Bothata ba lipapali: Tlhahiso ea eona e le boemo ba bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hlahlojoa, ho laola le ho thibela (2018)

Selelekela

Pampiri ena e hlophisitsoe ke sehlopha sa lingaka le bafuputsi ba nkileng karolo libokeng tse fapa-fapaneng tse bokelletsoeng ke Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo (WHO) ho arabela kameho ea linaha tseo e leng litho ka tšebeliso ea mathata ka lebaka la papali 'me haholo-holo lipapali tse fihletsoeng ka marang-rang le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki (“libapali tsa inthaneteng”). Karolo e 'ngoe, re ngola re araba maikutlo a Aarseth le basebetsi mmoho le ona ba sa tsoa hatisoa koranteng ena (Aarseth et al., 2016). Re tla araba maikutlo a bona a mangata mabapi le litlhaloso tsa bothateng ba lipapali tse phatlalalitsoeng e le sebopeho sa WHO e le karolo ea nts'etsopele ea ntlafatso ea morao-rao ea (11th) Kemiso ea Machaba ea Maloetse (ICD-11) (Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, 2016). Ka mokhoa o pharaletseng, re lakatsa ho hlahisa matšoenyeho a rona mabapi le teko ea bangoli ba ho e hlakisa - ehlile e nyenyefatsa - maemo ana. Lipolelo tsa bangoli, joalo ka "... ho ts'oaroa ka boitšoaro bo bobe mabapi le kotsi ea papali ea video" le "ho kenyelletsoa ha Lipapali tsa Lipapali ... li tla baka sekhobo se matla ho bana ba limilione ba bapalang lipapali tsa video ..." ha ba ts'episoe ebile ha ba na molato. Sena se lekana le ho fana ka maikutlo a hore hobane batho ba limilione ba noella joala ntle le mathata hore re lokela ho hlokomoloha likotsi (le lefu) tse hlahisoang ke tšebeliso ea tsona ka lebaka la ts'abo ea ho nyenyefatsa ba sa utloisoang bohloko. Re hlokomela hape hore ha ho le ea mongoli oa Aarseth et al.'s (2016) litlhaloso li thehiloe Asia, moo mathata a lipapali tsa inthanete a atileng haholo mme a na le moroalo o mongata oa kotsi ho bacha le ba malapa a bona.

Bokapele ba Papali e Feteletseng

Ho bile le lithuto tse fetang tsa 60 tsa lefutso la batho ka kakaretso le lihlopha tse nyane ho lingoliloeng tsa machaba (WHO, 2015). Boithuto bo bongata bo ithutile mathata a ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ho kenyeletsa lipapali tsa inthanete le ba bang ka ho khetheha papali ea marang-rang. Mohlala oa ea pele ke tlhahlobo ea linaha tse tšeletseng Asia e bonts'ang ho ata ha ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang har'a bacha ho pakeng tsa 6% le 21% (Mak et al., 2014). Chaena, ho entsoe lipatlisiso tse 'maloa, ka sekhahla sa litheko tsa inthanete tsa 10% -15% (Mokhatlo oa bacha oa China Chaena, Rephabliki ea People of China, 2009). Tlhahlobo e kholo e sa tsoa etsoa ea bacha ba China e tlalehileng ho ata ha inthanete ea 10% (Wu et al., 2016). Litefiso tse tšoanang li fumanoa linaheng tse ling tsa Asia tse nang le 13% ea bacha ba Korea ba khetholloang ka ho ba kotsing ea "ts'ebeliso e kholo ea marang-rang"Lekala la Mahlale, ICT le Moralo oa Bokamoso, le Setsi sa Sechaba sa Boitsebiso, 2015). Haholo, sena se bontša papali ea marang-rang (bona, mohlala, Matona a thuto le a mang, Rephaboliki ea batho ea China, 2013).

Boithuto bo ikhethileng mabapi le papali ea marang-rang le bona bo tlalehiloe mme tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng mabapi le lithuto tsa lefutso tse mabapi le litaba tsa papali ea maikutlo le tsa nako e telele mabapi le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete li phatlalalitsoe haufinyane (Mihara & Higuchi, khatisong). Ho ata ha boteng ho lithuto tsa sefapano sa 37 ho tloha ka 0.7% ho ea ho 27.5%; e ne e phahame har'a banna ho feta basali ka lipalo tse ngata tsa thuto ebile e ne e phahame ho batho ba banyane ho fapana le batho ba baholo. Thutong ea lipatlisiso tse 'ne tsa morao tjena, ho ata ha lipapali tsa inthanete tsa DSM-5 ho ne ho le tlasa 1% (Przybylski, Weinstein, & Murayama, 2016). Ha lithuto ka bonngoe li hlahlojoa tlhahlobo ea tšoaetso e fumanoa e sa lekane feela ka lilemo empa bohlokoa ka sebaka, mme e pota-potile 10% –15% har'a bacha ba linaheng tsa Asia Bochabela le Boroa-Bochabela (Achab et al., 2015). Har'a liithuti tsa 503 tse tsoang likolong tse peli tse mahareng Hong Kong, 94% e sebelisitse lipapali tsa video kapa Inthanete khafetsa, 'me hoo e batlang e le 16% e ile ea fihlella litekanyetso tsa ho lemalla papali ea papali ho latela Game Addiction Scale. Ho lemalla papali ea chelete ho ne ho ka ba le monyetla o moholo ho bashanyana mme ka nako e telele o ne o amahanngoa le (a) nako e telele ea papali ka beke, (b) linako tse telele tsa papali, le (c) khafetsa tšebeliso ea chelete ho papali (Wang et al., 2014). Rephabliking ea Korea, patlisiso ea morao-rao e fumanehang marang-rang e fumane 14% ea batho ba baholo ba ileng ba kopana le lintlha tse khothalelitsoeng tsa DSM-5 bakeng sa bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang (Kim le al., 2016).

