ebetso ho ile ha etsoa ho sebelisoa SPM8 (http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm8). Bakeng sa morupeluoa e mong le e mong, litšoantšo tse sebetsang li ile tsa lokisoa bakeng sa ho lieha ha nako ea ho fumana lipakeng tsa methati e fapaneng le ho lokisoa ha lijometri ho latela motsamao o hakanyetsoang oa hlooho. Litšoantšo li ne li fetisoa ka molumo oa pele. Ho ipapisitsoe le litekanyetso tsa khalemelo ea motsamao, barupeluoa ba bonts'itseng ho tloha sebakeng se le seng ka xx, y, kapa z ho feta 2-mm kapa ho feta 2 ° ea angular rotation (x, y, kapa z) ha ba kenyelelitsoe thutong ena. . Kamora mohato ona, lits'oants'o tsohle tse hlophisitsoeng tse hlophisitsoeng ka nepo li ile tsa hlophisoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng holima template ea MNI EPI, tsa khutlisetsoa ho 3 mm x 3 mm x 3 mm, 'me ka mor'a moo ea ntlafatsoa ka XWUMX mm FWHM.

Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyetso

GLM e sebelisitsoe tlhahlobisong ea data ea voxel e thehiloeng ho motho ka mong. Lintlha tsa tatellano ea BOLD li entsoe ha ho sebelisoa HRF e tloaelehileng e nang le nako. Li-parameter tsa hlooho ea sehlooho ka seng li ne li ngotsoe e le li-covariates tse se nang phaello. Filter e phahameng haholo e nang le sethala ho 128 s e ne e sebelisetsoa ho tlosa maemo a tlase a feto-fetohang.

GLM e kenyelelitse mefuta e meraro ea liketsahalo tse hlahisitsoeng ke khatiso ea konopo: ho putlama ha balune, sephetho sa win, kapa sephetho sa tahlehelo. Ka hona, GLM bakeng sa mosebetsi o sebetsang kapa o etsoang feela e kentse li-regressor tse tharo tse emelang mefuta e meraro ea liketsahalo, ka ho latellana. Boemo ba kotsi bo amanang le ho nyoloha ha sekhahla se seng le se seng (ke hore, monyetla oa ho phatloha, kapa orthogonalized ka mokhoa o bohareng oa ho lokisa) le ona o kentsoe mohlaleng e le mokhoa oa ho feto-fetoha ha maemo oa paramente ea paramente ea paramente. Bakeng sa thuto e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, phapang e amanang le kotsi mesebetsing e sebetsang le e potlakileng e ne e hlalosoa ho hlahloba ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea bongoaneng e amanang le boemo ba kotsi.

Litlhahlobo tsa bobeli tsa phello ea tšohanyetso li entsoe ka ho sebelisa 2 (sehlopha: IGD le HCs) × 2 (khetho ea mokhoa: e sebetsang le e kenang) ANOVA mabapi le phapanyetsano e amanang le kotsi le nnete e felletseng ho SPM8, le phapang e amanang le kotsi ho mekhoa e mahlahahlaha e sebetsang kahare ho morupeluoa a le mong e ile ea sebetsoa joalo ka mehato e phetoang. Phuputsong ena, sepheo sa mantlha e ne e le ho lekola phapang e kenelletseng ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello nakong ea ho etsa liqeto, e ka bonoang ke ts'ebetso e bonoang mohopolong o sebetsang ha o bapisoa le mokhoa o sebetsang (o sebetsang feela). Ka hona, ts'ebetso e kopanetsoeng lipakeng tsa sehlopha le mokhoa oa khetho, li-HCs (tse mafolofolo-feela) - IGD (e mafolofolo-e sebetsang), li ile tsa hlahlojoa thutong ena. Khalemelo bakeng sa papiso e ngata e ile ea etsoa ho sebelisoa papiso ea Monte Carlo, ho fella ka phello e lokisitsoeng ea P <0.05 (lenaneo la AlphaSim, mekhahlelo e kenyeletsang: voxel e le 'ngoe P = 0.005, 1000 simerals, bophara bo felletseng ka halofo e phahameng = 6 mm, radius ea khokahanyo ea sehlopha r = 5 mm, le maske oa litaba tse bohlooho ba lefatše). Libaka tsa boko tse nang le litlamorao li ile tsa thehoa e le li-ROI. Litekanyetso tse ka hare ho within ROI li nts'itsoe mme a post hoc t-test e entsoe.

