Tlhahlobo ea tlhaho ea tlhaho: Tlaleho ea Lipuisano tsa Sechaba ea Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi ea Smartphone (2018)

Botsoalle ba Ts'ebeliso ea Smartphone

Ha ho tluoa mabapi le tšebeliso ea li-smartphone, lingoliloeng tsa hona joale tsa saense le bohlale bo hlakileng li haelloa ke tšepo haholo, li re lemosa ka likotsi tseo theknoloji ena e ncha e li lumellang. Ho latela lipatlisiso tsa hajoale, tšebeliso ea li-smartphone e amana le khatello ea maikutlo (Steers et al., 2014; Andreassen et al., 2016,, ho rata lintho tse bonahalang (Lee le al., 2014; Twenge, 2017), le matšoenyeho a sechaba (Billieux et al., 2015; Emanuel et al., 2015; Hussain et al., 2017), e fumanela moloko oa batho ba khahlanong le sechaba, ba tšoenyehileng haholo, ba ipolelang ka 'Zombies' (Lu le Lo, 2017). Le ha liphumano tsena li hlahisa likhathatso tsa bohlokoa ka 'lehlakore le lefifi' la tšebeliso ea li-smartphone, li lula li shebile ho litheknoloji tse ncha e le tsona feela tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le ts'ebetso ea kelello. Re fana ka maikutlo a ho tlisa bothata bona mohlaleng o moholo oa khopolo ea ho iphetola ha lintho, 'me re tla tsoela pele ho pheha khang ea hore' smartphone observation 'ha e sa thehoa, leha e le sesupo sa phetoho ea paradigmatic maemong a kelello moo boiphihlelo ba motho bo hlophisitsoeng hangata. Likhakanyo tse tummeng, re re re haelloa ke letšoao ntlheng ea bohlokoa ka ho fetesisa: ha se li-smartphones tse ngata haholo tse lemalloang, empa ho fapana le hoo setsoalle tseo ba khonang. Re tsitlallela hore ts'usumetso ena ea sechaba ke karolo ea mantlha ea phetoho ea botho e rerileng li-smartphones ka makholo a likete - ka litlaleho tse ling tse limilione tse 'maloa -Hrdy, 2007). Ka mantsoe a mang, bokhoba ba li-smartphone ke ba maemo a bophelo, eseng ba loantšanang le sechaba.

Ho na le bopaki bo bongata ba ho tšehetsa tseko ea hore tšebeliso ea li-smartphone e na le tšusumetso ea tlhaho, 'me ka ho eketsang, hore prosociality ke sebaka sa mantlha sa ho lemalla li-smartphone. Taba ea mantlha, boholo ba tšebeliso ea li-smartphone bo sebelisoa mesebetsing ea sechaba e kang ho etsa metsoalle marang-rang, ho romellana melaetsa ka selefouno le mehala ea mohala (Li le Chung, 2006; Lopez-Fernandez et al., 2014). Leha tšebeliso e mpe ea smartphone e sa sebetsaneng, joalo ka leseli le batlang kapa ho sheba webosaete, joale e se e le sechaba: 'like', maikutlo, le maikutlo ke lintlha tsa boithabiso le tlhokomelo e kopanetsoeng. Taba ea bobeli, batho ba sebelisang lisebelisoa tsa bona bakeng sa merero ea sechaba, ba potlakela ho theha tšebeliso ea tloaelo ea li-smartphone (Van Deursen et al., 2015). Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ha se feela smartphone eo ka boeona e leng tšebeliso ea maikutlo empa e boetse ke tšebelisano ea ka kotloloho kapa e sa tobang.

