Tšusumetso ea motsoako oa video o bapala mekhoeng e meholo ea boko: lisebelisuoa tsa sefapano le tsa longitudinal (2016)

Ka holimo ho leqephe   

Selelekela

Papali ea Videogame (VGP) e atile haholo har'a bana mehleng ea kajeno.¹ VGP e amahantsoe le litlamorao tse ngata tse sa rateheng le tse sa rateheng. Kamano e bakoang ke lipakeng tsa VGP le ntlafatso mefuteng e meng ea temoho e bonoang e thehiloe hantle.² Ka lehlakoreng le leng, litlamorao tse mpe tsa VGP li kenyelletsa litlamorao molemong oa ho bua ka mantsoe, mefuta e meng ea tlhokomelo, boroko, ho ithuta le tsebo.^{2, 3, 4} Ntle le moo, lithutong tsa monahano, VGP e bonts'itsoe ho baka tlhahiso ea dopamine e kholo tsamaisong ea dopaminergic⁵ hammoho le bokhoba ba ho lemalla.⁶

Boithuto ba nako e fetileng bo senotse hore bana ba bapalang lipapali tse ngata tsa papali ea videogame le libapali tsa inthanete tse bonts'itseng li ile tsa bonts'a ho eketseha ha "cortical unity" le "" lintlha "ka karolo ea lebala la bohlohlo sebakeng sa dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC).^{7, 8, 9} Le ha ho le joalo, ho fihlela joale litlamorao tsa VGP mabapi le nts'etsopele ea thepa ea maqhubu ho bana, haholo-holo e amanang le litlamorao tse mpe tsa kelello tsa VGP, ha e so tsejoe. Morero oa thuto ena e ne e le ho etsa lipatlisiso ka taba ena ka tlhahlobo e mabapi le likarolo tse telele le tse telele. Re sebelisa moralo oa nako e telele o lebelletsoeng, oa ho ithuta, re ka tsepamisa maikutlo ho litlamorao tse mpe tsa VGP tse kang ts'ebetso e telele ea ts'ebetso ea mantsoe le liphetoho distamine tsamaisong ea dopamine ka lebaka la VGP e telele. Litaba tsena li ka se hlahlojoe ka nepo le ka mokhoa o hlakileng lipatlisisong tse laoloang tsa nako e khuts'oane.

Mehato e fapaneng ea mantsoe a hlalosang (MD) le anisotropy (FA) mehato ea ho itšunya-tšunya menahanong¹⁰ e ka lekanya thepa ea 'mala o fapaneng ka sebopeho. Ka ho khetheha, MD e tlase e bontša letsoalo le leholo la lisele, joalo ka ho ba teng ha lisebelisoa tsa mehala ea sele. Mekhoa e ka khonehang ea ho ama MD e kenyelletsa li-capillaries, li-synapses, spines le liprotheine tsa macromolecular; thepa ea myelin, membrane le axon; sebopeho sa li-neuron kapa glia; kapa mokhatlo o ntlafalitsoeng oa lithane, empa MD ha e amehe ka kotloloho ho e 'ngoe ea tsona.^{10, 11} Liphetoho ho MD li bontšitsoe li ikhethile ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ho li-neural plasticity.^{11, 12} Ika ho khetheha, MD tsamaisong ea dopaminergic e bontšitsoe hore e na le botebo ho phapang ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea kutlo le liphetoho tse amanang le dopamine.^{12, 13, 14, 15} Ka lehlakoreng le leng, FA e tsejoa hore e amana haholo le thepa ea bonohe bo amanang le khokahano ea boko le ho tsotella ho eketseha ha "axonal membrane thickness, bophara le / kapa palo ea mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa li-axons hape e ka bonts'a ts'ebetso ea neural. polasetiki.^{10, 16} Ka hona, re sebelisitse mehato ena thutong ena.

Re ipapisitse le lithuto tsa VGP tsa pejana tsa kelello le mahlale a morao-rao tse boletsoeng ka holimo, re fuputsa maikutlo a hore VGP e ama mekhoa ea methapo libakeng tsa PFC mme ea siea maemo a phahameng a nakoana le a tlase a amanang le litaba tsa molomo;¹⁷ litsamaiso tsa dopaminergic tsa orbitofrontal le subcortical, tse amehang mekhoeng ea moputso le tšebetsong;¹⁸ le hippocampus, e amehang mohopolong le boroko.¹⁹ Ka lebaka la ho ata ha VGP hara bana, ho bohlokoa ho senola litlamorao tsa VGP.

Ka holimo ho leqephe   

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

Lihlooho

Lithuto tsohle e ne e le bana ba phetseng hantle ba Majapane. Bakeng sa litlhaloso tse felletseng, bona Mekhoa ea Tlatsetso. Joalo ka Phatlalatso ea Helsinki (1991), tumello e ngotsoeng e fumanoe ho tsoa ho thuto e ngoe le e ngoe le motsoali oa hae. Kamohelo ea liteko tsena e fumanoe ho Institutional Review Board ea Tohoku University. Lilemo tse 'maloa (bakeng sa lintlha ka nako ena, bona Lethathamo 1) kamora ho preexperiment, morao-rao ho ile ha etsoa 'me karolo ea lithuto ho tsoa ho preexperiment le eona e nkile karolo ho setseng morao tjena.

Litlhatlhobo tsa ho nahana ka likarolo tsa sefapano li entsoe lithutong tsa 240 (bashanyana ba 114 le banana ba 126; lilemo tse bolelang, lilemo tsa 11.5 N 3.1; lilemo, lilemo tsa 5.7-18.4), le tlhahlobo ea menahano e telele e entsoe lithutong tsa 189 (bashanyana ba 95 le banana ba bolelang lilemo, 94 ± lilemo tsa 14.5; mefuta, lilemo tsa 3.0-8.4).