Har'a linaha tsa Europe le Amerika Leboea, ho ata ha bothateng ba lipapali tsa inthanete ho fokotsehile ka bongata empa ho boetse ho atile haholo, ho tloha tlasa 1% ho 10%, lithutong tse ngata ho fumanoang litekanyetso tsa maemo a holimo ho bacha pakeng tsa 1% le 5% (Haagsma, Pieterse, & Peters, 2012; Lemmens, Valkenburg, & Balichaba, 2015; Müller et al., 2015; Lipontšo le Griffiths, 2015; Rehbein, Kliem, Baier, Mößle, & Petry, 2015; Van Rooij, Schoenmakers, Vermulst, Van den Eijnden, le Van de Mheen, 2011). Switzerland, tlhahlobo ea naha ea moemeli oa sechaba ka kakaretso ho 2015 e tlalehile hore ts'oaetso ea lipapali e amme 15% ea batho ba lilemo tse pakeng tsa 15 le 34 ea lilemo e le ts'ebetso e kholo ea inthanete (Suisse ea ho lemalla, 2015). Phuputso e 'ngoe e tsoang linaheng tse' maloa tsa Europe e bontša hore mathata a lipapali tsa inthanete a ntse a eketseha (Kaess et al., 2016). Naheng ea Iran liphuputsong tsa baithuti ba sehlopha sa bosupa sa 564, 17% e ne e khethiloe e le lekhoba la lipapali tsa khomphutha (Zamani, Kheradmand, Cheshmi, Abedi, & Hedayati, 2010); lithuto tse 'maloa tsa ho ata ha tsona hona joale li ntse li etsoa ke Setsi sa Naha sa Iran sa Thupelo ea Botsoa. Amerika Boroa le Afrika, tšoaetso e fokotsehile ho tloha 1% ho 9% (Achab et al., 2015).

Ho nepahala ha mokhoa oa mekhoa ho ntlafalitsoe butle-butle. Le ha lithuto tsa pejana li ne li e-na le disampole tse bonolo, tsa morao-rao li hlahlobile sampole ea baemeli ho tsoa ho sechaba ka kakaretso. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lithuto tsa pejana li sebelisitse liteko tsa ho hlahlobisisa tse hlahang e le lefapha la mathata a lintho tsa tlhaho ('me e kanna ea batla ho netefatsa mehopolo e boletsoeng esale pele ea ho lemalla). Boithuto ba morao-rao bo sebelisitse lisebelisoa tsa boithuto tse nkang hore ha ho na mohopolo oa tlatsetso ea ho lemalla (Mazhari, 2012; Sun et al., 2012; Thatcher, Wretschko, & Fisher, 2008). Ntle le moo, liphuputso tsa morao-rao li amohetse mekhoa e metle ea ho hlahloba lintho, joalo ka tlhahlobo ea sehlopha sa morao-rao le ho khetholla sehlopha sa batho ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea marang-rang e nang le bothata (Rumpf et al., 2014; Wartberg, Kriston, Kammerl, Petersen, & Thomasius, 2015) kapa libapali tsa marang-rang tse lemaletseng (Van Rooij et al., 2011). Lithutong tsena, lihlopha tse nang le mathata li ile tsa bonoa ka mokhoa oa boiphetetso ntle le ho itšetleha ka lintlha tse bolokiloeng tsa lipotso. Sena se fana ka bopaki bo eketsehileng ba ho ba teng ha lefu lena ho sa natsoe likhopolo tsa theoretical, le hore karolo ea batho ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete e hlakile ka taba ena (Rehbein et al., 2015; Rumpf et al., 2014). Lithuto tse ling tsa morao-rao (Lemmens et al., 2015; Rehbein et al., 2015) ba sebelisitse lintho tse ipapisitseng le lintlha tsa DSM-5 tsa ts'ebeliso ea papali ea inthanete, tsa morao-rao li ntse li etsoa ho netefatsa hore batho ba fihlelang litekanyetso tse hlano kapa ho feta ba hlaheloa ke likotsi tse mpe tsa kliniki tse amanang le papali.