Mekhoa e metle ea bokhoba ba li-smartphone e fana ka leseli le eketsehileng molemong oa tlhaho ea bona ea tlhaho. Liphumano tsa hajoale ho psychology ea thuto ea ho iphetola ha lintho le maikutlo a sechaba li bontša hore basali ka kakaretso ba na le tsebo e ngata haholoanyane sechabeng mme ba bontša boitšoaro bo botle ho feta ba banna (Eckel le Grossman, 1998; Andreoni le Vesterlund, 2001; Meier, 2007; Laasch le Conaway, 2009; Rand et al., 2016; Soutschek et al., 2017;; bona Espinosa le Kovářík, 2015 bakeng sa litlhaloso tse ling). Phapang ena ea botona le botšehali e lula ts'ebetsong ea li-smartphone, mme liphuputso tse ngata li bonts'a hore basali ba sebelisa lifono tsa bona bakeng sa merero ea kahisano haholo ho feta banna.Tufekci, 2008; Van Deursen et al., 2015). Ho latela maikutlo a rona, mofuta oa prosocial oa tšebeliso ea li-smartphone tsa basali o ka etsa hore basali ba kotsing ea ho lemalla. Likhakanyo tsa morao-rao li tiisa pono ena: basali ba na le menyetla ea ho ba le boits'oaro bo botle ba li-smartphone, ba na le matšoenyeho a eketsehileng haeba ba sa khone ho sebelisa li-smartphones tsa bona, mme ba ikutloa ba le taolong e tlase ho hlahloba lifono tsa bonaThompson le Lougheed, 2012; Van Deursen et al., 2015).

Mehopolo e Meng Le Eena E Tataisa Litebello Tsa Rona

Leha ho e-na le phapang e nyaraneng ea maikutlo sechabeng, ha ho phehisano ea hore batho ka kakaretso ke mofuta o ikhethileng. Ha ho na lipatlisiso tse fumanehang tse ngata ho tsa-psychology tsa nts'etsopele tse pakahatsang lihokela tsa khopolo ea ho iphetola ha lintho tse pakeng tsa kutloisiso le bochaba (Moll le Tomasello, 2007; Tomasello, 2009; Tomasello et al., 2012), patlisiso ea morao-rao mabapi le ho lelera kelellong e bonts'itse hore karolo e kholo ea bophelo ba rona ba kelello bo iketlileng e ikemiselitse ho itlhakisetsa maemo a sechaba. Patlisiso e sa tsoa etsoa e kholo e sebelisang sampole ea boiphihlelo, mohlala, e bonts'itse hore halofo ea nako ea ho tsoha e sebelisoa ho liketsahalo tse lelerang tse sa amaneng le mosebetsi o neng o le teng (Killingsworth le Gilbert, 2010). Le ha mahlale a ho nahana ka letsatsi a lula a hlalosa litlamorao tsa kelello e lelerang (mohlala, Mrazek et al., 2013), ho kanna ha e ba pele ho nako ho lumela hore ts'ebetso ea kelello e lulang liperesente tse kholo tsa bophelo ba kelello ha e fane ka melemo e itseng. Ho hlalosa boholo ba ho lelera le kelello, Poerio and Smallwood (2016) ba khothalelitse hore ketsahalo eo e feto-fetoha le maemo, e sebetsa e le sethala sa kamohelo ea sechaba se kopaneng. Ho ts'ehetsa maikutlo ana, lipatlisiso li bonts'a hore haese karolo e nyane feela ea ho chola letsatsi ho kenyelletsa maemo a sechaba (Mar et al., 2012; Pina le Wang, 2012). Ntle le moo, kelello e lelekang kelello le ho phela ka sechaba e itšetleha ka ts'ebetso e arolelanoang ea neural, moo tšebetso ea neural e bang teng ka nako ea ho nahana ka botebo e feta ka botebo le lits'ebetso tsa mantlha tsa setsoalle joalo ka ho tsepamisa maikutlo le ho nka lintho - tsona lits'ebetso tse etsang hore motho a atlehe sechabeng (Poerio le Smallwood, 2016). Mefuta ea morao-rao mabapi le kholo ea ho tepella maikutlong e thusa ho netefatsa khopolo ena ea kahisano bakeng sa mehopolo e tloaelehileng ea kelello. Letotong la lipampiri tse nang le tšusumetso, Paul Andrews le basebetsi-'moho ba pheha khang ea hore 'khatello ea maikutlo' (bothata bo khetholloang ke rumomy) bo fana ka ho khetheha boiketlong ba sechaba Melemo ea ho thusa ho boloka mathata a sechaba a le kelellong. Hape, hoa hlokomeleha hore basali (ba hlalefileng haholo ho feta banna tlhokomelong ea sechaba) ba na le khatello ea maikutlo ka tekanyo e phahameng haholo ho feta banna. Andrews le basebetsi-mmoho ba bona sena e le bopaki bo bong ba hore karolo e kholo ea bophelo ba kelello e nehetsoe ho pheta liketsahalo tsa maemo a bophelo (Andrews le Thomson, 2009; Andrews et al., 2012, 2015). Ka kakaretso, tumellano e ntseng e hola pakeng tsa psychology ea ntšetso-peleho, "cositive neuroscience" le phenomenology li fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba lula ba nahana ka le ho pholletsa batho ba bang (Frith, 2002; Tomasello, 2009; Mar et al., 2012; Ramstead et al., 2016). Joale nako e se e fihlile ea ho hlakisa mohopolo o akaretsang oa boithuto ba sechaba. Likarolong tse latelang, re atolosa khopolo ena ebe re e sebelisa ts'ebelisong ea li-smartphone.

