Lenaneo Behav Rep. XunUMX Jun; 2017: 5-19.
E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2017 Feb 7. doi: 10.1016 / j.abrep.2017.02.002
PMCID: PMC5800554
PMID: 29450224
puo: English | Jeremane | Jeremane
Rayna Sariyska,a,⁎ Bernd Lachmann,a Sebastian Markett,b,c Martin Reuter,b,c 'me Mona Montaga,d
1. Selelekela
Marang-rang a se a fihlile bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi ba batho ba bangata lefatšeng ka bophara, a fana ka tsela e bonolo ea ho bokella tlhahisoleseling le ho jella boithabiso. Ka palo e ntseng e eketseha ea basebelisi ba marang-rang, ho ikarabella ho hoo e batlang e le 50% ea baahi ba lefatše ka nako eo (e fihlelletsoeng ho 07.09.16. http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/), palo ea litlaleho tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete (PIU) e ntse e nyoloha. Thutong ea boemeli e tsoang Jeremane (N = Barupeluoa ba 15,024) Rumpf, Meyer, Kreuzer, John le Merkeerk (2011) e bonts'itse bongata ba 1.5% ho lemalletseng inthanete, ha basebelisi ba banyane ba bonts'a boholo bo phahameng (4% sehlopheng sa ba lilemo li 14-16). Boiteko ba pele ba ho hlalosa le ho hlahloba PIU1 li entsoe ke Kimberly Young selemong sa 1998 (bona le tlaleho ea linyeoe tsa pele ho tloha E monyenyane, 1996). Ho tloha ka nako eo ho hlahisitsoe liteko le lisebelisoa tsa ho hlahlobisisa (mohlala Monyane, 1998b, Monyane, 1998a, Tao et al., 2010), e le hore ba tsebe ho bala palo e eketsehang ka bongata le ho fa bakuli kalafo e sebetsang. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho na tlhahlobo ea nalane ea nalimo ea PIU. Patlisiso mabapi le bokhoba ba papali ea papali ea inthanete e bonahala e le mohato o le mong o tlang pele, joalo ka ha haufinyane Inthanete ea Lipapatso tsa Lipapatso tsa Marang-rang e kenyellelitsoe Karolong ea Boraro ea DSM-5, ka sena se bolela ho khothaletsa litlhahlobo tse ling pele ho nahanoa ka hore ke pherekano e hlophisitsoeng (Mokhatlo oa Maiketsetso oa Amerika). IGD e nkuoa e le mofuta o ikhethileng oa PIU, e fetang feela likarolong tse nyane ka sebopeho se akaretsang sa PIU se hlalositsoeng ka holimo (mohlala. Davis, 2001, Montag et al., 2015).
1.1. PIU le ho ithuta ka botlalo / ho etsa liqeto
Lits'ireletso ha ho etsoa liqeto li bonts'itsoe lipatlisisong tse ngata, ho fuputsa bakuli ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi le litloaelo tsa boits'oaro (mohlala Bechara et al., 2001, Schoenbaum et al., 2006). Ka lebaka la ho ts'oana ho conceptualization ea PIU le litloaelo tsa boits'oaro / lithahasello tsa lithethefatsi (Monyane, 1998a), sehlooho sa ho etsa liqeto le sa bohlokoa bo boholo ho utloisisa hantle mofuta oa tšebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete. Ha ho hlahlojoa qeto ea ho etsa liqeto le phapang lipakeng tsa ho nka liqeto tlasa maemo le ho etsa liqeto tlasa kotsi ho entsoe (Brand et al., 2006, Schiebener le Brand, 2015). Ha ke ntse ke etsa liqeto tlasa maemo a makatsang melao ea katleho le tahlehelo le menyetla ea sephetho se fapaneng ha e hlalosoe ka ho hlaka (lekanya mohlala ka (liteko tsa pele tsa) Taki ea Papali ea Chelete ea IOWA kapa IGT), ha ho etsoa liqeto tlasa tlhahisoleseling e hlakileng mabapi le bokamoso litlamorao, le menyetla ea ho fumana melemo le tahlehelo ea fumaneha kapa ea baloa (e lekantsoe mohlala ka Game of Dice Task kapa GDT) (Brand et al., 2006, Schiebener le Brand, 2015). Ho ipapisitsoe le phapang ena le mefuta e meng e mehlano ea ho nka liqeto (mohlala Epstein, 2003), Schiebener le Brand (2015) e hlahisitse mofuta oa theoretical ho hlalosa ho etsa liqeto tlasa kotsi. Mohlaleng ona karolo ea mesebetsi ea botsamaisi e totobatsoa e le senotlolo sa bohlokoa ba ho etsa liqeto tlasa kotsi, empa eseng ho etsa liqeto tlasa maemo. Moputso oa maikutlo le kotlo li lokela ho tsamaea le mefuta ka bobeli ea ho etsa liqeto. Ka hona, lits'ebetso tsena ka bobeli tse bonts'ang (tse laoloang ke ts'oaetso), hammoho le mekhoa e susumetsang (e susumetsoang ke tebello ea moputso oa maikutlo le kotlo) li ka nka karolo lits'ebetsong tsa ho etsa liqeto tlasa maemo a kotsi (Schiebener & Brand, 2015). Ntle le moo, lintlha tse kang tlhahisoleseling mabapi le boemo ba qeto, makhabane a mang le libaka tse amehang le tšusumetso ea kantle li hlahisitsoe ho ba le litlamorao tsa ho etsa liqeto (Schiebener & Brand, 2015).
