- 1College of Psychology and Sociology, Univesithi ea Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- 2Shenzhen Key Laboratory ea Saense e Amanang le e Ikemetseng ea Sechaba, Univesithi ea Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
Mathata a ho lemalla ho sebelisa Inthanete (IAD) a amahanngoa le likhaello tsa puisano ea sechaba le ho qoba ho kopana le batho. Ho nahanoa hore batho ba nang le IAD ba ka ba le bothata ba kutloelo-bohloko. Morero oa boithuto ba hajoale e ne e le ho lekola ts'ebetso ea kutloelo-bohloko bakeng sa bohloko ba ba bang ho li-IAD. Menyetla e amanang le ketsahalo e hlahisitsoeng ho arabela linepe tse bonts'ang ba bang maemong a bohloko le a sa utloiseng bohloko li tlalehiloe ho lithuto tsa 16 IAD le li-control tsa 16 tse phetseng hantle (HCs). N1, P2, N2, P3, le likarolo tsa morao-rao tse ntle tse ka bang teng li ile tsa bapisoa lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli. Likamano tsa sehlopha sa litšoantšo tse robust li ile tsa bonoa bakeng sa N2 le P3. Litšoantšo tse bohloko li hlahisitse kholo ea N2 le P3 amplitudes ho feta litšoantšo tse seng bohloko li etsa feela sehlopheng sa HC empa eseng sehlopheng sa IAD. Liphetho tsa phuputso ena li fana ka maikutlo a hore lits'ebetso tsa pele tsa boiketsetso le lits'ebetso tsa morao-rao tsa kutloisiso ea kutloelo-bohloko li ka senyeha ho li-IAD. Phuputso ena e fana ka bopaki ba psychophysical ba likhaello tsa kutloelo-bohloko kamanong le IAD. Ho hlokahala lithuto tse ling tse kopanyang litekanyo tse fapaneng tsa kutloelo-bohloko ho netefatsa liphuputso tsena.
Selelekela
Boloetse ba ho lemalla lithethefatsi (IAD) bo 'nile ba hlalosoa e le ho se khone ho laola ts'ebeliso ea inthanete leha ho na le litlamorao tse mpe mme hangata e nkoa e le bokhoba ba boitšoaro.Tam le Walter, 2013; D'Hondt et al., 2015; Kuss le Lopez-Fernandez, 2016), e emelang bothata bo itseng bo kenyelletsang ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang le / kapa tšebeliso ea marang-rang, mme e bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa meloko ea bacha (Grant et al., 2010; Balconi et al., 2017). Le ha ekaba IAD ke lefu la kelello ka bobeli e ntse e baka likhang, litaba tsa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba le tsa kahisano tse amanang le IAD li hlakile mme li-correlates tsa IAD li se li qalile ho hlahlojoa (D'Hondt le Maurage, 2015).
Ho 'nile ha boleloa hore IAD e kanna ea ba le likamano tse tšoanang le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi. Mohlala, batho ka bomong ba nang le IAD ba bonts'a ho fokotseha hoa taolo ea botsamaisi, ho bonts'a khaello ea bokhoni ba ho thibela boits'oaro hang ha bo qaliloe kapa ho ithiba boits'oaro kamora nako ea ho ithiba (Brand et al., 2014; D'Hondt le Maurage, 2015). Boithuto ba Electrophysiological bo bonts'itse ho fokolisoa ha matla a N2 litekong tsa NoGo mosebetsing oa Go / NoGo hammoho le phokotso ea bophahamo ba 'mele ea pele (MFN) litekong tse sa sebetseng tsa mosebetsi oa Stroop, liphetho tse fanang ka maikutlo a ho senyeha ha taolo ea bolaoli (Dong et al., 2011). Ntle le moo, batho ba nang le IAD le bona ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e sa sebetseng ea litšusumetso tsa sechaba, joalo ka lifahleho. O ile a al. (2011) e fumane hore ha e bapisoa le li-control tse phetseng hantle (HCs), lithuto tse nang le li-IAD li bontšitse ho fokotsa P1 le N170 ts'ebetsong ea lifahleho.
Kutloelo-bohloko e bolela bokhoni ba ho arolelana le ho utloisisa maikutlo kapa maikutlo a ba bang (Decety le Lamm, 2006). Ho ba le kutloelo-bohloko ho its'etleha kamanong ea likarolo tse peli: sistimi ea tšoaetso ea maikutlo e sa tsoa hlaha le sistimi e maemong a holimo ea kutlo e lumellang ho itaola le ho ntlafatsa maemo (Decety le Jackson, 2004; Mella le al., 2012). Bokhoni ba ho utloela ba bang bohloko e sa le bo nkuoa bo le bohlokoa bakeng sa tšebelisano-mmoho ea sechaba (Hetu et al., 2012). Palo ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e fumanoe e hokahana ka mokhoa o fapaneng le bokhoni ba ho sebelisana le batho ba bang (Engelberg le Sjoberg, 2004). Ka hona, batho ba nang le IAD hangata ba hlokomoloha bophelo ba bona ba sechaba (Monyane, 1998a). Kahoo, kutloelo-bohloko e ka ba sesosa se ka fokotsang tsoelo-pele e tsoelang pele ea litšebelisano tsa bophelo ba 'nete har'a basebelisi ba inthanete (Melokers et al., 2015).
Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse shebaneng le motheo oa neural oa ts'ebetso ea kutloelo-bohloko ho li-IAD li ntse li sa fumanehe haholo. Ho fihlela joale, ho latela tsebo ea rona, ke lithuto tse peli feela tse entseng lipatlisiso ka kutloelo-bohloko ho li-IAD. Pele, Melchers et al. (2015) o fumane bopaki ba kamano e fosahetseng lipakeng tsa ho lemalla inthanete le kutloelo-bohloko, joalo ka ha ho pakoa ke kutloelo-bohloko e itlalehang le lintlha tse sebelisang mathata tsa inthanete (Melokers et al., 2015). Taba ea bobeli ke hore, thuto e amanang le ketsahalo (ERP) e fumane hore mocha ea nang le IAD o bonts'itse phapang e fokotsehileng ho li-amplitude tsa N2 lipakeng tsa tšusumetso e bohloko le e seng bohloko ha e bapisoa le li-HC ha e sebetsana le litšoantšo tse bonts'a ba bang ba le bohlokong (Wang et al., 2014). Boithuto ba pele bo boletsoeng kaholimo e ne e le boithuto ba khokahanyo e hlahlobang mme ea bobeli e ne e ama sechaba se ikhethileng haholo (bana ba China ba setseng morao ba litoropong), se fokotsa ho ata ha sona.
Kutloelo-bohloko ea bohloko e bontšitsoe e kenyelletsa lits'ebetso tse peli tse fapaneng tsa nakoana. Ea pele ke ts'ebetso ea pele e iketsang, e tlase ho ea holimo, e bonts'itsoeng ke likarolo tsa N1, P2, le N2 tse lumellanang le tšoaetso ea maikutlo le ho arolelana maikutlo. Taba ea bobeli, ho na le ts'ebetso e laoloang holimo, e nang le kutloisiso, e bonts'itsoeng ke likarolo tsa P3 le menyetla ea morao-rao e ka bang teng (LPP) e laolang likarabo tsa kutloelo-bohloko le ho etsa phapang e hlakileng ea boithati (Fan le Han, 2008; Mella le al., 2012; Sesa et al., 2014). Ts'ebetso ea tlase-tlase e bua ka ho se tsebe letho le ho itšunya-tšunya maikutlong le ho arolelana maikutlo ka tsela e sa amaneng le letho ka ho sheba bohloko ba ba bang, bo sa susumetsoang ke litaelo kapa litlhoko tsa mosebetsi. Ts'ebetso e laoloang holimo holimo, ka lehlakoreng le leng, e supa ts'ebetso e laoloang ke sepheo sa moshebelli mme e ka hlophisoa ka boithaopo ke lintlha tse kang litaelo, litlhoko tsa mosebetsi, boiphihlelo ba pele, likamano tsa sechaba, jj. (Fan le Han, 2008). Kahoo, mofuta ona o ka re thusa ho rarolla hore na ke mohato ofe oa kutloelo-bohloko o ka bang le mathata ho li-IAD.
IAD e kanna ea kopana le maemo a mang a kelello, haholoholo khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho (Sanders et al., 2000; Yen et al., 2007; Wei et al., 2012; Lai et al., 2015). Batho ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo ba bontša tlhokomeliso e fokolang ea maikutlo a ba bang, ho senyeha hoa maikutlo, le bofokoli ba kutloelo-bohloko le pono e nkuoang [bakeng sa tlhahlobo, (Kupferberg et al., 2016)]. Ho tšoenyeha ho ka fokotsa likarabo tse amang maikutlo ho bohloko ba ba bang (Negd et al., 2011). Kahoo, khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo e ka ba lisosa tse ferekanyang thutong ea hajoale. Kahoo, re sebelisitse mekhoa ea ho khetholla bakeng sa ho fumana matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo kapa matšoenyeho.
Morero oa boithuto ba hajoale e ne e le ho hlahloba hore na ho sebetsoa ha bohloko ba ba bang ho ka fapana joang ho batho ba nang le li-IAD le li-HC. Re nahanne hore li-IAD li ke ke tsa arabela haholo, kapa tsa khetholla bohloko ba ba bang ho feta li-HC. Haeba mohato oa pele oa boiketsetso o senyehile, ho lokela ho bonahala ho N1 (Ibanez et al., 2011; Lyu et al., 2014), P2 (Rutgen et al., 2015), le / kapa N2 (Cui et al., 2016adikarolo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, haeba ts'ebetso ea boithatelo, ea ho ea holimo e sa sebetse, e lokela ho bonahala ho P3 le / kapa LPP (Ibanez et al., 2011).
Lisebelisoa le mekhoa
Boitšoaro ba Melao
Mekhoa eohle ea lipatlisiso e ile ea amoheloa ke Komiti ea Bongaka ea Boitšoaro ea Shenzhen University Medical School ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki. Barupeluoa bohle ba fuoe tumello e ngotsoeng e nang le tsebo kamora hore ba utloisise thuto ka botlalo.
barupeluoa ba
Palo ea bankakarolo ba 16 ba nang le IAD le li-HC tse 16 ba ile ba hiroa liunivesithing tsa lehae. Ho ne ho se na phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli mabapi le lilemo, nehelano le thuto. Re sebelisitse tlhahlobo ea Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT) ho lekola IAD (Monyane, 1998b). Lithuto tsohle tsa IAD li ne li na le lintlha tsa of 40 ho IAT (Tlhokomeliso: Lintlha tsa IAT ho 40-60 li bonts'a bokhoba bo bobebe ba inthanete; 60-80 e bonts'a bokhoba ba inthanete bo itekanetseng; mme 80-100 e bonts'a bokhoba ba inthanete ba seva). Ho feta moo, hobane IAD e kanna ea kopana le maemo a mang a kelello, haholoholo khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho, re khethile barupeluoa ba IAD ba hapileng ≥ 40 ho Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) (Zung, ka 1965) kapa Zung Self-Rating Scale Scale (SAS) (Zung, ka 1971) (likhetho tsa cutoff li 53 bakeng sa SDS le 50 bakeng sa SAD ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa China). Mekhoa ea ho khetholla barupeluoa ba IAD le taolo e ne e le tse latelang: bokhachane, nalane ea ho lemala hloohong, le mathata a mang a methapo ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi kapa ho itšetleha ka likhoeli tse fetileng tsa 6.