Ho lumellanya pakeng tsa litekanyo tsa β lipakeng tsa ROI, lintlha tsa BIS, le lintlha tsa IAT li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka tlhahlobo ea khokahano ea pearson sehlopheng sa IGD se nang le SPSS 21.0. Boemo ba bohlokoa bo thehiloe ho P <0.05.

Liphetho tsa boitšoaro

Lethathamo Lethathamo22 e bonts'a sephetho sa boits'oaro nakong ea teko ea FMRI. Mehlala e 'meli t-Test e senoletse hore RT e tloaelehileng e ne e le khuts'oane ho sehlopha sa IGD ho feta ho li-HC ha mokhoa o sebetsang o etsahala (P = 0.03), palo ea lipompo tse felletseng e ne e le ngata haholo sehlopheng sa IGD (P <0.001). Ho ne ho se na phapang e kholo lipalo tsa lipompo tse fetotsoeng, nomoro ea teko, palo ea lipompo, palo ea katleho le tahlehelo, le sekhahla sa pokello ea moputso.

 

Lethathamo 2

Liphetho tsa boits'oaro ba BART nakong ea teko e sebetsang ea teko ea maiketsetso (fMRI) e sebetsang (bolela ± SD).

Liphetho tsa ho bapisa

2 (sehlopha: IGD le HCs) × 2 (mokhoa oa khetho: e sebetsang le e kenang) ANOVA mabapi le phapang e amanang le kotsi e senotse phello e kholo ea tšebelisano ts'ebetsong ea tokelo ea DLPFC (MNI e hokahanya: 24, 54, 12; li-voxels: 38; t = 3.78; P <0.05, khalemelo ea AlphaSim; Figure Figure1A1A). The post hoc t-test e senotse hore modumo ea boemo ba kotsi ts'ebetsong ea tokelo ea DLPFC e ne e phahame ka mokhoa o sebetsang ho feta ka mokhoa o itlhommeng pele ho li-HCs, empa ha a bonts'e phapang ea letho lipakeng tsa mekhoa e sebetsang le e sa hlakang ea sehlopha sa IGD. Nakong ea ts'ebetso e sebetsang, phetisetso ea boemo ba kotsi ts'ebetsong ea DLPFC e nepahetseng e fokotsehile haholo sehlopheng sa IGD ha se bapisoa le li-HC (Figure Figure1B1B). Ntle le moo, ho ile ha fumanoa ts'ebelisano e kholo bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea k'holeseterole e tlohetsoeng (MNI hokahanya: -9, -78, -21; voxels: 72; t = 4.13; P <0.05, khalemelo ea AlphaSim; Figure Figure2A2A). The post hoc t-test o senotse hore phapang ea moduleteng oa boemo ba kotsi ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso ea k'holeseterole e ka letsohong le letšehali lipakeng tsa lihlopha le lipakeng tsa lihlopha li ne li na le likarolo tse tšoanang le tseo li boneng ho DLPFC e nepahetseng (Figure Figure2B2B).

 

Tšoantšiso 1

Phapang pakeng tsa maqhubu ka modumo ke boemo ba kotsi bo kenang tšebetsong ea bokong ba dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). (A) Modula ea boemo ba kotsi ho ts'ebetsong ea boko ho DLPFC e nepahetseng e bonts'a phapang ea lipakeng. (B) ...

