Phatlalatso ea maikutlo ho bacha ba baholo ba nang le Internet Gaming Disorder (2018)

Int J Molemo oa ho Sireletsa Bophelo ba Sechaba. 2017 Dec 25; 15 (1). pii: E30. doi: 10.3390 / ijerph15010030.

Yen JY1,2, Yeh YC3,4,5, Wang PW6,7, Liu TL8,9, Chen YY10, Ko CH11,12,13,14.

 

 

inahaneloang

Batho ba fumanoeng ba e-na le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD) hangata ho tlalehiloe hore ba na le khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho le bora. Taolo ea maikutlo e kenya letsoho matšoao ana a ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo. Phuputso ena e ile ea lekola taolo ea maikutlo maikutlong le IGD mme ea lekola likamano lipakeng tsa taolo ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha le khatello ho bacha ba baholo ba nang le IGD. Re ile ra hira batho ba 87 ba nang le IGD le sehlopha se laolang sa batho ba 87 ntle le nalane ea IGD. Barupeluoa bohle ba ile ba etsa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea mafu ho latela melao ea IGD ea tlhahlobo le tlhaiso ea lipalo tsa mafu a kelello, Fifth Edition, mme ba qetile bukana ea lipotso mabapi le taolo ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho le lehloeo. Re fumane hore lithuto tse nang le IGD ha li na monyetla oa ho ithuta boithuto ba kelello 'me li na le monyetla oa ho hatella maikutlo a bona. Boemo ba morao-rao bo ile ba senola ho hlahlojoa bocha bo tebileng le khatello e hlakileng e tlase e amanang le khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha le lehloeo har'a lithuto tse nang le IGD. Maano a ho laola maikutlo a khethollang ba nang le IGD e ka ba sesosa sa khatello ea maikutlo le maikutlo a batho bana. Ha ba phekola bakuli ba nang le IGD, ntle le ho fana ka ts'ebetso e nepahetseng bakeng sa ho kokobetsa khatello ea maikutlo le bora, lingaka li lokela ho lekola hantle mekhoa ea ho laola maikutlo le ho fana ka phekolo ea maikutlo ho thibela mokoloko o mobe oa maikutlo a mabe.

 

 

Keywords:

Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete; IGD; taolo ea maikutlo; tlhahlobo ea kelello ea kelello; khatello: khatello ea maikutlo; bora

 

1. Selelekela

Litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea bothateng ba lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD), tse hlalosoang e le tlatsetso lipapaling tsa inthanete, li hlahisoa e le mokhoa oa lipatlisiso karolong ea III ea Diagnostic le Statistical Manual ea Mathata a Kelello, Khatiso ea Bohlano (DSM-5) [1]. IGD ke mofuta o mong oa bokhoba ba marang-rang mme o amahantsoe le matšoao a amanang le maikutlo a kelello a amanang le maikutlo, a joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo le ho teneha [2,3]. Ho hlonama hona ho ka tlatsetsa mathateng a kalafo le ho holofala hantle hoa lefu la ho lemalla [4], mohlala, komorbidity ea khatello ea maikutlo e amanang le moroalo o phahameng oa kelello le maikutlo har'a lihlooho tse nang le IGD [5]. Ho feta moo, ho hlonama ho ka bontša kamano ea Carance lipakeng tsa mathata [6] kapa mohlala o tloaelehileng oa lintho [7], moo mochine o arolelanoang ka kakaretso o ikarabella bakeng sa ho hlasimolla komello. Ho kenella, mochine o arolelanoang o ka thusa likhathatso ka bobeli. Ka hona, ho utloisisa mochini o arolelanoang o bakang li-comorbidity pakeng tsa IGD le matšoao a psychopathological a ka kenya letsoho ho nts'etsopele kalafo ka katleho ho bona.

 

 

 

   