E hlohlelletsa
Lits'ebetso tse bonts'itsoeng tse sebelisitsoeng e ne e le litšoantšo tse bonts'ang matsoho a motho / matsoho / maoto maemong a bohloko kapa a sa utloiseng bohloko, a neng a sebelisitsoe liphuputsong tse fetileng tsa ERP (Meng et al., 2012; Meng et al., 2013). Maemo ohle a bontšitsoeng litšoantšong tsena e ne e le liketsahalo tse tloaelehileng bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Liketsahalo tsohle tse bonts'itsoeng litšoantšong tse seng bohloko li ne li tsamaellana le tse litšoantšong tse bohloko, empa ntle le karolo ea nociceptive (Setšoantšo) 1A). Ho ne ho na le litšoantšo tse 60 tse bohloko le tse 60 tse sa utloiseng bohloko ka botlalo. Kaofela ha tsona li ne li na le boholo bo lekanang ba 9 × 6.76 cm (bophara x bolelele) le pixels tse 100 ka intshi. Leseli, phapang le 'mala li ne li lekana pakeng tsa litšoantšo tse bohloko le tse seng bohloko. Boithuto ba pejana bo netefalitse hore litšoantšo tse bohloko le tse sa utloiseng bohloko li ne li fapane hofeta ka boholo ba mahlaba a bohloko, boemo ba tsoho le pherekano ea maikutlo, ho latela boits'oaro ba motho ka mong (Meng et al., 2012).
TLHAHLISO 1. (A) Mehlala ea litšoantšo (Phanele e ka letsohong le letšehali: Setšoantšo se bohloko; Phanele e ka ho le letona: Setšoantšo se sa utloiseng bohloko); (B) Sebopeho sa teko e le 'ngoe. Teko e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e qalile ka ho lokisoa ha 500 ms, kamora karohano e se nang letho ea 400-700 ms, setšoantšo se hlahile bakeng sa 2000 ms mme barupeluoa ba ne ba lokela ho ahlola hore na setšoantšo se bohloko kapa ha se bohloko kapele le ka nepo kamoo ho ka khonehang. Setšoantšo se ile sa nyamela ha karabo e fanoa. ISI lipakeng tsa liteko e ne e le 800-1200 ms ka mokhoa o sa reroang.
Mekhoa ea Boiteko
Pontšo ea Stimulus le ho fumana lintlha tsa boits'oaro li entsoe ka software ea E-Prime (Version 2.0, Psychology Software Tools, Inc., Boston, MA, United States). Nakong ea mosebetsi, bankakarolo ba ne ba lula ka boiketlo ka phapusing e sirelelitsoeng ka motlakase e ka bang 90 cm ho tloha skrineng ea likhomphutha ea mmala ea 15-inch.
Barupeluoa ba ile ba kopuoa ho shebella litšoantšo. Tekong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, fixation e ile ea hlahisoa skrineng se tšoeu bakeng sa 500 ms, ea latela karolelano ea 400- ho isa ho 700-ms e se nang letho. Ebe setšoantšo se shebiloeng se tla hlahisoa ka boholo ba 2000 ms. ISI lipakeng tsa liteko e ne e le 800-1200 ms ka mokhoa o sa reroang (Setšoantšo 1B). Barupeluoa ba ile ba laeloa ho ahlola hore na setšoantšo sena se bonts'a boemo bo bohloko kapa bo seng bohloko kapele kamoo ho ka khonehang ka ho tobetsa likonopo tsa "F" kapa "J" lebokoseng le behiloeng ka pela bona. Ho tobetsa konopo ho ne ho lekana hantle har'a bankakarolo. Setšoantšo se ne se tla nyamela hang ha karabelo e fanoa. Ho na le likarolo tse 'ne tekong. Seboka ka seng se na le liteko tsa 60, ho kenyeletsoa litšoantšo tse 30 tse bohloko le litšoantšo tse 30 tse seng bohloko. Setšoantšo ka seng se phetiloe habeli ka kakaretso. Maemo a mane a hlahisitsoe ka nepo: Li-IAD li shebile litšoantšo tse bohloko (IAD_P); Li-IAD li shebile litšoantšo tse seng bohloko (IAD_NP); Li-HC li shebile litšoantšo tse bohloko (HC_P); le li-HC li shebile litšoantšo tse se nang bohloko (HC_NP). Kamora mosebetsi, lihlopha ka bobeli tsa bankakarolo li ile tsa botsoa ho phethahatsa Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). IRI e bile e 'ngoe ea li-indices tse sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa tsa kutloelo-bohloko, e leng lenane la lipotso le lekolang tšobotsi ea kutloelo-bohloko e sebelisa li-subscales tse' ne: ho nka pono, mohopolo, maikutlo a kutloelo-bohloko le khatello ea maikutlo (PD) (Davis, 1983).