 

Tšoantšiso 2

Phapang e kenelletseng lipuisanong ke boemo ba kotsi bo kenang tšebetsong ea bokong ba sethoathoa sa mokokotlo. (A) Phallo ea molumo oa bokaalo ka har'a ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'oaetso ea "cerebum" e setseng e bonts'a phapang e pakeng tsa sehlopha. (B) Tlhahlobo ea ROI e bonts'a seo ...

Ho feto-fetoha ha maemo a kotsi ts'ebetsong ea DLPFC e nepahetseng nakong ea ts'ebetso e sebetsang e bonts'itse ho ikamahanya hampe le lintlha tse felletseng tsa BIS sehlopheng sa IGD (Figure Figure33). Ha ho na khokahano ea bohlokoa pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea DLPFC e nepahetseng le lintlha tsa IAT sehlopheng sa IGD. Ntle le moo, ha ho khokahano ea bohlokoa e fumanoeng pakeng tsa sephetho sa fMRI le data ea boits'oaro nakong ea ho etsa liqeto.

 

Tšoantšiso 3

Karolelano pakeng tsa likhakanyo tsa β kahare ho ROI ea DLPFC e nepahetseng le lintlha tsa Barratt impreyivity wadogo (BIS) kakaretso ea sehlopha sa IGD.