Litsebiso tsa Litaba tsa Sechaba le Lits'ebeletso tsa Inthanete e le Tsamaiso ea Hyper-Natural

Letotong la lipampiri tsa moraorao, Ramstead et al. (2016;; bona hape Ramstead et al., 2017; Veissière, 2017) ba hlalositse lefatše le matlafalitseng lefatše ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng oa "menyetla ea setso" e behiloeng litebelong tse tšoanang, tse phetoang ka bocha ka litekanyetso tsa boitšoaro tse arolelanoang. "Setso", ka pono ena e ka hlalosoa e le likabelo tsa kemiso tse hlophisitsoeng; ke hore, tloaelo ea ho ela hloko ka hloko, ho fana ka moelelo, le ho tataisa boits'oaro ho likarolo ho latela seo re lebelletseng hore ba bang ba se lebelle le ho se ela hloko. Le ha se etselitsoeng ka mokhoa o ratoang oa likamano tse kopanetsoeng se kopanya litekanyetso tse fapaneng mme se thusa liphihlelo tse fapaneng ho tloha sehlopheng se seng ho ea ho sehlopha, bokhoni ba ho arolelana tlhokomelo bo arotsoeng ho lihlopha tse kholo tsa "joaloka 'na tse ling" ke mofuta o pharaletseng - mokhoa o kopanetsoeng ka boikemisetso bo kopanetsoeng, bo hlahisang mefuta ea bophelo ba setso har'a Homo Sapiens (Ramstead et al., 2016; Veissière, 2017).

Ka pono ena, nakong ea kholiseho e tloaelehileng ea kelello le nts'etsopele ea sechaba, batho ba ithuta ho bona lefatše ka pono ea batho ba bang mme ka tšohanyetso nahana baemeli ba amanang le maemo (ba atisang ho hlomphuoa) ho ba tataisa liketsong tsa bona (Veissière, 2017). Ho tloha moelelong o mong ho ea ho nako le motsotso ho fihlela joale, re fana ka karolo e kholo ea menahano ea rona, maikutlo a rona, le ho etsa liqeto ho linako tse ling tse hlakileng, hangata tse hlakileng tsa maemo a "eng kapa eng e ka nahana, ea utloa, kapa ea lebella hore ke etsa ”tse fapaneng.

Boikutlo bona bo khothatsang ba ho shebiloe le ho tataisoa ke ba bang ba nahanang bo thehiloe matla a ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa phetohong ea tšebelisano, boits'oaro, tumelo e hlophisehileng, le bophelo bo boholo sechabeng (Whitehouse, 2004; Boyer, 2008; Norenzayan le Shariff, 2008; Atran le Henrich, 2010; Norenzayan et al., 2013). Ho latela pono ena, hangata e bitsoang super-tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea tlhaho, re entse Molimo le Meea ea rona hore e be batho ba natefisang lintho tse re tataisang kelello, tloaelo, ketso, le boits'oaro.

Melaetsa ea hanghang ea lengolo-tsoibila, lengolo-tsoibila le phatlalatso ea sechaba e fana ka sethala sa hore re lapetse tlala, empa hape re hloka ho shebella le ho shebella ba bang, 'me ho molemo le ho feta, bakeng sa tlhoko ea rona ea ho bonoa, ho utluoa ho tsoa mona, ho nahanoa, ho beoa leihlo, ahloloa, 'me a khahloa ke ba bang. Re ka e bitsa ena Hyper-hypothesis ea tlhahlobo ea tlhaho.

