Bohlooho ke taba e fapaneng le ho ba le batho ba baholo ba nang le bothata ba ho bapala lipapali tsa Inthanete: "Surface based based morphometry (2018)" le "orbitofrontal cortex"

J Behav Addict. 2018 Mar 13: 1-10. doi: 10.1556 / 2006.7.2018.20.

Lee D1,2, Park J3, Namkoong K1,2, Kim IY3, Jung YC1,2.

HO HLOKA

Ka morao le sepheo

Ho etsa liqeto tse fetotsoeng tsa kotsi / khetho ea moputso ho khothaletsa batho ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD) ho phehella thabo ea nakoana, leha ho bile le litlamorao tse mpe tsa nako e telele. Anterior cingrate cortex (ACC) le orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa kotsing ea ho etsa liqeto tsa meputso / moputso. Phuputso ena e fuputse liphapang tsa litaba tse putsoa ho ACC le OFC ea batho ba baholo ba nang le IGD ntle le IGD ba sebelisang morphometry (SBM).

mekhoa

Re ile ra hlahloba baholo ba banna ba baholo ba 45 ka IGD le 35 taolo ea banna ba lilemong. Re entse tlhahlobo ea libaka tse khahlisang (ROI) - li-tlhahlobo tse ntlafalitsoeng bakeng sa botenya ba cortical le bophahamo ba litaba tsa bohlooho (GMV) ho ACC le OFC. Re boetse ra etsa tlhahlobo ea bohlale ba methapo eohle ea kelello ho tlatsana le tlhahlobo e thehiloeng ho ROI.

Results

Lithuto tsa IGD li ne li na le li-cortices tse bobebe ho rostral ACC e nepahetseng, morao-rao ea OFC, le li-orbitalis tse letšehali ho feta taolo. Hape re fumane GMV e nyane ho caudal ACC e nepahetseng le li-orbitalis tse tloheletsoeng lithutong tsa IGD. Thinner cortex ea laterC e nepahetseng ea morao-rao lithutong tsa IGD e hokahantsoeng le ho susumetsoa ke kelello ho hoholo. Tlhahlobo ea kelello ka botlalo lithutong tsa IGD e senoletse cortex e bobebe sebakeng se nepahetseng sa tlatsetso, sebaka sa leihlo le letšehali, parietal lobule, le cortex ea posterior.

Nahanisisa

Batho ka bomong ba nang le IGD ba ne ba e-na le cortex e bobebe le GMV e nyane ho ACC le OFC, e leng libaka tse bohlokoa tsa ho hlahloba boleng ba moputso, ts'ebetso ea liphoso, le boitšoaro bo fetohang. Ntle le moo, libakeng tse amanang le taolo ea boko bo amanang le boits'oaro, ho kenyelletsa le libaka tsa kapele, le tsona li ne li na le li-cortices tse bobebe. Liphapang tsena tsa litaba tse putsoa li ka tlatsetsa ho patlophysiology ea IGD ka ho fetola likotsi / ho etsa liqeto le ho fokotsa taolo ea boits'oaro.

LITLHAKISO: Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete; botenya ba cortical; molumo oa taba e putsoa; kotsi / qeto ea ho etsa liqeto; sebopeho se thehiloeng holim'a sefahleho

PMID: 29529887

DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.20

Ho tloha Hanyane (1998b) e hlahisitse mohopolo hoo e ka bang mashome a mabeli a lilemo a fetileng, litlamorao tsa boits'oaro mesebetsing e amanang le inthanete li hlahile e le taba ea bohlokoa ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello ho bacha (Kuss, Griffiths, Karila, le Billieux, 2014). Har'a mathata ana a boitšoaro, Marang-rang a lipapatso tsa inthanete a fuputsoe e le taba e khahlang haholo (Kuss, 2013). Kutloisiso e ntlafalitsoeng ea moputso le kutloelo-bohloko e fokotsehileng ea tahlehelo li bontšoa maemong a IGD (Dong, DeVito, Huang, & Du, 2012; Dong, Hu, & Lin, 2013). Mathata a ho hlahlojoa ha phoso (Dong, Shen, Huang, & Du, 2013) le ho thata ho laola boitšoaro ka nepo (Ko et al., 2014) hape ho tlalehiloe ho IGD. Ka lebaka leo, ho se lekane pakeng tsa taolo e ntlafalitsoeng ea ho batla meputso le taolo e fokotsang ea boitšoaro ho IGD ho khothaletsa ho nka likotsi tsa ho beha / ho etsa liqeto ka moputso (Dong & Potenza, 2014). Ho IGD, liqeto tse fetotsoeng tsa ho nka likotsi / moputso, tse khetholloang ke bofokoli ba ho etsa liqeto tlasa maemo a kotsi le khetho ea moputso o haufi, li amana haufi le ho phehella thabo ea nakoana ho tsoa lipapaling tsa inthanete, leha ho bile le litlamorao tse telele tsa nako e telele (Pawlikowski & Brand, 2011; Yao et al., 2015).