• Asahi S., Okamoto Y., Okada G., Yamawaki S., Yokota N. (2004). Khokahano e fosahetseng pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea pele pele nakong ea ho thibela le ho se ts'oenyehe: thuto ea fMRI. EUR. Arch. Kliniki ea Psychiki. Neurosci. 254 245–251. 10.1007/s00406-004-0488-z [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Bari A., Robbins TW (2013). Thibelo le ho se ts'oanehe: motheo oa boits'oaro le neural oa taolo ea karabelo. Prog. Neurobiol. 108 44-79. 10.1016 / j.pneurobio.2013.06.005 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Blaszczynski A. (2008). Tlhaloso: Karabelo ho "mathata ka mohopolo oa papali ea" papali ea video ": mehlala e meng ea lithuto". Int. J. Kelello ea Bongaka ba Bophelo. 6 179–181. 10.1007/s11469-007-9132-2 [Ref Ref Cross]
• Bogg T., Fukunaga R., Finn PR, Brown JW (2012). Taolo ea kelello e hokahanya tšebeliso ea lino tse tahang, tšilafalo ea tšebeliso ea bokhoni, le bokhoni ba kelello bo fokotsehileng: bopaki ba dysregulation ea methapo ea methapo nakong ea ho batla moputso. Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi e Tšepahala. 122 112-118. 10.1016 / j.drugalcdep.2011.09.018 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Bolla KI, Eldreth DA, Matochik JA, Cadet JL (2005). Likarolo tse tlase tsa liqeto tse fosahetseng ho basebelisi ba matekoane. Nako ea mokokotlo 26 480-492. 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2005.02.012 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Brand M., Labudda K., Markowitsch HJ (2006). Li-neuropsychological correlates tsa ho etsa liqeto maemong a makatsang le a kotsi. Neural Netw. 19 1266-1276. 10.1016 / j.neunet.2006.03.001 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Carli V., Durkee T., Wasserman D., Hadlaczky G., Despalins R., Kramarz E., et al. (2013). Kopano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea pathological le comorbid psychopathology: tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng. Psychopathology 46 1-13. 10.1159 / 000337971 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Claus ED, Hutchison KE (2012). Mekhoa ea Neural ea ho nka likotsi le likamano tsa batho ba nang le tahi e kotsi. Joala. Clin. Exp. Res. 36 932-940. 10.1111 / j.1530-0277.2011.01694.x [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Crockford DN, Goodyear B., Edward J., Quickfall J., El-Guebaly N. (2005). Ketsahalo ea ts'ebetso ea kelello e bakileng ts'ebetso ea basomi. Biol. Psychiatry 58 787-795. 10.1016 / j.biopsych.2005.04.037 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Ding WN, Sun JH, Sun YW, Chen X., Zhou Y., Zhuang ZG, et al. (2014). Ho ts'oaroa ha tšebeliso ea boitšoaro le tšenyo ea ts'ebetso ea ts'usumetso ea pele ho batjha ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea papali ea marang-rang e senotsoeng ke thuto ea Go / No-Go fMRI. Behav. Thuto ea Boko. 10:20 10.1186/1744-9081-10-20 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Dong G., Hu Y., Lin X., Lu Q. (2013). Ke eng e etsang hore bokhoba ba marang-rang ba tsoele pele ho bapala marang-rang leha ba tobane le litlamorao tse mpe? Litlhaloso tse ka bang teng ho tsoa thutong ea fMRI. Biol. Psychol. 94 282-289. 10.1016 / j.biopsycho.2013.07.009 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Dong G., Huang J., Du X. (2012). Liphetoho ho homogeneity ea tikoloho ea ts'ebetso ea kelello ea phomolo ea lits'oants'o tsa libapali tsa inthanete. Behav. Thuto ea Boko. 8:41 10.1186/1744-9081-8-41 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Dong G., Lin X., Hu Y., Xie C., Du X. (2015). Khokahano e sebetsang pakeng tsa marang-rang a taolo e phahameng ea marang-rang le marang-rang a moputso e hlalosa boitšoaro bo fumanehang inthaneteng bothateng ba lipapali tsa inthanete. Sci. Rep. 5: 9197 10.1038 / srep09197 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Dong G., Potenza MN (2014). Mohlala oa boits'oaro ba mofere-fere oa marang-rang: litekanyetso tsa kelello le litlamorao tsa bongaka. J. Psychiatr. Res. 58 7-11. 