Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD) har'a liithuti tsa Jeremane-Tsela ea nako e telele (2017)

. 2017; 12 (12): e0189719.

E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2017 Dec 14. doi:  10.1371 / journal.pone.0189719

PMCID: PMC5730190

Julia Brailovskaia, Conceptualization, Curation curation, Ts'ebetso ea semmuso, Patlisiso, Mokhoa, netefatso, pono, Ho ngola - moralo oa mantlha, Ho ngola - ho lekola le ho hlophisa* 'me Jürgen Margraf, Ho fumana chelete, Lisebelisoa, Ho ngola - ho lekola le ho hlophisa

Phil Reed, Mohlophisi

inahaneloang

Thuto ea hona joale e ikemiselitse ho batlisisa Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD) sebokeng sa seithuti sa Jeremane ka nako ea selemo. Le ha ho boleloa hore boemo ba FAD ha boa ka ba eketseha nakong ea lipatlisiso, keketseho e kholo e ile ea bontšoa palo ea barupeluoa ba fihlelang boemong bo bobe ba cutoff. FAD e ne e amana haholo le litšobotsi tsa botho ba narcissism le mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello (ho tepella maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha le matšoao a khatello ea kelello). Ho feta moo, FAD e phelisana ka botlalo kamano e ntle pakeng tsa narcisis le matšoao a khatello ea kelello, e leng se bontšang hore batho ba nang le boikarabello ba ka ba kotsing ea ho nts'etsa pele FAD. Liphetho tsa hona joale li fana ka kakaretso ea pele ea FAD Jeremane. Likarabo tse sebetsang tsa lithuto tsa nakong e tlang le mefokolo ea liphello tsa hona joale li tšohloa.

Selelekela

Ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea lik'hemik'hale tse sebelisang kelello, joalo ka joala le lithethefatsi tse ling, ho tsebahala haholo ka ho baka boitšoaro bo hlephileng. Leha ho le joalo, boits'oaro ba boitšoaro (ke hore, boo e seng ba lithethefatsi) e ntse e le taba e tsekisang. Ho fihlela hajoale, ke papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete feela e amoheloang e le lefu la semolao la kelello ho Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Ed., DSM-5; []). Ntle le moo, bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete bo kenyelelitsoe karolong ea "Mehato e Tsoelang Pele le Mehlala" ea DSM-5 [, ]. Kahoo, ho na le tlhoko e kholo ea lipatlisiso tse ling tse matla le tsa lithuto tse fumanang bopaki bo bohlokoa sebakeng sa litlolo tsa boitšoaro [, ]. Ha re nahana ka bohlokoa bo boholo ba mecha ea litaba ea sechaba bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi ba batho kajeno, lithuto tse 'maloa tsa morao-rao li shebile ts'ebeliso e mpe ea bophatlalatsi (mohlala, [, ]). Ha lithuto tse ling li batlisisa bokhoba bo akaretsang ba inthanete [-] mme a tlaleha, ka mohlala, kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata a marang-rang, khatello ea maikutlo le matšoao a matšoenyeho, lithuto tse ling li rarollotse bokhoba ba libaka tsa marang-rang (SNSs] [], haholoholo ho SNS Facebook ea machabeng e tsebahalang [, , ].

Hajoale, Facebook e na le litho tse fetang limilione tse likete tse 2.1 []. Ho ba bangata ba bona ts'ebeliso ea Facebook e fetohile karolo ea bohlokoa bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi [], 'me ba bang ba bona ba bonahala ba felloa ke taolo ts'ebeliso ea bona ea Facebook le ho holisa tlhoko e matla ea kelello ea ho lula inthaneteng, leha ho ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe tsa boitšoaro bona [] -E bitsoang Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD) []. FAD e hlalosoa ka litšoaneleho tse tšeletseng tse tloaelehileng tsa mathata a ho lemalla lithethefatsi: botsitso (mohlala, monahano o sa feleng oa ts'ebeliso ea Facebook), mamello (mohlala, ho hloka nako e ntseng e eketseha ho Facebook ho fihlela tšebetso e ntle ea nako e fetileng), phetoho ea maikutlo (mohlala, ntlafatso ea maikutlo ka ts'ebeliso ea Facebook) , ho khutlela morao (ho khutlela mokhoeng oa ts'ebeliso ea pejana kamora ho leka ho se sebelise Facebook), matšoao a ho tlohela (mohlala, ho tšoha ntle le monyetla oa ho sebelisa Facebook), le likhohlano (mohlala, mathata a batho a bang a bakoang ke ts'ebeliso e matla ea Facebook) [, , ].

Le ha FAD e fumanoe e amahanngoa hantle le bong ba banna, morethetho oa circadian (linako tsa ho robala kapele le linako tse ntseng li phahama matsatsing a beke le mafelo-beke), ho hlobaela, khatello ea maikutlo le matšoao a matšoenyeho, kamano ea eona le lilemo, ho buleha, ho lumellana le letsoalo li ne li le mpe [, , , -]. Błachnio et al. [] e batlisitse FAD linaheng tse fapaneng. Ba hlalositse maemo a phahameng ka ho fetisisa a FAD Chaena le a tlase ho fetisisa Poland. Kahoo, lithuto tse fumanehang li bonts'itse FAD ho hlaha bathong ba fapaneng le ho hokahanngoa le lintlha tse fapaneng, joalo ka mefuta ea palo ea batho, phapang ea bophelo ba kelello le litšobotsi tsa botho. Leha ho le joalo, liphetho tsena ha lia lekana ho amohela FAD ka molao e le bokhoba ba boitšoaro. Lebaka le leng ke sebopeho sa likarolo tsa lithuto tsa hajoale, tse fanang ka bopaki bo fokolang mabapi le nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea FAD. Ka hona, lipatlisiso tsa longitudinal lia hlokahala ho fumana leseli le eketsehileng ka lefu la seoa la FAD le ho utloisisa lintlha tse amanang le ts'ebeliso e thata ea Facebook. Tsebo ena ea hlokahala bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa manane a kenello a reretsoeng ho sireletsa kelello (bona []).

Ntle le moo, lithuto tse ngata tse nahanang ka FAD li tsoa linaheng tse kang Norway, Malaysia le Turkey (mohlala, [, , , , ]). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, le ha ts'ebeliso ea Facebook e fetohile karolo ea bohlokoa ea bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi ba karolo e kholo ea baahi ba Jeremane, haholo-holo bacha.], ke tlhokomelo e fokolang feela e fuoeng FAD Jeremane.

Ka hona, sepheo sa mantlha sa thuto ea hajoale e ne e le ho fuputsa lefu la seoa la FAD nakong ea selemo se le seng (lintlha tse peli tsa nako ea litekanyo) sampoleng ea Jeremane. Ha ho nahanoa khaello ea tsebo mabapi le nts'etsopele ea FAD, patlisiso ena e ne e ena le semelo sa tlhahlobo (sheba []). Taba ea bobeli e ne e le ho tseba mekhatlo pakeng tsa FAD le mefuta e fapaneng ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello, hammoho le bophelo bo botle ba 'mele (bona Hypothesis 1 ho Hypothesis 5) le ho etsa lipatlisiso hore na mekhatlo ena e fetoha ha nako e ntse e tsamaea. Mokhoa ona o lokela ho kenya letsoho kutloisisong e ntle ea FAD. Ha re nahana ka liphetho tsa pejana tse fumaneng kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea FAD le Facebook, ka lehlakoreng le leng, le khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho le matšoao a khatello, ka lehlakoreng le leng [, , ], re ikemiselitse ho fumana botsoalle bo nepahetseng lipakeng tsa FAD le bophelo bo botle ba kelello (ke hore, khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo) (Hypothesis 1). Shakya le Christakis [] le Kross et al. [] e hlalositse ts'ebeliso e phehellang ea Facebook hore e amahanngoe hampe le mefuta e metle joalo ka khotsofalo ea bophelo le bophelo bo botle ba 'mele. Ka hona, re ile ra nahana hape hore re tla fumana kamano e mpe lipakeng tsa FAD le mefuta e fapaneng ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello (ke hore, khotsofalo ea bophelo, ts'ehetso ea sechaba) (Hypothesis 2), hammoho le bophelo bo botle ba 'mele (Hypothesis 3). Ntle le moo, re kenyelelitse boits'oaro ba narcissism bo tlalehiloeng khafetsa hore bo amahanngoa le ts'ebeliso e matla ea litaba tsa sechaba (mohlala, [-]) lipatlisisong tsa rona. Ka tloaelo, batho ba ratang liketso tse litšila ba sebelisa Facebook bakeng sa ho itlhahisa le ho sebelisana le batho ho khotsofatsa tlhoko ea bona ea tlhokomelo le tlhompho [, ]. Haeba batho ba joalo ba sa fumane tlhokomelo eo ba e batlang, hangata ba ba le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo []. Ka hona, re ne re lebelletse hore semelo sa narcissism se amana hantle le FAD (Hypothesis 4). Ho feta moo, re ne re nahana hore FAD e ka buella kamano lipakeng tsa narcissism le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo (Hypothesis 5) (bona Setšoantšo sa 1).