1.1. Kopano lipakeng tsa IGD le Emotional Mathata

Nako e sebelisitsoeng ho bapala lipapali tsa marang-rang e kopantsoe hantle le matšoao a sithabetsang [8,9]. Kamano pakeng tsa IGD, khatello ea maikutlo le bora li boetse li bontšitsoe lithutong tsa morao tjena [10,11]. Moditjhaba et al. e tlaleha hore IGD e ka ba sesosa sa khatello ea maikutlo ho bacha [12]. Ho ekelletsa moo, Ciarrochi et al. e boetse e tlaleha hore tšebeliso e qobelloang ea marang-rang e boletse esale pele bophelo bo botle ba kelello har'a bacha lilemong tsa ho etsa lipatlisiso tse telele [13]. Liphetho tsena li ka bonts'a hore lipapali tsa marang-rang tse ngata haholo li ka baka mathata a maikutlo, mohlomong le ha li na mesebetsi e meng ea bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi kapa litlamorao tsa tsona tse mpe. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, boitšoaro bo lematsang, bo kang papali ea inthaneteng [14], e ka ba mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le mathata a maikutlo a neng a le teng pele, joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo [6]. Ho sithabela maikutlo ho tlalehiloe ho bolela esale pele liketsahalo tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang le ho tšehetsa teko ena [15]. Sena se ka fana ka maikutlo a hore mathata a maikutlo a ka ba le tlatsetso ho IGD; leha ho le joalo, sena ha se e-ba bopaki. Tšusumetso e ka bang teng lipakeng tsa IGD le mathata a maikutlo li lokeloa ke ho ithutoa nakong e tlang. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, sesosa sa motheo, joalo ka taolo ea maikutlo, se ka amahanngoa le IGD le mathata a maikutlo, mme se ka kenya letsoho ho hlasimolohileng ha IGD.

 

 

 

   

1.2. Taolo ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho, bohloeki le IGD

Tekanyetso ea maikutlo, e tsejoang hape e le melao ea boits'oaro, e hlalositsoe ke [16] e le setsi sa mekhoa e hlokolosi e susumetsang karabelo ea maikutlo. Taolo ea maikutlo ke ts'ebetso e rarahaneng e kenyelletsang ho qala, ho thibela, kapa ho feto-fetoha ha likarolo tsa ts'ebetso ea maikutlo. Tlhahlobo e fetileng e bonts'itse hore ts'ebetso e lebisang taolo ea maikutlo ka kotloloho e ke ke ea khothaletsa feela maikutlo a nepahetseng empa hape e ka bonts'a matšoao a amanang le psychopathological [17].
Mekhoa e 'meli e sebelisoa hangata ho maikutlo a nyenyefatsang. Ya pele, e boele e hlahlojoe, e tla pele ho ts'ebetso e hlahisang maikutlo 'me e kenyelletsa ho fetola tsela eo boemo bo sebetsoang ka eona ho fokotsa tšusumetso ea maikutlo. Ea bobeli, khatello, e tla hamorao ts'ebetsong e hlahisang maikutlo mme e kenyelletsa thibelo ea matšoao a kantle a maikutlo a ka hare [18]. Mefuta e 'meli ea taolo ea maikutlo e hlahlojoa ho Enotional Regulation lipotso, e lekanyang tšebeliso ea tloaelo ea ho hatella le ho hlahloba bocha. Sekala se kenyelletsa lintho tse amanang le taolo ea maikutlo a nepahetseng le a fosahetseng [19]. Ho ea ka tekanyo ena, ho ikoetlisa botjha ho amana le maikutlo a matle, ho sebetsa hantle ha motho le boiketlo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho ikoetlisa ho kopantsoe le maikutlo a mabe le ts'ebetso e mpe ea motho ea sebetsang. Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore maano a sebetsang kapele ts'ebetsong ea maikutlo a na le lintlha tse fapaneng tsa litlamorao ho feta maano a sebetsang hamorao.
Taolo ea maikutlo e ne e amana le khatello ea maikutlo [20] le matšoenyeho [21]. Mosebetsi oa maano a ho feto-fetoha le maemo a maikutlo (mohlala, ho hlahlobisisa) o baka phokotso ea maikutlo a susumetsang khatello ea maikutlo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, maano a ho laola maikutlo a sa sebetseng hantle, joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo, a bonahala a susumetsa pathogenesis ea khatello ea maikutlo. Mohlala, patlisiso ea mohlala oa sebopeho sa sebopeho e fumane hore khatello e hlakileng e arolelana kamano lipakeng tsa botebo ba tšusumetso e mpe le khatello ea maikutlo [22]. Ntle le moo, kalafo ea taolo ea maikutlo e tlalehiloe e le kalafo e sebetsang ea khatello ea maikutlo, joalo ka matšoenyeho kapa khatello ea maikutlo [17,23,24]. Lingolo li bonts'a karolo ea taolo ea maikutlo tlhabong kapa tlhokomelong ea khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho [20,21].
Lithuto tse 'maloa li lekotse kamano lipakeng tsa taolo ea maikutlo le bora ho feta kamano pakeng tsa taolo ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo kapa matšoenyeho. Batho ba nang le taolo e tlase ea khalefo ba ka nahanoa hore ba bonts'a boitšoaro bo mabifi haholoanyane [25]. Phuputso e fetileng e bontšitse kamano lipakeng tsa taolo ea maikutlo le khutso ea khalefo [26]. Kelello e mabifi ke ntho e ka sehloohong e tlatsetsang ho halefeng le boitšoaro bo mabifi [27]. Leha ho le joalo, hore na tlhahlobo ea kelello e ka fumantšang karolo ea tlhalohanyo e lonya ho tepelletseng maikutlo ha e so e hlahlojoe.
Ho sithabela maikutlo le taolo ea maikutlo li nkuoa e le maemo a kotsi bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea mafu a lemallo [28]. Molao oa maikutlo o ile oa tlalehoa hore o bolela esale pele tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (ka ho khetheha, bothata ba tšebeliso ea joala [29]) mme ho fanoe ka tlhahiso ea ho ba le karolo e ntlafatsang ho nts'etsopele ea bokhoba [30]. IGD e tlalehiloe e amana le khatello ea maikutlo, ho hloka botsitso le ho tšoenyeha [2,3,31]. Mathata a nang le taolo ea maikutlo a amana le matšoao ana a amanang le psychopathological [20,21]. Ho feta moo, taolo e tlase ea maikutlo e ka baka khatello ea maikutlo [20] e bolelang esale pele IGD [15,32]. Ho feta moo, lipapali tsa marang-rang tse fetelletseng li ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe tse ka lebisang khatello ea maikutlo ho batho ba nang le IGD. Taolo e loketseng ea maikutlo e buisana le litlamorao tse mpe le khatello ea maikutlo [22], athe melao e sa laoleheng ea maikutlo e ka kenya letsoho matšoao a ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo, joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho. Loton et al. e senoletse hore leano la ho sebetsana ka katleho le tlalehiloeng le tlalehiloe ka lebaka la kopano pakeng tsa ho lemalla lipapali tsa video le ho tepella maikutlo [14]. E ts'ehelitse qoso ea hore taolo e sa lokelang ea maikutlo e ka kenya letsoho ho ba le kamano lipakeng tsa matšoao a psychopathological a IGD. Leha ho le joalo, kamano pakeng tsa taolo ea maikutlo le matšoao ana a kelello ha e so hlahlojoe har'a lithuto tse nang le IGD.