10.1016 / j.jpsychires.2014.07.005 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Ernst M., Paulus MP (2005). Neurobiology ea ho etsa liqeto: tlhahlobo e khethiloeng ho tsoa ho pono ea methapo le ea bongaka. Biol. Psychiatry 58 597-604. 10.1016 / j.biopsych.2005.06.004 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Ersche KD, Fletcher PC, Lewis SJ, Clark L., Li-stocks-Gee G., London M., et al. (2005). Litšebelisano tse sa tloaelehang tse ka pele tse amanang le ho nka liqeto ho li-amphetamine tsa morao-rao le tsa pele le tsepamisang maikutlo batho ka bomong. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 180 612–623. 10.1007/s00213-005-2205-7 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Gabay AS, Radua J., Kempton MJ, Mehta MA (2014). Papali ea morao-rao le boko: tlhahlobo-leseling ea lithuto tsa neuroimaging. Neurosci. Biobehav. Tšen. 47 549-558. 10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2014.10.014 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Galván A., Schonberg T., Mumford J., Kohno M., Poldrack RA, London ED (2013). Ho na le kotsi e kholo ea ho lemosoa ha motho ea tsubang kapele ho feta ba sa tsubeng. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 229 345–355. 10.1007/s00213-013-3113-x [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Garavan H., Hester R., Murphy K., Fassbender C., Kelly C. (2006). Phapang e le 'ngoe ho neuroanatomy e sebetsang ea taolo ea inhibitory. Resin ea Boko. 1105 130-142. 10.1016 / j.brainres.2006.03.029 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Gorini A., Lucchiari C., Russell-Edu W., Pravettoni G. (2014). Ho feto-fetoha ha likhetho tse nang le kotsi ho basebelisi ba koae ba morao-rao ba sa tsotelleng: thuto ea tlhahlobo-leseling e ikhethileng ea hona joale. Ka pele. Hum. Neurosci. 8: 661 10.3389 / fnhum.2014.00661 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Gowin JL, Mackey S., Paulus MP (2013). Ts'ebetso e fetotsoeng e amanang le kotsi ho basebelisi ba lithethefatsi: ho leka-lekana ha bohloko le phaello. Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi e Tšepahala. 132 13-21. 10.1016 / j.drugalcdep.2013.03.019 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Grant JE, Potenza MN, Weinstein A., Gorelick DA (2010). Kenyelletso ea bokhoba ba boitšoaro. Na. J. Tlhekefetso ea Lithethefatsi Joala 36 233-241. 10.3109 / 00952990.2010.491884 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Griffiths MD (2008). Bokhoba ba Videogame: menahano le maikutlo a tsoelang pele. Int. J. Kelello ea Bongaka ba Bophelo. 6 182–185. 10.1007/s11469-007-9128-y [Ref Ref Cross]
• Hastie R. (2001). Mathata a kahlolo le ho etsa liqeto. Annu. Moruti Psychol. 52 653-683. 10.1146 / annurev.psych.52.1.653 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Helfinstein SM, Schonberg T., Congdon E., Karlsgodt KH, Mumford JA, Sabb FW, et al. (2014). Ho bolela esale pele likhetho tse kotsi tse tsoang methating ea tšebetso ea bokong. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. usa 111 2470-2475. 10.1073 / pnas.1321728111 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Karim R., Chaudhri P. (2012). Boitlhotlhollo ba boitšoaro: kakaretso. J. Lithethefatsi tse sebelisang mafu a kelello 44 5-17. 10.1080 / 02791072.2012.662859 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Ko CH, Hsiao S., Liu GC, Yen JY, Yang MJ, Yen CF (2010). Litšobotsi tsa ho etsa liqeto, monyetla oa ho nka likotsi, le botho ba liithuti tsa koleche tse lemaletseng inthanete. Resp Psychiatry. 175 121-125. 10.1016 / j.psychres.2008.10.004 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Ko CH, Hsieh TJ, Chen CY, Yen CF, Chen CS, Yen JY, et al. (2014). Ts'ebetso e fetotsoeng ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso nakong ea ts'ibollo le karabelo ea liphoso lithutong tse nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete: thuto ea maiketsetso e sebetsang. EUR. Arch. Kliniki ea Psychiki. Neurosci. 264 661–672. 10.1007/s00406-013-0483-3 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Ko CH, Liu GC, Yen JY, Chen CY, Yen CF, Chen CS (2013). Litlatsetso tsa likelello tsa litakatso tsa papali ea inthanete tlasa ho pepeseha hoa lithuto tsa inthanete litabeng tsa ho lemalla papali ea inthanete le lithutong tse sa lefelloeng. Motlatsi. Biol. 18 559-569. 