Ho Fumana le ho Tsoaloa Pele ha EEG
Lintlha tsa Electroencephalography (EEG) li tlalehiloe ho tsoa ho sekoaelo sa hlooho sa li-electrode tse 63 ho sebelisa sistimi ea 10-20 (Brain Products, Munich, Germany). Mocha oa TP10 o sebelisitsoe joalo ka ha ho buuoa nakong ea ho rekota. Ho ile ha sebelisoa li-electrode tse peli tse kaholimo le ka tlase ho leihlo le letšehali ho lekanya electrooculogram (EOG). Mesebetsi ea EEG le EOG e ntlafalitsoe ho li-band-pass tsa 0.01-100 Hz mme ea etsetsoa sampole ho 500 Hz. Lits'oants'o tsohle tsa eleketrode li bolokiloe ka tlase ho 5 kΩ.
Lintlha tsa Electroencephalography (EEG) li ile tsa ntlafatsoa le ho hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa MATLAB R2011b (MathWorks) le lebokose la lithulusi la EEGLAB (Delorme le Makeig, 2004). Lintlha tsa EEG ho elektrode e ngoe le e ngoe li ile tsa buuoa hape ho ea ka karolelano ea li-mastoid tsa leqele le le letona pele li ka hlahlojoa hape. Eaba lets'oao le feta ka sehlatso sa band-pass sa 0.01-30 Hz. Lifensetere tsa nako ea 200 ms pele le 1000 ms kamora ho qala ha lits'oants'o tsa setšoantšo li arotsoe ho tloha ho EEG mme nako eohle e ile ea lokisoa molemong oa mantlha ke 200 ms pele ho setšoantšo. Lintho tsa khale tsa EOG li ile tsa lokisoa ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo e ikemetseng ea likaroloana (ICA) (Jung et al., 2001). Linako tse nang le boleng ba bophahamo bo fetang ± 50 μV ho elektrode efe kapa efe ha li kenyelelitsoe ho karolelano, 'me liteko tsohle tse nang le likarabo tse fosahetseng ha lia kenyelletsoa tlhahlobisong e ngoe [Linako tse lahliloeng: 16.75 ± 6.04 (HCs); 18.25 ± 2.35 (IADs)].
Lipalo-palo li
Bakeng sa nako ea karabelo le ho nepahala, mehato e habeli e phetoang ea ANOVA e ile ea etsoa ka litšoantšo (setšoantšo se bohloko le setšoantšo se seng se utloisang bohloko) joalo ka sesosa sa lihlopha le lihlopha (IAD le HC) joalo ka ntho e lipakeng tsa sehlooho. Lintlha tse hlalosang li hlahisitsoe e le (bolela ± SE). Boemo ba bohlokoa bo behiloe ho p <0.05.
Phuputso ena e ile ea tsepamisa maikutlo ho li-ERP tse hlahisitsoeng ke litšoantšo tse bontšang ba bang maemong a bohloko le a sa utloiseng bohloko. Re ile ra sekaseka likarolo tsa bokapele ba N1 (90-150 ms), ka pele P2 (180-220 ms), fronto-bohareng N2 (200-280 ms), parietal P3 (300-400 ms), le centro-parietal LPP ( 550-650 ms) ho latela ERP e tloaelehileng, li-topographies, le lingoliloeng tse nepahetseng (Decety et al., 2010; Meng et al., 2013). Ho ne ho metoa amplitudes bakeng sa karolo ka 'ngoe. Hlokomela hore nako eo lifensetere li khethiloeng ka eona e ne e ipapisitse le ERP e akaretsang ea liteko tsohle bakeng sa maemo a bohloko le a seng bohloko ho tsoa lihlopheng ka bobeli. Lifensetere tsa nako ea likarolo tse 'maloa li ne li fapane hanyane le lingoliloeng [40-50 ms pele kapa kamora nako ea lifensetere tse khethiloeng lipampiring tse fetileng (Meng et al., 2012, 2013)]. Ho bonts'a hore liphetho e ne e se lintho tsa khale tsa nako e khethiloeng ea windows, re ile ra etsa litlhahlobo tse latelang re sebelisa lifensetere tsa nako e fapaneng (fetela pele 40 ms le ho khutlela morao 40 ms) bakeng sa likarolo tse tlalehileng bohlokoa. Liphetho tsohle li senotse mokhoa o ts'oanang oa liphetho (re tlalehile liphetho ho tloha fensetereng ea nako bohareng). Ka ho etsa lipatlisiso ka ho sebelisa nako ea nako ea nako / ho qala / offset, ho ka bonts'a bohlokoa ba sephetho ke phello e lumellanang (Bacigalupo le Lehlohonolo, 2015; Lehlohonolo le Gaspelin, 2017).
Liphuputso tse ling tsa lipalo li ile tsa etsoa IBM SPSS Statistics 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, United States). Liphuputso tse fetileng tse sebelisang tšusumetso e ts'oanang li khothalelitse hore karolo ea pele ea N1, P2, N2, le likarolo tsa morao tsa P3, LPP li ne li amana haholo le ho bona bohloko ba ba bang. Motheong oa kabo ea sebopeho sa ketsahalo ea ERP e akaretsang le lithuto tse fetileng, ho ile ha khethoa lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa li-electrode tsa karolo ka 'ngoe (Meng et al., 2012, 2013; Lyu et al., 2014). F3, Fz, F4, FC3, FCz, le FC3 li khethiloe bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea N1 le N2; FC3, FCz, FC4, C3, Cz, le C4 li khethiloe bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea P2; CP3, CPz, CP4, P3, Pz, le P4 li khethiloe bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea P3; C3, Cz, C4, CP3, CPz, le CP4 li khethiloe bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea LPP. Mehato e phetoang ANOVA e nang le litšoantšo (tse utloisang bohloko le tse sa utloiseng bohloko) joalo ka ntlha ea sehlooho le lihlopha (IAD le HC) joalo ka ntho e lipakeng tsa sehlooho e ne e etsoa bakeng sa li-amplitudes tsa libaka tsohle tse khethiloeng tsa li-electrode bakeng sa karolo ka 'ngoe. Liphuputso tsohle tsa lipalo-palo li fihletse litlhokahalo tsa liteko tsa lipalo-palo. Likhato tsa tokoloho bakeng sa li-F-ratios li ile tsa lokisoa ho latela mokhoa oa Greenhouse – Geisser. Liphapang tsa lipalo-palo li ne li nkuoa li le bohlokoa ho p <0.05; post hoc litšoantšiso li ile tsa lokisoa ke Bonferroni ho p <0.05.
