Ntšetso-pele le ho tiisoa ha thepa ea lithethefatsi ea lithethefatsi (SPAI) (2014)

Tlhaloso: Lin YH, Chang LR, Lee YH, Tseng HW, Kuo TBJ, et al. (2014) Ntshetsopele le Netefatso ea Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI). PloS ONE 9 (6): e98312. Doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0098312

mohlophisi: Jeremy Miles, Setsi sa Patlo le Ntshetsopele, United States of America

Re amohetse: October 18, 2013; E amohetse: April 30, 2014; E phatlalalitsoe: June 4, 2014

Copyright: © 2014 Lin et al. Ena ke sengoloa se bulehileng se fihletsoeng ka tlase ho License ea Boikarabelo ba Creative Commons, e lumellang hore ho sebelisoe, ho abeloa, le ho beleha ho sa sebelisetsoe, ho fana ka moqapi le mohloli oa pele.

Lithuso: Bangoli bana ha ba na tšehetso kapa chelete ea ho fana ka tlaleho.

Lithahasello tse tsitsitseng: Bangoli ba boletse hore ho na le lithahasello tsa tlhōlisano tse teng.

Selelekela

Ts'ebeliso e mpe ea li-smartphone e hlahile e le bothata bo boholo sechabeng ka botumo bo ntseng bo eketseha ba smartphone. "Ho lemalla li-Smartphone" ho ka nkoa e le mofuta o mong oa ho lemalla bokhoba. Griffiths [1] ka ts'ebetso e hlalosa bokhoba ba theknoloji e le tšebeliso ea boitšoaro bo kenyelletsang tšebelisano ea mochini oa batho ebile e se tlhole e le lik'hemik'hale ka tlhaho. Mokhoa o tšoanang oa boits'oaro, bokhoba ba marang-rang, bo arotsoe e le mofuta oa "lefu le amanang le lithethefatsi" ho Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis shida, 5th (DSM-5) [2]. Ho ka nahanoa hore litheko tse seng tsa tlhekefetso li khethollotsoe ho tsoa lits'ebetsong tsa tlhahlobo ea litheko tsa lithethefatsi ho fana ka maemo a bophelo le kelello le tataiso bakeng sa mohlala o akaretsang oa lemallo. [3], [4]. Mohlala, re supile lintlha tse hlano, ke hore, mamello, ho tlohela, matšoao a qobelloang, taolo ea nako, le mathata a batho le a bophelo bo botle ho lemalleng inthanete. [5].

Smartphone ha e sebetse feela likarolo tse nkehang tsa "mohala", kh'amera, lipapali le libapali tsa media tse ngata, empa e sebetsa le likete tsa application (app) ka inthanete e fumanehang. Kahoo, matšoao a bokhoba ba li-smartphone a ka fapana le a lemaletseng marang-rang. Phuputso ea morao tjena e fupere lintlha tse tšeletseng tsa bokhoba ba li-smartphone [6]. E khothalelitse hore ho lemalla li-smartphone ho lokela ho nkuoa e le moaho o fapaneng. Thutong eo, leha ho le joalo, mefuta ea lilemo tsa lihlooho e ne e batla e pharalletse (ho tloha ho lilemo tse 18 ho isa ho tse 53) mme basali e ne e le bona ba hlahelletseng. [6]. Ntle le moo, litlhaloso tsa "mamello" le "ho khaola" thutong e fetileng [6] ha e tšoane le ea DSM [2]. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, bokhoba ba marang-rang bo tsebahala haholo ho ba liithuti tsa sekolo sa koleche, bong ba banna ke e 'ngoe ea lintlha tsa bona tsa bohlokoa tsa kotsi. [7], 'me hangata e phela hammoho le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi [8]. Teko e eketsehileng ea psychometric e loketse ho leka bonnete ba lisebelisoa tsa ho lemalla Smartphone.

Ho sisinyeha ha Phantom le ho lla hoa mehala ea selefouno, mohopolo oa nakoana oo selefounu e nkoang e le lerata le ho lla ha o le sieo, ke lipono tse atileng bathong ka kakaretso. Boithuto ba rona ba nako e telele bo fetileng bo bonts'a li-syndromes tsena tse peli li ne li amana le khatello ea maikutlo nakong ea thuto ea bongaka, mme ho sisinyeha ho matla ha phantom le ho lla ho ne ho amana le ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo [9]. Leha ho le joalo, kamano e pakeng tsa liketsahalo tse peli tsa mohala oa mohala oa thekeng, ke hore, "phantom vibration / ringing" le "bokhoba ba li-smartphone", ha e tsejoe.