Liteko tsa maemo a kelello

Ka bobeli preexperiment le postexperiment, re ile ra lekanya botlalo ba Scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) re sebelisa phetolelo ea Sejapane ea Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III) bakeng sa lithuto tse tsofetseng Lilemo tse 16 kapa Wechsler Intelligence Scale bakeng sa Bana-Khatiso ea Boraro (WISC-III) bakeng sa bafo ba lilemo li <16 lilemo.²⁰ Liteko li fanoe ke bahlahlobo ba koetlisitsoeng.²¹ Re balile FSIQ, verbal IQ (VIQ) le IQ (PIQ) ea thuto ka 'ngoe bakeng sa sehlooho ka seng ho tsoa ho lintlha tsa bona tsa WAIS / WISC. Teko ea Wechsler IQ ke e 'ngoe ea litekanyetso tse sebelisoang haholo tsa psychometric tsa ts'ebetso ea kelello,' me tlhahlobo ena ea litlhahlobo e fana ka litholoana tse fapaneng tsa thuto, mosebetsi le likamano tsa sechaba.²² Bakeng sa cheke ea boleng, ho kenyelelitsoe lintlha tsa tlhaiso ea litekolo tsa preexperiment tse nang le lintlha tsa tlhahlobo ea postexperiment le preexperiment kakaretso ea Intracranial (ho fanoa ka Liphetho tsa tlatsetso).

Preexperiment, nako ea VGP matsatsing a beke e ile ea bokelloa ho sebelisoa lipotso tse tla itlhalosa ka lipotso tse ngata tse ikhethileng. Ho na le likhetho tse robeli tse latelang: 1, ha ho; 2, hanyane; 3, e ka bang metsotso ea 30; 4, e ka bang 1 h; 5, e ka bang 2 h; 6, e ka bang 3 h; 7, 4 h; le 8, ha ba na mokhoa oa ho bolela. Likhetho tsena li ile tsa fetoloa lihora tsa VGP (khetho 1 = 0, khetho 2 = 0.25, khetho 3 = 0.5, khetho 4 = 1, khetho 5 = 2, khetho 6 = 3, khetho 7 = 4) le lihora tsa VGP li sebelisitsoe lithutong tsa lipalo tse hlalositsoeng ka tlase. Lintlha tse tsoang ho lithuto tse khethileng khetho 8 li tlositsoe tlhahlobisong e kenyelletsang lihora tsa VGP. Mokhoa ona o bonahala e le mokhoa o sa nepahalang oa ho lekola palo ea VGP. Leha ho le joalo, e sebelisoa ka bongata mme e netefalitsoe ka har'a tšimo (bona Puisano le Mareo a netefatso ea mokhoa ho Boitsebiso bo Eketsehileng).

Ho feta moo, re le li-covariate tse ling, re ile ra bokella leseli le latelang: kamano le batsoali, palo ea batsoali ba lulang hammoho le bana, chelete ea lelapa ea selemo le selemo, lithuto tsa batsoali ka bobeli, le litoropo tsa sebaka seo (maemong a masepala) moo lithuto li neng li lula teng . Bakeng sa lintlha mabapi le mehato ena ho kenyelletsa mekhoa e hlalositsoeng ea tlhahlobo, ka kopo bona thuto ea rona e fetileng.²³

Bakeng sa barupeluoa sehlopheng sa bone kapa ka tlase, batsoali ba arabile lipotso mabapi le boholo ba VGP le kamano pakeng tsa bana le batsoali. Bakeng sa barupeluoa ba sehlopha sa bohlano kapa ka holimo, bana ka bo bona ba arabile lipotso tsena. Bakeng sa lebaka la khetho ena ea khetho, bona Mekhoa ea Tlatsetso.

Tlhahlobo ea tlhaiso-leseling ea boitšoaro

Lintlha tsa boitšoaro li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mofuta oa phetisetso ea tlhahlobo ea software ea 22.0.0 (PASW Statistics 22; SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA; 2010). Bakeng sa litlhahlobo tsa kelello, tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe ea taolo e khutšoane e sebelisitsoeng ho etsa lipatlisiso likamano tse mpe tse pakeng tsa palo ea VGP le VIQ ho preexperiment (lits'ebetso tsa sefapano) hammoho le litloaelano tse mpe lipakeng tsa palo ea VGP ho preexperiment le liphetoho tsa VIQ ho tloha preexperiment ho isa ho morao-rao (tlhahlobo e telele). Lipatlisisong tse mabapi le karolo e kholo, bong, lilemo, matsatsi (matsatsi ka mor'a ho hlaha), chelete ea lelapa ka selemo, kakaretso ea lilemo bakeng sa thuto e phahameng ea thuto ea batsoali, motho ea arabileng potso mabapi le boholo ba VGP, litoropo tsa sebaka seo moqolotsi a nkang karolo ho sona phela, palo ea batsoali ba neng ba lula hammoho le ea nkang karolo le kamano le batsoali e eketsoe e le li-covariates. Ntle le moo, litlhahlobong tse telele, nako ea nako pakeng tsa preexperiment le postexperiment le phetoho e itšetlehileng ea tlhahlobo ea sefapano (VIQ) li ekelitsoe e le li-covariates. Likolo tse ling tsa liteko tsa IQ li ile tsa etsoa lipatlisiso ka mokhoa o tšoanang. Liteko tse nang le tai e le 'ngoe li ile tsa sebelisoa bakeng sa lipatlisiso tse lekang li-hypotheses tse ikhethang (litlamorao tse mpe tsa VGP ho VIQ). Sena se entsoe hobane ho tsena ho hlahlobisisa mehopolo e lokelang ho hlahlojoa e tšoenyehile hore na VGP ha e na tšusumetso e ntle ea ts'ebetso ea mantsoe. Ntle le moo, bakeng sa lintlha tse ngata tsa IQ tse bonts'itseng litlamorao tsa VGP lithutong tse potolohileng likarolo, liteko tse nang le tai e le ngoe li ile tsa sebelisoa tlhahlobisong e telele (ho latela lintlha tse ts'oanang le tsa litlamorao ho tekolo ea likarolo).