10.1111 / j.1369-1600.2011.00405.x [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Kohno M., Ghahremani DG, Morales AM, Robertson CL, Ishibashi K., Morgan AT, et al. (2015). Boitšoaro bo nkang kotsi: dopamine d2 / d3 receptors, karabelo, le mosebetsi oa frontolimbic. Cereb. Cortex 25 236-245. 10.1093 / cercor / bht218 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Kohno M., Morales AM, Ghahremani DG, Hellemann G., London ED (2014). Ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi, cortex ea pele le tšebeliso ea tšebetso ea mesocorticolimbic ho itšetleha ka methamphetamine. JAMA Psychiatry 71 812-820. 10.1001 / jamapsychiatry.2014.399 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Krain AL, Wilson AM, Arbuckle R., Castellanos FX, Milham MP (2006). Mekhoa e arohaneng ea neural ea menyetla ea kotsi le kholo: Tlhahlobo-leseling ea ho etsa liqeto. Nako ea mokokotlo 32 477-484. 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2006.02.047 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Kräplin A., Dshemuchadse M., Behrendt S., Scherbaum S., Goschke T., Bühringer G. (2014). Ho etsa liqeto tse fosahetseng litabeng tsa papali ea papali ea papali ea methapo ea methapo: ho khetholla mohlala le karolo ea bohlasoa. Resp Psychiatry. 215 675-682. 10.1016 / j.psychres.2013.12.041 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Kühn S., Romanowski A., Schilling C., Mobascher A., ​​Warbrick T., Winterer G., et al. (2012). Boko bo haelloa ke taba ea batho ba tsubang: tsepamisa maikutlo ho cerebellum. Sebopeho sa Brain. Funct. 217 517–522. 10.1007/s00429-011-0346-5 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Kuss DJ (2013). Tlatsetso ea lipapali tsa inthanete: maikutlo a hajoale. Psychol. Res. Behav. Motsamaisi. 6 125-137. 10.2147 / PRBM.S39476 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Lejuez CW, Bala JP, Kahler CW, Richards JB, Ramsey SE, Stuart GL, et al. (2002). Teko ea tekanyetso ea boits'oaro ba ho ipeha kotsing: mosebetsi oa kotsi ea balloon analogue (BART). J. Ntlo. Psychol. Appl. 8 75–84. 10.1037//1076-898X.8.2.75 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Lin X., Zhou H., Dong G., Du X. (2015). Tlhahlobo ea kotsi e kenelletseng bathong ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete: bopaki ba fMRI ho tsoa mosebetsing o ka fokotsang litheko. Tsoelo-pele. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiki 56 142-148. 10.1016 / j.pnpbp.2014.08.016 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Liu GC, Yen JY, Chen CY, Yen CF, Chen CS, Lin WC, et al. (2014). Brain activation bakeng sa karabo ea karabelo tlasa tšitiso ea lipapali tsa papali ea litaba tsa lipapali tsa inthanete. Kaohsiung J. Med. Saense 30 43-51. 10.1016 / j.kjms.2013.08.005 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Macoveanu J., Rowe JB, Hornboll B., Elliott R., Paulson OB, Knudsen GM, et al. (2013). Ho e bapala u bolokehile empa o lahleheloa ke mokhoa leha e le ofe-serotonergic e bonts'a liphetho tse mpe ho dorsomedial prefrontal cortex maemong a kotsi. EUR. Neuropsychopharmacol. 23 919-930. 10.1016 / j.euroneuro.2012.09.006 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Metcalf O., Pammer K. (2014). Boiphetetso le likarolo tse amanang le "neuropsychological" tsa ho bapala papali ea motho oa pele le ea lemallo. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 17 147-152. 10.1089 / cyber.2013.0024 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Miedl SF, Peters J., Büchel C. (2012). Boemeli ba moputso o fetotsoeng oa neural ho bats'oari ba pathological bo senotsoe ke ho lieha le ho theola monyetla. Khoto. Gen. Psychiatry 69 177-186. 10.1001 / archgenpsychiatry.2011.1552 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Moeller SJ, Froböse MI, Konova AB, Misyrlis M., Parvaz MA, Goldstein RZ, et al. (2014). Litloaelo tse tloaelehileng le tse ikhethileng tsa neural tsa dysregulation: inroit fMRI ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi tsa koae le ho phatloha ho sa feleng. J. Psychiatr. Res. 58 55-62. 