 

 

 

   

1.3. Lithuto tsa Hypothesis le sepheo

Re khothalelitse hore melaoana ea maikutlo, ho hlahlojoa bocha, le khatello li amana le IGD, le hore batho ka bomong ba IGD ha ba ikoetlise haholo maikutlong, ba sebelisa mekhoa e fokolang ea ho hlahlobisisa, hape ba hatella maikutlo ho feta motho ea tloaelehileng. Ho feta moo, khaello ea taolong ea maikutlo e ka tsamaellana le khatello ea maikutlo, lehloeo, le matšoenyeho har'a lithuto tse nang le IGD. Ka hona, thuto ena e hlahlobile tse latelang: (1) ho hlahlobisisa lintho hape ho hatisa maikutlo ho batho ba nang le IGD le ntle le (2) likamano lipakeng tsa boithuto ba kelello, khatello, pherekano, lehloeo, le matšoenyeho hara lithuto tse nang le IGD.

 

 

 

   

2. Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

 

 

 

   

2.1. Barupeluoa

Barupeluoa ba rona, bao e leng batho ba nang le IGD ea hona joale (sehlopha sa IGD) le ba se nang nalane ea IGD (sehlopha sa taolo), ba ile ba haptjoa ka lipapatso tse neng li bonts'a litekanyetso tsa rona tsa ho hira batho ba sebetsang litsing tsa khampase le tsa bulletin ho univesithi tsa Taiwan lipakeng tsa Loetse 2012 le Mphalane. 2013. Litekanyetso tsa rona tsa ho hira sehlopha sa IGD, tse neng li ipapisitse le thuto ea fMRI ho batho ba baholo ba nang le IGD, e ne e le ka tsela e latelang [32]: (1) ea lilemo li 20-30 lilemo tse nang le thuto ea> lilemo tse 9; (2) a bapala lipapali tsa inthanete bakeng sa ≥4 h ka letsatsi matsatsing a beke le ≥8 h ka letsatsi mafelo-beke kapa bakeng sa ≥40 h ka beke; mme (3) o ne a bolokile mokhoa oa ho bapala Inthaneteng ka lilemo tse> 2. Barupeluoa ba hiriloeng ba qetile boholo ba nako ea bona ea mahala ba bapala lipapaling tsa inthanete. Bakeng sa bankakarolo ba phethang litekanyetso tsena, ngaka ea mafu a kelello e ile ea etsa lipotso, nakong eo ho neng ho sebelisoa litekanyetso tsa DSM-5 tsa tlhahlobo ea IGD [1] ka phapusing ea lipuisano laboratoring. Barupeluoa ba ileng ba phethahatsa litekanyetso tsa DSM-5 tsa IGD li thathamisitsoe sehlopheng sa IGD.
Bakeng sa monkakarolo e mong le e mong ea ngolisitseng sehlopheng sa IGD, bong-, lilemo- (nakong ea selemo se le seng sa 1), le karolo ea taolo e lekanang le thuto e ile ea hiroa ho latela maemo ao ts'ebeliso ea bona e sa hlokahaleng ea inthanete e neng e le ea <4 h ka letsatsi ho bophelo ba bona ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Moeli oa tšebeliso ea inthanete o ne o etselitsoe ho thibela ho thaotha bafo ba nang le lithethefatsi tsa inthanete sehlopheng se laolang. Joale, barupeluoa bana le bona ba ile ba etsa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea mafu le ngaka ea mafu a kelello e ipapisitseng le litekanyetso tsa DSM-5 tsa IGD ho netefatsa ho hiroa ha bona sehlopheng sa taolo.
Puisano ea tlhahlobo ea mafu e kentse likarolo tse peli: (1) tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea mafu e thehiloeng phetolelong ea Chaena ea Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) ho senola mathata a kelello a teng, ho ferekana ha kelello le bothata ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi; le (2) puisano e nkang histori ho fumana tšebeliso ea meriana ea psychotropic, ho fokotseha kelellong, khatello e matla ea 'mele le ho lemala ha bokong. Batho ba nang le mathata a kelello, ho