Liphetoho tse ngata tsa papiso li sebelisitsoe liphethong tsa lipatlisiso tse neng li tsamaisana le sepheo sa ho ithuta. Litekong tsena tse tšeletseng, ho ba le sephetho sa P<0.05 (e lokisitsoe bakeng sa sekhahla sa ho sibolla leshano (FDR) ho sebelisa mokhoa o matla o mekato e 'meli²⁴) li nkuoe e le tsa bohlokoa ka lipalo. Re nkile liphetho e le tsa bohlokoa hafeela li sa nepahala le ha li khalemeloa P-mabaka e ne e le ka bobeli <0.05.²⁵

Ho fumana litšoantšo le ho sekaseka

Boitsebiso ba Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) bo ile ba etsoa ho sebelisoa senepe sa 3-T Philips Achieva (Best, The Netherlands). U sebelisa tatellano ea lipono tsa spin-echo-planar (TR = 10 293 ms, TE = 55 ms, Δ= 26.3 ms, δ= 12.2 ms, FOV = 22.4 cm, 2 × 2 × 2 mm³ li-voxels, likhechana tsa 60, SENSE kupunguza factor = 2, palo ea tse fumanehang = 1), li-data tse boima bo khelohileng li ile tsa bokelloa. Boima ba infusion bo ile ba ajoa ka tšohanyetso tseleng ea 32 (b-value = 1000 s mm^-2). Ntle le moo, setšoantšo se le seng se se nang boima ba marang-rang (b-value = 0 s mm^-2; bSetšoantšo sa 0) se fumanoe. Nako eohle ea scan e ne e le 7 min 17 s. 'Mapa oa FA le MD o ile oa baloa ho tsoa litšoantšong tse bokelitsoeng o sebelisa sephutheloana sa tlhahlobo se fumanehang sa khoebo se fumanehang morekisi oa MR. Bakeng sa lintlha tse ling, bona Mekhoa ea Tlatsetso.

Ho ntlafatsa data ea ho nahana

Ho lokisa le ho sekaseka data ea ho nahana ho entsoe ka ho sebelisa SPM8 e kentsoeng ho Matlab. Ha e le hantle, re ne re tloaetse litšoantšo tsa pele le tsa post-MD le tsa pele le tsa morao-rao tsa lithuto tse nang le tumello ea pele e neng e netefalitsoe ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng oa algebra (DARTEL), ebe litšoantšo tse tloaelehileng tsa MD li ile tsa hlouoa ke setšoantšo sa maske sa setso eo ho ka etsahalang hore e se ke ea putsoa kapa e tšoeu, 'me litšoantšo tse tloaelehileng tsa FA li ile tsa koaheloa ke setšoantšo sa mask a tloaelo eo ho ka etsahalang hore ebe e tšoeu ebile e boreleli. Bakeng sa lintlha, bona Mekhoa ea Tlatsetso.

Kamora nako, phetoho ea matšoao ho MD (kapa FA) lipakeng tsa litšoantšo tsa preexperiment le posterperiment li ile tsa qaptjoa ho voxel e ngoe le e ngoe kahare ho maseke a boletsoeng ka holimo bakeng sa morupeluoa ka mong. Limmapa tse hlahisitsoeng tse emelang phetoho ea MD (kapa FA) lipakeng tsa liteko tsa pele le tsa post-MRI ((MD kamora − MD pele) kapa (FA kamora − FA pele) li ile tsa fetisetsoa tlhahlobisong ea mehopolo e telele, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ho karolo e latelang.

Tlhahlobo ea tlhaiso-leseling ea kelello

Litlhahlobo tsa boithuto ba tlhaiso-leseling ea likarolo tsohle tsa bokong li entsoe ka SPM8. Ho ile ha etsoa tlhahlobo ea likarolo tse fapa-fapaneng ea boko le lipatlisiso tse ngata ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa MD kapa FA le boholo ba VGP. Li-covariate li ne li tšoana le tse sebelisitsoeng tlhahlobisong ea sefapano sa kelello, ntle le hore ha ho nahanoa ka lipatlisiso, bophahamo ba bokahare bo lekantsoeng bo sebelisitsoeng ka morphometry ea voxel (bakeng sa lintlha, bona Takeuchi et al a.²⁶) e kenyelitsoe e le covariate.

Litlhahlobong tse telele tsa MD (kapa FA), limmapa tse emelang liphetoho tsa matšoao ho MD (kapa FA) lipakeng tsa litšoantšo tsa preexperiment le postexperiment li ile tsa hlahlojoa. Re fuputse setsoalle lipakeng tsa liphetoho tsa preexperiment le postexperiment MD (le FA) le lihora tsa VGP. Li-covariate li ne li tšoana hantle le tse sebelisitsoeng tlhahlobisong ea maikutlong a malelele, ntle le hore lithutong tsa ho nahana, bophahamo ba bokahohle bo ile ba kenyelletsoa joalo ka covariate mme sena se entsoe ka lebaka la voxel-le-voxel sebelisa sesebelisoa sa 'mapa oa biology oa parametric (BPM) (www.fmri.wfubmc.edu).