Bophelo Moroalo oa Papali e Feteletseng

Rona bao re leng ts'ebelisong ea bongaka re ka sheba ho botsa ka taba e fumanoeng ho Aarseth et al.'s (2016) litlhaloso, ha li ts'ehetsoe ke bopaki bofe kapa bofe, hore mathata a lipapali a bontša likhohlano lipakeng tsa litso - lipakeng tsa bacha ba bolokang marang-rang le baholo ba baholo ba thekeng. Re bona bacha bao bophelo ba bona bo busoang ke lipapali tsa inthanete ho isa boholeng boo ba sebelisang 10 kapa lihora tse eketsehileng ka papali ea letsatsi le likotsi tsa boiphihlelo ka lebaka la ho hloka boroko, ho khutlisetsa bosiu bosiu, ho fokolloa ke metsi, khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng, ho ruruha le mathata a khatello. joalo ka ho teneha, ho ba mabifi 'meleng, khatello ea maikutlo le mathata a fapaneng a sechaba, thuto le mosebetsi oa matsoho (Achab et al., 2011; Chuang, 2006; Mihara, Nakayama, Osaki, & Higuchi, 2016). Tleliniking ea Tung Wah Sehlopha sa Lipetlele se Kopaneng sa Thibelo ea Thibelo ea Ts'usumetso le Phekolo ho Hong Kong, mathata a bongaka le a kelello a hlahelang bakuli a kenyelletsa mathata a ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo, ho hana sekolo le mesebetsi ea sechaba, ho se ikoetlise 'meleng, ho halefa ho hoholo le mabifi, likhohlano tsa malapa , palo ea batho ba jang lijo le litlamorao tse ling tse fapaneng. Tleliniking ena, ba batlang thuso ba sa le banyenyane molemong oa batho ba batlang thuso ba sa le banyenyane lilemong.

Lefu la pele la lefats'e ho tsoa lipapaling tse fetelletseng ho tlalehiloe mecheng ea litaba ho 2004. Monna e mong oa Korea Boroa ea lilemo li 24 o ile a hlokahala ka tšohanyetso a le bohareng ba lipapali ka matsatsi a mane a latellanang a sa phomole hanyane ka lebenkeleng la inthanete (Korea SBS News, 2004). Boithuto ba postmortem bo neng bo etsoa ke tšebeletso ea naha ea boithuto bo senola pulmonary thromboembolism, ka tšitiso e felletseng ea methapo e meholo ea mantlha ea pulmonary. Thrombi o ile a fumanoa le masapong a hae a mabeli a tebileng libakeng tse tlase. Ha ho nahanoa ka lilemo tsa hae tsa bocha le maemo a bophelo a neng a le sieo ka pele, ba boholong lefapheng la lintho tsa molao ba ile ba fihlela qeto ea hore "ho lula nako e telele khomphuteng" ke sesosa se bolaileng batho (Lee, 2004). Le vein thrombosis e tebileng ha e felle feela sebakeng sa Asia; hape ho na le tlaleho ea nyeoe ea moshemane oa 12 oa selemo sa Brithani (Ng, Khurana, Yeang, Hughes, & Manning, 2003). Tahlehelo ea sechaba ka sechaba ka lebaka la tšebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete Rephabliking ea Korea e ile ea hakangoa pakeng tsa 1.5 le 4.5 billion ea US ho 2009 (Lee, Kim, & Lee, 2011). Korea, "bokhoba ba marang-rang" bo boholo ho tsoa papaling bo fumanoe e le bothata bo boholo ka ho fetisisa bo fumanoeng ke bacha (Lekala la Mahlale, ICT le Moralo oa Bokamoso, le Setsi sa Sechaba sa Boitsebiso, 2015).

Hona joale lithuto tsa baahi li se li hlahloba moroalo ona oa bophelo bo botle. Li bontša hore batho ba nang le temallo ea Inthanete ka lebaka la papali kapa mesebetsi e meng ea inthanete ba bonts'a likhaello libakeng tse 'maloa ha li bapisoa le tse sa lemalloang. Phuputsong e 'ngoe e thehiloeng ho baahi ba Europe (Rumpf et al., 2014; Zadra et al., 2016), batho ba khethiloeng ke tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea tlhaiso ea lihlahisoa tsa marang-rang tse tlalehiloeng ba sa khone ho sebetsa kapa ho etsa mesebetsi e tloaelehileng matsatsing a 7.5 likhoeling tse fetileng tsa 12 (Rumpf et al., 2014; Rumpf, 2015; Zadra et al., 2016), e bapisang matsatsi a 4.1 a khatello ea maikutlo, matsatsi a 7.5 a phobia ea sechaba, le matsatsi a 7.2 bakeng sa maemo a pelo (Alonso et al., 2011).