ferekana kelellong, ho hloka ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, ts'ebeliso ea meriana ea psychotropic, ho ferekana kelellong, ho holofala 'meleng kapa ho lemala ha bokong ho ile ha behelloa ka thoko. Ka kakaretso, barupeluoa ba 174 - 87 sehlopheng ka seng — ba ile ba kenyelletsoa kamora lipuisano tsa tlhahlobo ea mafu le tumello ea bona e fumanoeng. Joale, barupeluoa ba thuto ba phethile tlhahlobo thutong ena ea joale. Boithuto bona bo amohetse Boto ea Institutional Review Board ea sepetlele sa bongaka sa bongaka sa Kaohsiung.

 

 

 

   

2.2. Mehato

Litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea DSM-5 bakeng sa IGD [1]. Tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea DSM-5 IGD e kenyelletsa lintho tse robong: ho nahanisisa, ho tlosa, ho mamella, liteko tse sa atleheng tsa ho laola, tahlehelo kapa ho fokotseha ha lithahasello tse ling, ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ntle le mathata a kelello, ho thetsa, ho phonyoha, le ho senyeha hoa ts'ebetso [1]. Re thehile puisano e hlophisitsoeng ea ho hlahloba mekhoa ea DSM-5 ea IGD. Barupeluoa ba phethang litekanyetso tsa ≥5 ba kenyellelitsoe ho sehlopha sa IGD.
Mofuta oa China oa MINI [33]. Re ile ra etsa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea mafu bakeng sa ho lahla mafu a kelello ka ho sebelisa li-modulense tsa mathata a kelello, ho ferekana kelellong le mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi phetolelong ea Chaena ea MINI. Ba nang le mathata a teng ba ile ba qheleloa ka thoko thutong eo.
Potso ea tsamaiso ea maikutlo. Potso ea melao ea tsamaiso ea maikutlo (ERQ) ke sekhechana sa 10 se etselitsoeng ho lekola tšekamelo ea ba arabelang ho laola maikutlo a bona ka mekhoa e 'meli: (1) tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea kelello, e hlahlojoang ho sebelisa tekanyo ea boithuto (lintho tse tšeletseng tse kang “Ha ke batla ho ikutloa ke le tlase. maikutlo a fosahetseng (joalo ka masoabi kapa khalefo), ke fetola seo ke nahanang ka sona "), le (2) maikutlo a hatellang, a hlahlobe ho sebelisoa sekala sa khatello (lintho tse 'ne tse kang" Ke laola maikutlo a ka ka ho se a hlahise "). Ba arabelang ba araba ntho e 'ngoe le e ngoe ka sekhahla sa mofuta oa 7-point Likert-XertUM ho tloha 1 (ho hana haholo) ho 7 (lumellana ka matla). Ho ts'epahalloa ke alpha e ne e le 0.79 le 0.73 e lekantsoeng bakeng sa sekala se hlahlobang le ho hatella, ka ho latellana. Teko ea ho hlahloba hape ka likhoeli tse 3 e ne e le 0.69 bakeng sa sekala ka bobeli thutong ea eona ea mantlha [19]. Hona le likala tse 'maloa tse hlahlobang taolo ea maikutlo. Re sebelisitse ERQ ho lekola leano la bohlokoa la bobeli la taolo ea maikutlo ka lebaka la bokhutšoanyane le bonolo ba lona.
Ho sithabela maikutlo, lehloeo, le matšoenyeho li ile tsa hlahlojoa ke Center for Epidemiological Study 'Depression Scale (CES-D) [34,35] Penn State Worry lipotso tsa lipotso (PSWQ) [36] le Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory Chinese Version — Fomu e Lekhuts'oane (BDHIC-SF) [37]. Cronbach's alpha ea CES-D, PSWQ, le BDHIC-SF thutong ea hona joale e ne e le 0.92, 0.90, le 0.92, ka ho latellana. Palo e phahameng ea CES-D, BDHIC-SF, le PSWQ e bonts'a khatello e phahameng ea maikutlo, lehloeo le matšoenyeho, ka ho latellana.