Litlhahlobo tsa MD li ne li lekanyelitsoe ho mask oa taba e tšoeu + e tšoeu e neng e thehiloe kaholimo. Litlhatlhobo tsa FA li ne li lekanyelitsoe ho mask oa taba e tšoeu e thehiloeng kaholimo.

Khalemelo e ngata ea lipapatso ea likarolo tsa tšibollo e entsoe ka ts'ebetso ea ntlafatso ea sehlopheng sa litheko (TFCE),²⁷ ka tlhahlobo ea tumello ea tumellano e sa sebetseng (5000) nonparametric permuit ka lebokose la lisebelisoa tsa TFCE (http://dbm.neuro.uni-jena.de/tfce/). Re sebelisitse tšitiso ea phoso e bohlale ea lelapa (FWE) - e hlophisitsoeng P<0.05. Lipatlisisong tsa longitudinal, khalemelo e ngata ea papiso e entsoe ka mokhoa oa FDR,²⁸ le libaka tse fetang tekanyo ea kotlo²⁹ ho ipapisitsoe le mokhahlelo ona oa ho theha sehlopha se tlalehiloeng ho tlalehiloe. Litekanyetso tse fapaneng tsa lipalo li ile tsa nkuoa hobane (liteko tsa tumello ea 1) ka kakaretso li ka laola hantle litefiso tse ntle tsa bohata³⁰ empa (2) BPM ha e lumelle tšebeliso ea TFCE. Re khethile mokhoa o motle ka ho fetisisa oa lipalo bakeng sa tlhahlobo e ngoe le e ngoe.

Ka holimo ho leqephe   

Results

Lintlha tsa mantlha

Litšobotsi tsa lithuto li bontšoa ho Lethathamo 1. Nako ea VGP nakong ea matsatsi a beke e ile ea bokelloa ka tlhaiso ea lipotso tsa tlhaiso, le litekanyetso le s.ds. li hlahisoa Lethathamo 1.

Tlhatlhobo ea boits'oaro ea likarolo

Ho sekasekoa makhetlo a mangata ho sebelisang tlhaiso-leseling e sebelisang preexperiment le ho e lokisa bakeng sa lintho tse fapaneng tse ferekanyang (sheba Mekhoa ea lintlha,). Litlhahlobo tsena li senotse hore palo ea VGP ho preexperiment e ne e amana haholo le VIQ ho preexperiment (Setšoantšo sa 1a, P= 0.027, ha e na phoso, P= 0.038, e lokiselitsoe FDR, t= −1.930, coeffnty e lekanengβ) = - 0.120), joalo ka ha ho lebelletsoe, hape le FSIQ ho preexperiment (P= 0.032, ha e na phoso, P= 0.038, e lokiselitsoe FDR, t= -2.159, β= −0.135) empa e mpa feela e thehiloe ka mokhoa o fosahetseng mabapi le PIQ ho preexperiment (P= 0.061, P= 0.038, e lokiselitsoe FDR, t= -1.879, β= -0.118).

Tlhahlobo ea boitšoaro bo bolelele

Ho hlahlojoa lintho tse ngata tse amanang le tlhaiso-leseling tse sebelisitseng lintlha tse telele le ho lokisa lintlha tse ferekanyang (sheba Mekhoa ea lintlha) li ile tsa sebelisoa. Liphetho li senotse hore lihora tsa VGP ho preexperiment li ne li amana haholo le phetoho e mpe ea VIQ pakeng tsa data ea preexperiment le postexperiment (Setšoantšo sa 1b, P= 0.044, ha e na phoso, P= 0.038, e lokiselitsoe FDR, t= −1.710, coeffnty e lekanengβ) = - 0.119) empa e mpa feela e sebetsana le ho hokahanya hampe le FSIQ sebakeng sa preexperiment ka phetoho ea FSIQ lipakeng tsa data ea preexperiment le postexperiment (P= 0. 064, P= 0.038, e lokiselitsoe FDR, t= -1.525, β= −0.076) ebile ha ea ka ea lumellana le phetoho ea PIQ lipakeng tsa data ea preexperiment le postexperiment (P= 0. 595, P= 0.2975, e lokiselitsoe FDR, t= -0.533, β= -0.037).

Litlhatlhobo tsa likarolo tse arohaneng tsa MD le FA

Lipatlisiso tse ngata tsa khatello ea maikutlo li senotse hore lihora tsa VGP ka preexperiment li tsamaellane haholo ebile e le ntle le MD sebakeng sa preexperiment libakeng tse pharalletseng tsa litaba tse putsoa le tse tšoeu ho PFC ea naha, cingate ea ka ntle, ea morao le ea maikutlo ea moea oa nakoana, basal ganglia le fusiform gyrus (bona Lethathamo 2 'me Lipalo 2a le b bakeng sa libaka tse nepahetseng tsa anatomical). Ntle le moo, ho ne ho e-na le khokahano e mpe pakeng tsa lihora tsa VGP ka preexperiment le FA, haholo-holo libakeng tsa genu le 'mele oa Corpus callosum, bilateral anterior corona radiate le tokelo ea corona radiata (bona. Lethathamo 3 'me Lipalo 2c le d bakeng sa libaka tse nepahetseng tsa anatomical).

