Lits'ebetso tsa bothata ba ho sebelisa inthanete ka mathata har'a liithuti tsa sekolo se phahameng sa el-minia, Egypt (2013)

Int J Prev Med. 2013 Dec;4(12):1429-37.

Kamal NN, Mosallem FA.

inahaneloang

LITLHAHISO:

Tšebeliso e mpe ea Inthanete (PIU) ke bothata bo ntseng bo eketseha ho bacha ba Egepeta. Phuputso ena e ne e etselitsoe ho hlahloba ho ata ha PIU har'a liithuti tse phahameng sekolong sa El-Minia Governorate le ho tseba litšoaneleho tsa bona, tsa bongaka, le tsa bophelo ba bona.

LITLHAHISO:

Phuputso e nang le likarolo li sebelisitsoe har'a mehlala e sa reroang ea baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng ho Mmuso oa El-Minia. PIU e ile ea lekoa ke 20-item Young Internet Addiction Test (YIAT). Tlhahisoleseling e ile ea bokelloa hape mabapi le palo ea batho, lijo, le lintlha tse amanang le bophelo bo botle. Ho sebelisitsoe tlhahlobo ea lipalo-palo: Ho sebelisitsoe software ea Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS-16). Teko ea Chi-square (X (2)), Fisher's Exact Test, le tlhahlobo ea tsela e le 'ngoe ea phapang (ANOVA) li sebelisitsoe neng kapa neng ha ho hlokahala. Liphuputso tsa tlhaiso-leseling ea lintho tse ngata tse fapaneng li sebelisitsoe e le ho bala likhahla tsa likhaohano (OR).

LIKOTSO:

Bakeng sa liithuti tsa 605, 16 (2.6%) e ne e le Mathata a Inthaneteng a Basebelisi (PIUs), 110 (18.2%) e ne e le Boiphihlelo (PIUs). Adli-olescents tse nang le PIU li ne li amahanngoa le bong ba banna, likamano tse mpe tsa metsoalle, likamano tse mpe tsa lelapa, nako e sa tloaelehang ea ho robala le bohloeki bo bobe ba motho. Li-PIU li ne li le kotsing ea ho ba le matšoao a mmele; ho nona, ho thatafala ha manonyeletso, ho hloka matla a 'mele le matšoao a maikutlo.

CONCLUSIONS:

Ho ata ha PIU ho tlaleho ena ho tlaase, leha ho le joalo, PIU e nang le bokhoni e ne e le mehato e phahameng le ea thibelo e buelloa.

LINKOTSO:

Egypt, baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng, ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang

SELELEKELA

Marang-rang e fetohile sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa sa puisano, tlhaiso-leseling le boithabiso. [1] Leha ho le joalo, ha marang-rang a se a kene malapeng, likolong, lihoteleng tsa inthanete le likhoebong, ho bile le temohisiso e ntseng e eketseha ka potlako ea sechaba mabapi le litlamorao tse mpe tse hlahisoang ke ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang kapa ts'ebeliso e mpe eo e leng boemo bo tsejoang hape ke mantsoe a kang Ts'ebeliso ea Mathata a Marang-rang (PIU), ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, ts'ehetso ea marang-rang, le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang.2]

Haholo-holo ho bacha, inthanete e bonoa e amoheloa ka ho fetelletseng e le mokhoa o fumanehang habonolo bakeng sa ho khutlisa tlhahisoleseling, boithabiso le bochaba.3] Ha bacha ba fana ka linako tse ntseng li eketseha bakeng sa tšebeliso ea marang-rang, kotsi ea ho sebelisa internet hampe e sa sebetseng (MIU), ho kenyelletsa PIU le PIU e ka ba teng.4] Litelu le Phiri li hlalositse PIU e le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e bakang mathata a kelello, sechaba, sekolo, le / kapa mosebetsi bophelong ba motho. [5]

Litekanyetso tse reriloeng tsa PIU qalong li kenyelelitsoe: (1) Ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e sa laoloang, (2) ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e sithabetsang haholo, e jang nako kapa e bakang mathata a sechaba, mosebetsing kapa mathata a lichelete, le (3) ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ha e eo feela nakong ea likotsi tsa bongaka tsa hypomanic kapa manic. "6] Kahoo, PIU e nahanoa e le ho se khonehe ha motho ho laola tšebeliso ea hae ea inthanete, ka hona ho baka khatello le / kapa ts'enyeho e sebetsang.7] PIU e ka khonehang e hlalosoa e le tšebeliso ea inthanete e phethisang tse ling tsa mekhoa ea PIU. [8]