Ho hlahloba hore na phello eo re e boneng ho data ea ERP e ne e amana le tšobotsi ea motho ea nkang karolo, pele, re ile ra bala phapang lipakeng tsa li-amplople tsa li-ERP tse hlahisitsoeng ke tšusumetso e bohloko le tse sa utloiseng bohloko nakong ea lifensetere tsa N2 le P3. Li-amplitudes li ile tsa baloa e le moelelo oa li-amplitudes tsa li-electrode tsohle tse khethiloeng (F3, Fz, F4, FC3, FCz, le FC3 bakeng sa N2; CP3, CPz, CP4, P3, Pz, le P4 bakeng sa P3). Taba ea bobeli ke hore re tsamaisa tlhaiso-leseling ea Pearson lipakeng tsa phapang ea li-amplipope tsa ERP le lintlha tse ngata tsa li-subscales tse 'ne tsa IRI, ka thoko.
Results
Litloaelo
Bakeng sa sekhahla sa ho nepahala, phello ea mantlha ea setšoantšo [F(1,30) = 1.854, p = 0.183, η2p
= 0.058), sehlopha (F(1,30) = 0.557, p = 0.461, η2p = 0.018], le ho sebelisana ha setšoantšo x sehlopha [F(1,30) = 0.146, p = 0.705, η2p = 0.005] li ne li se bohlokoa (palo ea sekhahla sa ho nepahala: 79-99%, e bolela ± SE: 91.25 ± 4.8%). Bakeng sa nako ea karabelo, re fumane tšusumetso e kholo ea setšoantšo [F(1,30) = 23.662, p <0.001, η2p = 0.441]. Lihlopha tsena ka bobeli li arabela ka potlako maemong a bohloko ha li bapisoa le boemo bo seng bohloko (IAD_P: Mesebetsi ea 633.488 ± 54.928; IAD_NP: Mesebetsi ea 669.714 ± 74.255; HC_P: Mesebetsi ea 645.528 ± 55.207; HC_NP: 684.085 ± 61.851 ms). Phello e kholo ea sehlopha [F(1,30) = 0.413, p = 0.525, η2p = 0.014] le ho sebelisana ha setšoantšo x sehlopha [F(1,30) = 0.023, p = 0.880, η2p
= 0.001] li ne li se bohlokoa (mefuta ea li-RTs: 554-861 ms; e bolelang ± SE: 659.5 ± 62.6 ms).
Bakeng sa lintlha tsa IRI, re matha re ikemetse t-liteko tsa ho bapisa bongata ba sehlopha sa IAD le sehlopha sa HC bakeng sa liphallelo tsohle tse 'ne. Ho fumanoe hore ho "PD" e nyane, lintlha tsa sehlopha sa IAD li ne li le nyane haholo ho feta tse ngata tsa sehlopha sa HC [IAD: 8.125 ± 0.875; HC: 10.375 ± 0.651; t(30) = -2.063, p = 0.048]. Phapang lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli tsa liphallelo tse ling tse tharo e ne e se ea bohlokoa (p > 0.116) (Tafole 1).
TEBOHO 1. Palo ea bankakarolo bakeng sa bankakarolo ba IAD le taolo e phetseng hantle.
Bokgoni bo Amanang le Ketsahalo (ERPs)
N1. Phello e kholo ea setšoantšo [F(1,30) = 3.180, p = 0.085, η2p
= 0.096], litlamorao tse kholo tsa sehlopha [F(1,30) = 0.465, p = 0.500, η2p = 0.015] le ho sebelisana ha setšoantšo x sehlopha [F(1,30) = 0.131, p = 0.720, η2p
= 0.004] e ne e se bohlokoa.
Q2. Phello e kholo ea setšoantšo [F(1,30) = 1.550, p = 0.223, η2p
= 0.049], litlamorao tse kholo tsa sehlopha [F(1,30) = 0.098, p = 0.756, η2p = 0.003] le ho sebelisana ha setšoantšo x sehlopha [F(1,30) = 0.729, p = 0.400, η2p
= 0.024] e ne e se bohlokoa.
N2. Phello ea mantlha ea setšoantšo e ne e le bohlokoa [F(1,30) = 6.406, p = 0.017, η2p
= 0.176]. Litšoantšo tse bohloko li hlahisitse li-amplople tse mpe haholo ho feta litšoantšo tse seng bohloko (-6.301 ± 0.745 μV le -5.650 ± 0.769 μV). Phello ea mantlha ea sehlopha e ne e se bohlokoa [F(1,30) = 0.039, p = 0.845, η2p = 0.001]. Tšebelisano ea setšoantšo sa sehlopha × e ne e le bohlokoa [F(1,30) = 6.838, p = 0.016, η2p
= 0.177]. Papiso ea Pairwise e bontšitse hore li-amplople tse hlahisitsoeng ke litšoantšo tse bohloko li ne li le mpe haholo ho feta li-amplople tse hlahisitsoeng ke litšoantšo tse sa utloiseng bohloko sehlopheng sa HC feela (-6.481 ± 1.088 μV le -5.176 ± 1.054 μV, p = 0.001) empa eseng sehlopheng sa IAD (-6.124 ± 1.088 μV le -6.122 ± 1.054 μV, p = 0.577) (Litšoantšo 2, 4A le Table 2).