Tlhahlobo ea meta ea ho nka liqeto e senotse hore orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) le libaka tsa bokong tsa cortex (ACC) tsa boko li ne li kentse letsoho khafetsa liqetong tse amanang le moputso / moputso (Krain, Wilson, Arbuckle, Castellanos, le Milham, 2006). Ka ho khetheha, OFC e nahanoa hore e fana ka boleng ba moputso ho khetho ea boits'oaro, ho ipapisitse le liphetho tse nahannoeng kapa tse lebelletsoeng tsa boitšoaro (Wallis, 2007). ACC e khothalletsoa ho kenyelletsa phoso e boletsoeng esale pele ea moputso (phapang pakeng tsa moputso o boletsoeng esale pele le sephetho sa sebele) (Hayden, Heilbronner, Pearson, & Platt, 2011le ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa mabapi le ho beha liphoso le ho lokisa boits'oaro (Amiez, Joseph, & Procyk, 2005). Batho ka bomong ba nang le IGD ba tlalehile tšebetso e fetotseng tšebetso ea ACC le OFC ho araba mesebetsi e mengata ea kelello, e ka amang bokhoni ba bona ba ho etsa liqeto tse amanang le moputso / moputso. Phuputsong e fetileng ea ts'ebetso ea monahano e sebelisang mosebetsi oa Guessing Thunya, batho ba nang le IGD ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e kholo ho OFC nakong ea maemo a phaello mme ea fokotsa ts'ebetso ho ACC nakong ea maemo a tahlehelo (Dong, Huang, & Du, 2011). Batho ba nang le IGD le bona ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e fetotsoeng ho ACC le OFC ha ba araba mosebetsi oa STROOP, ba bonts'a bokhoni bo fokotsehileng ba ho etsa tlhahlobo ea phoso le ho laola taolo ea boitsoaro holim'a boitšoaro ba bona (Dong, DeVito, Du, & Cui, 2012; Dong, Shen, et al., 2013). Haholo, liphetho tsena li lumellana le liphetoho tse tlalehiloeng ho OFC le ACC e amanang le IGD (Lin, Dong, Wang, & Du, 2015; Yuan et al., 2011). Phuputso ea morao-rao e neng e kopanya sebopeho sa karolo e bohareng le e telele, e bontšitse hore bofokoli litabeng tsa bohlooho tsa orbitofrontal ke letšoao la IGD (Zhou et al., 2017). Kamano pakeng tsa taba e putsoa e putsoa ho ACC le taolo e mpe ea kelello e tlalehiloe ho IGD (Lee, Namkoong, Lee, & Jung, 2017; Wang et al., 2015). Fuoa tšusumetso ea taba e fetotsoeng bohlooho ho tšebetso e sebetsang ea neural (Mahe a linotsi, Kötter, Breakspear, & Sporns, 2007), re kholoa hore taba e fetotsoeng bohlooho ho OFC le ACC li kenya letsoho ho tsepamiseng kotsi / ho etsa liqeto tse nepahetseng ho IGD.

Mekhoa e 'maloa ea neuroanatomical e sebelisoa ho etsa lipatlisiso ka taba ea bohlooho, ho kenyeletsa le tlhahlobo ea morphometric (SBM), e fanang ka mokhoa o hlokolosi oa ho lekanya thepa ea morphological ea boko ka ho sebelisa meetso ea sebopeho sa cortical (Fischl et al., 2004). Tlhahlobo ea SBM e na le menyetla e mengata e ka bang teng ea ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa cortical morphology: e ka sebelisoa ho lekanya mekhoa ea ho phutha (cortical folding patterns)Fischl et al., 2007le ho koala lisele tse nyane (Kim le al., 2005). Ntle le moo, tlhahlobo ea SBM e fana ka leseli le nang le moelelo mabapi le botenya ba cortical, athe mekhoa e bapisoang, e kang voxel-based morphometry (VBM), e lekantsoe feela ho lekola sebopeho sa cortical (Hutton, Draganski, Ashburner, le Weiskopf, 2009). Leha lithuto tsa VBM li fumane liphetoho tsa mofuta oa litaba tsa mofuta oa grey (GMV) ho batho ba nang le IGD (Yao et al., 2017), ha ho so ka ho ba le tlhahlobo e lekaneng ea SBM, ho kenyelletsa le tlhahlobo ea boholo ba cortical, bakeng sa IGD. Boithuto bo bong ba SBM bo fumane bokhutšoanyane ba OFC ho bacha ba nang le IGD ho feta lithulong (Hong et al., 2013; Yuan et al., 2013). Leha ho le joalo, tlhahlobo ea SBM ea batho ba baholo ba nang le IGD ha e e-so etsoe. Ntle le moo, le ha bacha le batho ba baholo ba nang le IGD ho thoe ba na le GMV e nyane ea ACC (Lee et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2015), ha ho so ithutoe ka cortical thickness ea ACC. Hobane GMV le boholo ba cortical bo fana ka mefuta e fapaneng ea tlhahisoleseling mabapi le mathata a neuropsychiatric (Lemaitre et al., 2012; Winkler et al., 2010), re hakanya hore mehato e kopaneng ea GMV le botenya ba cortical li ka fana ka setšoantšo se felletseng sa taba e sootho e fetotsoeng ho IGD.

Morero oa thuto ena e ne e le ho bapisa litaba tsa bohloeki tsa ACC le OFC ho batho ba baholo ba baholo le ba se nang IGD. Re sebelisa tlhahlobo ea SBM, re ile ra sekaseka botona ba GMV le cortical bothateng ba litheko tsa lipapali tsa Inthanete. Re ile ra nahana hore batho ba baholo ba nang le IGD ba tla ba le GMV e nyane le cortex e bobebe ho ACC le OFC. Re lebelletse hore liphetoho tsena tsa litaba tsa bohlooho li lumellane le tloaelo ea ho etsa liqeto tse thehiloeng boithabisong ba nakoana, joalo ka boithabiso ba papali, ho fapana le ho hlahloba likotsi tsa nako e telele, joalo ka litlamorao tse mpe tsa kelello. Ho leka tlhahlobo ea maikutlo a rona, re tsamaisitse tlhahlobo ea thahasello (ROI), e shebaneng le ACC le OFC, ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa GMV le boteng ba cortical ho batho ba baholo ba baholo ba nang le IGD. Ka mor'a moo, re ile ra sebelisa lipatlisiso tsa tlhahlobo-leseling ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa taba e fetotsoeng ea bohlooho le likarolo tsa bongaka tsa IGD. Bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bobeli, re sebelisitse tlhahlobo ea bohlale ba methapo ea kutlo ea bokantle ba cortical ho lekola liphetoho tsa botenya ba cortical kantle ho ACC le OFC, e le tlatsetso ho tlhahlobisong e thehiloeng ho ROI.