Morero oa thuto ena e ne e le ho nts'etsapele sekala se ikemetseng se ipapisitse le likarolo tsa bokhoba ba inthanete le litšoaneleho tsa smartphone, le ho khetholla ba lemaletseng smartphone. Re nahana hore ho lemalla li-smartphone ho na le lintlha tse ngata tse ts'oanang le tsa bokhoba ba inthanete le ho lemalla lithethefatsi, joalo ka mamello, ho tlohela, boitšoaro bo qobelloang le pherekano ea ts'ebetso ea bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) e entsoe ka kotloloho motheong oa Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) ka sebopeho sa eona se hlophisitsoeng hantle sa lintlha tse hlano. Phuputso ena e hlahlobile ho tšepahala le ho netefatsa bonnete ba kaho ea Lenaneo le ncha le thehiloeng la Smartphone Addiction Inventory.

mekhoa

barupeluoa ba

Bacha ba 283 ba baholo ba ile ba hiroa ho tsoa Lefapheng la Boenjiniere ba Motlakase le Lefapha la Khomphutha le Khokahano ea Lipuisano tsa liunivesithi tse peli ka Leboea la Taiwan nakong ea Dec. 2012 ho isa ho Jul. 2013. Leano la ho hira le ne le ipapisitse le boemo bo phahameng ba ho kenella ba tšebeliso ea li-smartphone har'a liithuti tsena. Baithuti bohle ba nang le li-smartphone ba ile ba nka karolo thutong ena. Ho tsena, 260 e ne e le banna le 23 e ne e le basali, ba le lilemo 22.9 ± 2.0. Boithuto bona bo amohetsoe ke Institutional Review Board of National Taiwan University Hospital, e ileng ea hlakisa tlhoko ea tumello e ngotsoeng e tsoang ho barupeluoa, hobane lintlha li ne li hlahlojoa ntle le lebitso. Patlisiso tsohle tsa kliniki li ile tsa etsoa ho latela melaoana e boletsoeng Phatlalatsong ea Helsinki.

Nts'etsopele ea SPAI

Lingaka tse peli tse tšoanelehang tsa kelello, Lin le Chang, ba nang le bothata ba ho lemalla lintho tse amanang le lithethefatsi le bokhoba ba marang-rang, ba fetotse 26-element Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea "bokhoba ba li-smartphone". Boithuto ba psychometric ba mofuta o fetotsoeng oa CIAS bo ile ba etsoa ke Lin ka tumello ea Chen, eo ho eona likhakanyo tse hlano li ileng tsa khetholloa ka tlhahlobo ea lintlha tse hlahlobang [5]. Lentsoe '' Marang-rang '' le fetotsoe ho '' smartphone ''. Phetolelo ea Semena ea Mandarin ea tekanyo eo e ile ea phethoa ke sehlopha sa litsebi. Lintlafatso tsa ho qetela li kenyelelitse tse latelang: (1) Item 4 le 6 li ile tsa nkeloa sebaka ke 2 le 3 e tšoanang le 12-Into e Ntle e Sebetsang ea Cellular phone Use lipotso [10], hobane ntho ea mantlha e ne e ke ke ea utloahala ka ho sebelisa feela "tšebeliso ea li-smartphone" ho kenya "ts'ebeliso ea inthanete" (2). Ka lebaka la tšebeliso e ikhethang ea tšebeliso ea li-smartphone, ntlha ea 21, ke hore, “ho shebella smartphone ha u tšela seterata; ho phaphatha smartphone ha u ntse u khanna kapa u emetse, mme ha baka kotsi ”e ile ea eketsoa qetellong ea sekala (3). Bakeng sa ntlha ea 23, polelo e fetotsoe ho tloha qalong "Ke tloaetse ho se robale haholo e le hore ke be le nako e eketsehileng marang-rang." joalo ka "Ke tloaetse ho sebelisa smartphone mme boleng ba boroko le nako eohle ea boroko ea fokotseha." (4) Bakeng sa ntlha ea 25, polelo e fetotsoe ho tloha qalong "Ke hloleha ho ja ka nako e tloaelehileng hobane ke sebelisa marang-rang" Lintlafatso (3) le (4) li ne li le ho latela sebopeho sa ho nkeha ha smartphone se khetholloang ho Ts'ebeliso ea "moetlo" ea inthanete ka komporo. Barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa ho lekanya lintho ka sekala sa Likert tse 4, 1 = ha ke lumellane ka matla ", 2 =" ha ke lumellane ka mokhoa o itseng ", 3 =" ke lumela hanyane "le 4 =" ke lumela ka matla, hore likarolo tsa SPAI li felle ho tloha 26 ho isa ho EA-104-TK