Setšoantšo sa 1  

Moetso oa ho kena lipakeng le narcissism joalo ka selelekela (X), FAD joalo ka mokena-lipakeng (M), le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo e le sephetho (Y) (Hypothesis 5).

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

Tsamaiso le barupeluoa

Boithuto ba hajoale ke ba lenaneo le tsoelang pele la lipatlisiso la BOOM (Bochum Optimism and Mental Health) le fuputsang kotsi le tšireletso ea bophelo ba kelello [-]. Ho tloha 2011, lengolo-tsoibila la memo le kenyeletsang sehokela sa phuputso ea mantlha ea inthanete e romelloa ho baithuti bohle ba ngolisitseng Ruhr-Universität Bochum, univesithi e kholo ea naha ea Jeremane. Qetellong ea phuputso ea mantlha, e kenyeletsang lipotso tsa lipotso ka likarolo tse fapaneng tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le botho, barupeluoa ba botsoa hore na ba lumela ho kenyelletsoa letamong la barupeluoa ba BOOM le ho ikopanya le bona bakeng sa lipatlisiso tse ling. Ho nka karolo phuputsong ea BOOM inthaneteng ke ka boithatelo mme ho ka lefelloa ka mekitlane ea lithuto.

Ka Hlakubele 2015, lengolo-tsoibila le kopaneng le memo ea ho nka karolo le sehokela sa patlisiso ea inthaneteng le ile la romelloa ho sampole e bokelletsoeng ka mokhoa o sa reroang oa batho ba 300 ba tsoang letamong la barupeluoa ba BOOM (ntlha ea pele ea ho lekanya, T1). Tlhokahalo feela ea ho nka karolo e ne e le ho ba setho sa hajoale sa Facebook. Ka Tshitwe 2016, ba neng ba phethetse patlisiso ea pele (N = 185) ba ile ba fumana memo e ngoe ea lengolo-tsoibila ho tlhahlobo ea bobeli ea inthanete (ntlha ea bobeli ea nako, T2) e neng e kenyelletsa lipotso tse ts'oanang le tsa lipatlisiso tsa T1. Ka kakaretso, baithuti ba 179 (basali ba 77.1%) ba tsoang litsing tse fapaneng le li semesters (1.-2 .: 41.3%, 3.-4 .: 23.5%, 5.-6 .: 13.4%, 7. ≤: 21.8%) o phethile liphuputso ka bobeli (lilemo (lilemo): M = 22.52, SD = 5.00, mokoloko: 17-58). Le ha 46.3% ea bankakarolo e ne e le masoha, 49.2% ea bona ba ne ba lula kamanong e tsitsitseng, mme 4.5% ea bona ba ne ba nyetse. Komiti ea Ethics ea Ruhr-Universität Bochum e amohetse ts'ebetsong ea thuto ea hajoale. Re latetse melao eohle ea naha le melao mabapi le lipatlisiso tsa lithuto tsa batho, mme ra fumana tumello e hlokahalang ea ho khanna thuto ea hona joale. Barupeluoa ba ile ba laeloa ka nepo mme ba fuoa tumello e fumanehang inthaneteng ea ho nka karolo. A priori e ile ea etsa litlhahlobo tsa matla (G * Power program, mofuta 3.1) e bonts'a hore boholo ba sampole bo lekane bakeng sa liphetho tse nepahetseng (matla> .80, α = .05, boholo ba phello f2 = 0.15) (bap., []). Dataset e sebelisitsoeng thutong ea hajoale e fumaneha ka Dataset ea S1.

Mehato

Bophelo ba kelello

Khotsofalo ea bophelo. Khotsofalo e sa lekanyetsoang ka Life Scale (SWLS) [] a lekantse khotsofalo ea bophelo ba lefatše ka lintho tse hlano (mohlala, "Ka litsela tse ngata, bophelo ba ka bo haufi le sepheo sa ka.") e lekantsoe sekaleng sa Likert tse 7 (1 = ha ke lumellane ka matla, 7 = ke lumela ka tieo). Lintlha tse phahameng li bontša maemo a phahameng a khotsofalo ea bophelo. Lintlha kaofela li ka tloha ho tse supileng ho isa ho tse 35. SWLS e na le thepa e ntle ea kelello. Matla a eona a ho fetoha le khethollo a bontšitsoe pejana [, ]. Ho ts'epahala ha sekala sa kahare ho fumanoe e le Cronbach's α = .92 []. Tšepiso ea hona joale ea sekala e ne e le αT1 = .89 / aT2 = .89.

Tšehetso ea sechaba. Ho lekanya ts'ehetso ea boiketlo ba sechaba e lebelletsoeng kapa e lebelletsoeng mofuta o mokhuts'oane oa Lenane la Lipotso la Ts'ehetso ea Sechaba (F-SozU K-14) [] ho sebelisitsoe. E na le lintho tse 14 (mohlala, "Ke na le kutloisiso e ngata le polokeho ho tsoa ho ba bang.") E lekantsoe sekaleng sa Likert tse 5 (1 = ha se nnete hohang, 5 = ke nnete haholo). Ha lintlha li phahame, li phahamisa boemo ba ts'ehetso ea sechaba e lebelletsoeng kapa e lebelletsoeng. Lintlha kaofela li ka tloha ho tse 14 ho isa ho tse 70. Sesebelisoa sena se na le boleng bo botle ba ho fetoha le ho khetholla, hammoho le boits'oaro bo botle. Ho tšepahala ha sekala sa kahare ho tlalehiloe e le α = .94 [, ]. Tšepo ea hajoale ea kahare e ne e le αT1 = .91 / aT2 = .93.

Ho tepella maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea maikutlo. Likala tsa khatello ea maikutlo tsa khatello ea maikutlo 21 (DASS-21) [], phetolelo e khuts'oane ea DASS-42, matšoao a lekantsoeng a khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo bekeng e fetileng ka li-subscales tse tharo tsa lintho tse 7 (ke hore, khatello ea maikutlo, "Ho ne ho bonahala eka ha ke utloe letho." ; ho tšoenyeha ka sekhahla, "Ke ile ka ikutloa ke tšohile ntle le lebaka le utloahalang."; khatello ea maikutlo, "Ke ne ke tloaetse ho itšoara ka mokhoa o fetelletseng maemong" = e sebelisitsoe ho nna haholo kapa boholo ba nako). Lintlha tse phahameng litekanyetsong tse tharo li bonts'a maemo a holimo a khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo. Lintlha tse felletseng tsa sekala ka seng li ka tloha ho zero ho isa ho 4. DASS-0 ke sesebelisoa se tiisitsoeng hantle mecheng eo e seng ea bongaka le ea bongaka e nang le thepa e tšoanang ea psychometric joalo ka mofuta o molelele oa lintho tse 3 []. Ho ts'epahala hoa sekhahla sa eona sa kahare ho tlalehiloe ho fapana lipakeng tsa litekanyo tse tharo (khatello ea maikutlo: α = .83; matšoenyeho: α = .78; khatello ea maikutlo: α = .87) []. Tšepo ea hajoale ea kahare e ne e le αT1 = .86 / aT2 = .88 bakeng sa sekala sa khatello ea maikutlo, αT1 = .80 / aT2 = .79 bakeng sa sekala sa matšoenyeho, le αT1 = .87 / aT2 = .88 bakeng sa sekala sa khatello ea maikutlo.

Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD). FAD e khomarelang nako ea selemo se fetileng e ile ea lekoa ke mofuta o khuts'oane oa Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS) [] e kenyelletsang lintho tse tšeletseng (mohlala, "E-ba le phomolo kapa u tšoenyehe haeba u thibetsoe ho sebelisa Facebook?") ho latela likarolo tse tšeletseng tsa bokhoba ba tahi (ke hore, botsitso, mamello, ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo, ho khutlela mokhoeng, ho tlohela, likhohlano) e lekantsoeng ka Tekanyo ea Likert ea lintlha tse 5 (1 = ka seoelo, 5 = khafetsa). Lintlha tse phahameng li bonts'a maemo a phahameng a FAD. Lintlha ka kakaretso li ka tloha ho tse tšeletseng ho isa ho tse 30. Mofuta oa lintho tse 6 oa BFAS o bonts'itsoe hore o na le thepa e ntle ea psychometric joalo ka mofuta o molelele oa lintho tse 18. Ho ts'epahala hoa sekhahla sa ka hare sa mofuta o khuts'oane ho fumanoe e le α = .83 / .86 [, , ]. Tšepiso ea hona joale ea sekala e ne e le αT1 = .73 / aT2 = .82. Ho fihlela hajoale, lintlha tse ikhethileng tsa cutoff ho arola FAD ha li so batloe hangata. Ha re nahana ka lipatlisiso ka lithethefatsi tse ling, Andreassen et al. [] o hlahisitse mekhoa e 'meli ea ho arola likarolo tsa mathata a BFAS: mokhoa o lokolohileng haholoanyane mabapi le leano la ho beha lintlha tsa polythetic (lintlha tsa cutoff: ≥ 3 bonyane ho tse' ne tsa lintho tse tšeletseng), kapa mokhoa oa ho itšireletsa o mabapi le leano la monothetic score (lintlha tsa cutoff: Lintlha tse 3 linthong tsohle tse ts'eletseng).

Narcissism

Ho lekola semelo sa narcissism, pokello e khuts'oane ea boits'oaro ba Narcissistic (NPI-13) [] e nang le lintho tse 13 tse khethiloeng ka mokhoa o qobelloang (0 = narcissism e tlase, mohlala, "Ha ke e rate ha ke iphumana ke laola batho.", 1 = narcissism e phahameng, mohlala, "Ke fumana ho le bonolo ho qhekella batho." ) e sebelisitsoe. Ha lintlha tse phahameng li phahame, boemo ba narcissism bo phahame. Lintlha kaofela li ka tloha ho zero ho isa ho 13. NPI-13 e bonts'itsoe hore e na le thepa e ntle ea psychometric joalo ka mofuta o felletseng oa lintlha tsa 40 le ho boloka phefumoloho ea eona ea mohopolo [, ]. E fana ka lintlha tse felletseng hammoho le lintlha tse tharo tse tlase (ke hore, boetapele / bolaoli (LA), lipontšo tse kholo (GE), tokelo / tlhekefetso (EE), bona []). Boithuto ba hajoale bo shebile feela lintlha tsohle tsa narcissism. Boithuto ba pejana bo tlalehile ho ts'epahala hoa sekhahla sa ka hare sa α = .67 / .73 [, ]. Tšepo ea hajoale ea kahare e ne e le αT1 = .53 / aT2 = .60.

Bophelo bo botle ba 'mele

Sekhahla sa Analogue Scale sa EuroQuol (EQ VAS) [, ] –Kala ea analoko e bonoang ho tloha 0 (boemo bo bobe ka ho fetisisa ba bophelo bo botle bo ka nahanoang) ho isa ho 100 (boemo bo botle ka ho fetisisa ba bophelo bo botle bo ka nahanoang) -e hlahlobile boemo ba hajoale ba bophelo ba mmele ba barupeluoa Lintlha tse phahameng li bontša maemo a phahameng a bophelo bo botle ba 'mele. Bopaki ba EQ VAS bo bontšitsoe ke lipatlisiso tsa pejana [].

Ts'ebeliso ea media

Maqhubu a ts'ebeliso e akaretsang ea inthanete le ts'ebeliso ea li-SNS li lekantsoe ka sekala sa Likert sa lintlha tse 7 (0 = ha ho mohla, 6 = ho feta hanngoe ka letsatsi). Lintlha tse phahameng li hlahisa makhetlo a phahameng a ts'ebeliso. Ntle le moo, bankakarolo ba ile ba botsoa hore na le bona ke litho tsa li-SNS tse ling ntle le Facebook (ke hore, Twitter, Instagram, Tumblr, kapa SNS efe kapa efe: 0 = che, 1 = e) le hore na ba sebelisa li-SNS tse kae ka botlalo [].

Lipatlisiso tsa sethathamo

Liphuputso tsa lipalopalo li entsoe ka Statistical Package ea Saense ea Sechaba (SPSS) 24 le mofuta o moholo oa Process 2.16.1 (www.processmacro.org/index.html). Kamora litlhahlobo tse hlalosang tsa mefuta e fupulitsoeng, liphetoho tsa bona tse ka bang teng lipakeng tsa T1 le T2 li ile tsa lekoa ka ho lekola mehato e phetoang ea phapang (kahare ho lihlooho tsa ANOVA). Mekhatlo lipakeng tsa mefuta e fupulitsoeng e ile ea hlahlojoa ka ho bala likamano tsa bivariate ea zero-order le litlhahlobo tse ngata tse fapaneng tsa khatello. E latelang, mohlala oa bonamoli o hlahisitsoeng ho Setšoantšo sa 1 e ile ea hlahlojoa. Kamano ea mantlha lipakeng tsa narcissism (predictor, X) le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo (sephetho, Y) e bontšitsoe ke c (phello e felletseng). Tsela ea narcissism ho FAD (mokena-lipakeng, M) e ne e bontšoa ke a, mme tsela ea FAD ea khatello ea maikutlo e bontšitsoe ke b. Phello e sa tobang e ne e emeloa ke phello e kopaneng ea tsela a le tsela b, le tsela : c ' e bontšitse phello e tobileng ea narcissism ho matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo kamora ho kenyelletsoa ha FAD ka mohlala. Phello ea bonamoli e ile ea lekoa ke ts'ebetso ea bootstrapping (li-sampuli tsa 10.000) tse fanang ka likhaohano tse potlakileng tsa boits'epo (CI 95%). Ha re nahana ka mefokolo ea boholo ba phello ea kappa-squared (κ2) e sebelisoang hangata lipatlisisong tsa bonamoli, P.M (karolelano ea phello e sa tobang ho phello e felletseng) e sebelisitsoe e le tekanyo ea tšebetso ea bonamoli [].

Results

Litlhahlobo tse hlalosang le papiso lipakeng tsa T1 le T2

Mefuta eohle ea lipatlisiso e ne e le haufi le ho ajoa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng (e bonts'itsoeng ke tlhahlobo ea Kolmogorov-Smirnov, litlhahlobo tsa skew, kurtosis le histogram). Litafole Lithane11 'me Le22 hlahisa litekanyetso tsa bona tse hlalosang. Ho feta moo, Lethathamo 1 e bonts'a liphetho tsa li-ANOVA tse ka hare ho sehlooho tse bapisang boleng ba T1 le T2. Le ha litekanyetso tsa bophelo bo botle ba 'mele li fokotsehile haholo (eta2 = .04), boleng ba matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo (eta2 = .06) le palo e bolelang ea li-SNS tse sebelisitsoeng (karolo e itseng eta2 = .02) e eketsehile haholo. Liphetho tse hlalositsoeng li ne li le nyane.

Lethathamo 1  

Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang le papiso e bolelang lipakeng tsa boleng ba T1 le T2 ba botho, bophelo bo botle ba 'mele le kelello, le mefuta ea tšebeliso ea media (kahare ho lihlooho tsa ANOVA).
Lethathamo 2  

Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang (maqhubu) a ts'ebeliso ea media (T1 le T2).

Ka lebaka la lintlha tsa polythetic, barupeluoa ba robeli (4.5%) ba fihletse lintlha tse mahlonoko tsa cutoff ho T1 le 15 (8.4%) barupeluoa ba fihletse ho T2. Ho latela palo ea monothetic, lintlha tse mahlonoko tsa cutoff li etsahetse bakeng sa motho a le mong (0.6%) monkakarolo ho T1 le bakeng sa barupeluoa ba bararo (1.7%) ho T2. Ha ho nahanoa ka likateng tsa lithethefatsi tse itseng tsa FAD, litekanyetso tsa bona tse hlalosang li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka thoko (bona Lethathamo 3). Mefuta ea karabelo ea lintho tsohle ho T1 e ne e le 1 ho isa ho 4, mefuta ea lintho tsohle ho T2 e ne e le 1 ho isa ho 5. Litekanyetso tse bolelang ha lia ka tsa fapana haholo. Leha ho le joalo, hoa tsebahala hore ha ho le T1 boleng ≥ 3 bakeng sa Ntho ea 5 (ho hula) bo fihletsoe ke 2.2% ea bankakarolo (boleng ba 3: batho ba bararo; boleng ba 4: motho a le mong), ho T2 7.3% ea bankakarolo ba fihletse boleng ≥ 3 bakeng sa ntho ena (boleng ba 3: batho ba robong; boleng ba 4: batho ba bararo; boleng ba 5: motho a le mong).