Maikutlo a atileng - le a hyperbolic - ts'ebeliso ea tšebeliso ea li-smartphone ke hore ke sebetsa se bohlale, se ikarabellang bakeng sa maqhubu a kang lefu la ho jeoa ke bolutu, matšoenyeho, ho hloka ts'ireletso, ho rata lintho tse bonahalang, le narcissism har'a bacha ba kajeno - haholo-holo bao ho thoeng ke 'matsoalloa a digital' kamora 1994 (Roberts le al., 2015; Weiser, 2015; Pearson le Hussain, 2015; Twenge, 2017). Joalokaha Jean Twenge a bontšitse bukeng ea hae ea morao-rao ka li-digital (Twenge, 2017), ho qaleha hoa bongoana bo hokahantsoeng ka elektroniki le Bophirimela ho ne ho kopane hape le phetoho e akaretsang moetlong oa botsoali, le ho phahama ha se bitsoang 'helikopta ea ho ba motsoali'¹ ka ho khetheha. Ha a sheba patlisiso e batsi ea tlhahlobo, o supa hore bana le bacha ba hlahileng kamora 1994 ba qetile nako e fokolang haholo e sa laoloang le metsoalle ea bona ho feta baholoane ba bona, le nako e ngata haholo lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki. Le ha mabaka a hlakileng a tšebetsong lintlha tsena tse peli tse hokahaneng a ke ke a hlakisoa, re ka hlokomela hore mocha eo a neng a sa sebelisane le lithaka tsa hae “bophelong ba 'nete” (irl ka inthanete) batla ho etsa joalo ka mekhoa e teng molokong oa bona. Bophelo bo pakeng tsa marang-rang, ho ea fihla ntlheng, e lula e le bophelo ba nnete, 'me ka hona, bo na le botsoalle.

Seo letsoalo la boitšoaro bo teng hona joale ka mecha ea phatlalatso ea dijithale hangata le ba sa e hlokomeleng, ke hore takatso ea ho bona le ho bonoa, 'me ahlola 'me u ahloloe ka nepo ka batho ba bang. Ha ho na letho le sa tloaelehang, ka hona, mabapi le ho batla ho itšepa ka maikutlo a batho ba bang. Re fana ka maikutlo, ka hona, ho nahana ka tšusumetso ena e le ntho e tloaelehileng ebile e entsoe ka methati e kholo ea kutloisiso ea bophelo e fapaneng le mefuta ea rona. Ka pono ea rona ea boithabiso le ea ho shebella, li-smartphones li re hlomella feela ka mokhoa o mocha oa ho khothaletsa batho. Bohlale ba bona ba ho susumetsa bokhoba, bo hlahisa feela hore na ba bang ba re tsotella hakae le hore na re batla ho ba tsotella hakae.

Pono e Khutšoanyane ea Bokhoba ba ho Lemalla

Hajoale ha ho tsejoe hantle hore na lithethefatsi tse mabapi le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le li-neurochemical ke life.Elhai et al., 2017). Lintlha tsa bohlokoa tse tsoang bokong ba ho ithuta le bokhoba, leha ho le joalo, li ka fana ka leseli la bohlokoa ho khokahanong ea rona le litene tse sa tloaelehang le tse nyarosang tseo ho bonahalang li laola bophelo ba rona.

Joalo ka ha re bone, tšebeliso ea li-smartphone ka nako e le 'ngoe e khethiloe ebile e entsoe ke tikoloho e thata ea setsoalle. Sebaka sena sa lefats'e, leha ho le joalo, se boetse se fetoloa ke litemoso tse tsoang ho likopo tse ngata tse fanang ka li-beeps le likeleli, haholo-holo ho re hlokomelisa hore motho e mong o sebelisane le rona. Joale re lokela ho nahana ka hore na 'tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi' e tšoanela hokae hona joang. Tšebelisano ea kahisano (dijithale kapa che) e etsa hore lipampiri tsa moputso oa dopaminergic li fumanehe ka har'a basal ganglia (Bona Krach et al., 2010 bakeng sa tlhahlobo). Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore li-circuits tsena li na le tšusumetso tšebelisong e mpe ea lithethefatsi (Belin et al., 2009), lipapali tsa video tse qobelloang, le ho batla moputso ka kakaretso (West et al., 2015). Tsena ke liserekisi tse ikarabellang ho thuto e kopanetsoeng: mohato oo motho ka mong a ithutang ho hokahanya lintlha tse peli tse susumetsang (Hebb, 1976; Greek, 2006; Yin le Knowlton, 2006). Bakeng sa ho ithuta ho kopaneng ho hlahe, ho pepesehela ts'usumetso e ncha ho lokela ho hlaha mmoho le ts'usumetso e matlafatsang. Ka smartphone, hoo e batlang e le litlhaloso tsohle tseo mosebelisi a kopanang le tsona li etsa boleng ba sechaba mme ka hona o kenya tšebetsong potoloho ea moputso oa dopaminergic, e lebisang mosebelisi ho lebella le ho batla tsebiso ena e thabisang. Nako le nako ha sehokela sena se hokahana se matlafala, 'me mosebelisi o tla lebella le ho batla tsebiso e monate, a bula tsela bakeng sa boits'oaro bo tloaetseng.