Mabapi le bokhoba ba marang-rang, ho tla khothaletsoa semolao se secha sa theoretical Brand, Bacha, Laier, Wölfling, le Potenza (2016), e bitsitsoeng Interaction of Motho-Afimate-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE), moo ho senyehileng ha mesebetsi e phahameng le taolo ea thibelo ho boetse ho totobalitsoeng e le tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea PIU. Ho ea ka mohlala ona nts'etsopele le ho boloka litšitiso tse ikhethileng tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete lipakeng tsa lintho tse reriloeng pele (mohlala, botho le psychopathology), baokameli (mohlala. Mokhoa o sa sebetseng oa ho kopitsa le litabatabelo tsa inthanete), le babuelli (mohlala: likarabo tse ananelang le tsebiso ho lithahasello tse maemong). Litšebelisano tsena tse rarahaneng, li kopantsoe le ho fumana khotsofalo le matlafatso a matle, ka lebaka la tšebeliso ea tšebeliso e itseng ea marang-rang, le mesebetsi e fokotsitsoeng ea taolo le taolo ea thibelo, li ka baka moferefere o itseng oa tšebeliso ea inthanete.
Ho fihla hajoale, ho entsoe lithuto tse 'maloa tsa maikutlo mabapi le PIU, taolo ea thibelo le ho nka liqeto. Boholo ba tsona li latela tumellano e boletsoeng ka holimo ea Brand et al. (2016). Letsatsi et al. (2009) mohlala mohlala o tlalehile ts'ebetso e mpe ho feta mosebetsing oa papali ea chelete ho basebelisi ba fetelletseng ba marang-rang le khetho e potlakileng ea leano le atlehileng ho bapisoa le barupeluoa ba taolo. Phuputsong e sa tsoa feta, Pawlikowski le Brand (2011) e tlalehiloe e fokolitse bokhoni ba ho etsa liqeto tlasa kotsi ho GDT sehlopheng sa libapali tsa World of Warcraft (WoW) tse fetisisang ho bapisoa le bankakarolo. Yao et al. (2015) o sebelisitse mofuta o fetotsoeng oa mosebetsi oa Go / NoGo (moo litabatabelo tse amanang le papali li neng li sebelisoa haufi le ts'usumetso e sa nke lehlakore) mme a tlaleha phokotso ho taolo ea thibelo ho barupeluoa le IGD, ha a bapisoa le barupeluoa ba taolo. Laier, Pawlikowski, le Brand (2014) o fumane sephetho se ts'oanang le mofuta oa IGT o fetotsoeng, ha o sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le tse sa nepahalang ho li-deseke tsa karete tse ntle le / kapa tse mpe. Mona, barupeluoa ba banna ba bontšitse ho etsa liqeto tse sa lekaneng litekong moo litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li amanang le likarete tse mpe tsa likarete. Leha ho le joalo, le litholoana tse tsoakaneng mabapi le ho nka liqeto maemong a PIU kapa IGD li tlalehiloe. Thutong ka Ko et al. (2010) mohlala, barupeluoa ba lemaletseng inthanete ba bonts'itse liqeto tse nepahetseng, tse lekantsoeng le IGT, ha li bapisoa le karolo ea sehlopha sa taolo. Thutong ka Yao et al. (2015) e se e boletsoe ka holimo, ha ho phapang pakeng tsa ho etsa liqeto u sebelisa IGT ho ka fumanoa pakeng tsa barupeluoa ba phetseng hantle le ba nang le IGD. Ho sibolla liphetho tsena tse hanyetsanang lithuto tse ling tse ling, ho hlokahala hore ho hlahlojoe lintho tse ka fetohang tse ling. Phapang e ngoe e hlalosoa hamorao thutong ea morao tjena.