Lethathamo 3  

Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang le papiso e bolelang lipakeng tsa T1 le T2 ea lintho tsa BFAS (kahare ho lihlooho tsa ANOVA).

Mekhatlo ea FAD e sebelisang mecha ea litaba, botho, phapang ea kelello le 'mele

Ho T1, FAD e hokahane hantle haholo le ts'ebeliso ea SNSs (r = .42, p <.001). Likamano le mefuta e meng e batlisisitsoeng ha ea ka ea ba ea bohlokoa. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho T2, FAD e ne e amana hantle le ts'ebeliso ea SNSs (r = .37, p <.001), narcissism (r = .26, p <.001), khatello ea maikutlo (r = .22, p <.01 ), Matšoenyeho (r = .32, p <.001), le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo (r = .20, p <.01). Ha ho bapisoa likamano tsena lipakeng tsa T1 le T2, khokahano lipakeng tsa FAD le matšoao a matšoenyeho (ho T1: r = .02, ns) e bonts'itse phetoho e kholo ka ho fetesisa (boholo ba phello: Cohen's q = .32, medium effect; bona []). Ho T2, ho ne ho boetse ho na le kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa narcissism le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo (r = .16, p <.05). Palo ea nako ea sefapano e kenyelletsang FAD ho T2 le mefuta e meng eohle e batlisisitsoeng ho T1 e bonts'a hore FAD e ne e hokahane hantle haholo le ts'ebeliso ea SNSs (r = .33, p <.001) le narcissism (r = .19, p <. 05). FAD ho T1 e ne e amana hantle haholo le ts'ebeliso ea SNS ho T2 (r = .33, p <.001).

Ho ipapisitsoe le likamano tse ntle tse teng lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le matšoao a ho tšoenyeha, le FAD ho T2, le lithuto tsa pejana tse hlalositseng khatello ea maikutlo le matšoao a matšoenyeho e ka ba libolelo tsa FAD [, , ], ho ile ha baloa tlhaiso-leseling e mengata ea khatello ea tatellano. Ho latela lipatlisiso tsa pejana (mohlala, []), mofuta oa khatello e ne e kenyelletsa matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho joalo ka mefuta e ikemetseng le FAD joalo ka phetoho e itšetlehileng ka eona, e laolang mefuta le bong. Ho ne ho se na tlolo ea khopolo ea multicollinearity: litekanyetso tsohle tsa mamello e ne e le> .25, 'me mefuta eohle ea litheko tsa inflation e ne e le <5 (bona []). Moetso o hlalositse phapang ea 10.7%, F (4,174) = 5.230, p <.01. Ke matšoao a matšoenyeho feela a bonts'itseng sephetho sa bohlokoa (standard standard beta = .310, p <.01; 95% CI [.142; .587]).

Mohato o latelang, kamano lipakeng tsa narcissism le FAD ho T2 e ile ea batlisisoa ka botlalo. Narcissism e hokahane hantle haholo le boholo ba lintho tsa FAD (Item 1, salience: r = .23, p <.01; Item 2, mamello: r = .18, p <.05; Item 4, relapse: r = .20 , p <.01; Item 5, ho tlosoa: r = .27, p <.001; Item 6, khohlano: r = .16, p <.05). Kamano feela le Ntho ea 3 (phetoho ea maikutlo) ha ea ka ea ba ea bohlokoa (r = .11, ns).

Moetso oa khatello o neng o kenyelletsa narcissism joalo ka mofuta o ikemetseng le FAD joalo ka phapang e itšetlehileng ka eona, e laolang mefuta le bong, e hlalositse 7.1% ea phapang, F (3,175) = 4.450, p <.01. Ha bong le lilemo li sa bontše sephetho sa bohlokoa, sephetho sa narcissism se ile sa fetoha sa bohlokoa (standard standard beta = .259, p <.001; 95% CI [.187; .655]).

Tlhahlobo ea bonamoli

Joalokaha ho hlahisoa Setšoantšo sa 2, Tlhatlhobo ea bonngoe ea bootstrapped e bonts'a hore FAD e hokahanya ka botlalo kamano pakeng tsa narcissism le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo. Ha tsela c (phello e felletseng) e bohlokoa (p <.001), path : c ' (phello e tobileng) e bolelang hore ho kenyelletsoa ha FAD ka har'a mofuta ona ha ho bohlokoa (p = .125). Phello e sa tobang (ab) e ba ea bohlokoa, b = .086, SE = .046, 95% CI [.018; .204]; PM: b = .275, SE = 6.614, 95% CI [.024; 2.509].

Setšoantšo sa 2  

Moetso oa bokana le liphetho.

Puisano

Boithuto ba hajoale ke ba mesebetsi ea pele ea bolelele ba nako ho fuputsa FAD le likamano tsa eona le botho, bophelo bo botle ba kelello le bophelo bo botle ba mmele Jeremane. Ha ho nahanoa hore ha ho tsejoe hakaalo ka nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea FAD, mosebetsi oa hajoale o kenyellelitse lintlha tsa nako tse peli tsa litekanyo tsohle tse fupulitsoeng e le ho lekola tsela ea FAD le mekhatlo ea eona. Re fumane litholoana tse kholo tse tlatsetsang kutloisisong e ntle ea FAD.

Litekanyetso tsa FAD tse bolelang (T1 le T2) bakeng sa sampole ea rona ea moithuti oa Jeremane li ne li le tlase haholo ho feta boleng bo tlalehiloeng ke Andreassen et al. [] (M = 13.00, SD = 5.20) ho sampole ea moithuti ho la Norway, moo Facebook ka liperesente e nang le basebelisi ba batlang ba imena habeli ho feta Jeremane (www.internetworldstats.com/stats4.htm).

Le ha re sa ka ra fumana phetoho e kholo maemong a FAD a bolelang kamora selemo, palo ea bankakarolo ba fihletseng lintlha tse mahlonoko tsa FAD e eketsehile ka mokhoa o makatsang (lintlha tsa polythetic: 4.5% ho 8.4%; lintlha tsa monothetic: 0.6% ho 1.7%). Haholo-holo ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore bankakarolo ba bangata ba ne ba na le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa ntho e huloang ho T2 ho feta ho T1. Sena se hatisa moelelo o ntlafalitsoeng oa ho tlohela kelello ka ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata ea Facebook: Basebelisi ba bangata ba tšoha ntle le monyetla oa ho sebelisa Facebook (bona le []). Sena se tšoanela lipatlisiso tsa pejana tse hlalositseng ho ikhula kelellong kamora ho emisa ho kopana le inthanete e le e 'ngoe ea matšoao a mantlha a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang []. Ho ikhula ho eketsehileng ho ka amana hantle le se bitsoang "Tšabo ea ho Lahleheloa (FoMo)": tšabo ea ho lahleheloa ke tlhaiso-leseling ea bohlokoa ea sechaba le ho lahleheloa ke botumo, hangata e hlalosoang ke basebelisi ba Facebook ba sitoang ho sebelisa SNS khafetsa kamoo ba batlang. FoMo e fumanoe e buella ka nepo kamano ea sepheo sa ho ba ea sepheo sa sepheo sa ho tsebahala ka ts'ebeliso ea Facebook. Ho feta moo, e ne e amana hantle le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo a amanang le ts'ebeliso ea Facebook [, ].

Le ha menahano ea rona e ne e netefalitsoe ho T2, ho T1, FAD e ne e sa amane haholo le mefuta e fupulitsoeng. Sena e ka ba lebaka hobane bankakarolo ba bangata ba fihletse lintlha tse bohloko tsa cutoff ho T2 ho feta T1. Kahoo, ho T1, FAD e ne e na le kamano e fokolang le bophelo ba barupeluoa le bophelo bo botle ba kelello ho feta T2. Ntle le moo, pele e fihlela liqeto tsa hoqetela, liphapang tsena li totobatsa tlhokeho ea ho shebella nako e telele ea tsela ea FAD le mekhatlo ea eona e bonahalang e fetoha ha nako e ntse e tsamaea.

Liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a hore batho ba sebelisang SNS ka matla ba ka ba kotsing ea ho nts'etsapele FAD. Leha ho le joalo, ts'ebeliso e akaretsang ea Marang-rang e ne e sa amane haholo le FAD e totobatsang tlhoko ea ho khetholla pakeng tsa mefuta ea mesebetsi ea inthanete ha ho batloa tšebeliso ea media. Ho latela lipatlisiso tsa pejana, ho T2 FAD, e ne e amahanngoa hantle le mefuta e meraro e fosahetseng ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello (e netefatsang Hypothesis 1). Papiso lipakeng tsa likamano tsa T1 le T2 e bontšitse hore haholo-holo kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa FAD le matšoao a matšoenyeho e eketsehile ha nako e ntse e tsamaea. Karolo ea matšoao a ho tšoenyeha ho latela FAD, hape e hlalositsoeng ke lithuto tsa pejana (mohlala, []), e ile ea tšoaetsoa ke liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea khatello ea maikutlo. Ho khahlisang ke hore ho lintho tsohle tsa FAD, ntho e huloang e bonts'a kamano e ntle ka ho fetisisa e nang le matšoao a ho tšoenyeha (r = .34, p <.001). Kahoo, ho ka nahanoa hore batho ba nang le matšoao a eketsehileng a ho tšoenyeha, ba atisang ho sebelisa Facebook ho fumana phomolo le ho baleha (bona []), Ho ba le monyetla o ntlafalitsoeng oa ho nts'etsapele FAD. Ka lebaka la matšoao a bona a ho tšoenyeha, hangata ba tšohile ebile ba tšoenyehile ka litlamorao tsa boitšoaro ba bona. Ka hona, ho ikhula ke le leng la matšoao a bona a mantlha, haholo hobane ba tšaba ho fetoa ke lintho ha ba sa sebelise Facebook. Leha ho le joalo, ha rea ​​ka ra lekanya FoMo kapa mofuta o fe kapa o fe o amanang le Facebook oa matšoenyeho. Kahoo, tlhaloso ena e ka bang teng ea liphetho tsa rona e lula e buletsoe puisano.

Le ha FAD e ne e amana hantle le mefuta e fosahetseng ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello ho T2, ha ho le e 'ngoe ea mefuta e nepahetseng ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello e neng e amana haholo le FAD (e hananang le Hypothesis 2). Liphetho tse joalo tse fapaneng li bua ka mohlala oa lintho tse peli oa bophelo bo botle ba kelello bo matlafatsang bophelo bo botle ba kelello le bo botle hore bo amana empa bo arohane le litekanyo tse sa amaneng le tse ling tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello [, ]. Ntle le moo, leha re fumane phokotso e kholo ea bophelo bo botle ba mmele kamora selemo, FAD ha e bonahale e amana ka kotloloho le bophelo bo botle ba 'mele (e hanyetsanang le Hypothesis 3).

Liphetho tsa rona li ka ba ka lebaka la hore le ha lintlha tse mahlonoko tsa cutoff ho T2 li fihletsoe ke palo e phahameng haholo ea bankakarolo ho feta T1, boholo ba bankakarolo ba rona ba ne ba na le litekanyetso tsa FAD tlasa bothata bo boima. Ka hona, bongata ba bona ha ba utloe bohloko ka kotloloho ke litlamorao tsa FAD, ka lehlakoreng le leng, le boiphihlelo, ka lehlakoreng le leng, melemo ea ts'ebeliso ea Facebook. Mohlala, lithuto tse ling li tlalehile kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa ts'ehetso ea sechaba le ts'ebeliso ea Facebook, haholo palo ea metsoalle ea Facebook [, ]. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha lithuto tse 'maloa tse entsoeng ka nako e telele li bontša, ts'ebeliso e sa khaotseng ea Facebook e ka ama bophelo le khotsofalo ea' mele (mohlala, []).

Ho latela litebello tsa rona, re fumane kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa narcissism le FAD (e netefatsang Hypothesis 4). Ho feta moo, FAD e ile ea buella botsoalle ka botlalo pakeng tsa narcissism le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo (ho netefatsa Hypothesis 5). Ka hona, FAD e kanna ea ba kotsi ho batho ba nang le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa narcissism. Ts'ebeliso ea Facebook e na le moelelo o khethehileng bakeng sa batho ba ratang bokheleke. Ho Facebook, ba ka qala likamano tse ngata tse kantle feela le metsoalle e mecha ea Facebook mme ba fumana bamameli ba bangata bakeng sa tlhahiso ea bona e reriloeng hantle. Ha ba na le metsoalle e mengata ea Facebook, monyetla oa hore ba fumane botumo le kamohelo eo ba e batlang e phahame; athe lefatšeng le fumanehang kantle ho naha ba kanna ba se ke ba tuma ho tloha ha balekane ba bona ba sebelisanang ba ka lemoha kapele ho lumellana ha bona ho tlase le mohopolo o feteletsang oa boitlhompho [, , ]. Batho ba narcissistic ba sebelisa maikutlo a matle ho tsoa ho balekane ba sebelisanang ho laola boits'epo ba bona le boitlatsetso.]. Ka hona, ho ka nahanoa hore basebelisi ba li-narcissistic ba qeta nako e ngata ba nahana ka Facebook ho feta ba bang-ba rera ho itlhahisa ka inthanete le ho sebelisana 'moho le ho bonts'a maikutlo a amohetseng. Kahoo, leha ts'ebeliso ea Facebook e hohela li-narcissist haholo, e ka ba etsa hore ba be tlokotsing ea FAD. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho T2, narcissism e hokahane hantle haholo le boholo ba lintho tsa FAD. Mekhatlo e metle ka ho fetisisa e fumanoeng bakeng sa ho tlosoa ha lintho, salience le ho khutlela morao.

Ho feta moo, liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a hore FAD e hokahanya kamano lipakeng tsa narcissism le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo. Tlhaloso e 'ngoe e ka bang teng ke hore ba-narcissist ba rera ho itlhahisa ho khahlisa bamameli ba bona. Ha bamameli ba le kholoanyane, ho ba thata le ho feta ho khahlisa balekane bohle ba ts'ebelisano, mme monyetla oa ho fumana maikutlo a fosahetseng oa eketseha. Sena se eketsa boiteko ba ho itlhahisa ba basebelisi ba narcissistic le nako eo ba e qetang ba nahana le ho sebelisa Facebook, e leng se eketsang tlokotsi ea bona ho FAD. Ha boemo ba bona ba FAD bo ntse bo eketseha, ba ba le matšoao a mangata a joalo ka ho ikhula le ho khutlela morao, e leng ho matlafatsang matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo. Tlhaloso ena e buletsoe puisano mme e lokela ho tsotelloa ka hloko, haholoholo ho latela maemo a tlase a kahare a sekala sa narcissism se sebelisitsoeng le tekanyo e khuts'oane ea FAD e nang le lintho tse tšeletseng feela.

Meeli le lipatlisiso tse ling

Ehlile thuto ea rona e na le meeli e fokotsang ho akaretsa ha liphetho tsa rona le liqeto tse ka fumanoang ho tsona. Re sebelitse le sampole ea moithuti ho kenyelletsa haholo-holo basebelisi ba basali ba Facebook. Bakeng sa ho sebetsana le moeli ona hanyane ka hanyane, re bapisitse liphetho tse hlahisitsoeng tsa likamano tsa zero-order bivariate lipakeng tsa FAD le mefuta e meng e batlisisitsoeng ho T1 le T2 ka liphetho tsa likamano tse loketseng tse laolang bong. Ha ho phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa mefuta e 'meli ea likamano e fumanoeng (lipapiso tsohle: q <.10, []). Leha ho le joalo, sebopeho sa sampole ea rona se lekanyetsa kakaretso ea liphetho tsa hona joale. Ka hona, lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho batlisisa hore na li ka sebelisoa joang ho sebelisoa sampole e kholo le e emelang e nang le karolelano ea tekano ea bong.

Lintlha tsa hajoale li ile tsa bokelloa ke mehato ea ho itlaleha ka marang-rang eo, leha ho na le tiiso ea ho se tsejoe, e tloaetse ho lakatseha sechabeng. Ka hona, re eletsa lithuto tsa nako e tlang ka moralo o ts'oanang ho kenyelletsa sesebelisoa se lekanyang tloaelo ea ho lakatsa sechabeng, mohlala Balanced Inventory of Desential Responding (BIDR) [], Ho laola litlamorao tsa takatso ea sechaba ea poso ho lipalo.