 

 

 

   

2.3. Tlhahlobo ea Statistical

Re ile ra qala ka ho lekola liphapang tsa tlhahlobo ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo lipakeng tsa IGD le lihlopha tsa taolo. Ts'ebetso ea thepa e sebelisitsoe ho khutlisetsa ts'oaetso ea IGD tlhahlobisong le tlhatlhobo ha e ntse e laola bong, lilemo le boemo ba thuto. Ka mor'a moo, khatello e lekantsoeng e ne e sebelisetsoa ho fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo tlhahlobisong ea kelello, le khatello e hlakileng ka taolo ea bong, lilemo, le boemo ba thuto ho IGD le sehlopheng sa taolo. Bong bo ne bo behiloe e le mosali = 0 le e motona = 1 ka tatellano e lekanang. Mokhoa o ts'oanang o sebelisitsoe ho lekola mekhatlo lipakeng tsa ho lekola bocha, khatello, le bora kapa ho tšoenyeha. p <0.05 e ne e nkuoa e le bohlokoa litlhahlobong, tseo kaofela li neng li etsoa ho sebelisoa SPSS. Moeli o moholo oa bongata o ile oa lokisoa ho sebelisoa mekhoa ea Holm-Bonferroni. Mokhoa oa Holm-Bonferroni o laola sekhahla sa phoso ea lelapa (liphoso tsa Mofuta oa I) ka ho fetola boleng ba p ea papiso ea motho ka mong [38].

 

 

 

   

3. Liphetho

 

 

 

   

3.1. Tekanyetso ea bong, lilemo le maemo

Batho ba mashome a robeli a metso e supileng ba ile ba ngolloa sehlopha se seng le se seng. Bong ba bona (X2 = 0, p = 1), lilemo (t = 0.26, p = 0.80), le maemo a thuto (t = 1.15, p = 0.25) a ne a sa fapana haholo (Lethathamo 1).
Lethathamo
Tafole 1. Lilemo, boemo ba thuto, taolo ea maikutlo, bora, khatello ea maikutlo le ho teba ha IGD le lihlopha tsa taolo.

 

 

 

   

3.2. Taolo ea maikutlo le IGD

Sehlopha sa IGD se ne se thehiloe ka mokhoa o pharalletseng ka mekhoa e tlase (t = re2.64, p = 0.009) le maano a hlakileng a ho hatella (t = 2.29, p = 0.02) ho feta sehlopha se laolang (Lethathamo 1). Boemo ba maikutloLethathamo 2) e senotse hore tlhahlobo ea kelello ea motho ea kelello e profeta hampe IGD (karo-karolelano; OR = 0.91; 95% CI = 0.85-0.97) le hore khatello e hlakileng e bolela IGD (OR = 1.14; 95% CI = 1.04-1.25).
Lethathamo
Tafole 2. Regression ea maikutlo ho lekola boleng ba ponelopele ba melao ea maikutlo ho IGD ka taolo ea bong, lilemo, le boemo ba thuto.

 

 

 

   