TLHAHLISO 2. Karolelano e kholo ho Fz le FCz le sebopeho sa N2 maemong ohle a mane [Litšoantšo tse bohloko sehlopheng sa HC (HC_P); Litšoantšo tse sa utloiseng bohloko sehlopheng sa HC (HC_NP); Litšoantšo tse bohloko sehlopheng sa IAD (IAD_P); le litšoantšo tse sa utloiseng bohloko sehlopheng sa IAD (IAD_NP)]. Fensetere ea nako ea topography e ne e lekana le sebaka se sephara se koahetsoeng.
TLHAHLISO 3. Karolelano e kholo ho P3, Pz, le P4; sebopeho sa P3 maemong ohle a mane (fensetere ea nako ea topography e ne e tsamaellana le sebaka se sephara se koahetsoeng).
TLHAHLISO 4. Litšebelisano tsa setšoantšo x sehlopha ho N2 (A) le P (B) (***p <0.001; **p <0.01; ns, ha e bohlokoa).
TEBOHO 2. Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang lintlha tse amanang le ketsahalo (ERP).
P3. Phello ea mantlha ea setšoantšo e ne e le bohlokoa [F(1,30) = 17.668, p <0.001, ηp2 = 0.3371]. Litšoantšo tse bohloko li hlahisitse li-amplople tse kholo haholo ho feta litšoantšo tse seng bohloko (7.350 ± 0.799 μV le 5.998 ± 0.679 μV). Phello ea mantlha ea sehlopha e ne e se bohlokoa [F(1,30) = 0.989, p = 0.328, η2p
= 0.032]. Tšebelisano ea setšoantšo sa sehlopha × e ne e le bohlokoa [F(1,30) = 6.283, p = 0.018, η2p
= 0.173]. Papiso ea Pairwise e bontšitse hore phapang lipakeng tsa litšoantšo tse bohloko le tse sa utloiseng bohloko e ne e le bohlokoa feela sehlopheng sa HC (8.473 ± 1.130 μV le 6.316 ± 0.961 μV, leq <0.001) empa eseng sehlopheng sa IAD (6.227 ± 1.130 μV le 5.681 ± 0.961 μV, leq = 0.240) (Litšoantšo 3, 4B le Table 2).
LPP. Phello ea mantlha ea setšoantšo e ne e le bohlokoa [F(1,30) = 22.517, p <0.001, η2p
= 0.429]. Litšoantšo tse bohloko li hlahisitse li-amplople tse kholo haholo ho feta litšoantšo tse seng bohloko (7.469 ± 0.761 μV le 5.787 ± 0.674 μV). Phello e kholo ea sehlopha [F(1,30) = 1.128, p = 0.297, η2p = 0.036] le ho sebelisana ha setšoantšo x sehlopha [F(1,30) = 2.055, p = 0.162, η2p
= 0.064] e ne e se bohlokoa.
Litlaleho tse ikhethileng le likamano tsa bona le ts'ebetso ea Neural
Liphetho tsa litlhahlobo tsa khokahano li bonts'itse hore phapang ea N2 (e bohloko ebile e sa utloiseng bohloko) e ne e amana haholo le "PD" ea IRI [r (30) = -0.407, p = 0.021] (Setšoantšo 5).
TLHAHLISO 5. Khokahano lipakeng tsa amplitudes ea N2 (e bohloko> e sa utloiseng bohloko) le lintlha tsa PD.
Puisano
Boithuto ba hajoale bo hlahlobile metheo ea methapo ea kutlo ea likarabo tse utloisang bohloko ho bohloko ba ba bang ho li-IAD. Sehlopha sa IAD se fumanoe se se na khethollo ho feta sehlopha sa HC ho bohloko ba ba bang maemong a pele a iketsetsang le a mehato ea morao-rao e laoloang ea ts'ebeliso, e ts'ehetsoeng ke data ea ERP. Liphetho tsena li tsamaellana le tlhahiso ea hore IAD e amahanngoa le khaello ea kutloelo-bohloko (Melokers et al., 2015).
Re lokela ho hlokomela hore ho lingoliloeng tsa lithuto tsa ERP tse shebaneng le kutloelo-bohloko ea bohloko, ho bile le lithuto tse tlalehileng phetoho e ntle ea boemo bo bohloko bo bapisoang le boemo bo seng bohloko (Fan le Han, 2008; Sheng le Han, 2012). Ho bile le lithuto tse ling tse tlalehiloeng sephetho se sa reng letho ho likarolo tsa pele, mme phetoho e ntle e bonoe feela linthong tse latelang tse kang P3 le LPP (Meng et al., 2013). Ntle le moo, ho boetse ho na le lithuto tse tlalehileng phetoho e mpe ho feta ea likarolo tsa pele le phetoho e ntle ho likarolo tsa morao-rao (Cui et al., 2016a,b). Ho se lumellane hona ho bolela hore ho sebelisa feela li-amplople tsa likarolo tsa ERP ho bonts'a likarabo tsa neural li ne li sa tsitsa. Re ile ra etsa tlhahiso ea ho sebelisa khethollo lipakeng tsa lintho tse bohloko le tse seng bohloko ho bontša hore na li susumetsoa hantle hakae. Haeba litšitiso tse bohloko le tse sa utloiseng bohloko li ne li khethollotsoe tlasa boemo bo le bong empa eseng maemong a mang, re ka re tšusumetso e ntlafalitsoe hantle ho ea pele. Mohopolo ona o sebelisitsoe ho lingoliloeng (Ibanez et al., 2011; Cui et al., 2016a,b).