1.2. Ho nka kotsi
Ka lebaka la sebopeho sa pele sa PIU e le bothata ba taolo ea tšusumetso, lipatlisiso tse ngata li ile tsa etsoa ho hlahloba PIU maemong a ho ts'oaroa le ho ipeha kotsing. Cao, Su, Liu, le Gao (2007) 'me Lee et al. (2012) e bonts'a hore PIU e ne e amana hantle le ho ts'oaroa ha tšobotsi, e lekantsoeng le Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). Mabapi le moralo oa theoretical ka Brand et al. (2016), e seng e hlahisitsoe kaholimo, ho qobelloa ho boleloa har'a lintlha tsa botho, ho bonts'a likamano tse tsitsitseng le PIU mme, ka hona, ho rehelloa hore e be e 'ngoe ea mabaka, e susumetsang nts'etsopele ea eona le tlhokomelo. Ka mokhoa o pharalletseng, ho susumetsoa ho bontšoa e le "tebello ea ho arabela kapele, e sa reroang pusong ea kahare kapa kantle, ntle le ho nahana ka litlamorao tse mpe tsa karabelo ena ho batho ba susumetsang kapa ho ba bang" (Moeller, Barratt, Dougherty, Schmitz, & Swann, 2001; leq. EA-1784). Nako e amanang le ho nka kotsi e hlalosoa e le "boits'oaro bo entsoeng ka mokhoa o sa tsitsang, o nang le litlamorao tse mpe, hape ntle le ho rera maemo a tšohanyetso" (Kreek, Nielsen, Butelman, & LaForge, 2005; leq. EA-1453-TK). Ko et al. (2010) kenya ts'ebetso ea Balloon Analog Risk Task (Lejuez et al., 2002) ho lekanya ho beha mats'oao a kotsing, empa ha a fumana setsoalle sa bohlokoa le PIU. Thutong e teng hona joale, re ntse re shebile mekhatlo ena, ka ho e sebelisa ka bobeli, ho itlaleha hammoho le liteko tsa ho susumetsa / ho ipeha kotsing.
1.3. Karolo ea bong ho PIU / IGD
Taba e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa maemong a bokhoba ba inthanete ke khetho ea likarolo tse itseng tsa inthanete (mohlala, ho reka inthaneteng, ho bapala inthaneteng), ho latela bong. Phuputso e emeloang e tsoang Jeremane e bonts'itse hore basali ba lemaletseng ho sebelisa Inthanete ba lilemo li 77.1 ho isa ho 14, ba le lilemo tse 24 ho isa ho 64,8, ba sebelisa libaka tsa marang-rang ha ba bapisoa le banna ba XNUMX% ba lilemo tse tšoanang (Rumpf et al., 2011). Thutong e ts'oanang 7.2% ea basali ba lemaletseng inthanete ba lilemo tse pakeng tsa 14 le 24 ba tlalehile ba sebelisa marang-rang ho bapala lipapali tsa video tsa inthaneteng, ha ba bapisoa le 33.6% ea banna ba lilemo tse tšoanang (Rumpf et al., 2011). Kahoo, ho bonahala eka mabapi le IGD, barupeluoa ba banna ba bonts'a khetho e phahameng bakeng sa papali ea marang-rang, ha ba bapisoa le karolo ea basali mme ba tlalehiloe ba kotsing e kholo ea ho nts'etsapele IGD. Ho feta moo Ko, Yen, Chen, Chen, le Yen (2005) o hlokometse hore botsofe, boitšepo bo tlase le khotsofalo e tlase ea bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi li ne li amahanngoa le IGD e matla ho banna, empa eseng basali. Ntle le liphetho tsena, ho sa ntsane ho na le lithuto tse 'maloa feela, tse nahanang ka nepo hore na karolo ea barupeluoa e le motsamaisi / mokena-lipakeng maemong a PIU. Leha ho le joalo, ho ka etsahala hore liphapang tsena li ikarabelle bakeng sa liphetho tse ling tse hanyetsanang ka lebaleng, ka hona, lithutong tse latelang li tla tsotelloa.
Morero oa morero oa rona oa lipatlisiso e ne e le ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa PIU, hammoho le IGD le ho ithuta ka botlalo sehlopheng sa bankakarolo ba banna ba nang le polelo ea IGD (ho ithuta 1). Thutong ea 2 re ikemiselitse ho pheta liphetho tsena ka ho bapisa batho ba phetseng hantle le libapali tsa WoW tse tlasa tekano ea bong. Morero oa ho ithuta 3 e ne e le ho hlahloba likamano lipakeng tsa PIU, IGD le ho se tsitse / ho ipeha kotsing (ho itlaleha le tlhaiso-leseling) ho barupeluoa ba phetseng hantle.
Ho latela lingoliloeng tse boletsoeng ka holimo, re thehile mantsoe a latelang:
Re lebelletse litloaelano tse mpe lipakeng tsa PIU / IGD le bokhoni ba ho ithuta bo felletseng (boithuto ba 1).
Re lebelletse litloaelano tse mpe lipakeng tsa PIU / IGD le bokhoni ba ho ithuta bo felletseng (boithuto ba 2). Re lebelletse hore mokhatlo ona o mobe o be matla ho sehlopha sa libapali tsa WoW tsa banna.