Litlhahlobo tsa Longitudinal tsa MD le FA

Litlhahlobo tse ngata tsa khatello ea maikutlo li senotse hore lihora tsa VGP ka preexperiment li tsamaellane haholo ebile li na le phetoho ho MD lipakeng tsa preexperiment le postexperiment sehlopheng sa anatomical se kenyelitseng libaka tsa litaba tse bohlooho le tse tšoeu tsa basal ganglia, li siile medial temporal lobe le bilateal thalamus; sehlopha sa likaroloana tsa PFC; sethala sa anatomical se kenyeletsa libaka tse boreleli le tse tšoeu tsa boroko bo nepahetseng, setamen le letona ka ho le letona; le sehlopha sa lipalesa se kenyellelitseng likarolo tse bohlooho le bo bosoeu ba sebaka se bohareng le se tlase sa maemo a tlase, fusiform (Litšoantšo 3a-c, Lethathamo 4). Ha ho na liphetho tsa bohlokoa tse amanang le liphetoho tsa FA.

Ho hlahlojoa ha MD le bohlale ba psychometric

Ho hlahloba ka makhetlo a mangata ho sebelisang data ea preexperiment mme e lokisoe bakeng sa mefuta e ferekanyang (bona Mekhoa ea Tlatsetso bakeng sa lintlha) ba ne ba sebelisoa. Litlhahlobo tsena li senoletse hore FSIQ e hokahane haholo ebile e fosahetse le MD libakeng tse haufi le thalamus ea leqeleng, leqhetsoana le letšehali, leqhetsoana le letšehali, leqele le letšehali la Heschl, 'me la siea mokokotlo oa kahare. (Setšoantšo sa 4a; Boleng ba TFCE = 1423.1, TFCE-e lokisitsoe P-value = 0.0166, boholo ba sehlopheng = li-voxels tsa 1512). Ntle le moo, PIQ e hokahane haholo le MD hokahaneng libakeng tse atileng ka bohlooho le tse tšoeu tsa libaka tse pharalletseng bokong ka bopharaSetšoantšo sa 4c;; bona Letlapa le tlatsetsang S5 bakeng sa libaka tse nepahetseng tsa anatomical). VIQ ha ea ka ea lumellana haholo le MD tlhahlobisong ea kelello eohle. Leha ho le joalo, ts'ebetso e kholo e ile ea bonoa libakeng tseo litlamorao tsa FSIQ li boneng teng. Sebaka sa tlhahlobo ea lithahasello se senotse hore, kahare ho sebaka sena, VIQ e amana hantle le ho se lumellane hantle le MD (Setšoantšo sa 4b; Boleng ba TFCE = 357.31, TFCE-e lokisitsoe P-value = 0.002, size cluster = 1475 voxels) (bakeng sa ho lekola bonnete ba lipalopalo tsa sebaka sena sa tlhahlobo ea lithahasello le pontšo ea hore likamano lipakeng tsa MD le VIQ le PIQ sebakeng sena li thehiloe ke mekhatlo lipakeng tsa MD le e tloaelehileng dikarolo tsa VIQ le PIQ, bona Mekhoa ea Tlatsetso 'me Liphetho tsa tlatsetso). Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore PIQ e kopantsoe le MD libakeng tse atileng le hore VIQ e amanang le sebaka se tsitsitseng ho hemisphere e setseng. Ho feta moo, phello e tloaelehileng ea PIQ le VIQ e lebisitse ho phello ea FSIQ ho MD sebakeng sena.

Litokellano tsa MD tse bonngoeng le FSIQ le VIQ li kopantsoe le ba VGP lithutong tsa likarolo empa eseng le tse hlahlobisisong ea longitudinal. Leha ho le joalo, ha monyako oa sebopeho sa lihlopha o ka lokolloa P<0.1 e lokisitsoe ho FDR tlhahlobisong ea longitudinal ea VGP, sehlopha se thehiloe se koahetse MD correlates ea FSIQ le VIQ.

Ka holimo ho leqephe  

Puisano

Thutong ena, re senotse ka lekhetlo la pele litlamorao tsa VGP ho MD le FA ho bana. Litaba tsa rona tse kholo li ile tsa netefatsoa ka tsela e 'ngoe,' me lithuto tsa rona tse amanang le likarolo tse telele le tse telele li senola khafetsa hore palo e kholo ea VGP e ne e amana le MD e eketsehang libakeng tsa cortical le subcortical le bohlale bo fokotsoang ba molomo.

Liphetho tsa MD tsa morao-rao le bopaki bo feto-fetohang li fana ka maikutlo a hore VGP e feteletseng ka kotloloho kapa ka kotloloho e sitisa nts'etsopele ea litsamaiso tse ntle tsa neural, tse ka amanang le nts'etsopele ea ho lieha ha bohlale ba polelo. Liphetho tsa hona joale li bonts'itse hore VGP e telele e amahanngoa le MD e kholo libakeng tse pharalletseng le bohlale bo tlase ba molomo, ka bobeli le ka bolelele. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, nakong ea nts'etsopele, MD ka kakaretso ea fokotseha.³¹ Ho feta moo, thutong ea hona joale, PIQ e phahameng e ne e amahanngoa le MD e tlase libakeng tse pharalletseng bokong, 'me FSIQ e phahameng le VIQ ka bobeli li ne li amahanngoa le MD e tlase ho thalamus e ka letsohong le letšehali, hippocampus, setamen ea setseng, setsetse se tlohelang, se tlohetse Heschl gyrus le mekotla e metšo e tšoeu e amanang. MD libakeng tse kenyeletsang kapa tse haufi le libaka tsena li bonts'itse litlamorao tse ntle tsa VGP ka bobeli ba karohano le nako e telele. Lintlha tsena tsa bopaki li fana ka maikutlo a hore VGP e fetelletseng ka kotloloho kapa ka kotloloho e sitisa nts'etsopele ea litsamaiso tse ntle tsa neural, tse ka amanang le nts'etsopele ea ho lieha ha bohlale ba polelo.