10.1016 / j.jpsychires.2014.07.016 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Moreno-López L., Perales JC, Van Son D., Albein-Urios N., Soriano-Mas C., Martinez-Gonzalez JM, et al. (2015). Tšebeliso e mpe ea cocoaine le taba e tsoakiloeng ka boea bo amanang le bofokoli ba ho ithuta hape ho batho ba itšetlehileng ka koae. Motlatsi. Biol. 20 546-556. 10.1111 / adb.12143 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Moulton EA, Elman I., Becerra LR, Goldstein RZ, Borsook D. (2014). The cerebellum le bokhoba: lintlha tse fumanoeng ho tsoa lipatlisisong tsa neuroimaging. Motlatsi. Biol. 19 317-331. 10.1111 / adb.12101 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Nakata H., Sakamoto K., Ferretti A., Gianni Perrucci M., Del Gratta C., Kakigi R., et al. (2008a). Ts'ebetso ea thibelo ea inhibitory ea Somato-motor ho batho: thuto e amanang le tšebetso e amanang le MRI. Nako ea mokokotlo 39 1858-1866. 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2007.10.041 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Nakata H., Sakamoto K., Ferretti A., Gianni Perrucci M., Del Gratta C., Kakigi R., et al. (2008b). Ts'ebetso ea Executive e hlahisang likoloi tse fapaneng tse hlahisitsoeng ho somatosensory Go / Nogo mesebetsi: thuto e amanang le tšebetso e amanang le ketsahalo ea MRI. Resin ea Boko. Bull. 77 197-205. 10.1016 / j.brainresbull.2008.07.008 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Patton JH, Stanford MS, Barratt ES (1995). Sebopeho sa likarolo tsa tekanyo ea barratt impulsiveness. J. Clin. Psychol. 51 768-774. [E fetotsoe]
• Pawlikowski M., Brand M. (2011). Lipapatso tse ngata tsa inthanete le ho etsa liqeto: na libapali tsa World of Warcraft li na le mathata a ho etsa liqeto tlasa maemo a kotsi? Resp Psychiatry. 188 428-433. 10.1016 / j.psychres.2011.05.017 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Cestst CC, van Eimeren T. (2013). Anatomy e sebetsang ea mathata a taolo ea tšusumetso. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 13:386 10.1007/s11910-013-0386-8 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Rao H., Korczykowski M., Pluta J., Hoang A., Detre JA (2008). Litlhahiso tsa Neural tsa kotsi ea boithatelo le ea boithatelo e kenang bokong ba motho: Phuputso ea fMRI ea Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART). NeuroImage 42 902-910. 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2008.05.046 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Rao H., Mamikonyan E., Detre JA, Siderowf AD, Stern MB, Potenza MN, et al. (2010). Ho fokotseha hoa tšebetso ea moea oa ho kenella ka hare ho mathata a taolo e potlakileng ho lefu la Parkinson. Mov. Mathata. 25 1660-1669. 10.1002 / mds.23147 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Rao LL, Zhou Y., Liang ZY, Rao H., Zheng R., Sun Y., et al. (2014). Ho fokotsa deactivation ea cortex ea pele pele e ka bang kotsi ka mor'a ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi: litlamorao tsa -6 degrees head-down tse ts'oaretseng bethe. Ka pele. Behav. Neurosci. 8: 187 10.3389 / fnbeh.2014.00187 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Rosenbloom MH, Schmahmann JD, Price BH (2012). Neuroanatomy e sebetsang ea ho etsa liqeto. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 24 266-277. 10.1176 / appi.neuropsych.11060139 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Sakagami M., Pan X., Uttl B. ​​(2006). Ho thibela boitsoaro le cortex ea pele ho liqeto. Neural Netw. 19 1255-1265. 10.1016 / j.neunet.2006.05.040 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Schiebener J., Wegmann E., Pawlikowski M., Brand M. (2012). Litholoana tsa anchor ha ho etsoa liqeto li ka fokotsoa ke tšebelisano lipakeng tsa tlhahlobo ea sepheo le boemo ba mesebetsi e phahameng ea mofani oa liqeto. Lemohang. Ts'ebetso. 13 321–332. 