Re lebelletse likamano tse ntle lipakeng tsa PIU / IGD le tlaleho ea boits'oaro le mehato ea liteko ea ho kenya letsoho / ho ipeha kotsing ho barupeluoa ba phetseng hantle (boithuto ba 3).
2. Ithute 1
2.1. Mekhoa
2.1.1. Barupeluoa
N = Barupeluoa ba 107 (banna ba 99, basali ba 8, lilemo M = 19.52, SD = 3.57) ba ile ba hiroa ho "Gamescom 2013" Jeremane, ketsahalo e kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng ea lipapali. Leha ho le joalo, hobane palo e tlase haholo ea bankakarolo ba basali sampoleng ea hona joale (n = 8) mme tse kaholimo li tlalehile phapang ea bong maemong a IGD (mohlala Rumpf et al., 2011), ha re kenyetse karolo ea basali ho tsoa ho litekanyetso tse ling tsa thuto. Kamora ho kenyelletsa barupeluoa ba nang le data e lahlehileng, mohlala o hlahisitse n = Barupeluoa ba 79 ba banna (lilemo M = 19.81, SD = 3.62). Mabapi le thuto ea bona, 8.9% ba tlalehile hore ba na le degree ea univesithi kapa polytechnic, ba bang ba 40.5% ba tlalehile hore ba na le diploma ea A-level kapa ea mosebetsi oa matsoho 'me ba 26.6% ba tlalehile hore ba na le setifikeiti sa ho tlohela sekolo kapa sekolo sa morao-rao sa sekolo, ha 24% e tlalehile ha e na diploma ea sekolo.
2.1.2. Mehato
Barupeluoa ba ile ba araba lipotso mabapi le lilemo tsa bona, bong le thuto, tse tlatsitsoeng ka tlhahlobo e khutšoanyane ea tlhahlobo ea ho lemalla inthanete (s-IAT, Pawlikowski, Altstötter-Gleich, le Brand, 2013; Cronbach's Alpha sampoleng ea hona joale e ne e le 0.70), e nang le lintho tse 12 tse lekantsoeng (1 = never to 5 = hangata haholo) le Online Game Addiction Scale (OGAS, mofuta o fetotsoeng oa Gaming Addiction Scale ka Lemmens, Valkenburg, & Peter, 2009, moo lentsoe "online" le neng le eketsoa nthong e ngoe le e ngoe; Cronbach's Alpha sampoleng ea hona joale e ne e le 0.66), e nang le lintho tse 7, ho tloha pakeng tsa 1 = ha ho mohla le 5 = khafetsa. Ntle le moo, bankakarolo ba lekanyelitse boiphihlelo ba bona ba papali ea khomphutha (mohlala: "U qetile lilemo tse kae u ntse u bapala lipapali tsa khomphutha?" Kapa "U bapala lipapali tsa inthanete tsa inthanete ka lihora tse kae ka karolelano ka beke?"). Ho ile ha fanoa ka mohato oa ho itlaleha ho ipeha kotsing, ho kenyeletsoa ntho e le 'ngoe ka mekhoa ea ho ipeha kotsing ("O ka itlhalosa joang ho tloha ho 0 (o sa ikemisetsa ho ipeha kotsing) ho isa ho 10 (o ikemiselitse ka hohle ho ipeha kotsing)?" ); Setsi sa Jeremane sa Moruo le Ekonomi (SOEP; Siedler, Schupp, Spiess, & Wagner, 2008). Re sebelisitse mosebetsi oa liteko o fetotsoeng hanyane ("sefuba sa Diabolose"), o kenyellelitsoeng thutong ka Eisenegger et al. (2010), molemong oa ho lekanya ho ithuta ka botlalo. Ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea liteko tsa 36, re ile ra hlahisa litšoantšo tse leshome tsa mabokose a mapolanka a patiloeng skrineng sa k'homphieutha. Mabokose a ne a hokahanngoa moleng o le mong mme barupeluoa ba bile le monyetla oa ho bula mabokose a ikhethileng, ba sebetsa ho tloha ka letsohong le letona ho ea ho le letona. Barupeluoa ba ile ba laeloa hore mabokose a robong a na le moputso oa chelete (lisente tsa 5) mme e ngoe e na le "diabolosi". Haeba barupeluoa ba bula mabokose a moputso tekong e itseng, ba fetela tekong e latelang ka ho fumana kakaretso ea meputso. Haeba ba bula lebokose le nang le diabolosi, har'a mabokose a mang, ba ile ba lahla ntho e ngoe le e ngoe ha ho etsoa liteko tsa hona joale. Boemo bo tlang ba diabolosi bo ne bo sa reroa har'a liteko tsa 36, empa o hlahile maemong ohle ho tloha 2 ho 102 hantle ka makhetlo a mane. Leha sena se sa ka sa boleloa ho barupeluoa, barupeluoa ba nang le tsebo e phahameng ea ho lemoha ba ka be ba sebelisitse kutloisiso e hlakileng bakeng sa molao ona mme ba ka be ba ithutile ho sebetsa hamolemo nakong ea teko. Kakaretso ea meputso ea chelete qetellong ea tlhahlobo e ntse e bitsoa "GETA" mme e tla sebelisoa e le mokhoa oa ho ithuta o felletseng. Sesebelisoa sa liteko se hlahisoa ho Feie. 1.