Phantom vibration le lipotso tse llang

Ho qoba batho ba arabileng ka leeme, lipotso tseo li ile tsa re feela: “Re u kopa hore u kenye letsoho lipatlisisong ka mehala ea selefouno.” Lipotso li ne li kenyelletsa hore na moqosuoa o bile le liphihlelo tsa phantom le ho lla nakong ea likhoeli tse tharo tse fetileng [9], [11]. Bakeng sa ba tlalehileng phallo ea phantom kapa ho lla, re boetse ra botsa hore na ba tšoenyehile hakae ka likalo tse likhutlong tse 'ne, ke hore, 1 = "ha ho na phallo ea phantom / lla", 2 = "ho se tšoenyehe ho hang" 3 = "ho hobosa hanyane" , 4 = "e tšoenya haholo" kapa "e tšoenya haholo" ho latela lipatlisiso tsa mokhoa oa pejana [9].

Tlhahlobo ea statistical

Liteko tsohle tsa lipalo li entsoe ho sebelisoa mofuta oa SPSS 15.0 bakeng sa Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang sampole e felletseng li ile tsa etsoa ho bonts'a litšobotsi tsa palo ea bankakarolo. Matla a kaho ea SPAI a ile a hlahlojoa ke tlhahlobo ea lintlha tse hlahlobang ho sebelisoa mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa ho lekanyetsa karolo ea ho lekanya le ho potoloha ha oblique promax. Morero oa scree oa li-eigenvalue tse laetsoeng tsa matrix ea khokahano e sebelisitsoe ho etsa qeto ea palo e nepahetseng ea lintlha tse ntšitsoeng. Ho ne ho sebelisoa ntho ea ho kenya lintho tse 0.30 ho fumana lintho molemong ka mong. Likamano tse kahare ho maemo li ile tsa baloa bakeng sa ts'epahalo ea tlhahlobo-ea liteko, 'me alpha ea Cronbach e ne e baloa bakeng sa botsitso ba kahare. Likamano tsa Pearson lipakeng tsa lihlapiso (lisosa) le phantom vibration / ringing li bontšitsoe.

Results

Sebopeho sa likarolo tsa SPAI

Palo eohle ea SPAI thutong ena e qalile ho 26 ho isa 82 (bolela: 51.31 ± 11.77). Liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea lintlha li bontšoa ho Lethathamo 1. Lintlha tse 'ne tse nang le eigenvalues ​​tse fetang 1 li ile tsa nts'oa, hammoho ba hlalosa 57.28% ea kakaretso eohle. Ho lekana ha sampole ka kakaretso ea sekhahla sa ntho ea 26 ho ile ha lekoa ho sebelisoa Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin, 'me ha tlaleheloa boleng bo phahameng ba 0.93. The p-value ea liteko tsa Bartlett e ne e le tlase ho 0.001, e neng e bontša hore tlhahlobo ea lintlha e ne e nepahetse.

Download:  

• PPT

  Slide sa PowerPoint

• PNG

  setšoantšo se seholoanyane (207KB)

• TIFF

  setšoantšo sa pele (782KB)

Tafole 1. Tlhatlhobo ea lintlha mabapi le li-inthanete tsa li-smartphone tsa Smartphone (SPAI).