Boithuto ba pejana bo khothalelitse mekhoa e 'maloa ea' mele ea ho fetola liphetoho tsa MD. MD e fokotsehile ho khothalelitsoe ho bonts'a liphetoho tse fapaneng tsa cellular le cytoarchitectonic tse lebisang ho boholo ba lithane tse kholo, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe karolong ea Selelekela. Ho feta moo, MD e bonts'itsoe e le e ikhethileng ka ho ikhethang ho polasetiki ea neural, mme mekhoa ea lithane e boletsoeng ka holimo e bonts'itsoe kapa ho khothaletsoa ho fetoha ka lits'ebetso tse amanang le polasetiki ea neural.¹¹ Kahoo, ho fokotseha ha MD hangata ho nahanoa ho bontša keketseho ea lisele le mesebetsi e meng e sebetsang. Leha ho le joalo, MD ha e bue ka ho khetheha ho linama tse itseng.³² Ho feta moo, MD e ka bonts'a phallo ea mali, 'me maemong a mang, ho ikamahanya le maemo ho sebetsang ho bontšoa ke keketseho ea MD.¹² Ka hona, hore na MD e fokotsehileng ke phetoho e lumellanang e lokela ho ikemisetsa ho tsoa ponong e akaretsang e kenyeletsang mehato ea kelello.

Libaka tsohle tse khethiloeng moo MD e hokahaneng le palo ea VGP lithutong tse ka bobeli tsa karohano le bolelele ba tlhahiso ho ba le likarolo tse ikhethileng lits'ebetsong tsa polelo, memori le ts'ebetso ea bolaoli; moputso le tšusumetso; le lits'ebetso tsa ho bala le puo, mme ka lits'ebetso tsena VGP e ka lebisa ka kotloloho kapa ka mokhoa o sa tobang liphoso tse tlalehiloeng tsa ts'ebetso pele. Taba ea pele, hippocampus e amana le mekhoa ea ho hopola le ho robala.¹⁹ VGP e tsejoa e amahanya le tlhekefetso ea boroko le litšitiso tsa ho ithuta, mohopolo le tsebo.^{3, 4} Lintho tse sa bonahaleng tikolohong ena tse amanang le VGP li ka amahanngoa le khaello mesebetsing e amanang le VGP. Taba ea bobeli, mabenyane a ka pele a ka pele le a tlase a na le likarolo tsa bohlokoa mesebetsing ea botsamaisi le sistimi e bohareng le lits'ebetso tsa memori e sebetsang.³³ Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lits'ebetso tsena li ferekantsoe ke VGP.² Taba ea boraro, libaka tse ka hare ho basal ganglia, orbitofrontal cortex le insula li na le likarolo tse fapaneng lipapatsong tsa moputso le tšebetsong.^{34, 35} Ho khahlisang, joalo ka psychostimulants, VGP e baka tlhahiso ea dopamine e kholo tsamaisong ea dopaminergic⁵ 'me e baka ho lemalla.⁶ Dopamine e 'nile ea tsebahala ho bonts'a thepa ea methapo, mme dopamine e senya lisele le lisele tsa bokong ka ho fetesisa.³⁶ Ntle le moo, patlisiso e fetileng ea basebelisi ba psychostimulant (methamphetamine) e senotse MD e phahameng libakeng tsa sisteme ea dopaminergic.³⁷ Ho feta moo, tlhahlobo ea ho kenella ea lefu la Parkinson e senotse hore tsamaiso ea dopamine agonist L-dopa e lebisitse ho MD e eketsehang libakeng tsa sisteme ea dopaminergic.¹⁴ Ka hona, palo e kholo ea VGP le keketseho e kopanang ea tokollo ea dopamine li amahanngoa le liphetoho tsa MD tsa morao-rao tsamaisong ea dopaminergic, joalo ka litlamorao tsa lintho tse lokollang dopamine. MD ea libaka tsena e amahanngoa le litšobotsi tse nang le tšusumetso e mpe, athe VGP e fetelletseng e amahanngoa le ho hloka toka kapa tšekamelo ea khatello ha e sa bapale videogames.³⁸ Ka mekhoa ea neural libakeng tsena, VGP e kanna ea amahanngoa ka kotloloho le ka kotlolloho le bofokoli bo sebetsang bo tlalehiloeng. Ntle le moo, thutong ea hona joale, VIQ e ile ea fokotseha ho arabela VGP, mme ho sa tsotelloe mofuta oa IQ, IQ e tlase e ne e amahanngoa le MD e phahameng libakeng tse kenyeletsang tsamaiso ea dopaminergic le hippocampus. Ntle le lits'ebetso tsa ho ithuta le tsa ho hopola, lits'ebetso tsa khothatso li na le likarolo tsa bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea tlhahlobo ea IQ har'a bana.³⁹ Ka hona, litlamorao tsa VGP ho VIQ li kanna tsa ba karolo e itseng ea methati ena ea methapo. Leha ho le joalo, tsena ke likhopolo-taba, kaha thuto ea hona joale e nka nako e telele ebile ha e nke lehlakore, 'me ha re na data e lekaneng ho tiisa likhopolo-taba tsena le mabaka ana a ho hlaka; lithuto tsa bokamoso lia hlokahala ho netefatsa likhopolo-taba tsena kapa li-causalities.