Ho hlongoa sefuba sa Diabolose - ho bula sefuba le diabolose ho lebisitse ho lahleheloeng ke lichelete tsohle tsa tšepe tsa teko e fanoeng.
2.1.3. Tsamaiso
Li-questionnaires tsohle tse fumanehang ka Senyesemane feela li ile tsa fetoleloa ka Sejeremane ke sehlopha sa rona sa mosebetsi. Barupeluoa ba ile ba qala ka ho tlatsa lipotso tsa lipotso ebe ba qeta liteko tsa sefuba sa Diabolose. Ka kopo elelloa hore bankakarolo ba 1 ba sa fumana moputso oa chelete kamora ho qeta teko le hore ba tsebisitsoe ka ntlha ena pele ba phethela teko.
2.1.4. Lipatlisiso tsa sethathamo
Bakeng sa tse latelang ho sekaseka maemo a tloaelehileng a tlhahlobo ea tlhaiso-leseling ka ho sebelisa molaoana oa letsoho, o khothalletsoang ke Miles le Shevlin (2001; leq. 74), ha ho nahanoa ho tiea ha mefuta e fupulitsoeng. Litlhahlobo tsa Correlation li ile tsa sebetsoa ke likamano tsa Pearson kapa Spearman, ho latela karolelano ea data, le likhaohano tsa boits'oaro tse hlophisitsoeng le tse potlakileng tsa bootstrap (BCa 95% intervals) li ile tsa sebetsoa bakeng sa sekhahla se seng le se seng sa kamano ho lekola boleng ba sona. Mehato e phetoang ANOVA e sebelisitsoe ho leka litlamorao tse sa fetoheng tsa ho ithuta, ha ho bapisoa le phaello litekong tsa pele tsa 18 le phaello litekong tsa ho qetela tsa 18 tsa teko.
2.1.5. Melao ea boitšoaro
Morero oa lipatlisiso (lithuto 1, 2 le 3) o amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Naha ea Litekanyetso tsa Univesithi ea Bonn, Bonn, Jeremane. Lithuto tsohle li fane ka tumello pele li qeta ho ithuta.
2.2. Liphetho
Ho fanoa ka mekhoa le ho kheloha tloaelo ea ho feto-fetoha ha maemo ho tlasa lipatlisiso Lethathamo 1.
Lethathamo 1
Ho bolela, ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng (SD) le sebaka se ka khonehang / sa nnete bakeng sa boiphihlelo ba papali bo fapaneng (lilemo), lihora tsa papali ea inthanete ka beke, s-IAT, OGAS, GAIN le ho ipeha kotsing ea ho itšireletsa.
| E bolelang | SD | Mofuta o ka bang teng | Sekala sa 'nete | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bohlale ba lipapali (lilemo) | 11.09 | 4.31 | - | 3-24 |
| Lihora tsa lipapali tsa inthanete ka beke | 22.24 | 16.00 | - | 0-70 |
| s-IAT | 23.86 | 5.38 | 12-60 | 12-43 |
| OGAS | 14.75 | 4.36 | 7-35 | 7-26 |
| GAIN | 413.61 | 71.97 | 0-900a | 160-520 |
| Ho ipeha kotsing (ho itlaleha) | 6.77 | 1.89 | 0-10 | 3-10 |
N = 79, ho ipeha kotsing (ho itlaleha) n = 64.
2.2.1. Crelation e ea sekaseka
Ke GAIN e fapaneng feela e neng e sa tsamauoe ka tloaelo. Lilemo tsa bankakarolo li ne li tsamaisana hantle le GAIN (ρ = 0.27, p <0.05). Ho feta moo, GAIN e bontšitse kamano e fosahetseng le lintlha tsa s-IAT (ρ = - 0.26, p <0.05). Ntle le moo, re hlophisitse likamano tse sa sebetseng tsa GAIN le lintlha tsa s-IAT ho laola lilemo. Tšebelisano e ile ea lula e le ea bohlokoa (r = - 0.28, p <0.05). Khokahano e mpe lipakeng tsa GAIN le lintlha tsa OGAS ha ea ka ea fihlela bohlokoa (ρ = - 0.20, p = 0.073) mme a lula a se na bohlokoa kamora ho laola lilemo (r = - 0.12, p = 0.292). Likhokahano tsohle tsa bohlokoa li ile tsa lula li le bohlokoa kamora tlhahlobo ea likhaohano tsa boits'epo tsa BCa 95%. Ke kopa o bone Lethathamo 2 bakeng sa kakaretso ea sephetho.