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0098312.t001

Ho tshepahala ha kahare le ho its'upisa hape ka liteko

Alpha ea Cronbach bakeng sa sekala se felletseng e ne e le 0.94, mme bakeng sa mabaka a mane, "boitšoaro bo qobelloang", "ho holofala ha tšebetso", "ho hula", le "mamello" e ne e le 0.87, 0.88, 0.81, le 0.72, ka ho latellana. Re boetse re hirile bankakarolo ba 85 ho lekola ts'epahalo ea tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea liteko tsa libeke tse peli (likamano tse kenelletseng sehlopheng) tsa SPAI le lihlapiso tsa eona tse 4, ho felletseng ka 0.80-0.91 (p

Likamano pakeng tsa ho lemalla li-smartphone le phantom vibration / ringing

Lethathamo 2 e senola hore li-subscales tse 'ne tsa SPAI li ne li na le litekanyo tse phahameng tsa li-inter-factor (0.56-0.78). Phantom vibration ha e hlahise khokahano ea bohlokoa le subscale efe kapa efe ea SPAI. Phantom lla e ne e na le kamano e tlase haholo ho "boits'oaro bo qobelloang" le "ts'ebetso e sitisang ts'ebetso", empa ha e na setsoalle le "ho tlosoa" kapa "mamello".

Download:  

• PPT

  Slide sa PowerPoint

• PNG

  setšoantšo se seholoanyane (36KB)

• TIFF

  setšoantšo sa pele (179KB)

Tafole 2. Litlamo, mekhoa, le ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng bakeng sa subscales ea Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) le phantom vibration / ringing syndrome.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0098312.t002

Puisano

Re thehile SPAI motheong oa CIAS mme ra theha sebopeho sa eona sa lintlha tse nne: boits'oaro bo khothalletsang, ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso, ho tlosa, le mamello, ka tlhahlobo ea lintlha tse hlahlobang. Olipatlisiso tsa ur li bontšitse hore ho lemalla li-smartphone ho na le likarolo tse 'maloa tse ts'oanang le bothata ba tlhekefetso bo amanang le lithethefatsi ho DSM-5. Lithuso tsena li ile tsa bonts'a ho tsitsipana ha kahare le ho ts'epa-pheta ea liteko tsa beke tsa 2. Smartphone e na le melemo ea khokahano ea inthanete, ho phutholoha le puisano ea nako ea nnete. Matšoao a bokhoba ba li-smartphone ka hona a ka fapana le a ho lemalloang Inthaneteng [5] kapa "tšebeliso ea mehala ea cellular" [10]. Mohlala, sehlahisoa 25 "Nke ke ka ba le lijo ntle le tšebeliso ea li-smartphone" tse fetotsoeng ho tsoa nthong ea mantlha e ne e le ntho ea "mathata a taolo ea nako" ho CIAS, e thathamisitsoe e le matšoao a ho tlohela ho SPAI.

"Boitšoaro bo hatellang" bo nkuoe e le sesosa sa bokhoba ba tahi, 'me bo lekantsoe haholo ho batho ba lemaletseng joala [12] le bokhoba ba marang-rang [13]. Ntho ea 7, "Le ha ho sebelisoa li-smartphone ho hlahisitse likamano tse mpe likamanong tsa ka tsa batho, nako e sebelisoang inthaneteng e lula e sa buelloe", ntlha e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea boitšoaro bo qobelloang e akaretsa matšoao a mabeli a amanang le bothata ba ho etsa liqeto thutong e fetileng. tshebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea fono [10]. E bontšitse hore ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea li-smartphone e ke ke ea emisoa leha batho ba lemalloang ba tseba ka litlamorao tse mpe. "Boitšoaro bo qobelloang" ho SPAI bo kenyelelitse lintlha tsa lintlha tse 'ne, mamello, ho hula, ho qobelloa le mathata a batho le a bophelo bo botle ho CIAS ea mantlha. Lintho tsena li boetse li koahetse lintho tse tšoanang ho "pherekano ea bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi", "tebello e ntle", "Ho hula", "tšebeliso e fetelletseng", "mamello", empa ha ho na letho ho "kamano e shebaneng le marang-rang" ea Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) [6]. Ha e bolele feela hore matšoao a fetoha ho tloha ho likhomphutha- ho ea ho smartphone empa hape le monyetla oa ho khetholloa ho eketsehileng ka har'a disampole tse fapaneng.