Likarabo tsa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba mabapi le papali e ngata

Ho arabela khaellong e atileng ea sechaba le ea litsebi, linaha tse ngata li hlahisitse merero ea ho rarolla mathata a bongaka, a botho le a sechaba ka mathata a lipapali. E hlahelletseng ho tsena ke leano le kopaneng la makala le linaha tsa naha tsa 15 tsa China "Lenaneo la thibelo e pharaletseng le ho kenella bakeng sa ho lemalla lipapali tsa marang-rang har'a bacha"Matona a thuto le a mang, Rephaboliki ea batho ea China, 2013). Kua Hong Kong, Lefapha la Bophelo ka ts'ebelisano 'moho le mekhatlo eo eseng ea mmuso e hlahisitse mokhoa o fapaneng oa ho shebella, thibelo le kalafo ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete ho kenyeletsa le ts'ebetso ea papali ea papali ea chelete (Lefapha la Bophelo la Hong Kong, 2016). Lefapha la Bophelo Rephabliking ea Korea, ka tšebelisano le Lekala la Saense le mafapha a mang a 'maloa a mmuso, le hona joale le ntse le theha Leano le Thibileng la ho Thibela Inthanete le ho Rarolla Liphetoho.

Iran, Lekala la Bophelo le laetse ho hlophisoa ha (a) sephutheloana sa thibelo bakeng sa tšebeliso likolong le tlhokomelo ea mantlha ea bophelo bo botle le (b) sephutheloana sa kalafo se thehiloeng molemong oa puisano le sepheo sa boithuto ba kelello bakeng sa mathata a amanang le theknoloji (Rahimi-Movaghar le Hamzehzadeh, 2016).

Linaheng tse ling tsa Bophirimela, bothateng ba lipapali tsa inthanete bo amohetse e le bothata ba bophelo bo botle ba sechaba lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng. Mohlala, Switzerland, ho bile joalo ho tloha 2012. E kenyellelitsoe ke Ofisi ea Swiss Federal ea Bophelo ba Sechaba joaloka har'a likhathatso tse lemalloang ho Leano la Naha la Tlatsetso ea 2017-2024 (Achab, 2016). Lichabeng tse ling, karabelo ho fihlela joale e entsoe ka mokhoa o sa hlakaheng, ka mekhatlo ea borutehi, mekhatlo ea litsebi, le mmuso oa lehae o lebisa tlhokomelo bothateng le ho hohelang mebuso bakeng sa ts'ebetso e phethahetseng.

Likarabo tsa Kliniki ho Papali e Feteletseng

Litliliniki joale li se li thehiloe metseng e meholo ea linaha tse ngata Asia (China, Japan, Hong Kong, Rephabliki ea Korea, Thailand le India) le libakeng tse ling tsa Europe (Thorens et al., 2014), Amerika Leboea le Australia. Litšebeletso li ntlafalitsoe ka botlalo Asia. Mohlala Hong Kong mabapi le ts'oaetso e atileng ea sechaba, lits'ebeletso tsa thibelo le kalafo bakeng sa mathata a marang-rang le lipapali li se li thehiloe, mohlala o le mong joalokaha ho boletsoe kaholimo, e le Setsi sa Thupelo se Kopaneng sa Lipetlele tsa Thibelo ea Thibelo le Tlatsetso. Pakeng tsa Mphalane 2012 le Pherekhong 2017, linyeoe tsa 308 tse nang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete li ile tsa fetisoa. Boholo ba lipapali tsa inthanete (63%), tse nang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang le lits'oants'o tsa cybersexual ke tsona tse atileng haholo. Bongata bo ile ba bonts'a matšoao a bokhoba, bo joalo ka ho lakatsa le ho qobelloa, taolo e fokolisitsoeng ea taolo lipapaling kapa mesebetsing e meng ea inthanete, le ho sitoa ho emisa ho sa tsotelehe litholoana tse babang. Setsi sa National Hospital Organisation Kurihama Medical and Addiction Centre haufi le Tokyo, Japane se ile sa qala ho fana ka kalafo ea pele ea bongaka bakeng sa bothata ba lipapali ho la Japane ho 2011. Palo ea libaka tsa kalafo tse fanang ka kalafo e ikhethang e eketsehile ho 28 ho pholletsa le Japane ka 2016 ha ho arabeloa tlhoko e qobelloang ea kalafo ea bokuli ba lipapali bo amang banna ba batona ba bangata (Mihara et al., 2016). Leha ho na le matšoenyeho a batsoali le likolo hore papali e ama ts'ebetso ea bacha ea letsatsi le leng le le leng, ts'ebetso ea sekolo le bophelo ba kelello, lits'ebeletso tsa kliniki le tšehetso likarolong tse ngata tsa Asia, ho kenyeletsoa Hong Kong, Japane, Korea le China.