Sisteme dopaminergic e laola mesebetsi e 'meli e busang temallo: tebello ea moputso 'me tekolo ea sephetho (Linnet, 2014). Taba ea bohlokoa mabapi le dopamine le bokhoba, leha ho le joalo, ke hore dopaminergic surges hangata e etsahala pele ho moputso, kapa hantle haholo ha cue (mohlala, beep e bonts'a hore motho a ka tobetsa ea lever) a bonts'a phano e ts'episitsoeng ea moputso (mohlala, ho hula lever). Hobane botle bo fokotseha ka ho pepeseha khafetsa le ho pepeseha, tebello ea moputso ke mokena-lipakeng ea matla oa litlatsetso tse matla ho feta tlhahlobo ea sephetho ka boeona (Fiorillo et al., 2003; van Holst et al., 2012). Ho latela seo ba se fumaneng, bokhoba ba lithethefatsi bo ba matla haholo ha re sa tsebe mokhoa oa ho li lebella ka mokhoa o tšepahalang (van Holst et al., 2012). Bo-ramahlale ba boitšoaro ba bitsa mekhoa ena e khothalletsang tšibollo Matlafatso ea methapo or li-rati ratio tse fapaneng (Zuriff, 1970). Litsebi tsa litsebi tsa kelello li bonts'itse hore cue e tsosang boitšoaro bo hlahisang moputso 50% ea nako ke eona e bakang ho tšoenyeha ho fetisisang ea kemiso ea kemiso. Moputso o hlahisitsoeng 75% ea nako, ka mohlala ho ka lebelloa ka mokhoa o tšepahalang boholo ba nako. Cue e tšoaeang moputso e fanang ka 25% ea nako le eona e ka lebelloa eseng ho fana ka boholo ba nako. Lintho tse joalo tse boletsoeng esale pele (ha boko bo khona ho tseba se tla etsahala) hangata li etsa hore motho a hlasimolohe. Ka sekhahla sa phano ea 50%, kemiso ea moputso e ntse e ka rereloa hore e ka hohela, empa e sa lebelloang ho lekaneng hore e ka u tsosa ho tšoenyeha (Fiorillo et al., 2003).

Taba ea ho ea hae mona ke hore monyaka o kopane haholo le tebello ea moputso ho feta moputso ka booona. Ha meputso e fetoha e sa lebelloang haholo, e ba e nyarosang hangata e fetoha e fosahetseng, e lebisang ho tšoenyehong (Figure Figure11).

Tšoantšiso 1

Ts'ebetso ea Dopaminergic Karabelo ea Stimuli e sa Tsejoeng (e fetotsoe ho tloha Fiorillo et al., 2003, Figure Figure3C3C). Karolelano ea ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng ea li-dopamine neurons ka nako e telele e le ts'ebetso ea menyetla ea moputso, moo ts'ebetso e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea dopaminergic e etsahala ha moputso o le teng halofo ea nako.

Ho joalo, li-beeps le likeleli tsa litsebiso tsa li-smartphone li fana ka kemiso e joalo ea nakoana, e feto-fetohang, e sa lebelloang, empa e le e lakatsehang ea litheko tse sa lebelloang, ka hona li fana ka mekhoa ea pherekano ea tebello ea moputso e tsosang mekhoa e matla ea monyaka. Ka lebaka la moputso o tebileng oa bophelo oa moputso oo lifono tsa rona li re fang takatso, hangata re kenella mokhoeng o mobe oa ho lemalla (Figure Figure11).