Lefats'e ka bophara, ho ata ha PIU har'a bacha le batho ba baholo ho hlokometsoe hore ho tloha pakeng tsa 0.9% [9] le 38%. [10] Likhakanyo tsa machaba tsa PIU ea lilemong tsa bocha li fapana haholo. Europe, ts'oaetso e tlalehiloe e le lipakeng tsa 1% le 9% [11], Middle East ho ata ho teng pakeng tsa 1% le 12%, [12] mme Asia ho ata ho tlalehiloe hore e pakeng tsa 2% le 18%. [13] E le e 'ngoe ea mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello har'a bacha ba China, PIU ha joale e ntse e mpefala le ho feta. [14]

Litlamorao tse mpe tsa PIU li tsoetse pele butle-butle. Haufinyane, liphuputso tse ngata li bontšitse ho itšunya-tšunya ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang li amana le mathata a fapaneng. Basebelisi ba kotsi ea inthanete ba na le litloaelo tse fosahetseng tsa ho ja le ho ja lijo tse se nang phepo e ntle, tse ka bakang kholo e kholo le nts'etsopele. [15] PIU e ne e boetse e amahanngoa le mekhoa e meng ea ho lemalla ho tsuba, ho noa joala kapa kofi le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi.16] Tšebeliso ea inthanete ho bacha e ne e amahanngoa le matšoao a tebileng a kelello, [17] le mathata a ho ba har'a batho.18]

maikemisetso

Morero oa mantlha oa thuto e teng hona joale ke ho hlahloba ho ata ha PIU har'a baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng ho El-Minia Governorate. Morero oa bobeli ke ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa lintho tse ka 'nang tsa beha kotsi ho PIU har'a liithuti tsa sekolo se phahameng ho El-Minia Governorate.

METHODA

Litlhophiso le moralo

Boithuto bona bo entsoe ka Pherekhong-Hlakubele 2012, ho mmuso oa El-Minia. 'Musisi ona ke o mong oa babusi ba Upper Egypt' me ke 240 km ka boroa ho Cairo. Ke thuto e hlalosang karolo e akaretsang ea tlhahlobo ea tlhaiso le sepheo sa PIU har'a baithuti ba lilemong tsa bocha likolong tse fapaneng tsa mmuso oa El-Minia.

Boholo ba sampole le moralo oa mehlala

'Musong oa El-Minia ho na le likolo tse fapaneng tsa 85 tse fapaneng. Ho tsoa likolong tsena, likolo tse 'ne li ile tsa khethoa ka boomo ho akaretsa boholo ba sampole (likolo tse peli tsa bashanyana le likolo tsa banana ba babeli). Boholo ba mohlala e ne e le 574 e baloang ho sebelisoa EPI Info 2000 e kenyelletsa likhakanyo tsa PIU 3% "ho ipapisitsoe le boithuto bo entsoeng ho baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng ba 50 ba neng ba sa kenyelelitsoe thutong e kholo" le palo e felletseng ea baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng joalo ka 12,283 le boemo ba kholiseho ho 99.99%. Mabapi le ho se arabele, liithuti tsa 620 li ile tsa ikopanya mme ho tsena, 605 e ile ea lumela ho nka karolo ho ithuteng.

Sesebelisoa sa ho ithuta

Lintlha li ile tsa bokelloa ho sebelisoa lipotso tse iphelisang. Lenaneo la rona la lipotso le ile la tlatsoa kahare ho seboka sa metsotso ea 20-30 ka phapusing moo matichere a neng a ka fokotsa leeme la tlhaiso-leseling.

Pokello ea lintlha

Potso ea lipotso e qalile ka tlhaiso-leseling ka palo ea motho e mong le e mong ea nkang karolo, e lateloang ke lelapa, lijo le lijo tse amanang le bophelo. Teko ea Young's Internet Addiction Test (YIAT) e sebelisitsoe ho lekola PIU. YIAT e na le lintho tsa 20 bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea tekanyo ea boiketlo, tšebeliso e qobelloang, mathata a boits'oaro, liphetoho tsa maikutlo, le ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng e amanang le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang. Ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e tšoailoe ho tloha 1 ho isa 5, 1 e emelang "ho hang" le 5 e emelang "kamehla". Kahoo, lintlha tse ka bang teng lipakeng tsa 20 ho isa 100. Lintlha tse latelang tse khaotsoeng li sebelisitsoe ho palo eohle ea YIAT (1) Ts'ebeliso e tloaelehileng ea Marang-rang: Scores 20-49; (2) PIU e ka 'nang ea hlaha: Likoloi 50-79; (3) PIU: Scores 80-100. [19] MIU e hlalositsoe har'a barupeluoa ba neng ba ka ba le PIU kapa PIU. [20]