Lethathamo 2
Likamano lipakeng tsa GAIN ka "liteko tsa" sefubeng sa "Diabolose" le s-IAT, lintlha tsa OGAS le ho ipeha kotsing (ho itlaleha).
| GAIN | s-IAT | OGAS | ho ipeha kotsing (ho itlaleha) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GAIN | 1 | |||
| s-IAT | - 0.264⁎ | 1 | ||
| OGAS | - 0.203 | 0.511⁎⁎ | 1 | |
| ho ipeha kotsing (ho itlaleha) | 0.148 | 0.129 | 0.187 | 1 |
N = 79, ho ipeha kotsing (ho itlaleha) n = 64; Likopano tsa Spearman li hlahisoa ho Italic.
2.2.2. Ho hlahloba liteko tsa "sefuba sa" Diabolose e le mokhoa oa ho ithuta ka botlalo
Liphetho tsa mehato e pheta-phetoang ANOVA e bontšitse phapang e kholo ea phapang pakeng tsa GAIN litekong tsa 18 tsa pele tsa liteko, ha li bapisoa le liteko tsa ho qetela tsa 18 (F(1,78) = 17.303, p <0.01), ho bonts'a hore bankakarolo ba hapile chelete e ngata karolong ea bobeli ea teko (M1 = 192.34 le M2 = 221.27 ka ho latellana) (bona Feie. 2).
Mekhoa le phoso e tloaelehileng bakeng sa GAIN litekong tsa pele tsa 18 khahlanong le GAIN litekong tse 18 tsa ho qetela tsa liteko tsa "sefuba sa Diabolose". MU = lichelete tsa lichelete.
2.3. Puisano
Ho akaretsa, joalo ka ha ho khothalelitsoe mohopolo oa rona, ho ithuteng bokhoba ba marang-rang ba 1 ho ne ho amana le bokhoni bo sa lekaneng ba ho ithuta. Sephetho sena se fana ka bopaki bo eketsehileng bakeng sa karolo ea ho etsa liqeto tse fosahetseng maemong a PIU (mohlala Brand et al., 2016). Kopano le IGD e ne e le ka lehlakoreng le le leng, leha ho le joalo, ha ea ka ea fihlela bohlokoa. Sena se ka hlalosoa ka boholo bo bonyane ba sampole le / kapa ho lekana ho tlase (0.66) ea sekhahla sa OGAS thutong ena. E le ho etsa lipatlisiso tse ling tsa likamano tsena le ho bapisa liphetho lipakeng tsa bankakarolo ba banna le basali le lipakeng tsa libapali le bao eseng libapali, ho ile ha etsoa 2.
3. Ithute 2
Morero oa thuto ea bobeli e ne e le ho pheta liphetho tsa thuto ea 1, ka ho sebelisa mohlala oa libapali tsa World of Warcraft (WoW) le barupeluoa ba taolo, ba neng ba sa tsebe WoW. Kaha mokhatlo pakeng tsa s-IAT le GAIN e le mokhoa oa ho ithuta o hlakileng o ka bonoa ho barupeluoa ba batona ba nang le botumo ho IGD, re ile ra ba le tjantjello ea ho bona phetolelo ea liphetho tsa 1 haholoholo ho bapapali ba banna ba WoW.