Amerika Leboea le Europe, lits'ebeletso tsa kliniki le tsona li ntse li thehoa. Li kenyeletsa Setsi sa Tebello ea Marang-rang (E monyenyane, 2010) hape ke ho kena hape United States, baoki ka har'a Tšebeletso ea Naha ea Papali ea Mathata ho la London, UK, Sepetlele sa Univesithi ea Bellvitge se Barcelona, ​​Spain, le sepetlele se ikhethileng sepetleleng sa Univesithi ea Geneva. Tleliniking ea morao-rao, hoo e batlang e le 200 ea bakuli ba batlile thuso mme ba na le kalafo bakeng sa bokuli ba lipapali ho tloha ka 2007. Ho bile le linyeoe tse ngata ho batho ba bacha ba seng ba fetohile lapeng ka likhoeli tse ngata ka lebaka la papali e ngata (Achab, 2016). Hoa hlokomeleha hore, haholo-holo, lits'ebeletso tsa lithethefatsi li nkile ketapele - ho fetola mekhoa e thehiloeng bopaking bakeng sa mathata a lithethefatsi le mathata a papali ea chelete ho thusa ba anngoeng ke papali e fetelletseng, hammoho le malapa a bona. Moelelong ona, polelo ea Aarseth et al. (2016) hore "ho ka ba thata ho fumana bakuli" ha e lumellane le se etsahalang lefatšeng ka bophara kapa boiphihlelo ba rona ba letsatsi le letsatsi ba ho ikoetlisa ka bongaka kapa joaloka bafuputsi ba tsa bongaka.

Ha ho fanoa ka nts'etsopele ea lits'ebeletso tsa bongaka, tataiso le tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea tlhahlobo ea lipapali li hlokeha ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho fana ka tlhokomelo le kalafo e lekaneng. Ho hlokomoloha sena ho tla fella ka ho sitoa ho fumanoa ke lefu lena, le ho ahlola batho ba hlokang thuso ho utloa likotsi tse fapaneng.

Mofuta oa Papali e Feteletseng

Morero oa WHO mabapi le papali e feteletseng ha oa ka oa qala ka ho nahana hore ke lefu le lemalloang. Polelo e sebelisitsoeng qalong e ne e le "Tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea marang-rang, likhomphutha, li-smartphones le lisebelisoa tse tšoanang tsa elektroniki." Ho bile le letoto la liboka tsa machaba tsa puisano bakeng sa ho khetholla mefuta ea sesebelisoa sa elektroniki le seo ba se fang sethala se bakang seo. kotsi (Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, 2015), phapang e totobalitsoeng ke Griffiths (2000) tse fetang 15 lilemong tse fetileng. Likopanong tsena, ho ile ha ba le tumellano eo ho neng ho ameha haholo ka eona ke tšusumetso ea ho bapala lipapali tsa elektroniki mme haholo-holo tse fihletsoeng ka marang-rang. Tsena li kenyelletsa lipapali tsa mofuta oa libapali tsa motho a le mong le "lipapali tse bapalang karolo e ngata ea inthanete" (li-MMORPG) le likhahla tse fetohang ka potlako tse amanang le lihlopha kapa lihlopha tsa bacha tse bapalang nako e telele. Kahoo, dikahare le mofuta o matlafatsang oa boiphihlelo ba lipuisano li ile tsa nkuoa e le tšusumetso e matla ho e-na le inthanete ka boeona. Ho ile ha etsoa qeto ea hore maikutlo a litšila a ne a lokela ho theoa haholo-holo ka dikahare le boits'oaro, joalo ka papali ea chelete, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa / ho romellana litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le papali ea chelete. Maikutlo ana a tsamaisana le DSM-5 ea morao-rao e kenyelletsang ho hloka taolo ea lipapali tsa inthanete e le "boemo ba ho tsoela pele ho ithuta."

Ho ile ha etsoa tlhahlobo ea lingoloa 'me ea hlahisoa libokeng tsena hore na ho bapala papali e joalo ho ka emela kapa ho ba le ts'oaetso' me haeba ho joalo, moferefere ke eng, lintho tse bakiloeng ke kotsi ke eng, 'me litlamorao e bile tsa litlamorao tsa tlhabollo ea bongaka le tsa motho ka mong. Litlhahlobo tsa lingoliloeng li ile tsa hlahlobisisa phenomenology ea libapali tse fetelletseng 'me likarolo tse' maloa tsa bohareng li fumanoe (bona Billieux et al., 2015). Tsena li kenyeletsa:

• Taolo e mpe bakeng sa papali ea marang-rang;
• -Kopa ho bapala ka lipapali;
• Tlhokahalo ea mantlha e fuoang papali, e nkang sebaka sa mantlha bophelong ba motho;
• Tlhokomeliso e kenang ea ho lakatsa ho nka karolo lipapaling tsa marang-rang; le
• -Khabiso ea papali ea chelete ho sa tsotellehe litlamorao tse mpe.

Litšobotsi tsena ka ho hlakileng li na le ho tšoana ha tsona le mathata a lintho tsa tlhaho le bokhoba ba boitšoaro bo amohelehang, bo kang boloiMcBride & Derevensky, 2016).