Mehopolo ea boitšoaro le tsamaiso

Ho ile ha fumanoa tumello ea semmuso ho tsoa ho ba boholong ba amehang ho tsoela pele ka thuto. Pele ho qala thuto, tumello ea boits'oaro e fumanoe ho Komiti ea Mahlale a Patlisiso ea Saense ea Univesithi ea El-Minia, Lefapha la Bongaka. Ho ile ha fumanoa tumello ea semmuso ho tsoa ho Tsamaiso ea Sekolo sa Bobeli le ho Motsamaisi oa sekolo se seng le se seng pele ho bokelloa data. Ntle le moo, tumello e nang le tsebo e sirelelitsoe ho nka karolo ea karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe. Morero oa thuto o ile oa hlalosetsoa barupeluoa bohle mme oa netefatsoa ka lekunutu le ho se tsejoe pele a ka tsoela pele ka lipotso.

Ts'ebeliso ea Statistical

Lintlha tsohle li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka ho sebelisa software ea Statistical Package for Social Sayansi (SPSS-16). Litlhatlhobo tse hlalosang li entsoe ka mefuta eohle le ho ata ha PIU. Teko ea sekwere-mraba (X2), Fisher's Exact Test le One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) li sebelisitsoe neng kapa neng ha ho hlokahala. Liphuputso tsa tlhaiso-leseling ea lintho tse fapaneng tsa lefats'e li sebelisitsoe hape ho bala likhaohano tsa likhaohano (OR) le 95% CI ea likhetho tsa bokhoba ba inthanete har'a baithuti. P <0.05 e sebelisitsoe e le tlhaloso ea bohlokoa ba lipalo.

LIPOTSO

Har'a palo ea lipatlisiso (n = 605), ho ne ho na le baithuti ba banna ba 396 (65.5%) le baithuti ba basali ba 209 (34.5%). Phapang e hlalosoang ke lilemo SD standard deviation (SD) ea bacha ba nang le PIU ha e ea fapana haholo le ea balekane ba bona ba tloaelehileng ba Marang-rang (16.9 ± 0.3 lilemo vs. 16.49 ± 0.8 lilemo, F = 2.4, P = 0.09). Hoo e ka bang 2.6% (16) li ile tsa khetholloa e le li-PIU mme banna ba entsoe 87.5% har'a bona, athe 110 (18.2%) li ile tsa khetholloa e le li-PIU tse ka bang teng mme boholo ba tsona e ne e le banna (70%). Boholo ba bo-PIU bo-ntate ba na le mosebetsi oa botsebi (93.7%) mme bo-'m'a bona e ne e le bo-'mè ba ntlo (68.7%). Ho qala ha tšebeliso ea inthanete ho ne ho le teng pele ho baithuti ba PIU ho feta basebelisi ba tloaelehileng ba inthanete (12.2 ± 1.9 vs. 13.25 ± 1.9, F = 3.5, P = 0.03). Mabapi le libaka tsa phihlello ea inthanete, barupeluoa ba bangata ba neng ba e-na le lik'homphieutha tse sebelisoang khafetsa malapeng a bona le bacha ba nang le PIU ba ne ba khona ho fumana marang-rang ka marang-rang a bona ha ho bapisoa le basebelisi ba tloaelehileng ba inthanete [Lethathamo 1].

Lethathamo 1  

Litšoaneleho tsa sechaba le sechaba ka ho ipapisa le litheko tsa inthanete har'a baithuti

Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Lethathamo 2, PIU e ne e amahantsoe haholo le letoto la lintho tse feto-fetohang: Metsoalle e tlase ea sechaba (62.8% vs. 19.8%, X2 = 40.6, P = 0.001), likamano tse mpe tsa lelapa (43.8% vs. 20.3%, X2 = 5.2, P = 0.07), nako ea ho robala e sa tloaelehang (62.5% vs. 2.5%, Teko ea Fisher's Exact = 189, P = 0.0001), le bohloeki bo bobe ba botho (50% vs. 16.7%, X2 = 26.7, P = 0.0001). Ho feta moo, karolo ea bacha ba nang le PIU e tlalehang ts'ebetso e ntle ea thuto e ne e le tlase ho feta har'a basebelisi ba tloaelehileng ba inthanete (6.5% vs. 20.9%, X2 = 16.2, P = 0.03).