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

barupeluoa ba

Barupeluoa ba thuto ena ba ile ba hapuoa ka lipapatso tse fumanehang marang-rang, linonyana le melomo. Ke banna feela ba kenyelelitsoeng thutong. Barupeluoa ba ile ba hlahlojoa bakeng sa mekhoa ea bona ea tšebeliso ea inthanete mme ba hlahlojoa bakeng sa IGD ba sebelisa liteko tsa tlhatlhobo ea Inthanete tse neng li thehiloe pele (IAT; Monyane, 1998a). Barupeluoa ba fumaneng lintlha tsa 50 kapa ka holimo ho IAT mme ba tlaleha hore ts'ebeliso ea bona ea mantlha ea marang-rang e ne e le lipapali tse khethiloeng e le sehlopha sa tlhahlobo ea IGD. Likhetho tsena li ile tsa etsa tlhahlobo e tsamaisitsoeng ke lingaka ho hlahloba likarolo tsa mantlha tsa ho lemalla ha bona, ho kenyelletsa mamello, ho ikhula, litlamorao tse mpe, le tšebeliso e feteletseng ka tahlehelo ea nako (Thibela, 2008). Kahoo, lithuto tsohle tsa 80 li nkile karolo ho ithuteng; tsena li ne li kenyelletsa banna ba baholo ba banna ba 45 ba nang le IGD le 35 li-taolo tse phetseng hantle tsa banna, bao kaofela ba neng ba le letsohong le letona le ba lilemo li pakeng tsa 21 le 26 lilemo (ho bolela: 23.6 ± 1.6).

Lithuto tsohle li fumane puisano e hlophisitsoeng ea bongaka bakeng sa mathata a DSM-IV Axis I (Ntlha ea pele, Spitzer, & Williams, 1997) ho lekola boteng ba likhathatso tse kholo tsa mafu a kelello le mofuta oa Korea oa Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (Wechsler, 2014) ho lekola Intelligence Quotient (IQ). Ho nka hore IGD hangata e na le li-comorbidities tsa kelello (Kim le al., 2016), re entse Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo, Beck Anxcare Inventory (BAI; Beck, Epstein, Brown, & Steer, 1988) bakeng sa matšoenyeho, le Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS; Ward, 1993) bakeng sa matšoao a bongoana a hlokoang ke bothata ba khatello ea kelello (c). Kamora nako, hobane IGD e amana haufi-ufi le ho phahama ho hoholo (Choi et al., 2014), re sebelisitse Barratt Impulsiveness Scale - mofuta 11 (BIS-11; Patton le Stanford, 1995) ho leka ho susumetsoa ke matla. BIS-11 e na le subscales tse tharo: ho ba le kelello, ho kenella ka hare ho koloi, le ho ba le sepheo se sa reroang. Lithuto tsohle li ne li se na meriana nakong ea liteko. Litekanyetso tsa ho kenyelletsa lithuto tsohle e ne e le mathata a maholo a kelello ntle le IGD, bohlale bo tlase bo neng bo sitisa bokhoni ba ho itlhalosa, lefu la methapo kapa la bokuli, le likhathatso ho scan ea MRI.

Phumano ya data le ho sebetsoa hoa litšoantšo

Lintlha tsa Brain MRI li ile tsa bokelloa ho sebelisoa sesebelisoa sa 3T Siemens Magnetom MRI se nang le kela ea hlooho ea likana tse robeli. MRI ea sebopeho se phahameng e fumanoe ka sefofaneng sa sagittal ka tatellano ea T1 ea boima ba 3D gradient echo (echo time = 2.19 ms, nako ea ho pheta-pheta = 1,780 ms, flip angle = 9 °, lebala la pono = 256 mm, matrix = 256 × 256, botenya ba selae se parolang = 1 mm). Lintlha tsohle tsa MRI li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka leihlo bakeng sa boteng ba lintho tsa khale. FreeSurfer 5.3.0 (http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/) o ne a hiriloe tlhahlobo ea SBM ea botenya ba cortical le GMV. Molapo o hlophisitsoeng o kenyelletsa ho lahla litšila tse senang boko ho sebelisa mokhoa o nyalisitsoeng (Ségonne et al., 2004), khalemelo ea boholo bo sa lekanang (Sled, Zijdenbos, & Evans, 1998), likarolo tsa lithane tse tšoeu li tšoeuDale, Fischl, & Sereno, 1999), tsitsipano ea moeli oa lintho tse bosoeu le khalemelo e holimo (Ségonne, Pacheco, le Fischl, 2007), ho nyoloha ha lefatše le ho rorisa (Fischl, Sereno, & Dale, 1999), phetoho ea ho fetoha sebaka sa polokelo ea sepakapaka (Fischl, Sereno, Tootell, & Dale, 1999), le ho otloloha ka kotloloho ea cortex ea motho e tsoang ka popelongFischl et al., 2004). Bophahamo ba cortical bo ile ba khethoa ka ho lekanya sebaka se pakeng tsa moeli oa taba e bosoeu-bosoeu (bokantle ba hare) le bokaholimo ba pial (bokantle ba kantle). Lintlha li ile tsa ntlafatsoa ka ho sebelisa bophara ba 10-mm ka bophara bo bolelele ba halofo ea kernel ea Gaussian.