Likarolo tse ling li amana hantle le papali ea nako e telele mme li kenyeletsa:

• -Smersion ho kena lefatšeng la sebele la papali;
• -E boleloang ke "mamello" e itseng, tlhoko ea ho bapala papali ea nako e telele ho ea pele le lipapaling tse thata, lipapali tsa nakong e fetileng ha li sa hlahisa maikutlo le litlamorao tse hlokoang (Morena & Delfabbro, 2016);
• -Mekhelo, e bitsitsoeng rebound phenomena kapa e re batho ba bang ba tlosoang, moo motho a bang le maikutlo le ho teneha, le / kapa boits'oaro bo bobe ha a bapala papali ea khaotsa.Kaptsis, King, Delfabbro, & Gradisar, 2016).

Barupeluoa libokeng tsa lipuisano tsa WHO ba hlokometse mokhoa oa DSM-5 le litlhaloso le litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea lipapali tsa marang-rang (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013). Ho nkoa e na le likarolo tse 'maloa tse tloaelehileng ho likhathatso tse lemalloang, joalo ka taolo e fokolisitsoeng ea ho bapala papali ea chelete, ho qeta nako e ngata u bapala lipapali, ho ameha ka papali haholo hoo mosebetsi oa sekolo le mesebetsi e amanang le batho o hlokomolohuoang, le thetso ea litho tsa lelapa mabapi le boholo ba eona (Petry et al., 2014). Ka bobeli ICD le DSM li amohela hore lintlha le likarolo tse khethollang tsa maemo ha li e-so hlakisoe ka botlalo, empa bongata ba bopaki bo teng bo bonts'a hore batho ba bang ba ba le mathata a bohlokoa a amanang le papali ea bona, hore lipapali tsa bona li na le likarolo tse itseng tsa bokhoba, le hore e lokela ho fumanoa e le pherekano.

Liphetoho le Metsoalle ea Bofokoli ba Lipapali

Mathata a kelello, boits'oaro, le lintho li na le litloaelo tse tloaelehileng (mabaka a kotsi) mme tsena li hlokomeleha hantle. Li kenyelletsa litšusumetso tsa lefutso, ho senyeha ha lelapa bophelong ba bonyenyane, tlhekefetso le khatello ea maikutlo, mekhoa ea botsoali le mathata a mang a bophelo bo botle ba kelello (Reinherz, Giaconia, Carmola Hauf, Wasserman, le Paradis, 2000). Tsena li khetholla haholo-holo ba nang le mathata a nts'etsopele, boits'oaro, le lithethefatsi bohareng ba lilemo tsa bocha le tsa morao-rao tsa 20s ha li bapisoa le hamorao bophelong. Har'a lintho tse anngoeng ke batho ba lemaletseng papali ea papali ea papali ea chelete le papali ea papali ea chelete ke phobia ea setjhaba, bothata ba khatello ea kelello (ADHD), lefu la kelello la khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo, litšekamelo tsa botho, joalo ka ho ts'oenyeha ho hoholo, mathata a boitšoaro, le ho hloka botsitso kapa ho qhekella kamano ea motsoali (Ceyhan le Ceyhan, 2008; Moditjhaba, 2009; Haagsma, King, Pieterse, & Peters, 2013; Morena, Delfabbro, Zwaans, & Kaptsis, 2013; Ko, Yen, Yen, Chen, & Chen, 2012; Yen, Ko, Yen, Wu, & Yang, 2007; Zadra et al., 2016). Ka nako e ts'oanang, lintlha tsa ts'ireletso bakeng sa bokuli ba lipapali li hlahisitsoe ho tsoa lithuto tse telele. Tsena li kenyelletsa (a) boiphihlelo bo phahameng sechabeng le boitšepo (Lemmens, Valkenburg, & Peter, 2011), (b) boiketlo bo amanang le sekolo (Rehbein & Baier, 2013), le (c) taolo ea boits'oaro (Haagsma et al., 2013).

Mathata a bakoang ke ho hlaseloa ke kelello le mathata a mang a tlhekefetso, a nang le mathata a mangata a kelello a amanang le mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le nts'etsopele ea maloetse ana (Kessler et al., 2012; Swendsen et al., 2010). Boloetse ba lipapali le bona bo tsamaisana le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Van Rooij et al., 2014). Mathata a kelello a hlahelang hammoho joalo ka litlatsetso kapa litlamorao ka hona a tloaelehile mathateng a ho lemalla 'me ha a sebetse e le taba ea khang ea taba ea bothateng kapa tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang. Haeba mokuli a e-na le bothata ba bophelo bo botle ba kelello kapa bo soabisang, a ka boela a fumanoa litsing tsohle tsa ICD le DSM.