Karolo ea pele ea N1 e bonts'itsoe ho khetholla bohloko bo bakoang ke lintho tse sa utloiseng bohloko 'me e hlalositsoe e le lethathamo la ts'ebetso e iketsang ea ts'usumetso e matla (Lyu et al., 2014). Boithuto bo bong bo tlalehile hore ho shebella bohloko ba motho e mong ho bakile karolo e ntle ea N1 ho feta tse seng bohloko.Fan le Han, 2008; Han et al., 2008; Decety et al., 2010; Ibanez et al., 2011), athe ba bang ha ba tlalehe phello ea ho bona bohloko ba ba bang ho bophahamo ba N1 (Mella le al., 2012; Lyu et al., 2014). Ho se lumellane hona ha lithuto ho ka bakoa ke liphapang tsa mekhoa, joalo ka lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa tšusumetso. Leha ho le joalo, liphetho tsena tse sa lumellaneng le tsona li fana ka maikutlo a hore litlamorao tsa litšoantšo ho N1 li ne li sa tsitsa ebile li ka susumetsoa habonolo ke maemo a moelelo. Thutong ea hajoale, ha re a fumana phapang e kholo ho N1 ho arabela ho shebella litšoantšo tse bohloko le tse seng bohloko ho IAD kapa sehlopha sa HC.
Karolo ea N2 e khothalelitsoe ho bonts'a kutlo ea pele ea boiketsetso ho bohloko ba ba bang (Chen le al., 2012). Boholo ba N2 bo tlalehiloe bo hokahana le lintlha tse ikhethileng tsa kutloelo-bohloko e matla le lintlha tsa Empathic Concern Scale Scale (Sesa et al., 2014). Ho khahlisang ke hore re bone karolo e kholo ea tšebelisano ea litšoantšo N2, moo phapang pakeng tsa ts'usumetso ea setšoantšo se bohloko le e seng bohloko e ileng ea bonoa ho li-HC, empa eseng ho li-IAD. Sephetho sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba nang le IAD ba kanna ba fokotsa ho ba le kutloelo-bohloko ho bohloko ba ba bang, mabapi le ho tsosa takatso ea ho tsosa maikutlo le ho arolelana maikutlo.
Ntle le moo, re fumane hore phapang ea N2 e hlahisitsoeng ke litšoantšo tse bohloko le tse sa utloiseng bohloko e hokahane haholo le lintlha tsa PD subscale ea IRI. Phapang e kholo ho feta lipakeng tsa maemo a bohloko le a sa utloiseng bohloko e ne e le lintlha tse phahameng tsa PD tse nkiloeng ke motho ea nkang karolo. Sekala sa PD se ne se etselitsoe ho lekanya ho se utloise bohloko ho hlahisoang ke ho shebella ba bang ba utloang bohloko. Boithuto ba pejana bo khothalelitse hore ho arolelana lintho ka boiketsetso le boiphihlelo ba maikutlo a ba bang ho ka lebisa ho PD (Preston le de Waal, 2002; Gallese, 2003; Lamm et al., 2007). Khokahano ena ea bohlokoa e khothalelitse hore khethollo lipakeng tsa tšitiso e bohloko le e seng bohloko nakong ea fensetere ea N2 e bonts'a boemo ba ho se utloise bohloko bo bakoang ke ho arolelana maikutlo le ba bang bohloko. Ntle le moo, ha ho bapisoa lintlha tsa IRI lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli, phapang e le 'ngoe feela ea bohlokoa e ne e le hore lintlha tsa PD: lipalo tsa HC li ne li phahame haholo ho feta lintlha tsa IAD. Sephetho sena se boetse se ts'ehetsa hore ho arolelana maikutlo le ba bang bohloko ho ne ho fapane lihlopheng tsena tse peli.
Re bone ho sebelisana ha sehlopha se tšoanang le setšoantšo sa karolo ea P3 moo bophahamo bo boholo ba P3 bo ileng ba tsosoa ho arabela ho shebella litšoantšo tse bohloko ho feta litšoantšo tse seng bohloko feela sehlopheng sa HC, empa eseng sehlopheng sa IAD. Boholo ba P3 bo 'nile ba amahanngoa le bohlokoa ba tšusumetso, boemo ba tsoho, le tšusumetso ea lintlha tsena kabo ea lisebelisoa tsa kelello (Olofsson et al., 2008). Ka kakaretso, tšusumetso e matla haholo, e tsosang kapa e susumetsang e hlahisa P3 e kholo (Delplanque et al., 2004; Nieuwenhuis et al., 2005). Ho fumanoe hore li-amplitudes tsa P3 tse hlahisitsoeng ke lingaka li ne li sa tsotelle phapang pakeng tsa lintho tse bohloko le tse seng bohloko ha li bapisoa le barupeluoa ba bang bao e seng lingaka, mohlomong ka lebaka la tloaelo ea lingaka (Decety et al., 2010). Ho hloka kutloano ho ts'oanang ha P3 sehlopheng sa IAD ho khothalelitse hore batho ba nang le IAD ba ka fana ka lisebelisoa tse sa tsotelleng ho sebetsana le bohloko ba ba bang mme ba kanna ba se amehe maikutlo maikutlong le bohloko ba ba bang.