Ho nahana ka tlhahlobo ea data

Litlhahlobo tse thehiloeng ho ROI li entsoe ho bapisa GMV le botebo ba cortical pakeng tsa batho ba nang le IGD le taolo. Li-ROI li ne li hlalosoa li sebelisa atlas ea Desikan-Killiany cortical atlas (Desikan et al., 2006). Li-ROI li kentse mahlakore ka bobeli a ACC (caudal / rostral ACC) le OFC (lateral / medial OFC, par orbitalis) (Setšoantšo. 1). Ho lekola liphapang tsa sehlopha (batho ba nang le li-control tsa IGD vs.) ho GMV le botenya ba cortical, ho bolela boleng ba GMV, le botenya ba cortical kahare ho ROI e ngoe le e ngoe li ile tsa ntšoa li sebelisa FreeSurfer. Bakeng sa ROI e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, re entse tlhahlobo ea covariance le SPSS 24.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) bakeng sa boemo ba bohlokoa ba p = .05. Lilemo, IQ, le bophahamo ba modumo o sa sebetseng (ICV) ea sehlooho ka seng li kentsoe e le li-covariate ho sekaseka GMV. Lilemo le IQ li kentsoe e le li-covariate ho hlahlojoa botenya ba cortical, empa ICV e ne e sa kenyelletsoa joalo ka covariate, joalo ka ha lithuto tsa pejana li bontšitse hore botenya ba cortical ha bo angoe ke ICV (Buckner et al., 2004). Ho lekola likamano tsa boits'oaro ba boko, re entse tlhahlobo ea ntlafatso bakeng sa liphetoho tse bobebe (GMV le botenya ba cC) ho OFC le ACC) le sekala sa ho itlaleha (IAT le BIS).

tlosa motsoali

Setšoantšo sa 1. Melao ea lithahasello (ROI). Li-ROI li ne li hlalosoa ho ea ka deslas ea Desikan-Killiany cortical. Li-ROI tsa anterior cingrate cortex (ACC) li kenyelelitse mahlakore ka bobeli a caudal ACC (botala) le rostral ACC (lamunu). Li-ROI tsa orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) li kenyelelitse mahlakore ka bobeli a lateral OFC (bofubelu), medial OFC (putsoa), le parb orbitalis (mosehla)

Ho tlatselletsa tlhahlobo ea ROI, tlhahlobo e sebetsanang le bokong ka botlalo ea cortical botenya e boetse e etsoa ho sebelisoa meetso e akaretsang ho Tlhahlobo ea FreeSurfer, Design, khakanyo, mojaro oa phapang ka mor'a ho laola lilemo le IQ ea thuto ka 'ngoe. E le lipatlisiso tse hlahlobang bakeng sa boko bohle, sebopeho se hlophisang lintho tse sa hlophiloeng p <.005 e ne e sebeliselitsoe papiso e bohlale ea vertex. Re tlalehile ka ho khetheha lihlopha tse nang le lipalo tse ngata tse fetang 200 ho fokotsa monyetla oa ho hlahisa melemo ea bohata (Fung et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2014).

Ethics

Boithuto bona bo entsoe tlasa tataiso ea ts'ebeliso ea batho ba nkang karolo ea batho e thehiloeng ke Setheo sa Boithuto sa Setheo Univesithing ea Yonsei. Institutional Review Board ea Yonsei University e amohetse thuto ena. Kamora tlhaiso e felletseng ea boholo ba thuto ho bohle ba nkang karolo, tumello e ngotsoeng e fumanoeng e fumanoe.

Results

Karolo e fetilengKarolo e latelang

Palo ea batho le lithuto tsa bona tsa bongaka

Barupeluoa ba neng ba le sehlopheng sa taolo le IGD ba ne ba bapisoa le lilemo tsa IQ le IQ ka botlalo 1). Bafo ba nang le IGD ba fumane lintlha tse phahameng haholo litekong tsa bokhoba ba tahi ba inthanete (IA) le ho ts'oaroa ha ho bapisoa le taolo (IAT: p <.001; BIS: p = .012). Ntle le moo, litho tsa sehlopha sa IGD li fumane lintlha tse phahameng haholo litekong tsa khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho le matšoao a bongoana ba ADHD ha li bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle (BDI: p = .001; BAI: p <.001; WURS: p <.001). Kakaretso ea ICV e ne e sa fapana haholo lipakeng tsa taolo le lithuto le IGD (1,600.39 ± 149.09 cm3 bakeng sa sehlopha sa IA; 1,624.02 ± 138.96 cm3 bakeng sa taolo; p = .467).

Lethathamo

Lethathamo 1. Palo ea batho ba nkang karolo le mefuta ea bongaka ea barupeluoa
 

Lethathamo 1. Palo ea batho ba nkang karolo le mefuta ea bongaka ea barupeluoa

 

Sehlopha sa boloetse ba lipapali tsa inthanete (n = 45)

Sehlopha sa taolo (n = 35)

Teko (t)

p boleng

Lilemo (lilemo)23.8 ± 1.523.4 ± 1.71.074.286
Scale IQ e felletsenga101.0 ± 10.3102.7 ± 9.30.779.438
Teko ea Tlhatlhobo ea Inthanete65.8 ± 10.631.8 ± 12.712.990<.001
Barratt Impulsiveness Scale52.6 ± 14.844.8 ± 11.62.585.012
 Ts'oaetso ea kelello13.8 ± 5.112.2 ± 4.31.430.157
 Ts'oaetso ea makoloi18.3 ± 4.214.9 ± 3.43.949<.001
 Ho hloka moralo o sa reroang20.6 ± 7.917.7 ± 5.91.817.073
Beck Depression Depvent Inventory14.4 ± 7.48.8 ± 6.93.489.001
Eba Qalo ea Matšoenyeho13.0 ± 9.26.8 ± 5.83.695<.001
Teko ea Boitsebahatso ba Ts'ebeliso ea Tahi12.8 ± 9.69.8 ± 5.71.728.088
Sekala sa maemo a bosoasoib42.0 ± 21.925.4 ± 16.03.759<.001

Hlokomela. Litekanyetso li hlahisoa e le mekhoa ± SD.

aIntelligence Quotient (IQ) e ile ea hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.

bWale Utah Rating Scale e ile ea etsoa ho lekola matšoao a bongoaneng ba ADHD.