3.3. Tlhatlhobo ea Lihlopheng tse kahare ho Sehlopha sa Molao oa Maikutlo

Ts'ebetso ea methapo e mengata ea methapo e mengata e sebelisitsoe ho leka hore na maikutlo a maikutlo a ne a hlile a bolela khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha kapa khatello ea lithuto tsa sehlopha sa IGD (Lethathamo 3). Liphetho li bonts'a mohlala o hlalositseng 19% ea phapang ea khatello ea maikutlo (R2 = 0.19, F(5,81) = 3.74). Ho lekola botebo ho nahanisisa ho hoholo ho boletsoeng esale pele (B = -0.72, t = -3.66, p <0.001), joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo (B = 1.02, t = 3.24, p = 0.002). Ho feta moo, mohlala o hlalositse 18% ea phapang ea matšoenyeho (R2 = 0.18, F(5,81) = 3.59). Cappitive reappraisal bohlokoa bo boletsoeng esale pele ho tšoenyeha (B = −0.69, t = −3.20, p = 0.002), joalo ka ha ho bile le khatello ea maikutlo (B = 0.91, t = 2.66, p = 0.01). Mohlala o boetse o hlalositse 12% ea phapang e pakeng tsa bora (R2 = 0.12, F(5,81) = 2.2). Tlhatlhobo ea kelello e lemositseng lehloeo le matla haholo (B = −0.75, t = −2.79, p = 0.007), joalo ka ha ho bile le khatello ea maikutlo (B = 1.09, t = 2.53, p = 0.01). Liphetho tsena li khothalelitse hore lithuto tsa IGD tse nang le tlhahlobo e tlase ea kelello le khatello e phahameng ea maikutlo li na le khatello e phahameng ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho le bora. Re fana ka sephetho sa sehlopha sa taolo. E bonts'itse kamano e ts'oanang lipakeng tsa taolo ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho le bora ho sehlopha sa taolo (Lethathamo 3).
Lethathamo
Tafole 3. Tlhatlhobo ea methapo e mengata ea methapo e mengata bakeng sa boleng ba ponelo-pele ea khatello ea maikutlo maikutlong a khatello, lehloeo, le lintlha tsa CGI har'a sehlopha sa IGD kapa sehlopha sa taolo.

 

 

 

   