Neurobiology ea Khaello ea Lipapali

Lithuto tse sebetsang tsa neuroimaging ho bakuli ba nang le bothata ba lipapali ba tsepamisitse maikutlo ho libaka tse nkoang li le bohlokoa ho nts'etsopele le ho boloka mafu a mang a tlatsetsang. Ho na le lintho tse ngata tse ka re thusang ho bona hore na ho na le mathata afe a mang a lipapali le a papali ea papali ea methapo. Bakuli ba nang le bothata ba lipapali ba bonts'a (a) ho theoha ha kutlo ho tahlehelo, (b) ntlafatso e ntlafalitsoeng ho lipapali, ka taolo, liphumano tse khahlisang ho batho ba nang le bothata ba ho becha (Fauth-Bühler le Mann, 2015). Libaka tse ling tsa lipatlisiso li tsepamisitse maikutlo liphetoho tse tobileng ho libapali tse fetelletseng, joalo ka li-psychobiological correlates tsa libapali tsa 'mele le boitsebahatso ba hau ka li-avatars ho li-MMORPGs (Dieter et al., 2015; Leménager et al., 2014).

Libaka tsa boko tse kenyellelitsoeng lits'ebetsong tse ka sehlohlolong tsa taolo ea lipapali le tsona li ts'oana le tse amehang ts'ebelisong ea lithethefatsi le mathata a papali ea chelete. Mohlala, ts'ebetso ea ho lakatsa-boits'oaro (CBI) e ne e amahanngoa le phokotso e kholo lithutong tse sebelisoang tsa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, lipapali tsa nako ea beke le beke, le litabatabelo tsa papali tse tsosang takatso ha li bapisoa le boemo ba kalafo.Zhang et al., 2016b). Ho ne ho e-na le ts'ebetso e kholo ea ts'usumetso ho mekhoa ea lipapali tsa lipapali mme e fokotse khokahanyo lipakeng tsa selelekela le precuneus le gyrus ea puo (Zhang et al., 2016b), libaka tse hokahaneng le litakatso tsa lithethefatsi. Karolong ena, CBI e fokolisitse khokahano ea tšebetso ea boemo ba phomolo lipakeng tsa orbitofrontal cortex le hippocampus, le lipakeng tsa posterior cingrate cortex- le libaka tse amanang le makoloi (Zhang et al., 2016a). Hammoho, liphuputso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ts'oana le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le ho lemalla papali ea chelete, mehato e shebileng takatso e ka fokotsa khokahano e sebetsang lipakeng tsa libaka tsa boko tse amehang ho sebetsaneng le litabatabelo le ho hokahanya litakatso le liketso. Ntle le moo, phokotso ea khokahano lipakeng tsa libaka tsa taolo ea phethahatso (mohlala, libaka tsa frontoparietal) ho bonoe nakong ea mesebetsi ea taolo ea kelello ho batho ba nang le bothata ba lipapali (Dong, Lin, & Potenza, 2015). Ka kopanelo, liphumano tsena li ts'ehetsa khang e hlahisang tlatsetso ea lits'ila le lithethefatsi tsa papali ea chelete mabapi le bokuli ba lipapali (Brand, Young, Laier, Wölfling, & Potenza, 2016; Dong & Potenza, 2014).

Phuputso ea kalafo le thibelo

Ho hlakisa mofuta oa papali e fetelletseng ho bohlokoa ho fana ka motheo o utloahalang oa lipatlisiso mabapi le kalafo ea bacha (le ba bang) ba nang le mathata ka lebaka la papali le ho kenella kapele ho ba ntseng ba ntlafatsa mekhoa ea papali e feteletseng. Re arolelana mathata le Aarseth et al. (2016) mekhoa ea "Sesole Boot" e atile linaheng tse ngata, haholo Asia, moo batho ba bacha ba romelloang ka thata ho qalella papali ea lipapali tse ngata haholo. Ho tsebo ea rona, mokhoa ona ha o na mabaka 'me ha o na bopaki ba phello ea kalafo. Hoa pheha khang hore na mekhoa e joalo e lokela ho lumelloa empa eo ke taba bakeng sa balaoli ba mmuso ba amehang. Ka bophara, ho na le tlhoko e potlakileng ea nts'etsopele ea le ho etsa lipatlisiso ka mekhoa ea thibelo, joalo ka ho bea nako ea bana skrineng le ho fa batsoali le batho ba bang ba baholo ba nang le boikarabello ho hlokomela le ho khothaletsa tšebeliso e nang le boikarabello ea inthanete le ho nka karolo ha monate ho mesebetsi e boima le e khahlisang, lipapali tsa inthanete li kenyellelitsoe. Hona ha se ho phahamela litokelo tsa botho tse tobileng ho bana. E bitsoa ho ba motsoali. Mokhoa oa ho ba motsoali le tsebo ea sebetsa ha nako e ntse e tsamaea, empa mehleng ena ea dijithale, theknoloji e ke ke ea hlola e nka sebaka sa lipuisano tse bohlokoa tsa motsoali le ngoana.