Litlhahlobo tse thehiloeng ho ROI

Patlisiso e thehiloeng ho ROI mabapi le bokete ba cortical e fumane hore lithuto tse nang le IGD li ne li na le cortex e batlang e le tšesaane ho rostral ACC, lateral le letona la OFC, le orbitalis ea leqele ho feta cortex e taolong (rostral ACC: p = .011; lateral OFC: p = .021; pars orbitalis: p = .003; Tafole 2). Liphumano tsena li ile tsa lula li bohlokoa kamora ho kenyeletsa maemo a comorbid (BDI, BAI, le WURS) joalo ka li-covariates (rostral ACC: p = .008; lateral OFC: p = .044; pars orbitalis: p = .014). Liphuputso tse thehiloeng ho ROI bakeng sa GMV li bonts'itse hore lihlooho tse nang le IGD li na le GMV e nyane ka ho caudal ACC le parsa orbitalis ea leqele, ha e bapisoa le taolo (caudal ACC: p = .042; pars orbitalis: p = .021). Liphuputso tsena li ile tsa lula li le bohlokoa ho ACC (p = .013) kamora ho kenyelletsa maemo a comorbid (BDI, BAI, le WURS) joalo ka li-covariate empa eseng ho pars orbitalis (p = .098). Mabapi le taolo, lihlooho tse nang le IGD li ne li sena GMV e kholo kapa cortex e kholo ho li-ROI.

Lethathamo

Lethathamo 2. Sebaka sa papiso e ipapisitseng le tjantjello ea botenya ba cortical le bophahamo ba taba pakeng tsa banna ba batona ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD) le taolo (sehlopha sa IGD <sehlopha sa taolo)
 

Lethathamo 2. Sebaka sa papiso e ipapisitseng le tjantjello ea botenya ba cortical le bophahamo ba taba pakeng tsa banna ba batona ba nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD) le taolo (sehlopha sa IGD <sehlopha sa taolo)

 

lehlakoreng la

Sehlopha sa boloetse ba lipapali tsa inthanete (n = 45)

Sehlopha sa taolo (n = 35)

Teko (F)

p boleng

Cortical bokima (mm)
 Rostral anterior cingulate cortexRight2.86 ± 0.202.98 ± 0.196.747.011
 Lateral orbitofrontal cortexRight2.71 ± 0.142.79 ± 0.145.540.021
 Pars orbitalisKa ho le letšehali2.71 ± 0.202.86 ± 0.219.453.003
Bophahamo ba litaba tsa Grey (mm3)
 Caudal anterior cingulate cortexRight2,353.24 ± 556.332,606.89 ± 540.764.285.042
 Pars orbitalisKa ho le letšehali2,298.00 ± 323.252,457.83 ± 298.865.523.021

Hlokomela. Litekanyetso li hlahisoa e le mekhoa ± SD.

Lithutong tsa IGD, "cortex" e tšesaane ka koteng e nepahetseng ka morao e lumellana haholo le lintlha tse phahameng tsa tlhalohanyo ea kameho, kamora maemo a comorbid (BDI, BAI, le WURS) a kentsoe joalo ka li-covariates (r = -333, p = .038; Setšoantšo 2). Ha rea ​​fumana khokahano ea lipalo lipakeng tsa liphetoho tse totobetseng, haholo GMV e nyane le "cortex" e nyane, le lintlha tsa IAT.

tlosa motsoali

Setšoantšo sa 2. Tlhatlhobo ea kamano mabapi le likamano tsa boits'oaro ba kelello. Tlhabollo ea karolo pakeng tsa botenya ba cortical ho cortex e nepahetseng ea lateral orbitofrontal cortex (andC) le boemo ba kelello ba ho tsebahala ha Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) kamora ho laola bakeng sa li-covariates (lilemo, IQ, BDI, BAI, le WURS). Ho bontša khokahano e batlang e lekana, mefuta-futa e ne e ngolisoa ho li-covariate tse sebelisang mohala oa morao-rao. Merero ea Scatter e ile ea hlahisoa ho sebelisoa masala a sa baliloeng. Bophahamo ba cortical ea lateral e nepahetseng ea k'homphieutha bo amana haholo le ho susumetsoa ke kelello ho lithuto tsa IGD (r = -333, p = .038)

Tlhahlobo-leseling ea kelello-ka vertex

Tlhahlobo ea bohlale ba methapo ea kelello ea bokong ba cortical ka bongata bo bonts'itse hore lithuto tse nang le IGD li ne li na le cortex e tšesaane sebakeng se nepahetseng sa tlatsetso (SMA; tlhoro ea Talairach e hokahanya: X = 7, Y = 21, Z = 53; Sebopeho Setšoantšo 3A). Ntle le moo, lithuto tse nang le IGD li ne li na le "cortex" e bobebe tšimong e ka pele ea mahlo (FEF; tlhoro ea Talairach e hokahanya: X = -10, Y = 17, Z = 45; Sebopeho Setšoantšo 3B), letlapa le ka morao le letšehali la cingrate cortex (PCC; tlhoro ea Talairach e hokahanya: X = -9, Y = -30, Z = 40; Sebopeho Setšoantšo 3B), le leqhetsoana le phahameng la "parietal lobule" (SPL; tlhoro ea Talairach e hokahanya: X = -15, Y = -62, Z = 61; Sebopeho Setšoantšo 3C) ho feta taolo. Litho tsa sehlopha sa IGD li ne li se na libaka tsa boko tse nang le cortex e teteaneng ha e bapisoa le taolo.