Lethathamo 2  

Mekhoa ea bophelo e thehiloeng maemong a bokhoba ba marang-rang har'a liithuti

Boholo ba li-PIU li arabile hore mekhoa ea bona ea ho ja e fetotsoe hore e be le boholo bo bonyenyane ba lijo, takatso e fokolang ea lijo, le lebelo le potlakileng la ho ja ho feta basebelisi ba tloaelehileng ba inthanete (X2 = 43.4, P = 0.001, X2 = 32.6, P = 0.001, le X2 = 13.01, P = 0.01, ka ho latellana). Li-PIU li bile le liperesente tse phahameng tsa ho ja lijo tsa hoseng tsa hoseng (62.5%) vs. 33.4%, X2 = 6.6, P = 0.03) joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ho Lethathamo 3.

Lethathamo 3  

Mekhoa ea ho ja e thehiloe maemong a bokhoba ba marang-rang har'a baithuti

Lethathamo 4 e bonts'a liperesente tsa matšoao a mang a mmele le maikutlo ho bacha ba nang le PIU, PIU e ka bang teng, le tšebeliso e tloaelehileng ea inthanete. Ha ho bapisoa le ts'ebeliso e tloaelehileng ea inthanete, bacha ba nang le PIU ba ne ba le kotsing ea ho ba le matšoao a 'mele; boima ba mmele (31.2% vs. 15.9%, X2 = 8.5, P = 0.01), ho satalla ho kopaneng (12.5% vs. 2.9%, X2 = 6.3, P = 0.04), ho haella ha matla a 'mele (43.7% vs. 24.6%, X2 = 14.9, P = 0.001), bohloko ba morao (62.5% vs. 39.5%, X2 = 5.7, P = 0.05), khatello ea mahlo (62.5% vs. 34.03%, X2 = 18.6, P = 0.0001), le matšoao a maikutlo; ho hlonama (25% vs. 5.6%, X2 = 22.1, P = 0.001), o ikutloa o thabile (68.7% vs. 12.1%, X2 = 85.1, P = 0.001), euphoric (18.7% vs. 5.4%, X2 = 17.7, P = 0.001), hape le matšoenyeho (6.25% vs. 8.03%, X2 = 9.17, P = 0.01).

Lethathamo 4  

Mathata a bophelo bo botle ba 'mele le a maikutlo a bakoang ke tšebeliso ea marang-rang har'a baithuti

Boikemisetso ba PIU le PIU tse ka hlahang: Tlhahlobo ea ho rarolla lintho ka bongata ka bongata [Lethathamo 5] e bontšitse hore mosebetsi oa ntate oa botsebi, kamano e fokolang ea lelapa, bong ba banna, le metsoalle e fokolang ea sechaba li ne li amahanngoa le boiphihlelo ba PIU le PIU.

Lethathamo 5  

Multinomial logistic regression e sekaseka bakeng sa ho khetholla lisosa tsa tlhekefetso ea inthanete har'a baithuti

TŠOHLOA

Marang-rang ke sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa sechabeng le lipuisanong, mme se fetola maphelo a rona a letsatsi le leng le le leng hae le mosebetsing. Ha ho na pelaelo hore basebelisi ba bang ba Marang-rang ba hlaolela ho ba le mekhoa e kotsi. [21] Ha ho na thuto ea mafu a amanang le lefu la PIU leha e le ka kakaretso kapa lilemong tsa bocha Egepeta. Ka lebaka la liphumano tsena, boithuto bona bo ile ba etsoa ho lekola ho ata ha PIU har'a liithuti tsa sekolo se phahameng le ho tseba litšobotsi tsa botho, tsa bongaka, tsa lelapa, le tsa kahisano tsa PIU har'a bacha.