Nahanisisa

Qetellong, leano la WHO le arabile mathateng a lefatše ka tšusumetso ea mefuta e mengata ea mesebetsi e amanang le marang-rang empa haholo ka litlamorao tsa lipapali tsa papali ea mathata mme haholo-holo foromo ea inthanete. Mebuso le mekhatlo ea bophelo ho pota lefatše e batlana le litlamorao tsa lipapali tsa inthanete hore li rarolloe, le hore ho hlahisoe mekhoa e thehiloeng molemong ea bopaki. Khubu ea boikitlaetso bona ke tlhoko ea ho hlalosa mofuta oa bothata, boo mosebetsing o entsoeng bakeng sa likopano tsa WHO tsa lipuisano bo supang likarolo tse tlatsetsang bothateng bona. Sena se lebisitse ho phatlalatso ea sete ea litlhaloso ho moralo oa ICD-11 e amohelang likarolo tsa eona tse bohareng. Litlhaloso tse boletsoeng ho moralo oa beta ha se “tlhaloso e tsoang kantle ho lishelefo” e nkiloeng bothateng ba lintho. Ka lebaka la mosebetsi o mong o hlokahalang ho hlalosa hore na mamello le ho se ikime ke likarolo tse kopaneng le tse etsahalang khafetsa bothateng ba lipapali tsa inthanete, ha li hlahe hona joale litlhalosong. Boloetse ba lipapali bo na le litšobotsi tse tšoanang empa bo boetse bo fapane le bokuli ba ho becha (Saunders, Degenhardt, & Farrell, 2017) mme likarohano tsena li tla shejoa lipatlisisong tse ling. Boloetse ba lipapali ha bo sebelisoe hape ho sehlopheng sa "litlatsetso tse ling - tse sa hlalosoang hosele." Litlhaloso le litataiso tsa tlhahlobo ea mafu li se li hlahlobisitsoe ka mokhoa o hlakileng (Higuchi, Nakayama, Mihara, & Siste, 2016) mme e tla tlisoa tlhatlhobo ea masimo a lefats'e, ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le mathata a mang a fumanehang kahare ho moralo oa ICD-11.

Ha leseli le eketsehileng le ntse le fumaneha ka mefuta e mengata ea mesebetsi e amanang le marang-rang, ho kenyelletsa empa e sa lekanyetsoe ho ea mabenkeleng, boitšoaro ba thobalano ho kenyelletsa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​le marang-rang a sechaba, ho bohlokoa hore u se ke oa nahana feela ka melemo e ka bang teng empa le ka litlamorao tse mpe tse ka ba teng, ho kenyeletsa le mathata e amanang le ts'ebeliso ea bona. Ho nts'etsapele bophelo ba motho ka bo mong, lelapa le bophelo ba lefatše ka bophara, ho hlahloba boitšoaro bo joalo hoa hlokahala.

Ho ananela

Tlhaloso ea lithuso

Mehloli ea chelete: Ha ho thuso ea lichelete e fumanoeng ha ho etsoa pampiri ena ea tlhahlobo.

Menehelo ea bangoli

Pampiri ena e ne e hlophisitsoe ke sehlopha sa bafuputsi, lingaka le lingaka, le baetsi ba melao ba sebetsang sebakeng sa lipapatso le mathata a amanang le ona. Moralo oa pele o hlophisitsoe ke JBS mme bangoli bohle ba kentse letsoho ka har'a pampiri le / kapa ba fana ka maikutlo ho eona, 'me ba amohetse mofuta oa ho qetela.

Khohlano ea thahasello

JBS, AR-M, le KM ke litho tsa Sehlopha sa Ts'ebeliso ea Lithethefatsi le Lits'ebetso tse Amanang le tsona tsa ICD-11. JBS, NP, le MP ba nkile karolo lipatlisisong le / kapa mekhahlelo ea ho hlophisa ntlafatso ea DSM-5. AR-M le SH ke lihlooho tsa litsi tse sebetsang tsa WHO. Bangoli bohle ba nkile karolo libokeng tsa likopano (maemong a mabeli eseng ka motho empa ka ho ba hlophisetsa boitsebiso) ba bokelletsoeng ke WHO (mmoho le ba boholong mmusong oa Japane, Rephabliki ea Korea, le Hong Kong, China) ho tloha 2014 ho ea pele. Barupeluoa libokeng tsena ba fumane tšehetso ea maeto ho tsoa ho WHO kapa mebuso ea bona ea naha. VP ke mosebeletsi oa WHO. MP e tšehetsoa ke Setsi sa Naha sa US ka Tlhekefetso le Tlhekefetso le Setsi sa Naha sa Setsi sa Tlhokomelo ea Lipapali se Ikarabellang. Ntle le lichelete tsa lipatlisiso tse fumanoeng ho tsoa ho ba boholong ba mmuso, bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ba fumane moputso o tsoang ho bahoebi, thuto kapa mekhatlo e meng ho latela pampiri ena. Lipolelo tse entsoeng le maikutlo a hlahisitsoeng pampiring ena ke a bangoli 'me ha li hlile ha li supe tsa mekhatlo eo ba ikopantseng ho eona, ebile ha ba bolele maano kapa liqeto tsa WHO.

References