tlosa motsoali

Setšoantšo sa 3. Tlhahlobo e bohlale ea vertex ea bohlale ka botlalo ea botenya ba cortical. Morero oa lipalo p <.005 (e sa nepahala) e sebelisitsoe bakeng sa papiso e bohlale ea vertex. Ha li bapisoa le litsamaiso, lithuto tse nang le IGD li ne li na le cortex e tšesaane sebakeng sa (A) tokelo ea motlakase ea tlatsetso (SMA; tlhophiso ea sehlohlolong sa Talairach: X = 7, Y = 21, Z = 53; Sebopeho palo ea maqhubu: 271), (B) lebala la mahlo le ka pele le letšehali (FEF; sehlohlolong sa Talairach se hokahanya: X = -10, Y = 17, Z = 45; palo ea li-vertices: 224) le lehlakoreng le letšehali le ka morao la cingulate cortex (PCC; sehlohlolong sa Talairach: X = -9, Y = -30, Z = 40; palo ea maqhubu: 215), 'me (C) o tlohetse parietal lobule e phahameng (SPL; tlhoro ea MNI e hokahanya: X = -15, Y = -62, Z = 61; palo ea li-vertices: 216)

Puisano

Re sebelisa tlhahlobo ea SBM, re bapisitse litaba tse putsoa tsa ACC le OFC ho batho ba baholo ba baholo ba nang le IGD le taolo e lumellanang ea phepo. Liphetho tsa rona li ts'ehetsa maikutlo a hore bacha ba baholo ba nang le IGD ba na le li-cortices tse fokolang le li-GMV tse nyane ho ACC le OFC ho feta taolo. Re entse tlhahlobo e thehiloeng ho ROI 'me ra fumana hore lithuto tse nang le IGD li na le cortex eaonda ka ho le letona la rostral ACC, morao-rao la OFC, le orbitalis ea kushoto ho feta taolo. Boithuto ba pejana bo tlalehile cortex e batlang e le tšesaane ho lateral OFC le li-orbitalis tsa bacha ba nang le IGD (Hong et al., 2013; Yuan et al., 2013). Phuputso ena e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho batho ba baholo ba bacha mme e fumane liphetho tse tšoanang mabapi le botenya ba cortical ho OFC le ho rostral ACC. Lithutong tse nang le IGD, tokelo e nyane ea morao-rao ea OFC cortex e hokahane le ts'usumetso e phahameng ea tlhalohanyo, e bonts'a tloaelo ea ho etsa liqeto ho ipapisitse le khotsofalo ea nakoana. Ntle le moo, re fumane hore lithuto tse nang le IGD li ne li e-na le GMV e nyane ho caudal ACC e ka letsohong le letšehali kapa ka orbitalis. Ho fumana hona ho tsamaellana le lithuto tsa VBM tsa pejana, tse tlalehileng hore lithuto tse nang le IGD li na le li-GMV tse nyane ho ACC le OFC (Yuan et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2011). Joalo ka lithutong tse fetileng (Hutton et al., 2009; Tomoda, Polcari, Anderson, & Teicher, 2012), liphetho tsa rona tsa GMV le botenya ba cortical li kopane hanyane, empa re fumane le liphapang. Seo re se fumaneng se fana ka maikutlo a hore botenya ba cortical ha bo tsamaellane ka botlalo le GMV, ho bonts'a hore GMV le bophahamo ba cortical bo lokela ho nahanoa hammoho bakeng sa setšoantšo se nepahetseng haholoanyane sa liphetoho tsa taba e putsoa.

Sephetho sa bohlokoa sa thuto ena ke hore batho ba baholo ba nang le IGD ba na le liphetoho tse tebileng ho ACC; ka kotloloho, batho bana ba na le "costex" e bobebe ea rostral ACC, hammoho le GMV e nyane ho caudal ACC e bapisoang le taolo. Karolo e kholo ea ACC e amehile ka likarabo tse amanang le liphoso, ho kenyelletsoa le ts'ebetso e sebetsang, mme karolo e qaqileng ea ACC e amana le ho lemoha khohlano ho laola taolo ea bohlasoa (Van Veen le Carter, 2002). Hobane boholo ba "cortical" bo amana le boitsoaroBledsoe, Semrud-Clikeman, & Pliszka, 2013; Ducharme et al., 2012), rostral ACC cortex e bokhutšoanyane ho IGD e kanna ea kenya letsoho ho se atleheng ho araba litlamorao tse mpe tsa papali e fetelletseng e sebelisang phoso e sebetsanang le phoso. Hape, GMV e nyane ea caudal ACC ho papali ea papali ea marang-rang e kanna ea kenya letsoho tahlehelong ea taolo ea kelello mabapi le papali e ngata. Ntle le moo, liphumano tsa rona tsa liphapang tsa litaba tse tšohliloeng ka lehlakoreng le letona la ACC li lumellana le bopaki bo fetileng ba hore ho lekola le ho laola boits'oaro bo amanang le litaba ho ahelloa hamorao ho hemisphere e nepahetseng (Stuss, 2011).