Litakatso e le Liphoso tsa Polelo

Ho latela likhopolo-taba tsa matla a ho tseba lintho esale pele le tse fanang ka matla a kelello, ha re lemohe lefatše ka potlako kamoo le leng ka teng. Sebakeng sa ho arabela ka kotlolloho ts'usumetso ea tikoloho, re qala ka ho hlahloba lintlha ka botlalo litebello. Kakanyo ea hang-hang, ka mantsoe a mang, e qala pele ka boitlhopho ba boitšoaro bo fetotsoeng ke boiphihlelo ba pele (Friston le Kiebel, 2009; Ramstead et al., 2016). Ka pono ena, likelello tsa rona li hlahisa mefuta ea lefats'e e thehiloeng ho thuto ea pele ho re fa polelo ea se tla hlaha boiphihlelo le kamoo re ka etsang ka ho latela seo. Ka ho etsa joalo likelello tsa rona li bolela esale pele maikutlo a tlang le ho a bapisa le mantsoe a sebele a maikutlo, ho fokotsa phapang lipakeng tsa kabo ena ka ho ntlafatsa khafetsa ka lintho tse tlang pele le liketso (ke hore, ho ithuta) (Ramstead et al., 2016, 2017). Ha tsamaiso ea rona ea pono e lula e leka ho fokotsa ho hloka botsitso ka ho kopanya lintlha tse ngata tse sa bonahaleng ho etsa hore e be le tebello, liphapang pakeng tsa ho bolela le ho bona - liphoso tsa ho bolela esale pele ka puo - fetoha tloaelehileng. Litakatso, ka pono ena, li ka hlalosoa e le liphoso tsa ho bolela esale pele (Tobler et al., 2006) (lipalo LITLHOSXX, , 33).

Tšoantšiso 2

Cue-activated moputso tebello le liphoso tsa ho bolela esale pele le ts'ebetso e latelang ea dopaminergic (e fetotsoe ho tloha Keiflin le Janak, 2015). (A) Pele cue e fanoa, moputso o sa lebelloang o fella ka ts'ebetso ea phasic ea dopamine neurons le phoso e boletsoeng esale pele ea moputso. (B) Hang ha moputso o fumaneha, cue (mme eseng moputso) e fella ka tebello e ntle ea tebello le tšebetso e eketsehileng ea dopamine. (C) Ha cue e etsahala empa e kopana ntle le tefo e lebelletsoeng, sephetho ke phoso e mpe ea ho bolela esale pele le phokotso ea tšebetso ea dopamine ka tlase ho motheo.

Bula ka fensetere e fapaneng

Tšoantšiso 3

(A-D) E hlahisa tlhahisoleseling ea data e hlahisitsoeng Figure Figure22 khatisong ea hona joale ea ho lemalla li-smartphone, eo ka eona ts'ebetso ea dopamine e eketsehang ka tebello ea moputso, mme e fokotsoe ka tlase maemong a ha moputso o lebelletsoeng o sa fihlelloe.

Joalokaha re se re boletse kaholimo, lithuto tse amanang le thuto le matla a mahala li ka hlalosa tebello e kholo eo ho lebella tsebiso ea smartphone e bolela esale pele moputso o tlang oa sechaba. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, kemiso ea nako le nako ea litemoso tsa li-smartphone e etsa hore ho be le tebello e matla le litebello tse qobelloang, ebe hamorao e hohela liphoso tsa ho bolela esale pele le ho soetseha ho loketseng.

Litsebiso ke mekhoa ea ho hlahloba boits'oaro boo qetellong bo tloahelang, leha o se na tlhokomeliso ea pele (Oulasvirta et al., 2012; Elhai et al., 2017). Boithuto ba morao-rao bo senola boholo ba mokhoa ona oa tloaelo oa ho hlahloba, ka tšebeliso e tloaelehileng ea motho ka mong ho feta letsatsi la 3 ha ho smartphone ea bona (Alter, 2017) ho thepa, ho thaepa, kapa ho chencha karolelano ea makhetlo a 2617 letsatsi le leng le le leng (dscout, 2016). Boholo ba basebelisi ba tsoela pele ho ba le liphoso tsa ho profeta ka mokhoa oa hallucinations hore mohala oa bona oa thothomela, ketsahalo e nang le sehlooho se bitsoang Phantom mohala (Sauer et al., 2015). Liphoso tsena tsa ho bolela esale pele li tiisa boits'oaro ba tlhahlobo ea mohala oa fono, e leng tsela e tloaelehileng ea ho lemalla bokhoba ba smartphone (Oulasvirta et al., 2012). Liphoso tsa ho bolela esale pele li ka boela tsa hlaha ka mokhoa o potelletseng, empa ka tsela e tšoanang khafetsa le e sithabetsang ha litebello tse hlakileng li sa fihlelloe: beep eo re ts'episang hore e ka ba molaetsa o tsoang ho motho eo re mo ratang kapa oa 'Instagram' joalo ka mohlala. eba lengolo-tsoibila le kenang la molaetsa o tsoang ho mookameli oa hau mabapi le mosebetsi o fetelletseng.