Barupeluoa ba thuto e ne e le liithuti tsa sekolo se phahameng sa 605. Boholo ba barupeluoa ba ne ba e-na le lik'homphieutha tse sebelisoang hangata malapeng a bona. Ho fumanoe mefuta e meraro ea basebelisi ba marang-rang thutong ena: Tloaelehileng, li-PIU, le li-PIU. Ho ata ha PIU har'a bacha ke 2.6%, e amanang haholo le e tlalehiloeng ke lithuto tse ling tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete har'a liithuti lefatšeng ka bophara; joalo ka PIU e ne e le 1% naheng ea Greece [1], 4% Korea Boroa, [22] 3.1% ho la Finland, [23] 4.2% Lebanon, [24] le 4.6% Australia. [25] Liperesente tsa eona tse tlase li ka hlahisoa ke phihlello e lekanyelitsoeng ea phihlello ea khomphutha / inthanete har'a bacha ba litoropo tsa Baegepeta. Leha ho le joalo, liphapang tse tšoauoang tsa machabeng mabapi le sekhahla sa PIU li kanna tsa hlahisoa ke tekanyo ea khethollo e bakoang ke ho hloka botsitso ha machaba mabapi le tlhaloso le tekolo ea PIU [26] le ho li-sampuli tse fapaneng le maemo a bophelo. Ho feta moo, hara palo ea liphuputso tse entsoeng lipatlisiso mabapi le bacha ba 18.2% li fumanoe li na le PIU e ka bang tlase hofeta se fumanoeng thutong e ngoe; hoo e batlang e le karolo ea 'ngoe ea bohlano (19.4%) ea bacha ba khethiloeng ba nang le monyetla oa PIU. [4]

Liphuputso tsa matla a bophelo li khothalelitse bong e le ntho e rerang PIU pele. Phuputso e fetileng e fumane hore basebelisi ba marang-rang ba banna ba ne ba le tlas'a PIU haholo. [1] Ho fapana le hoo, phuputso e 'ngoe e boletse hore basali ba tloaetse ho ba le PIU ho feta banna. [27] Leha ho le joalo, phuputso e le 'ngoe ha e fumane liphapang tsa bong mabapi le tahi ea inthanete (IA). [28] Boithuto bona bo ts'ehetsa lingoliloeng tse akaretsang tseo banna ba tloaetseng ho ba tlasa PIU le tlhaloso ea sena e kanna ea ba banna ba nang le monyetla oa ho bapala lipapali tsa marang-rang, ho kenella liketsong tsa cybersex le ho becha Inthaneteng.

Ho ea ka bo-ramahlale ba Korea, lisosa tsa PIU ha li na metheo ea tloaelo feela, empa hape le demographic le socioeconomic. [11] Phuputso e teng hona joale e tiisitse sena ka ho fumana hore mosebetsi oa batsoali le baithuti ba nang le palo e phahameng ea bana ba motho ba kotsing e kholo ea PIU.

Boithuto bona bo bontša hore bacha ba PIU ka nako eo ba ne ba ka ba le mathata a ho ikamahanya le batho ba bang, hobane PIU e ne e phahame haholo har'a bacha ba neng ba e-na le metsoalle e mebe le likamano tsa lelapa. Bafuputsi ba re tšebeliso e atileng ea inthanete har'a bacha e etsa hore ba ikutloe ba le bang, e baka boitšoaro bo botle, 'me e lebisa likamanong tse mpe tsa malapa le metsoalle. [29] Khohlano e phahameng ea motsoali le mocha e boletse esale pele PIU ho bacha; ha bacha ba nang le likhohlano tse phahameng le batsoali ba bona ba hana ho hlompha taolo ea batsoali ba bona, ho kenyelletsa le melao e behiloeng bakeng sa tšebeliso ea inthanete. [30]

Basebelisi ba kotsing ea ho sebelisa marang-rang ba kotsing e kholo ea ho robala le maemo a mangata a likhathatso tsa boroko ho feta basebelisi ba kotsi ba inthanete. Sena se lumellana le phuputso e fetileng ea bacha ba Korea e ileng ea bontša hore PIU e ne e amahanngoa le ho hloka boroko, lefu la makhopho, le ho tšoha bosiu.31] Ho sebelisa Inthanete bosiu haholo ho ka baka ho tepella le ho tepella, ho ka amang ts'ebetso ea sekolo haholo mme ho ka fella ka mokhoa o fetohileng oa ho robala le ho se sebetse hantle sekolong.32]