"Ts'ebetso e senyehileng" e kenyelletsa (1) lintho tse 'ne tse hlano tse ts'oanang tsa ho senyeha hoa ts'ebetso ho Potso e Sebetsang ea Cellular Phone Use lipotso, (2) dintho tse tharo tse amanang le mathata a ho robala a nkiloeng ho "bothata ba taolo ea nako" ho CIAS le (3) ntho ea 24 e amehang "Nako e ntseng e eketseha ho smartphone" le "fihlella khotsofalo e tšoanang le pele". Se totobatsang mathata a amanang le boroko se tsamaisana le kamano pakeng tsa mantsiboea le tšebeliso e qobelloang ea inthanete lipatlisisong tsa rona tse fetileng [13]. Tlhahlobo ea Epidemiological ha ea ka ea bontša tšebeliso ea inthanete ka boeona feela empa le "nako ea skrini" e ama boroko [14], le boikoetliso ba 'mele bo hlalositse hore khanya e tsoang ho li-diode tse buluu li susumetsa sisteme ea circadian [15]. Bopaki bo hlalositse ka mokhoa o ts'oanang bokhobeng ba li-smartphone. Lintho tse peli, 12 le 24, li ne li kenya letsoho ka bongata ho "ts'ebetso e senyehileng" le "boits'oaro bo qobellang". Kaha matšoao a ho lemalla li-smartphone a ka baka "ts'ilafalo ea tšebetso", liphallelo li bile teng.

Ntho ea 2, 4 le 16 ea lintho tse tšeletseng tse "ho tlosoa" li nkiloe linthong tse tšoanang tsa ho tlohela ho CIAS. Ntho ea 2 le 4 le eona e tsamaisana le ntho ea 19 le 23 ea sepheo sa ho tlosa ho SAS. Ntle le moo, thepa ea 25 e ts'oana le ntho e lumellanang "Ho tlisa smartphone ea ka ka ntloaneng leha ke potlakile ho fihla moo" ho SAS. E hlalositse letšoao le ikhethileng la smartphone ka lebaka la ho tsamaisoa ha eona. Ho ntho ea 14, "opener eye" e boetse e hlahisoa ho SAS, empa e ile ea hatisoa khokahano ea marang-rang ea sechaba. Ho tsejoa hantle hore mokuli ea lemaletseng joala o ntse a itlhahisa hoseng, ka lebaka leo, ho hlokahala hore a noe e le “ea bulang mahlo”[16]. Ka lebaka la ho khonahala ha smartphone le ho khonahala ha marang-rang, "ho bula mahlo" ke letšoao la ho khaotsa le ho tlisoang khafetsa bokhobeng ba smartphone. Ntho ea 19 "ho ikutloa u e-na le takatso ea ho sebelisa smartphone ea ka hape hang hoba ke khaotse ho e sebelisa" e na le karohano lipakeng tsa "ho senyeha ha ts'ebetso" le "ho tlohela". Ka kakaretso, matšoao a ho tlosoa ha ntho ha a hlaha "hang hoba a emise". Re ratile ntho ena ka ho “tloheloa” ka ho sheba letšoao lena le ikhethileng la tšebeliso ea li-smartphone.

Ntho e reng "mamello" e na le lintho tse tharo ho SPAI empa lebaka la ho loants'a le phahame haholo linthong tse peli tsa pele. Ho mamella ho hlalositsoe e le ho qeta nako e eketsehileng ts'ebeliso ea li-smartphone, eo e neng e le mohopolo o tšoanang oa mamello ho DSM [2] empa e fapane le tlhaloso "kamehla o leka ho laola tšebeliso ea motho ea smartphone empa kamehla o sitoa ho etsa joalo" ho SAS [6]. Leha ho le joalo, ho ho thabisang haholo hore lebaka la mamello le na le eigenvalue e tlase ho SPAI le SAS [6]. Litlhahiso tse fapaneng tsa mamello ho li-smartphone kapa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ke tsa bohlokoa ho lokelang ho nahanoa. Batho ka bomong ba fapanyetse tlhaiso-leseling e batsi khokahanong ea bona ea sechaba ho tloha qalong ea tšebeliso ea li-smartphone. Joalo ka batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso e boima ea li-cannabis bao ka kakaretso ba sa tsebeng hore ba na le mamello [17], matšoao a mamello ho lemong la li-smartphone a kanna a tsejoa seoelo. Ho mamella ho ka ba thata ho tseba ka ho nka nalane ha ntho e sebelisitsoeng e kopane le lintho tse ling [17]. Barupeluoa bohle thutong ba sebelisitse li-smartphone le marang-rang ka komporo, mohlala, ba ka kena webosaeteng eo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho eona ka mekhoa e 'meli. Kahoo, mamello e lokela ho tlaleheloa ka tlhaiso-leseling, joalo ka ntho ea 1, ke ho re, "Ke ile ka bolelloa hangata hore ke qetile nako e ngata ho smartphone." Leha ho le joalo, e le matšoao a bobeli a atileng haholo tšebelisong ea mehala ea selefounu nakong ea mafu a fetileng a lefu boithuto, "mamello" e ka khetholla ba nang le ts'oaetso e sebetsang e hlahisitsoeng ke ts'ebeliso ea mehala ea selefouno ho ba neng ba sena ts'ebetso e mpe ea ts'ebetso [10]. Bopaki bo khothalelitseng mamello ke letšoao le nang le moelelo. Ntho ea mamello e na le lintho tse 'maloa (tse' ne) ho CIAS ea mantlha [5], hape ho bile le ho haella ha mohopolo oa "ho fokotseha haholo ka ts'ebeliso e tsoelang pele ea chelete e tšoanang" eo hape e leng karolo ea bohlokoa ea mamello ho DSM [2]. Thutong e latelang, mohopolo o lokela ho eketsoa ka.