Mona, re fumane hore ba batona ba baholo ba banna ba nang le IGD ba ne ba e-na le "cortex" e bobebe ka kotloloho e nepahetseng ea OFC ha e bapisoa le taolo. Ka kakaretso, OFC e thusa ho lekola boleng ba moputso o abetsoeng liqeto tse fapaneng; haholoholo, karolo e nepahetseng ea morao ea OFC e kentsoe ts'ebetsong lits'ebetso tse hatellang likhetho tse neng li entsoe moputso nakong e fetileng (Elliott & Deakin, 2005; Elliott, Dolan, & Frith, 2000) le ho khothaletsa khetho ea litefello tsa chelete tse liehang ho feta meputso ea hanghang (McClure, Laibson, Loewenstein, & Cohen, 2004). Ntle le moo, haufinyane, Karolo ea boikarabello baOF ea morao-rao e ile ea khothaletsoa ho kenyelletsa tlhahiso-leseling ea litaba tse thehiloeng pheletsong le tlhaiso-leseling ea hona joale ea ho etsa lipontšo tse lebelletseng mabapi le likhetho tse tlangNogueira et al., 2017). Ka kakaretso, bopaki bona bo fana ka maikutlo a horeOF ea morao-rao e nepahetseng e laola liqeto ka ho sebelisa lintlha tsa kahare le kantle ka tsela e fetohang le e tenyetsehang. Lions ho ea morao ea OFC e sitisa liqeto tse amanang le moputso o liehang, e lebisang liqetong tsa nakoana le tse potlakileng (Mar, Walker, Theobald, Eagle, & Robbins, 2011). Mona, bokima ba cortical ea lateral e nepahetseng ea lithuto tsa IGD e lumellana haholo le ts'usumetso ea kelello, e hlalosoang e le "ho etsa liqeto kapele" (Stanford et al., 2009). Haufinyane, ts'usumetso ea kelello e ne e amana haufi haholo le thuto e thehiloeng ho moputso le ho etsa liqeto (Cáceres le San Martín, 2017). Ka hona, ho ipapisitse le kopanyo ea seo re se fumaneng le lingoliloeng tse seng li ntse li le teng, re bolela hore tokelo ea "cortex" e batlang e le mosesane e thibela batho ba nang le IGD ho hokahanya tlhahisoleseling ho hakanya boleng ba moputso, ka hona ba tlatsetsa ho khethollo bakeng sa monyaka oa nakoana le ho etsa liqeto tse sa potlakang. .

Sephetho se seng sa bohlokoa e ne e le hore lithuto tse nang le IGD li bonts'itse GMV e nyane le cortex e bobebe ho orbitalis e tlohetsoeng ha e bapisoa le taolo. Parb orbitalis e sebakeng se ka thoko sa "gyrus" e ka tlase e ka tlase, 'me "gyrus" e ka tlase e kenella e sebelisana le "CC "(Zald et al., 2012). Ho feta moo, parb orbitalis, hammoho le libaka tse ling tsa orbitofrontal, li amahantsoe le ts'ebetso ea tlhahisoleseling e amanang le moputso le ho etsa liqeto (Dixon le Christoff, 2014). Haholo-holo, lehlakoreng le letšehali la orbitalis le bontšitsoe hore le amana haufi-ufi le "gyrus" e bohareng ea moea mme le ts'ebetso ho khutliseng memori e laoloang ka tlhalohanyo (Badre, Poldrack, Paré-Blagoev, Insler, le Wagner, 2005). Ho latela hore khetho ea karabelo e lumellanang e kenyelletsa taolo ea taolo ea mohopolo oa memori (Poldrack & Packard, 2003), liphetoho tsa taba ea bohlooho ka hare ho orbitalis e kaholimo li ka etsa hore ho be thata ho tataisa boits'oaro bo thehiloeng tsebong ea pele (Badre le Wagner, 2007). Ka hona, ka lebaka la lingoliloeng, lipatlisiso tsa rona li fana ka maikutlo a hore li-GMV tse nyane le li-cortex tse tšesaane ka ho leqeleng la orbitalis ea lithuto tsa IGD li ka kenya letsoho ts'ebelisong ea bona e sa laoloang ea Marang-rang ka ho sitisa bokhoni ba bona ba ho fetola boitšoaro ba bona ho latela tlhaiso-leseling ea pele.

Ka tlhahlobisong ea bohlale ba methapo eohle ea kelello, re fumane hore lithuto tse nang le IGD li ne li na le "cortex" e nchocho ho SMA e nepahetseng, FEF ea leqele, SPL ea setseng, le PCC ka ho le letšehali ha e bapisoa le taolo. SMA e nepahetseng e bapala karolo ea ho hokahanya kelello le boits'oaro (Nachev, Kennard, & Husain, 2008) hape ke sebaka sa bohlokoa sa karabo ea karabo (Picton et al., 2007). Ts'ebetso ea kutlo ho PCC e fetoloa ke liphetoho tsa tikoloho tsa kantle, 'me phetoho ena e ka amahanngoa le phetoho e hlakileng ea tloaelo ea ho ikamahanya le boitšoaro (Pearson, Heilbronner, Barack, Hayden, & Platt, 2011). FEF le SPL le tsona ke likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa boko tse amehang taolong ea tlhokomelo e tlase-tlase (Corbetta le Shulman, 2002). Khokahano e nepahetseng ea libaka tsa pele le tsa pari e khothalletsoa hore e bohlokoa bakeng sa tlhophiso ea bohato ba pele (Andersen & Cui, 2009). Le ha e se libaka tsa FEF kapa SPL tseo e neng e se li-ROI thutong ena, re fana ka maikutlo a hore cortex e bobebe libakeng tsena tsa boko, haholoholo libakeng tsa kapele ho eona, e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho fokotseng taolo ea boits'oaro ho batho ba nang le IGD. Ts'ebetso ena e fokotsehileng ea boitšoaro e ka fetola sephetho sa ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi le ho tlisa meputso, e fella ka hore ho be thata ho hatella litakatso le ho lelekisa khotsofalo ea nakoana.