Joalokaha ho se ho boletsoe, ho lekanya FAD, re sebelisitse mofuta o khuts'oane oa Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale, mohato oa ho itlaleha o nang le lintho tse tšeletseng feela. Tekanyo ena e tlalehiloe e na le thepa e ntle ea psychometric joalo ka mofuta o telele [, , ]. Thutong ea hajoale, e bonts'itse ho khotsofatsa litekanyetso tse ntle tsa ts'epahalo. Leha ho le joalo, ho fihlela mofuta o fapaneng oa FAD le ho ntlafatsa bonnete ba litekanyo, re eletsa lipatlisiso tse ling ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho nts'etsopele ea lisebelisoa tse rarahaneng ho lekanya FAD. Ha re nahana hore batho ba lemalloang haholo-holo ba tloaetse ho nyenyefatsa boemo ba boits'oaro ba bona, mehato ea sepheo le maikutlo li lokela ho kenyelletsoa ho lekola FAD. Ntle le moo, ho nahanoa hore mesebetsi ea 'mele e kang khatello ea mali le ho otla ha pelo ho bonts'itsoe hore e amahanngoa le ts'ebeliso e thata ea Marang-rang [], ho lokela hore ho lebisoe hape ho batho ba ka bang le matšoao a FAD.

Ho khahlisang ke hore phetoho ea maikutlo ea FAD e ne e sa amane haholo le narcissism, leha batho ba ratang bohlankana ba fumana tlhokomelo e eketsehileng le maikutlo a matle ho Facebook a ka eketsang maikutlo a bona a matle [], mme, hape, ba ka ntlafatsa tšebeliso ea bona ea Facebook le kotsi ea ho hlahisa FAD. Lebaka le leng la sena e kanna ea ba hore batho ba ratang bohlola ba ba le phetoho ea maikutlo ea nakoana ka ts'ebeliso ea Facebook e ke keng ea lekanngoa ke ntho e le 'ngoe ea FAD. Ho etsa lipatlisiso ka kamano lipakeng tsa phetoho ea maikutlo, narcissism le FAD ka ho khetheha, mehato e meng e kang Lenaneo le Ntle le le Mpe le Amang (PANAS) [] - hangata e sebelisoa liphuputsong tse bonts'a mekhatlo e bohlokoa lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e thata ea Marang-rang le maikutlo (mohlala, [, ]) - e lokela ho kenyelletsoa ho lekola maikutlo pele le kamora tšebeliso ea Facebook.

Boithuto ba hajoale ke mohato oa pele lipatlisisong tsa FAD Jeremane. Ha re nahana ka liphetho tsa lithuto tse bontšang hore mesebetsi e fapaneng ho Facebook e ka ama bophelo ba kelello ka tsela e fapaneng [, ], Mosebetsi oa nako e tlang o lokela ho shebana le nako le makhetlo a ts'ebeliso ea Facebook le mesebetsi ka bomong ea Facebook. Sena se tla kenya letsoho hape kutloisisong ea nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea FAD. Ntle le moo, ho nka hore Facebook ke eona e tsebahalang haholo, empa hangata eseng eona feela, e sebelisitsoeng SNS (bona Lethathamo 2Makhetlo a ts'ebeliso ea li-SNS tse ling a lokela ho kenyelletsoa lipatlisisong tse tlang.

Ho akaretsa, liphetho tsa hajoale li fana ka kakaretso ea pele ea FAD Jeremane, e totobatsa tlhoko e kholo ea lipatlisiso tse ling lefapheng lena la lipatlisiso. Ts'alo-morao ea rona ea selemo se le seng e bonts'a hore batho ba bangata ba fihlella lintlha tse mahlonoko tsa cutoff ha ba bapisoa le selemong se fetileng, le hore litekanyetso tse mpe tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello, haholo matšoao a matšoenyeho, li amana hantle le FAD. Leha ho le joalo, ho fihlela liqeto tse akaretsang, liphetho tsa hajoale li lokela ho phetoa ka sampole e kholo, lilemo le boemeli ba bong ho sebelisa mehato e meng ho feta sekala sa ho itlaleha.

 

Ho tšehetsa boitsebiso

Dataset ea S1

Dataset e sebelisitsoe ho hlahlobisisa boithuto ba hona joale.

(SAV)

lumela hore baa fokola

Bangoli ba leboha Holger Schillack le Helen Copeland-Vollrath ka ho bala sengoloa ka bopaki.

Tlhaloso ea lithuso

Phuputso ena e ne e tšehelitsoe ke Alexander von Humboldt Professorship e fuoeng Jürgen Margraf ke Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation. Ho feta moo, re ananela tšehetso ea Lichelete tse Atlehileng tsa Phatlalatso tsa Ruhr-Universität Bochum. Bafani ba lichelete ba ne ba sena karolo ho moralo oa boithuto, pokello ea lintlha le tlhahlobo, qeto ea ho e phatlalatsa kapa ho hlophisa sengoloa.

Ho fumaneha ha data

Lintlha tsohle tse nepahetseng li ka hare ho pampiri le lifaele tsa eona tsa Tšehetso.