Litloaelano lipakeng tsa bongata bo boholo ba VGP le FA e tlase le PIQ e tlase li ile tsa bonoa feela litlhahlobisong tsa likarolo. Ka tloaelo, FA e tlase libakeng tse kang Corpus callosum, moo likhoelesa tsa methapo tse ngata li sa keneng, ho nahanoa hore e emela mesebetsi e sa khetholloeng e tsamaeang le ho fokotsoa ha li-axon le mekhoa e meng ea 'mele.^{16, 40} Ho haella ha litloaelano lithutong tse telele ho ka hlahisoa ke lisosa tse ngata. E 'ngoe ke matla a tlase a lipalo lithutong tse telele ka lebaka la boholo bo bonyane ba sampole kapa lilemo tse eketsehang, ha bana ba banyenyane ba bonts'a polasetiki e kholo.⁴¹ Hape, polasetiki e hlahelletseng e ka hlaha mohato oa pele oa boiphihlelo le VGP ho latela mehato ena, mme polasetiki ea neural ka hona, e ke ke ea bonoa tlhahlobisong e telele ea methati ena. Tlhaloso ea ho qetela empa e hlakileng haholo ke hore VGP ha e na litlamorao tse bonoang mehatong eo. Mokhatlo o shebiloeng oa likarolo tse ling e ne e le hore bana ba nang le litšobotsi tse joalo tsa neurocognitive (PIQ e tlase le FA e tlase libakeng tse atileng) ba bapala li-videogames ka bongata. E amanang le liphumano tsa hona joale tsa FA, lithuto tsa pejana li hlahlobile litšobotsi tsa FA tsa bakuli ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang.^{42, 43} Lithuto tsena li bohlokoa liphethong tsa hona joale hobane bokhoba ba marang-rang bo fokola ka tsela e amanang le palo ea VGP,⁴⁴ mohlomong ka lebaka la papali ea marang-rang. Le ha liphetho tsa tsena tse peli li sa lumellane, e 'ngoe e fumane hore bakuli ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ba na le FA e tlase libakeng tsa pele, ho kenyelletsa le likarolo tse ka ntle tsa Corpus callosum. Ho feta moo, thuto ena e sebelisitse potso bakeng sa mathata a maikutlo a bana a amanang le ho tšoenyeha⁴⁵ mme e bonts'a bakuli ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ba bonts'a mathata a tebileng a maikutlo le hore mathata ana a ne a amana le FA ho anterior Corpus callosum. Leha lithuto tsa pejana li bonts'itse hore litaba tsa "gGP" tse hlophisitsoeng hantle tsa boleng ba VGP li ne li sa amane le tšebeliso ea inthanete.⁴⁴ ho ka etsahala hore lipatlisiso tsa hona joale tsa FA li arolelane mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea pathogenic le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (joalo ka ho ba kotsing le / kapa matšoao a fumanehang a bokhoba / mathata a maikutlo). Monyetla ona o lokela ho hlahlojoa lithutong tse tlang.

Lithuto tse teng hona joale li hatetse pele kutloisisong ea rona mabapi le litlamorao tse tobileng kapa tse sa tobang tsa VGP baneng. Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe lithutong tse fetileng, neuroimury e fetileng e bontšitse khokahano e nepahetseng lipakeng tsa VGP le boholo ba litaba tse bohlooho ho DLFPC, mme sena ka kakaretso se nkuoe e le sephetho se nepahetseng.^{7, 8, 9} Tloaelo e ts'oanang lipakeng tsa boholo ba VGP le bonyata bohareng ba PFC e setseng ka lehlakoreng le letšehali (T= 3.27, 689 mm³, P<0.0025) e ile ea bonoa tlhahlobisong ea likarolo tse ling tsa thuto ena. Thutong eo, tlhahlobo ea VBM e entsoe ho sebelisoa li-covariate tse tšoanang tse sebelisitsoeng thutong ena (bakeng sa lintlha tsa mekhoa ea ho lokisa pele, bona Takeuchi et al a.²⁶). Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso tse eketsehileng li bontšitse hore taba e ntseng e eketseha ea bohlooho e amanang le boiphihlelo ba khomphutha ho bana le ho batho ba baholo e fana ka litlamorao tse mpe tsa kelello.^{26, 46} Lithuto tse teng hona joale li fuputse litlamorao tse tobileng kapa tse sa tobang tsa VGP ho tloha ponong ea FA le MD le tlhaiso-leseling ea molomo 'me li tšehetse likarolo tse mpe tsa VGP lithutong tse nyane.