Phuputso ena e na le meeli e lokelang ho nahanoa. Taba ea mantlha, ho fumanoa ha cortex e batlang e le bobebe ho ACC le OFC ka tlhahlobo-leseling e thehiloeng ho ROI ha hoa ka ha tiisoa tlhahlobisong ea kelello eohle. Re hakanya hore karohano ena e ne e tataisoa haholo ke phapang ea mokhoa o sebelisoang. Mohlala, tlhahlobo e thehiloeng ho ROI e entsoe ka ho lekola bolelele ba cortical kahare ho sebaka se ntlafalitsoeng ke monna mme liphapang tsa sehlopha li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea lipalo; ka lehlakoreng le leng, tlhahlobo ea kelello eohle e sebelisitse mofuta oa kakaretso oa methapo ho hakanya liphapang tsa sehlopha sa bohlale ba vertex ho bokeng ba cortical. Hobane mekhoa ea ROI e thehiloeng ho 'mele le ea kelello eohle e fana ka mefuta e fapaneng ea tlhaiso-leseling, mekhoa ena e' meli e khothalletsoa hore e tlatselletse (Giuliani, Calhoun, Pearlson, Francis, & Buchanan, 2005). Liphumano tsa rona tsa hajoale li tla hlakisoa ke lipatlisiso tse ling ho fokotsa liphoso ho tlhahlobo-leseling ea bohlale ba ROI, haholo-holo liphoso tse tsoang lits'ebetsong tsa tlhaho tsa tlhaho. Taba ea bobeli, le ha thuto ena e hlalositse li-ROI ka khopolo ea hore liphetoho tse sebelisoang ho OFC le ACC li ka baka tšenyo / qeto ea moputso ho IGD, ho ne ho se na tekanyo e tobileng ea bokhoni ba ho etsa liqeto ka liteko tsa neuropsychological. Ka hona, ho lokela ho nahanoa ka hloko ha ho hokahanngoa liphumano tsa rona tsa monahano le ts'ebetso ea liqeto tsa meputso ho IGD. Taba ea boraro, leha tlhahlobo ea IGD thutong ena e entsoe ho sebelisoa tekanyo ea IAT le lipuisano tsa bongaka, mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea DSM-5 ea IGD ha ea sebelisoa. Litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea DSM-5 IGD li sebelisoa haholo, hobane DSM-5 e tšoaea IGD e le e 'ngoe ea maemo a hlokang ho ithutoa ho eketsehileng (Petry & O'Brien, 2013). Ho bokella bopaki bo ka tšeptjoang ba IGD, ho bohlokoa ho sebelisa sesebelisoa se lumellanang sa tlhahlobo. Kahoo, lithuto tsa IGD tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho sebelisa mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea DSM-5. Taba ea bone, le ha re felletse thuto ena ho li-IGD tse tlalehileng hore lipapali tsa inthanete e ne e le ts'ebeliso ea tsona ea mantlha ea marang-rang, lithuto tse ngata le tsona li nkile karolo liketsong tse ling tsa marang-rang, ho kenyelletsa le marang-rang a sechaba. Kahoo, moralo o hlophisitsoeng oa boithuto o hlophisitsoeng o kopanetsoeng oa nako e tlang o lekanyang liketsahalo tsa neural ho arabela sepheo se ikhethileng sa papali o tla ntlafatsa sepheo sa rona. Ya bohlano, re sebelisitse moralo oa karolo e arohaneng thutong ena. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e sebelisitseng meralo ea ho ithuta ka nako e telele ho lekola liphetoho tsa botenya ba cortical nakong ea bongoana le ho ba motho e moholo ea lilemong tsa bocha e ne e tla etsa lipatlisiso hore na ho na le kamano ea mabaka pakeng tsa sephetho sa rona sa ho nahana le ho becha ka mokhoa o feteletseng oa inthanete. Taba ea botšelela, sampole ea rona ea thuto ena e ne e le nyane mme e kenyelletsa lithuto tsa banna feela. Ho fapana ka bong ho tlalehiloe mabapi le likarolo tsa kliniki tsa IGD (Ko, Yen, Chen, Chen, & Yen, 2005). Lithuto tse kholo tse kenyeletsang banna le basali li tla hlokahala ho holisa kutloisiso ea rona ea IGD.

fihlela qeto e

Re entse tlhahlobo ea SBM ea banna ba baholo ba baholo ba nang le IGD ho fuputsa liphetoho tse amanang le bohlooho ho ACC le OFC, tse neng li amana le ho etsa liqeto tsa kotsi. Papiso e thehiloeng ho ROI le taolo e bonts'itse hore lithuto tsa IGD li ne li na le "cortex" e bobebe ho rostral ACC, lateral e nepahetseng ea OFC, le orbitalis e tlohetsoeng, le GMV e nyane ka har'a caudal ACC le orbitalis ea leqele. Cortex e tšesaane kahara lateral e nepahetseng ea OFC e hokahane le ts'usumetso e phahameng ea ho lemoha lithutong tsa IGD, e fana ka leseli le khonehang la ho etsa liqeto ho ipapisitse le khotsofalo ea nakoana ea IGD. Tlhahlobo ea kelello eohle ea lithuto tsa IGD e fumane hore ba ne ba e-na le "cortex" e bobebe libakeng tsa boko tse amanang le boits'oaro, ho kenyeletsoa le libaka tsa kapele. Seo re se fumaneng se fana ka maikutlo a hore liphetoho tse amanang le litaba tse putsoa li ka fana ka tlhaiso-leseling mabapi le pathophysiology ea IGD, ka ho bonts'a likhetho tse fetotsoeng / ho etsa liqeto le ho fokotsa taolo ea boitšoaro.

Menehelo ea bangoli

DL le Y-CJ ba ile ba emisa mme ba qapa thuto. DL e ile ea hira barupeluoa 'me ea ngola mengolo e ngotsoeng. JP o ile a sekaseka le ho toloka data. IYK le KN li fane ka tlhahlobo e matla ea buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho le lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa thuto. Bangoli bohle ba ne ba na le phihlello e felletseng ea datha tsohle thutong mme ba nka boikarabello bakeng sa botshepehi ba datha le ho nepahala ha tlhahlobo ea data. Bangoli bohle ba ile ba hlahloba ka hloko le ho amohela mofuta oa ho qetela oa buka ena e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. IYK le Y-CJ ba kentsoe ka mokhoa o tšoanang thutong ena e le bangoli ba tsamaellanang.

Khohlano ea thahasello

Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa thahasello.

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