References

1. Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa mafu a kelello. Buka ea Tlhatlhobo le Lipalopalo tsa Mathata a Kelello (5th ed). Washington, DC: Mokhatlo oa Maiketsetso oa Amerika; 2013.
2. Király O, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z. Internet Gaming Disorder le DSM-5: Khopolo-taba, likhang le likhang. Curr Addict Rep. 2015; 2 (3): 254-62.
3. O'Brien CP. Tlhaloso ka Tao et al. (2010): Bokhoba ba inthanete le DSM-V. Bokhoba. 2010; 105 (3): 565.
4. Ryan T, Chester A, Reece J, Xenos S. Ts'ebeliso le tlhekefetso ea Facebook: Tlhahlobo ea bokhoba ba Facebook. J Behav Lekhoba. 2014; 3 (3): 133-48. etsa: 10.1556 / JBA.3.2014.016 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
5. Lehlaka P, Romano M, Re F, Roaro A, Osborne LA, Viganò C, et al. Liphetoho tse fapaneng tsa mmele kamora ho pepeseha ha inthanete ho basebelisi ba inthanete ba phahameng le ba tlase. LITLHAKU E MONG. 2017; 12 (5): e0178480. 10.1371 / journal.pone.0178480 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
6. Osborne LA, Romano M, Re F, Roaro A, Truzoli R, Reed P. Bopaki ba ts'oaetso ea ho lemalla inthanete: ho pepeseha ha inthanete ho matlafatsa khetho ea 'mala ho basebelisi ba mathata ba ikhulileng. J Clinic ea kelello. 2016; 77 (2): 269-74. etsa: 10.4088 / JCP.15m10073 [E fetotsoe]
7. Khang H, Kim JK, Kim Y. Boits'oaro le litšusumetso e le tse khahlano le phallo ea media ea dijithale le bokhoba: Marang-rang, mehala ea thekeng le lipapali tsa video. Khomphutha Behav ea Batho. 2013; 29 (6): 2416-24.
8.Gunuc S. Likamano le mekhatlo lipakeng tsa papali ea video le lithethefatsi tsa inthanete: mamello ke letšoao le bonoang maemong ohle. Khomphutha Behav ea Batho. 2015; 49: 517-25.
Romano M, Osborne LA, Truzoli R, Reed P. Phapang e fapaneng ea kelello ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ho batho ba lemaletseng inthanete. LITEKOANE ONE. 9; 2013 (8): e2 doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0055162 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
10. Griffiths MD, Kuss DJ, Demetrovics Z. Ho Lemalla Batho Inthaneteng: Kakaretso ea Liphetho tsa Pele ho: Rosenberg KP, Feder LC, bahlophisi. Lithethefatsi Tsa Boitšoaro. San Diego: Taba ea Boithuto; 2014. p. 119-41
11. Koc M, Gulyagci S. Ho lemalla Facebook har'a baithuti ba koleche ea Turkey: Karolo ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello, palo ea batho le litšobotsi tsa ts'ebeliso. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2013; 16 (4): 279-84. etsa: 10.1089 / cyber.2012.0249 [E fetotsoe]
12. Hong FY, Chiu SL. Lintho tse susumetsang ts'ebeliso ea Facebook le tloaelo ea ho lemalla Facebook ho baithuti ba univesithi: Karolo ea boinotšing ba kelello ba inthanete le tšusumetso ea ts'ebeliso ea Facebook. Khatello ea kelello Health. 2014: 1-11. [E fetotsoe]
13. Roth P. Nutzerzahlen: Facebook, Instagram und WhatsApp, Lintlha-kholo, Umsätze, uvm. (Ema Pudungwana 2017) 2017 [ntjhafaditswe ka la 02 Pudungwana 2017]. https://allfacebook.de/toll/state-of-facebook.
14. Michikyan M, Subrahmanyam K, Dennis J. Na o ka tseba hore na ke mang? Neuroticism, extraversion, le boits'oaro ba inthanete har'a bacha ba baholo. Khomphutha Behav ea Motho. 2014; 33: 179-83.
15. Andreassen CS, Torsheim T, Brunborg GS, Pallesen S. Nts'etsopele ea sekala sa ho lemalla Facebook. Psychol Rep. 2012; 110 (2): 501-17. etsa: 10.2466 / 02.09.18.PR0.110.2.501-517 [E fetotsoe]
16. Fenichel M. Facebook ts'oaetso ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi (FAD) [e qotsitse 2009]. http://www.fenichel.com/facebook/.
17. Wilson K, Fornasier S, White KM. Boits'oaro ba kelello ba Ts'ebeliso ea Bacha Batho ba baholo ho sebelisa liwebosaete tsa marang-rang Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2010; 13 (2): 173-7. etsa: 10.1089 / cyber.2009.0094 [E fetotsoe]
18. Błachnio A, Przepiórka A, Pantic I. Ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, ho kenella ka Facebook, le khatello ea maikutlo: liphetho tsa boithuto bo fapaneng. Eur Psychiatry. 2015; 30 (6): 681-4. etsa: 10.1016 / j.eurpsy.2015.04.002 [E fetotsoe]
19. Balakrishnan V, Shamim A. Malesian Facebookers: Ho senoloa sepheo le boits'oaro bo lemalloang. Khomphutha Behav ea Batho. 2013; 29 (4): 1342-9.
20. Andreassen CS, Griffiths MD, Gjertsen SR, Krossbakken E, Kvam S, Pallesen S. Likamano lipakeng tsa litloaelo tsa boitšoaro le mohlala oa lintlha tse hlano. J Behav Lekhoba. 2013; 2 (2): 90-9. etsa: 10.1556 / JBA.2.2013.003 [E fetotsoe]
21. Błachnio A, Przepiorka A, Benvenuti M, Cannata D, Ciobanu AM, Senol-Durak E, le ba bang. Pono ea machabeng ka ho kenella ha Facebook. Res. Ea kelello. 2016; 242: 385-7. etsa: 10.1016 / j.psychres.2016.06.015 [E fetotsoe]
22. Kraemer HC, Kazdin AE, Offord DR, Kessler RC, Jensen PS, Kupfer DJ. Ho latela maemo a kotsi. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997; 54 (4): 337-43. [E fetotsoe]
23. Zaremohzzabieh Z, Samah BA, Omar SZ, Bolong J, Kamarudin NA. Tšebeliso e lemalloang ea Facebook har'a baithuti ba univesithi. Asia Soc Sci. 2014; 10: 107-16.
24. Uysal R, Satici SA, Akin A. Phello e bohareng ea Facebook® bokhoba ba likamano lipakeng tsa matla a ikhethang le thabo e ikhethang. Psych Rep. 2013; 113 (3): 948-53. [E fetotsoe]
25. Ofisi ea Federal Statistical Office ea Jeremane. Wirtschaftsrechnungen. Poraefete Haushalte ho der Informationsgesellschaft (IKT). 2016. https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/EinkommenKonsumLebensbedingungen/PrivateHaushalte/PrivateHaushalteIKT2150400167004.pdf.
26. Tandoc EC, Ferrucci P, Duffy M. Ts'ebeliso ea Facebook, mohono le khatello ea maikutlo har'a baithuti ba koleche: Na facebooking e nyahamisa? Khomphutha Behav ea Batho. 2015; 43: 139-46.
27. Tsamaisa M-LN, Wickham RE, Acitelli LK. Ho bona li-reels tsa motho e mong le e mong li totobatsa: Kamoo tšebeliso ea Facebook e hokahaneng le matšoao a tepeletsang. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2014; 33 (8): 701-31.
28. Shakya HB, Christakis NA. Mokhatlo oa ts'ebeliso ea Facebook le boiketlo bo botle: thuto ea nako e telele. Ke J Epidemiol. 2017; 185 (3): 203-11. etsa: 10.1093 / aje / kww189 [E fetotsoe]
29. Kross E, Verduyn P, Demiralp E, Park J, Lee DS, Lin N, le ba bang. Ts'ebeliso ea Facebook e bolela esale pele ho theoha hoa boiketlo ba boikokobetso ho batho ba baholo. LITLHAKU E MONG. 2013; 8 (8): e69841 doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0069841 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
30. Brailovskaia J, Bierhoff HW (Khatisitsoeng) Sensationssuchende Narzissten, Extraversion le Selbstdarstellung ho sozialen Netzwerken im Web 2.0. J Bus Media Psychol. 2012; 3: 43-56.
31. Wang JL, Jackson LA, DJ ea Zhang, Su ZQ. Likamano lipakeng tsa Botho ba Big Five, boitšepo, narcissism, le ho batla maikutlo ho ts'ebeliso ea baithuti ba Yunivesithi ea China liwebosaeteng tsa marang-rang (SNSs). Khomphutha Behav ea Batho. 2012; 28 (6): 2313-9.
32. Mehdizadeh S. Ho itlhahisa 2.0: narcissism le boitšepo ho Facebook. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2010; 13 (4): 357-64. etsa: 10.1089 / cyber.2009.0257 [E fetotsoe]
33. Brailovskaia J, Bierhoff HW (Khatisitsoeng) Narcissism ea moetlo o fapaneng ho Facebook: Kamano lipakeng tsa boits'oaro, ts'ebelisano 'moho le narcissism e bulehileng le e patiloeng sebakeng sa marang-rang sa Jeremane le Russia. Khomphutha Behav ea Batho. 2016; 55: 251-7. etsa: 10.1016 / j.chb.2015.09.018
34. Brailovskaia J, Margraf J. Ho bapisa Basebelisi ba Facebook le bao e seng Basebelisi ba Facebook: Kamano lipakeng tsa Litšobotsi tsa Botho le Mefuta e fapaneng ea Bophelo ba Kelello - Thuto e Hlahlobang. LITLHAKU E MONG. 2016; 11 (12): e0166999 doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0166999 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
35. Twenge JM, Campbell WK. Seoa sa narcissism: Ho phela lilemong tsa tokelo. New York: Tobetsa mahala; 2009.
36. Bieda A, Hirschfeld G, Schönfeld P, Brailovskaia J, Zhang XC, Margraf J. Thabo ea Bokahohle? Tekanyo ea moetlo oa setso le phapano ea sekala se lekolang bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Tlhahlobo ea Psychol. 2016; 29 (4): 408-21. etsa: 10.1037 / pas0000353 [E fetotsoe]