4. Puisano

Batho ba nang le taolo e fokolang ea maikutlo hangata ba kenella liketsong tse mpe ho baleha maikutlo a bona, ba beha likotsi tsa mathata a fapaneng a maikutlo le mathata a ho lemalla [39]. Kahoo, batho ba joalo ba 'nile ba amahanngoa le likhathatso tse fapaneng tsa bokhoba [29,30]. Ho tsebo ea rona, ha ho na lipatlisiso tse fetileng tse kileng tsa hlahloba melaoana ea maikutlo mahareng a lithuto tse nang le IGD. Joalo ka ha ho lebelletsoe, thuto ea hona joale e bontšitse hore lithuto tse nang le IGD li na le boiphihlelo bo tlase ba kelello le khatello e matla ea maikutlo. Sephetho sena se ts'oana le tlaleho e fetileng e bonts'ang tlhokomeliso e nyane ea kelello mohlaleng oa ho becha [39]. Ho feta moo, boithuto ba rona bo bonts'itse hore ho hlahloba bocha bo tlase le ho hatella ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho amana le khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha le lehloeo har'a lithuto tse nang le IGD.
Tlhahlobo ea rona ea lingoliloeng e khothalelitse hore batho ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo kapa matšoenyeho ba na le taolo e sa sebetseng ea maikutlo le mathata a ho sebetsana le maikutlo a mabe [20,21]. Ho lekola botjha ke leano le thehiloeng kelellong bakeng sa ho nchafatsa maikutlo a maikutlo maemong a sa nahanang kapa bakeng sa ho nahanisisa maemo a sithabetsang [40]. E tla pele ts'ebetsong e hlahisang maikutlo mme ka katleho e fokotsa boiphihlelo ba maikutlo a fosahetseng [18]. Ho fapana le hoo, khatello e hlakileng, e tlang hamorao ts'ebetsong e hlahisang maikutlo, e kenyelletsa thibelo ea matšoao a kantle a maikutlo a ka hare. Khatello ea maikutlo ha e na thuso bakeng sa maikutlo a fosahetseng a laolang, mme batho ba nang le nalane ea khatello ea maikutlo ba tlalehiloe ba sebelisa leano lena ba sa ikemisetsa [41]. Joalo ka liphetho tsena tse fetileng, liphetho tsa rona li bonts'itse hore lithuto tse nang le khatello ea maikutlo tse phahameng li na le boiphihlelo bo tlase ba kelello le khatello e phahameng ea maikutlo har'a lithuto tse peli tse nang le IGD le taolo.
Batho ba nang le IGD ba ba le litlamorao tse mpe tsa kelello ho tloha papaling e feteletseng ea inthanete [42]. Ba boetse ba na le khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho kapa ho teneha ha ba thibetsoe ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete [1]. Kahoo, tlhahlobo ea nakong e fetileng e ne e khothalelitse bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang kapa lipapali tsa marang-rang tse feteletseng [8,12] e baka khatello ea maikutlo. Ba ka hlahlobisisa hore ona ke sephetho se hlakileng sa ho khaotsa mokhoa o feteletseng oa boithati, le hore khatello ea maikutlo le ho hloka botsitso li ka qojoa haeba ba etsa ketso e 'ngoe e loketseng, e kang boikoetliso. Leha ho le joalo, ntle le ho hlahlobisisa bocha, lithuto tse nang le IGD li ka ba le khatello ea maikutlo. Ho feta moo, ho tsoela pele ho hatella maikutlo a sithabetsang ho e-na le ho a kopanya hape ho ka siea mathata ana a maikutlo a sa rarolloe. Kahoo, tlhahlobo e tlase ea kelello le ho hatelloa ho phahameng ha lithuto tse nang le IGD ka karolo e itseng e ka ba lebaka la ho ba kotsing ea khatello ea maikutlo.
Le ha ho se na tlaleho e bonts'ang phello e boletsoeng esale pele ea khatello ea maikutlo ho papali ea papali ea marang-rang, litlaleho tsa pejana li supile hore khatello ea maikutlo e boletse esale pele liketsahalo tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang [32]. Lintho tse nang le tlhahlobo e tlase ea kelello tse neng li hlophisitsoe ho sebelisa khatello li ka ba le khatello ea maikutlo tlas'a khatello ea maikutlo [20,22]. Lipapatso tsa marang-rang li ka fana ka lefatše leo batho ba ka balehang maikutlo a bona a fosahetseng [43hape e ka baka khatello ea kelello [44]. Leha ho le joalo, haeba nako ea papali e ne e sa khone ho laoloa hantle, papali e pheta-phetoang hangata e ka fella ka litlamorao tse mpe har'a lithuto tse tlokotsing. Ho ka baka tloaelo e mpe 'me ha lebisa ho kenelletseng papaling ea inthanete,' me ha baka kotsi ea ho lemalla. Leha ho le joalo, tleleime ena e lokela ho hlahlojoa ho eketsehileng molemong oa ho ithuta.
Bafo ba nang le matšoenyeho a phahameng ba ne ba ka lebisa tlhokomelo ho litheko tse amanang le ts'okelo ho fapana le ts'usumetso ea ho se nke lehlakore [45]. Tsepamiso e sa feleng ea ts'okelo e eketsa karabelo ea bona ea kelello le ea maikutlo, e kenya letsoho matšoao a matšoenyeho. Mokhoa oo tlhahiso-leseling e neng e sebetsoa ho melaoana ea maikutlo o ka khetholla ho teba ha letsoalo [24]. Ts'ebeliso ea khatello e le mokhoa oa taolo le phihlello e lekantsoeng ea maano a ho laola maikutlo, joalo ka tlhalohanyo ea kelello, e ne e amana le matšoenyeho [46]. Kahoo, taolo ea maikutlo e sa sebetseng e kenya letsoho kholisong ea khatello ea maikutlo [24]. Thutong ena, matšoenyeho a lithuto tse nang le IGD ha a tsamaellane hantle le ho hlahlojoa bocha 'meleng' me ho amana hantle le khatello e matla.
Ntle le moo, ho lekola bocha ho thusa ho sebetsana le maemo a tlatsetsang khalefo le ho kenya letsoho taolong ea khalefo [47]. Leha ho le joalo, khatello ea khalefo e ka eketsa lehloeo tlasa khatello ea maikutlo [48]. Joalo ka ha ho lebelletsoe, lithuto tse nang le IGD li lula li hatella maikutlo, kapa ba sa batlang ho lekola boitsoaro bo bobe ba bona ba bontšitse lehloeo le holimo lithutong tsena. Ho feta moo, khatello ea khatello e ka eketsa ts'ebetso ea kutloelo-bohloko [49], hammoho le kotsi ea lefu la pelo le methapo [50]. Kahoo, khatello ea maikutlo le lehloeo la lithuto tse nang le IGD li ka baka mathata a maikutlo feela empa hape le kotsi ea pelo.
Bokhoni ba taolo ea kelello bo bohlokoa ebile bo kenya letsoho taolong ea maikutlo, joalo ka ho lekola bocha [40]. Lihlooho tse nang le IGD li ne li senyehile taolo ea kelello [51], ho tšoana le batho ba nang le mathata a ho becha [52] le bokuli ba ho lemalla, bo kang bokuli ba koae ea koae [53]. Bokhoni ba taolo e hlokofatsang ba kelello bo ka amahanya le ho hlahlojoa bocha ba kelello ha bona lithutong le IGD. Boithuto bo tsoelang pele boa hlokahala ho utloisisa mochine oa methapo ea kutlo o laoloang ke maikutlo, joalo ka taolo ea kelello, hara lithuto tse nang le IGD.