Boithuto ba hona joale bo ne bo e-na le meeli. Taba ea mantlha, ena e ne e se thuto ea ho kenella mme, ka hona, e kenyelletsa meeli e meng e tloaelehileng ea lithuto tsa lefu la chefo. Phuputso ena e ne e kenyelletsa tlhahlobo ea nako e telele 'me e ne e lokolohile ho meeli e meng (mohlala, monyetla oa hore likamano lipakeng tsa bohlale ba molomo le VGP li hlahisitsoe ke tšekamelo ea bana ba nang le bohlale bo tlase ba ho bapala videogames). Leha ho le joalo, liphetho tsa hona joale li ntse li sa khone ho paka hore VGP e bakile liphetoho tse bonoang ka kotloloho. Ho ka etsahala hore lintlha tse ngata tsa tikoloho tse neng li sa khone ho lokisoa litlhahlobisong li bakile liphetoho tse hlokometsoeng. Hape hoa etsahala hore phokotso ea palo ea mesebetsi ea letsatsi le letsatsi (mohlala, ho bala, ho bala, lipuisano le ba bang le boikoetliso) li ile tsa nkeloa sebaka ke nako e sebelisitsoeng VGP. Sena ke 'nete ho bana hobane bana ba sebelisa nako ea bona ka tsela e tšoanang ka matsatsi a beke (mohlala, sekolo). Nakong ea nako e setseng, ha mesebetsi e meng e ntse e eketseha, mesebetsi e meng e atisa ho fokotseha ka nako e tšoanang. Ka lebaka la tlholeho ena, ha ho a nepahala ho khalemela mesebetsi ena litlhahlobisong tse ngata tsa khatello. Hape ho lokela ho hopoloa hore, ho bana, nako e sebelisitsoeng ho VGP e bonts'a ho fokotseha hoa nako e sebelisitsoeng mesebetsing ea mantsoe (kapa boikoetliso), 'me tse ling tsa litlamorao tse ling li bonts'itsoe li bile le liphetho tse joalo. Le haeba ho ne ho le joalo, ha re nahane hore sepheo sa thuto ena se ne se sa phethahala, kaha nako e sebelisitsoeng ho VGP e bonts'a mofuta oa nako e sebelisitsoeng VGP bophelong ba nnete. Ka mantsoe a mang, ho fapana le maemo a liteko, bophelong ba 'nete le haeba videogame e itseng e na le litlamorao tse ntle mesebetsing e meng, nako e sebelisitsoeng haholo ho bapala papali e joalo e tlameha ho nkela mesebetsi e meng e metle joalo ka ho ithuta le ho ikoetlisa. Bakeng sa ho lekola ka botlalo tokollo ena le tlhahlobo ea litlamorao tsa lipapali, bona Mekhoa ea Tlatsetso le Liphetho. Ho feta moo, hape ho ka etsahala hore palo ea VGP e bonts'itse liphokotso tse ling (tlatsetso ho VGP le tšusumetso e tlase mabapi le mesebetsi ea thuto kapa ea sechaba) le hore lits'oaetso tse joalo li ama mesebetsi ea methapo. Ntle le moo, ha palo e phahameng ea VGP e tsoela pele ho lemalla videogame, sena se ka ama mesebetsi ea methapo. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li hloka ho etsoa ho hlahloba mekhoa ena ea ho baka. Bakeng sa lipuisano tse ling mabapi le bothata bona Mekhoa ea Tlatsetso. Ntle le moo, thutong ena, re sebelisitse tekanyo e netefalitsoeng le e sebelisoang haholo empa e le mokhoa o seng bohlale oa tlhahlobo (Wechsler IQ), mme ha re a ka ra bokella data e ka hlahang ka kotloloho mehato ea boiketlo ba sechaba. Litlamorao tsa VGP mesebetsing ena e ikhethileng hammoho le kamano ea bona le mehato ea ho nahana ka ho kenyelletsa litšoantšo e lokela ho hlahlojoa lithutong tse tlang. Hape, lithuto li bontšitse hore li-videogames tse itseng (ka mohlala, lipapali tse mabifi, tsa sekhahla le tsa maano) li na le litlamorao tse itseng.⁴⁷ Hobane sepheo sa rona sa ho ithuta se sa rarolla mathata ana, ha re a ka ra bokella data e hlokahalang ho etsa lipatlisiso ka litlamorao tse joalo; leha ho le joalo, litlamorao tsena li ka ithutoa nakong e tlang. Tekanyetso e 'ngoe e akaretsang ea mofuta ona oa boithuto ba sebopeho mabapi le litlamorao tsa maemo a tikoloho ho mekhoa ea neural le ea kelello ke hore liphetoho tsa sebopeho ha li bonts'e ka kotloloho liphetoho tse sebetsang libakeng tse khethiloeng tse amanang le mesebetsi ea kelello. Kahoo thuto ea rona e ke ke ea hlalosa ka kotloloho hore na li-MDG li lumellana le palo ea VGP libakeng tse khethiloeng li amana joang le likarolo tse ling tsa tšebetso tse hlokometsoeng tsa cGP tse sebetsang hantle le tse ling.

Qetellong, VGP e ntseng e eketseha e amana ka kotloloho le ka kotloloho ke nts'etsopele ea MD libakeng tse ngata bokong le bohlale ba molomo. Pele ho ne ho tlalehiloe mefuta e mengata ea melemo ea VGP,⁴⁸ le videogames e kanna ea sebetsa maemong a itseng (mohlala, batho ba baholo ba baholo, mefuta e itseng ea lipapali). Leha ho le joalo, thuto ea hona joale e ntlafalitse kutloisiso ea rona ea VGP joalo ka tloaelo ea bana ea letsatsi le letsatsi mme e senotse hore maemo ao ho ona bana ba bapalang li-videogames nako e telele a ka lebisa nts'etsopeleng e sa lokang ea bonyatsi, bonyane ho tloha ponong e itseng.

Ka holimo ho leqephe   

Khohlano ea thahasello

Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa thahasello.

Ka holimo ho leqephe   

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Ka holimo ho leqephe    

Liteboho

Ka tlhompho re leboha Yuki Yamada ka ho sebetsa sehatisi sa MRI, Keiko Okimoto ka ho thusa ho laola teko le Yuriko Suzuki ho tsoa ho Philips bakeng sa likeletso mabapi le monahano o bobebe. Re boetse re leboha barupeluoa ba ithutoang, bahlahlobi ba bang ba liteko tsa kelello le basebetsi mmoho le rona ho Setsi sa Nts'etsopele, botsofaling le mofets'e le univesithi ea Tohoku ka tšehetso ea bona. Boithuto bona bo tšehelitsoe ke JST / RISTEX le JST / CREST. Re leboha Enago (www.enago.jp) bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea puo ea Senyesemane.