Beha li-Protocol tsa Boikemisetso

Basebelisi ba bangata ba li-smartphone ba ikutloa ba qabeletsoe ke lifono tsa bona (Harmon le Mazmanian, 2013). Mohato oa pele o lebisang tokolohong ho tloha mohala oa Linonyana tsa Mehala, joalo ka ha re bone, ke ho khutlisa taolo ea paterone le ho e etsa hore e boele e reroe hape. Ho tima melumo eohle le litsebiso ho ka thusa ho 'lla-polelo' ea Pavlov ea maele le boits'oaro bo bobebe ba ho itlhahloba. Joalo ka ha re hlalositse kaholimo, bokhoba ba li-smartphone bo kenelletsoa ke kutloisiso ea mananeo a ntlafatso ea nako le nako a meputso ea sechaba. Ka sena kelellong, ho beha nako le nako ho hlahloba mohala oa hau ho ka fokotsa litakatso tse matla tse hlahisoang ke mekhoa e mebe ea tebello ea moputso. Ha ho tluoa puisanong e arolelanoang ka mehala hang-hang, re ka etsa hore sepheo sa rona le litebello tsa rona li pepesehe, 'me re lumellane ka protocol le ba bang. Melao e hlakileng ea puisano libakeng tsa mosebetsi, mohlala, e thibelang li-imeile tsa mantsiboea le tsa beke, kapa ho beha litebello tse hlakileng tsa windows-time in replying li bontšitsoe li sebetsa hantle ho fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo le ho eketsa tlhahiso (Mark et al., 2012). "Melao-leseling" e ts'oanang le litebello tse hlakileng tsa hore na u lokela ho ngola neng kapa u sa ngole molaetsa - seo re se bitsang 'protocol e ikemiselitseng' - se ka qalisoa har'a metsoalle, malapa le baratuoa.

Bangoli ba lakatsa ho leboha bahlahlobisisi Giulia Piredda le Yasmina Jraissati le Motlatsi oa Mothusi e le Maurizio Tirassa bakeng sa litlhaloso tsa bona tse bohlale le thuso ho ntlafatseng khang e hlahisitsoeng mona. Re leboha haholo ho Maxwell Ramstead bakeng sa tlatsetso ea hae menahanong ea matla a mahala mosebetsing oa rona oa pele holima mekhoa e metle ea marang-rang le ho re supa moo re tsamaisang lingoliloeng tse buang ka ho lemalla. SV e lakatsa ho leboha leboha Danny Frank ka ho mo memela ho hlahisa maikutlo a morao-rao a mohopolo oa ho lemalla li-smartphone ho Psychotherapy Round of the General General Hospital e Montreal. Bangoli ka bobeli ba leboha haholo ka ts'ehetso e tsoelang pele le boithuto bo fanoeng ke Laurence Kirmayer Sehlopheng sa Sechaba sa Phallo ea Sechaba le Phallo ho McGill.

Lithuso. Mosebetsi ona o tšehelitsoe ke Lekhotla la Boithuto ba Sechaba le Lits'ebeletso tsa Batho ba Canada (MS) le Healthy Brains for Healthy Lives Inititiative (SV).

¹Ho ba motsoali oa "helikopthara" ho sebelisoa e le polelo e nyenyefatsang ho hlalosa taolo ea batsoali ka mokhoa o hlakileng maemong a mangata a maphelo a bana. Le ha poleloana e hlahile ka lekhetlo la pele ho li-l960′s (Ginott, 1965 / 2009), hangata ho thoe e tšoaea tloaelo ea ho holisa ngoana ea post-1980s ea ho “ho thekesela ho pota” ngoana oa hau. "Ho ba le mochini oa motlakase" (moo motho a thehang tsela bakeng sa bana likarolong tsohle tsa bophelo ba bona), ka linako tse ling ho sebelisoa ho hlalosa mefuta e feteletseng ea ho ba motsoali oa helikopta. Ka November 2017, Economist e tlaleha hore batsoali ba United States le linaha tse robong tsa Europe (ntle le Fora), joale ba sebelisitse nako e ngata ea 50% le bana ba bona ho feta 1965 (Setsebi sa Moruo, 2017).

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