 

 

 

   

4.1. Tlatsetso ea Kliniki

Taolo ea maikutlo e sa sebetseng ea lithuto tse nang le IGD e ne e amana le khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha le ho hloea [32]. Taolo ea maikutlo e lokela ho hlahlojoa hantle le ho kenella har'a bacha ba baholo ba nang le IGD. Mehato e meraro ea bohlokoa — tlhokomeliso ea maikutlo, taolo ea maikutlo, le ho fetofetoha maikutlo ho e ngoe — e thusa batho ho fetola 'muso, tumelo le boitsoaro ho arabela liketsahalong tse tsosang maikutlo. Ts'ebetso tsena tsa taolo ea maikutlo [23ba khothalelitsoe kalafo ea khatello ea maikutlo [20]. Mekhoa ea ho theha maikutlo e thehiloeng holim'a bopaki, joalo ka kalafo e shebaneng le maikutlo [54], e ka fuoa batho ba baholo ba nang le IGD ho khothaletsa boiphihlelo ba kelello le ho fumana maano le likarabo tse hlakileng tsa khatello. Ba tlameha ho hlokomela hore maikutlo a bona a mabe a bakoa ke litlamorao tse mpe tsa papali kapa lintoeng tse teng bophelong ba bona. Mesebetsi e meng, boikoetliso ba 'mele, le tšehetso e eketsehileng ea kelello e lokela ho fanoa ho thusa ho imolla maikutlo a sithabetsang. Ntle le moo, ho lokela ho fanoa ka leseli le tataiso mabapi le ho lekola bocha hore maikutlo a nepahetseng a ka nkela monahano o fosahetseng sebaka. Ts'ebetso ena ea ho khothaletsa bocha le ho thibela khatello ea maikutlo e ka mpefatsa khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho le lehloeo, mme ea thibela potoloho e mpe ea IGD. Empa, lipehelo tsena bakeng sa litlamorao tsa kalafo ea taolo ea maikutlo li lokela ho hlahlojoa le lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang tsa kliniki.

 

 

 

   

4.2. Meeli

Phuputso ena e na le meeli e meraro. Taba ea pele, melaoana ea maikutlo e ile ea hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa lipotso feela eseng ka lipatlisiso tsa maemo a nnete. Taba ea bobeli, IGD e fumanoe feela ka tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo le barupeluoa, le tlhaiso-leseling e tlatselletsang e tsoang ho litho tsa lelapa kapa balekane, e ka beng e kentse letsoho ho netefatsa bonnete ba ts'oaetso. Taba ea boraro, moralo oa lipatlisiso tsa karolo ea rona o ka sitoa ho tiisa likamano lipakeng tsa taolo ea maikutlo le IGD. Ntle le moo, sebopeho sa equation sa sebopeho se ne se so ka se sebelisoa ho leka mofuta oa hypothesized ka lebaka la kamano e sa netefatsoang.

 

 

 

   

5. Liphello

Batho ba nang le IGD ba ikoetlisa ba sa hlahlobe lintho hape ba hatella batho haholo. Thutong ena, batho ba sa sebeliseng boikoetliso bo bobebe 'me ba hatella ho feta, ba ne ba e-na le matšoao a ho tepella maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha le ho hloea, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ho laoloa ha maikutlo ho sa thabiseng ho ka mpefatsa matšoao a mabe ho batho ba nang le IGD. Kahoo, melaoana ea maikutlo e lokela ho hlahlojoa hantle ha o phekola batho ba nang le IGD. Ntle le moo, sehlopha sena se lokela ho fuoa lipuisano ho khothaletsa boiphihlelo ba kelello le ho hatella maikutlo a hlakileng e le ho qoba ho potoloha ha maikutlo a mabe.

 

 

 

   

lumela hore baa fokola

Boithuto bona bo tšehelitsoe ke lithuso ho tsoa Lekhotla la Mahlale la Naha (MOST105-2314-B-037-027-MY2), Sepetlele sa Taoh Tung tsa Masepala oa Kaohsiung (kmtth-102-016; kmtth-103-018), le Yohsiung Medical University Sepetlele (KMUH103-3R62). Litsi tsena li ne li sena karolo moqopolong, mohatong, ho hlahlobisisong, le ho hlahiseng thuto e teng hona joale.

 

 

 

   

Menehelo ea Mongoli

Chih-Hung Ko o ile a emisa le ho rala liteko; Tai-Ling Liu le Yun-Yu Chen ba ile ba etsa liteko; Yi-Chun Yeh le Peng-Wei Wang ba hlahlobisitse data; Ju-Yu Yen o ngotse pampiri eo.

 

 

 

   

Likhohlano tsa Thahasello

Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa thahasello.

 

 

 

   

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