37. Schönfeld P, Brailovskaia J, Bieda A, Zhang XC, Margraf J. Litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo ea letsatsi le letsatsi ho bophelo bo botle ba kelello le bo botle: Ho kena lipakeng ka boits'ebetso. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2016; 16 (1): 1-10. etsa: 10.1016 / j.ijchp.2015.08.005
38. Brailovskaia J, Schönfeld P, Kochetkov Y, Margraf J. Ho Falla ho Bolela Eng ho Rōna? USA le Russia: Kamano lipakeng tsa ho Falla, Boits'oaro, Ts'ehetso ea Sechaba, Thabo, Khotsofalo ea Bophelo, Ho Tepella Maikutlong, Matšoenyeho le Khatello ea Kelello. Curr Psychol. 2017: 1-11.
39. Brailovskaia J, Schönfeld P, Zhang XC, Bieda A, Kochetkov Y, Margraf J. A Cross-Cultural Study in Germany, Russia, and China: Na Baithuti ba Ikemetseng le Ba Ts'ehetsoeng Sechaba Ba Sirelelitsoe Khahlanong le Ho Tepella Maikutlo, Matšoenyeho le Khatello ea Kelello? Psych Rep. 2017. doi: 10.1177/0033294117727745 [E fetotsoe]
40. Mayr S, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Faul F. Thuto e khuts'oane ea GPower. Mekhoa ea Tutor ea Psychol. 2007; 3 (2): 51-9.
41. Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. Khotsofalo ka sekhahla sa bophelo. J Pers Hlahloba. 1985; 49 (1): 71-5. etsa: 10.1207 / s15327752jpa4901_13 [E fetotsoe]
42. Pavot W, Diener E. Khotsofalo ka sekhahla sa bophelo le sebopeho se hlahang sa khotsofalo ea bophelo. J Posit Psychol. 2008; 3 (2): 137-52.
43. Glaesmer H, Grande G, Braehler E, Roth M. Mofuta oa Sejeremane oa khotsofalo ka sekala sa bophelo (SWLS): Matlotlo a Psychometric, bonnete le melao e thehiloeng ho baahi. Lekola Eur J Psychol. 2011; 27: 127-32.
44. Fydrich T, Sommer G, Tydecks S, Brähler E. Fragebogen zur sozialen Unterstützung (F-SozU): Normierung der Kurzform (K-14). Z Med Psychol. 2009; 18 (1): 43-8.
45. Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH, M. Sebopeho sa maikutlo a mabe a maikutlo: papiso ea khatello ea khatello ea maikutlo ea khatello ea maikutlo (DASS) le Beck Depression le Anxiety Inventories. Behav Res Ther. 1995; 33 (3): 335-43. [E fetotsoe]
46. ​​Antony MM, Phetla PJ, Cox BJ, Enns MW, Swinson RP. Lisebelisoa tsa Psychometric tsa li-42-item le 21-item tsa sekhahla sa khatello ea maikutlo tsa khatello ea maikutlo lihlopheng tsa bongaka le sampole ea sechaba. Tlhahlobo ea Psychol. 1998; 10 (2): 176-81.
47. Norton PJ. Matšoenyeho a khatello ea maikutlo le litekanyo tsa khatello ea maikutlo (DASS-21): tlhahlobo ea psychometric ho tsoa merabeng e mene. Ho Tšoenyeha ka Khatello ea Kelello. 2007; 20 (3): 253-65. etsa: 10.1080/10615800701309279 [E fetotsoe]
48. Lipontšo HM, Andreassen CS, Griffiths MD. Netefatso ea Sepotoketsi ea Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale: Thuto ea Boipheliso. Int J Ment Bophelo bo Botle. 2016; 14 (6): 1062-73.
49. Molichaba B, Miller JD, Hoffman BJ, Reidy DE, Zeichner A, Campbell WK. Teko ea mehato e 'meli e mekhutšoane ea narcissism e kholo: tlhaiso ea botho ba narcissistic-13 le tlhaiso-leseling ea botho ba narcissistic-16. Tlhahlobo ea Psychol. 2013; 25 (4): 1120-36. etsa: 10.1037 / a0033192 [E fetotsoe]
50. Raskin R, Terry H. Tlhahlobo ea mantlha ea likarolo tsa Narcissistic Personality Inventory le bopaki bo bong ba bonnete ba eona. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988; 54 (5): 890-902. [E fetotsoe]
51. Brailovskaia J, Bierhoff HW, Margraf J. Mokhoa oa ho khetholla narcissism le lintho tse 13? Netefatso ea Jeremane Narcissistic Personality Inventory-13 (G-NPI-13). Hlahloba. 2017. Etsa: 10.1177/1073191117740625 [E fetotsoe]
52. Ackerman RA, Witt EA, Donnellan MB, Trzesniewski KH, Robins RW, Kashy DA. Ha e le hantle Narcissistic Personality Inventory e lekanya eng? Hlahloba. 2011; 18: 67-87. [E fetotsoe]
53. Janssen M, Pickard AS, Golicki D, Gudex C, Niewada M, Scalone L, et al. Boithabiso Litekanyo tsa thepa ea EQ-5D-5L ha e bapisoa le EQ-5D-3L lihlopheng tse robeli tsa bakuli: boithuto ba linaha tse ngata. Qual Life Res. 2013; 22 (7): 1717-27. etsa: 10.1007/s11136-012-0322-4 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
54. Sehlopha sa Euroqol. Tataiso ea mosebelisi ea EQ-5D-3L. Mofuta oa 5.1 2013. http://www.euroqol.org/about-eq-5d/publications/user-guide.html.
55. Greiner W, Weijnen T, Nieuwenhuizen M, Oppe S, Badia X, Busschbach J, le ba bang. Chelete e le 'ngoe ea Europe bakeng sa bophelo bo botle ba EQ-5D. Eur J Moruo oa Bophelo: HEPAC. 2003; 4 (3): 222-31. [E fetotsoe]
56. Wen Z, Fan X. Monotonicity ea boholo ba litlamorao: Ho botsa kappa-squared joalo ka boholo ba sephetho sa bonamoli. Mekhoa ea Psychol. 2015; 20 (2): 193--203. etsa: 10.1037 / met0000029 [E fetotsoe]
57. Cohen J. Tlhahlobo ea matla a lipalo bakeng sa mahlale a boitšoaro. 2nd ed Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlsbaum; Ka 1988.
58. Hong FY, Huang DH, Lin HY, Chiu SL. Ho hlahlojoa ha semelo sa kelello, ts'ebeliso ea Facebook, le mohlala oa ho lemalla Facebook oa baithuti ba univesithi ea Taiwan. Tsebiso ea Telemat. 2014; 31 (4): 597-606.
59. Urban D, Mayerl J. Regressionsanalyse: Khopolo-taba, Technik und Anwendung (2. Aufl.). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften; 2006.
60. Romano M, Roaro A, Re F, Osborne LA, Truzoli R, Reed P. Mathata a basebelisi ba inthanete 'boits'oaro ba letlalo le matšoenyeho a eketseha kamora ho pepesetsoa marang-rang. Lekhoba Behav. 2017; 75: 70-4. etsa: 10.1016 / j.addbeh.2017.07.003 [E fetotsoe]
61. Przybylski AK, Murayama K, DeHaan CR, Gladwell V. Khothatso ea maikutlo, maikutlo le boits'oaro ba tšabo ea ho fetoa. Khomphutha Behav ea Motho. 2013; 29 (4): 1841-8.
62. Beyens I, Frison E, Eggermont S. “Ha ke batle ho fetoa ke letho”: Bacha ba tšaba ho lahleheloa le kamano ea bona le litlhoko tsa sechaba tsa bocha, ts'ebeliso ea Facebook le khatello ea maikutlo e amanang le Facebook. Khomphutha Behav ea Motho. 2016; 64: 1-8.
63. Suldo SM, Moferefere EJ. Ho sheba ka nqane ho psychopathology: Mohlala o habeli oa bophelo bo botle ba kelello bocheng. Psych Rev. Sekolo 2008; 37 (1): 52-68.
64. Linotlolo CL. Ho kula kelellong le / kapa bophelo bo botle ba kelello? Ho batlisisa li-axioms tsa mofuta o felletseng oa bophelo bo botle ba mmuso. J Hlahloba Clin Psychol. 2005; 73 (3): 539-48. etsa: 10.1037 / 0022-006X.73.3.539 [E fetotsoe]
65. Manago AM, Taylor T, Greenfield PM. Nna le metsoalle ea ka e 400: sebopeho sa barutoana ba koleche ′ li-network tsa Facebook, mekhoa ea bona ea puisano le boiketlo. Dev Psychol. 2012; 48 (2): 369-80. etsa: 10.1037 / a0026338 [E fetotsoe]
66. Buffardi LE, Campbell WK. Narcissism le libaka tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2008; 34 (10): 1303–14. etsa: 10.1177/0146167208320061 [E fetotsoe]
67. Twenge JM, Foster JD. Ho etsa 'mapa oa sekhahla sa seoa sa narcissism: Ho eketseha ha narcissism 2002-2007 hara merabe. J Res Batho. 2008; 42 (6): 1619–22. etsa: 10.1016 / j
68. Musch J, Brockhaus R, Bröder A. Lenane la tlhahlobo ea lintlha tse peli tsa ho lakatseha sechabeng. Tlhatlhobo. 2002; 48: 121-9.
69. Campbell WK, Rudich EA, Sedikides C. Narcissism, boitšepo, le boits'oaro ba maikutlo a hau: Litšoantšo tse peli tsa ho ithata. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2002; 28 (3): 358-68.
70. Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Nts'etsopele le netefatso ea mehato e khuts'oane ea litlamorao tse ntle le tse mpe: sekala sa PANAS. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988; 54 (6): 1063-70. [E fetotsoe]
71. Verduyn P, Lee DS, Park J, Shablack H, Orvell A, Bayer J, le al. Ts'ebeliso ea Facebook e etsoang hampe e senya bophelo bo botle: Bopaki ba liteko le bolelele. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2015; 144 (2): 480-8. etsa: 10.1037 / xge0000057 [E fetotsoe]
72. Tromholt M. Teko ea Facebook: Ho tlohela Facebook ho lebisa maemong a holimo a bophelo bo botle. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2016; 19 (11): 661-6. etsa: 10.1089 / cyber.2016.0259 [E fetotsoe]