Re khothalelitse phantom vibrate le syndrome ea ho lla ea li-smartphone ke mekhatlo e ikemetseng ea ho lemalla li-smartphone e thehiloeng ho lumellano e tlase haholo. Leha e le ka likarolo tse tšeletseng tsa SAS, phantom lla e ne e sa khone ho khetholloa ka mabaka afe kapa afe.

Ha e bapisoa le thuto e fetileng [6], ho na le lintlha tse tharo tse kholo tsa thuto ena. Taba ea pele, barupeluoa e ne e le seithuti se ka sehloohong sa koleche, bao e leng sehlopha se kotsing e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi le ho lemalla Internet [7]. Taba ea bobeli, sebopeho sa lintlha tse 'ne tsa SPAI se lumellana haholo le likarolo tse' ne, ke hore, tšebeliso e feteletseng, ho tlosoa, mamello, le liphihlelo tse mpe, hore lintho tsohle tse fapa-fapaneng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litheko tsa inthanete li arolelanoe. [18]. Taba ea boraro, re sebelisitse litlhaloso tse tloaelehileng tsa ho mamella le ho nena ka DSM ho fapana le ho akaretsa tlhaloso ea lintho tsohle tse ka har'a ntlha e le 'ngoe.

Ho na le meeli e 'maloa ea mokhoa eo re lokelang ho e ela hloko ha re fetolela lintho tseo re li fumaneng. Taba ea pele, lipatlisiso tsohle li ne li itlaleha, 'me ho hlokahala mokhoa o hlakileng oa ho lekola bonnete ba nako e tšoanang. Mohlala, ts'ebeliso e ne e tlaleha makhetlo le tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea smartphone ea nako ea nnete [19], [20]. Taba ea bobeli, sampole e ne e le liithuti tsa koleche feela, tse lekang kakaretso ea se fumanoeng. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li hloka ho lekola thepa ea psychometric ea sesebelisoa sena ka har'a sampole ea kakaretso ea baahi. Taba ea boraro, ho na le lintho tse tharo feela ka har'a mamello, tse lokelang ho atolosoa ho etsa hore sebopeho se tsitse. Qetellong, ha e 'ngoe ea lithuto tsa sefofane lefapheng lena, motheo oa thuto e teng hona joale o ne o sa lekana.

Ka bokhutšoanyane, liphetho tse tsoang thutong ena li fana ka bopaki ba hore SPAI ke sesebelisoa se hlahlobang sa ts'ebetso sa ts'ebetso sa ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea bomenemene sa smartphone. Tekanyetso e sa fetoheng ea lekhetho le tlhekefetso e amanang le lithethefatsi ho DSM e bolela thepa ea "ho lemalla" e ts'oanang le tlatsong ea li-smartphone.

lumela hore baa fokola

Re leboha Mong. Yu-De Liao, Mme Yu-Jie Chen le Ying-Zai Chen ka thuso ea bona ea tekheniki.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

O ile a amohela le ho hlophisa liteko: Y. Lin. O entse liteko: LRC Y. Lee HWT. Ho hlahlobisisa data: TBJK SHC. Li-reagents tse kentsoeng / lisebelisoa / lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo: LRC. O ngotse pampiri: Y. Lin.