10.1007/s10339-012-0522-4 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Schonberg T., Fox CR, Mumford JA, Congdon E., Trepel C., Poldrack RA (2012). Ho fokotsa tšebetso ea "cortex" ea pele pele ka nako ea kotsi ea bokhoni: ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa fMRI tsa kotsi ea analog ea balune. Ka pele. Neurosci. 6: 80 10.3389 / fnins.2012.00080 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Tang J., Yu Y., Du Y., Ma Y., Zhang D., Wang J. (2014). Bokapele ba bokhoba ba marang-rang le kopano ea bona le liketsahalo tse sithabetsang tsa bophelo le matšoao a kelello ho basebelisi ba marang-rang ba lilemong tsa bocha. Ho lemalla. Behav. 39 744-747. 10.1016 / j.addbeh.2013.12.010 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Telzer EH, Fuligni AJ, Lieberman MD, Galván A. (2013a). Litlamorao tsa ho robala hantle boleng ba tšebetsong ea boko le ho ipeha kotsing ea ho kena bohlankaneng. Nako ea mokokotlo 71 275-283. 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2013.01.025 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Telzer EH, Fuligni AJ, Lieberman MD, Galván A. (2013b). Likamano tse nang le morero tsa malapa: Ho pata likotsi tsa bongoana ka ho ipeha kotsing ea ho ba lilemong tsa bocha. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 25 374-387. 10.1162 / jocn_a_00331 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Trepel C., Fox CR, Poldrack RA (2005). Na u lebelletse mohopolo bokong? Ho ea ho ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo e nang le kelello ea ho etsa qeto e kotsing. Brain Res. Lemohang. Brain Res. 23 34-50. 10.1016 / j.cogbrainres.2005.01.016 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Wang H., Jin C., Yuan K., Shakir TM, Mao C., Niu X., et al. (2015). Phetoho ea molumo oa litaba tsa bohlooho le taolo ea kelello ho bacha ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang. Ka pele. Behav. Neurosci. 9: 64 10.3389 / fnbeh.2015.00064 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Wu X., Chen X., Han J., Meng H., Luo J., Nydegger L., et al. (2013). Ho ba haufi le mabaka a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea inthanete ho bacha lilemong tsa Wuhan, China: litšebelisano tsa kamano ea botsoali le botsofaling le khatello ea maikutlo. PLoS ONE 8: e61782 10.1371 / journal.pone.0061782 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Yao YW, Chen PR, Chen C., Wang LJ, Zhang JT, Xue G., et al. (2014). Ho sitoa ho sebelisa likarabo ho baka bofokoli ba ho etsa liqeto har'a libapali tsa inthanete tse ngata. Resp Psychiatry. 219 583-588. 10.1016 / j.psychres.2014.06.033 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Yao YW, Chen PR, Li S., Wang LJ, Zhang JT, Yip SW, et al. (2015). Ho etsa liqeto bakeng sa menyetla le tahlehelo e kotsi ho baithuti ba koleche ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete. PLoS ONE 10: e0116471 10.1371 / journal.pone.0116471 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Monyane K. (1998). Tlatsetso ea inthanete: ho hlaha ha bokuli bo bocha ba kliniki. KaharaPsychol. Behav. 1 237-244. 10.1089 / cpb.1998.1.237 [Ref Ref Cross]
• Bacha, KS, Teko ea Tlatsetso ea Inthanete [IAT] (2009). E fumaneha ho: http://netaddiction.com/index.php?option5combfquiz&view5onepage&catid546&Itemid5106
• Yuan K., Qin W., Wang G., Zeng F., Zhao L., Yang X., et al. (2011). Mathata a tlisoang ke Microstosition ho bacha ba nang le bothata ba ho lemalla ho sebelisa inthanete. PLoS ONE 6: e20708 10.1371 / journal.pone.0020708 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Yuan P., Raz N. (2014). Cortex ea pele le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ho batho ba baholo ba phetseng hantle: tlhahlobo ea meta-lithuto tsa thuto e hlophisitsoeng ea neuroimaging. Neurosci. Biobehav. Tšen. 42 180-192. 10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2014.02.005 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
• Zhou Z., Yuan G., Yao J. (2012). Khethollo ea kelello e mabapi le litšoantšo tse amanang le papali ea inthanete le liphoso tse phahameng ho batho ba lemaletseng papali ea Inthanete. PLoS ONE 7: e48961 10.1371 / journal.pone.0048961 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]