Ntle le moo, ho ne ho loketse ho bolela hore liphetho tse hlahisitsoeng mona ha li hlile li bonts'a kamano ea sesosa lipakeng tsa likhaello tsa mohau le IAD. Na bokhoba ba inthanete bo baka khaello ea kutloelo-bohloko kapa batho ba hlokang kutloelo-bohloko ba kotsing ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi? Joalokaha ho khothalelitsoe ke tlhahlobo ea morao-rao le lithuto tse 'maloa, kutloelo-bohloko e kanna ea ba le ts'ireletso ea ho hanela lithethefatsi (Massey et al., 2017). Mohlala, phuputso e 'ngoe e fumane hore matla a maholo a ho tseba sefahleho sa ho hlonama, khalefo le tšabo ho ba bang a ne a amahanngoa le menyetla e tlase ea ho tsuba nakong ea bokhachane bakeng sa basali ba nang le liphatsa tsa lefutso ho kutlo ea maemo a sechaba (Massey et al., 2015). Bana ba nang le khaello e kholo ea kutloelo-bohloko e ka ba kotsing e kholo ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa pele (Frick le White, 2008; Swendsen et al., 2010). Ho feta moo, ho palo ea batho ba IAD, palo ea banna e ne e phahame haholo ho feta ea basali ha basali ba ne ba tlaleha hore ba na le kutloelo-bohloko e phahameng haholo ho feta banna (Han et al., 2008; Jang le Ji, 2012; Becker et al., 2017). Kahoo, thuto ea hajoale e supa feela boteng ba likhaello tsa kutloelo-bohloko ho li-IAD empa lithuto tse ling tsa nako e telele lia hlokahala ho fumana likamano pakeng tsa kutloelo-bohloko le li-IAD.
Qetellong, liphetho tsa hajoale li khothalelitse hore li-IAD li bonts'a ho fokotsa kutloisiso ho bohloko ba ba bang. Haholo-holo, liphokotso tse fokotsang tse khahlisang ha li bapisoa le tse sa utloiseng bohloko litlamong tsa N2 le P3 ho li-IAD, tse amanang le li-HC, li fana ka maikutlo a hore li fokolitse ho arolelana maikutlo le maikutlo le ho fana ka lisebelisoa tsa tlhokomelo ho bohloko ba ba bang, ka ho latellana. Liphuputso tsena li ka thusa ho hlakisa tšebetso e mpe ea boiketlo ba sechaba e bonoang ho li-IAD.
sheba mefokolo ea
Moeli o mong oa thuto ea hajoale e ne e le hore ho ne ho se na mehato e ikemetseng ea likhaello sechabeng. Leha index ea ERP e ts'ehetsa hore li-IAD ha li na khethollo ho feta li-HC ho bohloko ba ba bang, khaello ea boits'oaro ba boitšoaro e fokolisa ngangisano ea rona. Ho hloka bohlokoa hoa data ea boits'oaro ho ka bakoa ke mehlala e menyenyane ea (n = 16 sehlopheng ka seng). Mehato e ikhethileng ea bokhoni ba kutloelo-bohloko kapa mehlala e meholo e lokela ho bokelloa lipatlisisong tse ling. Mohlala, ho fapana le ho kopa feela barupeluoa ho ahlola hore na setšoantšo se bohloko, re ka ba kopa ho lekanya hore na motho o utloa bohloko hakae kapa hore na bohloko ba motho e mong bo ba utloisa bohloko joang. Likhokahano lipakeng tsa litekanyo tsena tse ikhethileng le index ea ERP li ka amahanya hantle ho fumanoa ha mesebetsi ea methapo le likhaello tsa boitšoaro.
Menehelo ea Mongoli
FC e thehile teko. CJ le TW ba ile ba bokella le ho lekola lintlha. CJ, TW, le XP ba ngotse sengoloa se ka sehloohong. FC le CJ li lokisitse lipalo. Bangoli bohle ba hlahlobile buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho.
dithuso tsa ditjhelete
Phuputso ena e ile ea tšehetsoa ka Motheo oa Naha oa Saense ea Tlhaho oa China: 31500877, 31600889, le Moputso o Ikhethileng oa Bocha ba Setsi sa Setereke sa Guangdong: YQ2014149.
Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso
Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.
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Mantsoe a bohlokoa: bothata ba ho lemalla lithethefatsi (IAD), kutloelo-bohloko, li-ERP, N2, P3
Khopotso: Jiao C, Wang T, Peng X le Cui F (2017) Batho ba nang le bothata ba kutloelo-bohloko ba sebetsanang le batho ba nang le bothata ba ho lemalla lithethefatsi ka inthanete. Ka pele. Hum. Neurosci. 11: 498. Doi: 10.3389 / fnhum.2017.00498
E amohetse: 07 August 2017; E amohetse: 27 Loetse 2017;
E phatlalalitsoe: 10 Mphalane 2017.
E hlophisitsoeng ke:
Alessio Avenanti, Univesithi ea Bologna, Italy
Hlahloba by:
Ruolei Gu, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Chaena
Markus Rütgen, Univesithi ea Vienna, Austria
Tokelo ea Copyright © 2017 Jiao, Wang, Peng le Cui. Ena ke sengoloa se fumanehang habonolo se fanoang tlasa lipehelo tsa License ea Boikarabelo ba Creative Commons (CC BY). Ho sebelisoa, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa liforomo tse ling ho lumelloa, hafeela bangoli ba pele kapa ba le lengolo la tumello ba tlotlisoa le hore sengoliloeng sa pele sa makasine ena se boleloa, ho latela mokhoa o amohelehang oa thuto. Ha ho sebelisoe, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa ho lumelloa ho sa lumellaneng le melao ena.
* Ngollano: Fang Cui, [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
†Bangoli bana ba kentse letsoho ka mokhoa o tšoanang mosebetsing ona.
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