Thutong ena, PIU e har'a bacha ba neng ba tloaetse ho ja lijo tsa hoseng. Ho fumana sena ho utloahala kaha PIU e robala bosiu haholo mme e ka tsoha e se e le morao haholo bakeng sa lijo tsa hoseng. [33] Khafetsa khafetsa ho noha ho ka amana le ho ja ho tlōla, lijo tse bobebe tse ngata li ile tsa bonoa ho li-PIU ho feta basebelisi ba tloaelehileng ba inthanete. Ho feta moo, lijo tse ratoang haholo tsa barupeluoa ba rona e ne e le lijo tse potlakileng, e leng lijo tse se nang phepo e ntle li nang le lik'hilojule tse ngata tse fanoeng ke mafura le tsoekere e bonolo empa li na le limatlafatsi tse 'maloa tse kang livithamini le liminerale. Kahoo li-PIU li na le boits'oaro bo fosahetseng ba ho ja bo ka amang kholo ea bona le kholo ea bona. Sena se tsamaellana le phuputso e fumanoeng hore PIU e na le lijo tse theko e tlase ka ho fetesisa, e bonahatsang sekhahla se phahameng sa ho tsitsa ho feta ho basebelisi ba tloaelehileng ba inthanete. [15]

Bana le bacha ba na le kotsi e kholo ea litlamorao tse mpe tsa PIU ho feta batho ba baholo ka lebaka la lits'ebetso tsa nts'etsopele tse sa phethahalang. Boithuto ba rona bo fumaneng bacha ba nang le PIU ba ne ba kotsing ea ho ba le matšoao a mmele, joalo ka ho haelloa ke matla a mmele (baithuti ba ka shebahala ba khathetse haholo kapa ba robala ka tlelaseng ka lebaka la linako tsa marang-rang tsa bosiu bohle), phetoho ea mokhoa oa ho robala, [34] khatello ea ka morao, le mathata a mahlo ho tloha nakong e telele ea ts'ebeliso ea komporo e lutseng. Kotsi ena e tlalehiloe hore e eketseha ka tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea Marang-rang le likhomphutha. [35] Li-PIU li kanna tsa tepella maikutlong, tsa ba tsa qheleloa ka thoko kapa tsa tšoenyeha ka lebaka la khatello ea maikutlo le ea kelello ea PIU. [36]

Khafetsa le li-PIU li ntse li ikarola ho tsoa ho ba malapa a tsona, metsoalle le boithabiso mme li khetha ho qeta boholo ba nako ea tsona li le bang. Phuputso ena e bonts'a hore mosebetsi oa ntate oa botsebi, le kamano e futsanehileng ea lelapa ke tsona tse tlatsetsang haholo ho PIU, liphetho tsena li ka supa kamano lipakeng tsa sistimi e mpe ea ts'ehetso ea sechaba le PIU. [37]

Ho na le mefokolo e meng e ka hlahang thutong ena. Taba ea pele, thuto ena e ne e le thuto e akaretsang, ka hona, re ne re sa khone ho netefatsa likamano pakeng tsa PIU le litlamorao tsa eona. Taba ea bobeli, potso e ile ea itlaleha 'me e lokela ho hopoloa kapa ho tlaleheloa ka leeme. Taba ea boraro, kaha tlhahlobo e sebelisitsoe nakong ea sehlopha, ho ka etsahala hore baithuti ba bang, haholo-holo ba neng ba na le PIU, ba ne ba le sieo ka klaseng ha lenane la lipotso le ne le tsamaisoa. Ka hona, tlhahlobo e kanna ea ba e emetse PIU e sa emeloeng ka ho hloleha ho ngola likarabo tsa ba jeoang ke marang-rang hoo ba sa tloheng likamore tsa bona, ka tsela eo, e lebisang ho se tsotelleng ho ata ha PIU. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho leka ho fumana ts'ebetsong ea mekhoa ea thibelo, le nts'etsopele ea mekhoa ea kalafo bakeng sa PIU.

QETELLO

PIU ha e fumanehe seoelo har'a liithuti tsa sekolo se phahameng sa Baegepeta. Bacha ba nang le PIU ba bile le menyetla ea ho tlaleha likamano tse mpe tsa setjhaba le malapa, le ho eketsa kotsi ea mathata a bophelo bo botle ba 'mele le ba maikutlo.

Litlhahiso

Baeletsi ba likolo le matichere le bona ba hloka ho hlokomela ho ata le boits'oaro bo nang le mathata bo amanang le ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete bakeng sa thibelo ea pele. Ho hlokahala hape ho tsebisa mocha le batsoali ba bona ka likotsi tsa PIU le ho ela hloko litlamorao tse amanang le eona.

TLHOKOMELLO

Bangoli ba ka thabela ho leboha haholo ho baithuti bohle ba nkileng karolo thutong, le ba faneng ka nako ea bona ho araba lipotso tsa rona.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

Mohloli oa Ts'ehetso: Nil

 

Khohlano ea Thahasello: Ha ho ea phatlalatsoang

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