3.1. Mekhoa
3.1.1. Barupeluoa
Libapali tsa WoW le bankakarolo ba taolo, ba nkile karolo thutong. Libapali tsa WoW li ile tsa hiroa, ho sebelisoa mekhoa e latelang: Boiphihlelo ba papali ea WoW bonyane lilemo tse peli. Mekhoa ea ho khetholla e ne e bapala lipapali tse ling ntle le WoW bakeng sa> 7 h ka beke, leha ho le joalo, barupeluoa ba se nang boiphihlelo lipapaling tse ling ba ile ba hiroa ka ho khetheha. Batho ba laolang ba ne ba hloka ho ba WoW naïve, ka hona ba ne ba sena boiphihlelo ba ho bapala papali ena pejana. Mekhoa ea ho khetholla lihlopha ka bobeli tsa bankakarolo e ne e le bofokoli ba pono, mathata a ho bala le ho ngola, dyschromatopsia, moferefere, meriana ea nako e telele, mafu a methapo le a kelello, bokooa ba kutlo le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi. Kamora tlhahlobo e felletseng ea sampole re khethile morupeluoa a le mong ka lebaka la bothata ba ho ja le ts'ebeliso ea hanf ea letsatsi le letsatsi, morupeluoa a le mong ka lebaka la mathata a methapo le a kelello le morupeluoa a le mong sehlopheng sa taolo ka lebaka la litekanyetso tse fetelletseng ho sIAT le OGAS, le bankakarolo ba nang le data e lahlehileng , e ileng ea fella ka n = 77 barupeluoa ba laolang (banna ba 39) le n = Bapala ba WoW ba 44 (banna ba 28). 6.5% (n = 5) ea barupeluoa ba taolo ba tlalehile ts'ebeliso e sa tloaelehang ea lipapali tse bapalang karolo ea inthanete (<3 h lipapali ka beke) le 23.4% (n = 18) e tlalehile ts'ebeliso e sa tloaelehang ea lipapali tsa Ego-shooter (<1 h lipapali ka beke). Nako e bolelang ea kakaretso ea sampole e ne e le M = 23.70 (SD = 3.93). Mabapi le thuto ea bona 10.7% ba tlalehile ba na le lengolo la univesithi, 85.9% e ngoe e tlalehile hore e na le diploma ea A-level kapa ea mosebetsi oa matsoho ea baccalaureate mme 2.5% e tlalehile hore e na le setifikeiti sa ho tlohela sekolo sa sekondari kapa mangolo a thuto ea sekolo sa morao-rao. Motho a le mong (0.9%) ha a ka a araba lintho tse mabapi le thuto.
3.1.2. Mehato
S-IAT mona hapePawlikowski et al., 2013; Cronbach's Alpha sampoleng ea hona joale e ne e le 0.76), OGAS (phetoho ea GAS ka Lemmens et al., 2009; Cronbach's Alpha sampoleng ea hona joale e ne e le 0.88) mme boiphihlelo ba papali ea khomphutha bo ile ba hlahlojoa. Ho feta moo, World of Warcraft Specific Problematic Usage-Engagement Questionnaire (WoW-SPUQ), e nang le lintho tse 27, e lekantsoeng sekaleng ho tloha 1 = "ha ke lumellane ka ho felletseng" ho isa ho 7 = "lumela ka botlalo" (Peters & Malesky, 2008; Cronbach's Alpha sampoleng ea hona joale e ne e le 0.89) e tlatsitsoe ke sehlopha sa WoW feela. Ho feta moo, Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11; Patton le Stanford, 1995; Cronbach's Alpha sampoleng ea hajoale e ne e le 0.85) e ne e tsamaisoa e le mohato oa ho hloka maikutlo (lintho tse 30 li fumanoe ka sekala, ho tloha ho 1 = "ka seoelo / ha ho mohla" ho isa ho 4 = "hoo e ka bang kamehla / kamehla"). Ka sekala sena, ho ka hlahlojoa lintlha tse tharo tsa tatellano ea bobeli: ho se tsotelle ho hlalosoa e le ho se khone ho tsepamisa mohopolo kapa ho tsepamisa mohopolo; ho susumetsoa ke makoloi ho kenyelletsa ho sebetsa ntle le ho nahana, athe ho se hlophisehe ho qhekella ho kenyelletsa ho hloka "bokamoso" kapa ho nahana esale pele (Stanford et al., 2009). Likarolo tsa kahare bakeng sa lithuso thutong ea hona joale e ne e le 0.73, 0.69 le 0.69 ka ho latellana.
3.1.3. Tsamaiso
Barupeluoa ba nkile karolo thutong e kholo ea bolelele ba nako ho fuputsa lintlha tsa bioloji haufi le mefuta ea kelello le karolo ea bona ea IGD. Bakeng sa boithuto ba hajoale, ke lintlha feela tse tsoang sebakeng sa pele sa litekanyo tse sebelisitsoeng ho leka le ho pheta se fumanoeng thutong ea 1 (ho phethela teko ea sefuba sa Diabolose ka lekhetlo la bobeli (T2) ho hlakile hore ha e tšoane le ho ba le eona joaloka thutong ea 1 ). Lipotso le liteko li phethetsoe ka tatellano e tšoanang le ea thuto ea 1. Ha ho bapisoa le thuto ea 1, leha ho le joalo, thutong ea barupeluoa ba 2 ba ile ba fuoa chelete eo ba e hapileng tekong ea "Diabolose sefubeng" mme ba tsebisoa ka ntlha ena pele o phethela teko.
3.1.4. Lipatlisiso tsa sethathamo
Tlhahlobo ea data e entsoe ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng ho ithuta 1.
3.2. Liphetho
Lintlha tsa OGAS le lihora tsa papali ea marang-rang ka beke li ne li sa ajoa ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang lihlopheng tsa bankakarolo ba banna le basali. Ntle le moo, lintlha le lilemo tsa s-IAT li ne li sa abeloe hangata sehlopheng sa barupeluoa ba laoloang ke basali. Khokahano pakeng tsa GAIN le lintlha tsa s-IAT sehlopheng sa libapali tsa WoW tsa banna li ile tsa lekoa ka nqa e le 'ngoe, ho ipapisitse le liphetho tsa thuto ea 1.
Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang tsa barupeluoa ba taolo le libapali tsa WoW li hlahisoa Lethathamo 3. Mona bankakarolo ba banna le basali ba ne ba na le boiphihlelo bo tlase haholo ba lipapali, lihora tsa papali ea inthanete ka beke, le lintlha tsa OGAS ha li bapisoa le libapali tsa WoW tsa banna le tsa basali (bona Lethathamo 3). Ntle le moo, libapali tsa WoW tsa basali li bontšitse lintlha tse phahameng haholo ho s-IAT, ha li bapisoa le barupeluoa ba taolo ea basali. Mefuta eohle e meng e ne e sa fapana haholo lipakeng tsa barupeluoa ba taolo le libapali tsa WoW.
Lethathamo 3
Mokhoa, ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng (SD), sebaka se ka khonehang / t-/U boleng le bohlokoa (p) bakeng sa ho fapana lipakeng tsa barupeluoa ba taolo le sehlopha sa WoW bakeng sa boiphihlelo ba lipapatso tse feto-fetohang (lilemo), lihora tsa papali ea inthanete ka beke, GAIN, s-IAT, OGAS, WoW-SPUQ le BIS-11.
| Sehlopha sa taolo | Libapali tsa WoW | Mofuta o ka bang teng | Sekala sa 'nete | t-/U boleng | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E bolelang | SD | E bolelang | SD | |||||
| Barupeluoa ba banna | ||||||||
| Bohlale ba lipapali (lilemo) | 9.49 | 6.81 | 14.29 | 4.85 | - | 0-22 / 6-25 | - 3.369 | 0.001 |
| Lihora tsa lipapali tsa inthanete ka beke | 1.18 | 2.11 | 19.71 | 11.44 | - | 0-9 / 0-50 | 30.0 | <0.001 |
| GAIN | 450.77 | 39.10 | 443.04 | 54.30 | 0-900 | 370-510 / 305-525 | 0.678 | 0.500 |
| s-IAT | 21.67 | 6.53 | 23.79 | 6.90 | 12-60 | 12-42 / 14-41 | - 1.280 | 0.205 |
| OGAS | 8.67 | 2.39 | 15.79 | 5.85 | 7-35 | 7-17 / 9-29 | 94.5 | <0.001 |
| WoW-SPUQ | - | - | 87.57 | 23.26 | 27-189 | - / 53-134 | - | - |
| BIS-11 kakaretso | 65.00 | 13.39 | 64.63 | 8.94 | 30-120 | 40-99 / 53-90 | 0.125 | 0.901 |
| BIS-11 tlhokomeliso | 17.13 | 4.95 | 16.57 | 2.85 | 8-32 | 8-30 / 12-21 | 0.579 | 0.565 |
| BIS-11 motor | 23.16 | 4.81 | 22.43 | 3.66 | 11-44 | 14-35 / 16-33 | 0.671 | 0.504 |
| BIS-11 e sa hlophiseheng | 24.71 | 5.32 | 25.74 | 4.77 | 11-44 | 14-40 / 16-40 | - 0.803 | 0.425 |
| Basali ba nkang karolo | ||||||||
| Bohlale ba lipapali (lilemo) | 3.86 | 5.76 | 11.50 | 5.29 | - | 0-15 / 1-20 | - 4.557 | <0.001 |
| Lihora tsa lipapali tsa inthanete ka beke | 0.09 | 0.43 | 17.56 | 9.06 | - | 0-2.5 / 1-37.5 | 1.5 | <0.001 |
| GAIN | 429.74 | 39.98 | 439.06 | 58.72 | 0-900 | 330-510 / 295-510 | - 0.678 | 0.501 |
| s-IAT | 18.58 | 4.99 | 21.44 | 5.24 | 12-60 | 13-36 / 14-30 | 199.5 | 0.047 |
| OGAS | 7.11 | 0.51 | 13.50 | 3.69 | 7-35 | 7-10 / 9-21 | 4.0 | <0.001 |
| WoW-SPUQ | - | - | 81.63 | 22.42 | 27-189 | - / 50-119 | - | - |
| BIS-11 kakaretso | 61.25 | 9.14 | 61.73 | 6.16 | 30-120 | 37-87 / 53-77 | - 0.187 | 0.852 |
| BIS-11 tlhokomeliso | 16.61 | 3.55 | 17.06 | 3.38 | 8-32 | 10-25 / 10-22 | - 0.438 | 0.663 |
| BIS-11 motor | 21.08 | 3.93 | 21.80 | 3.97 | 11-44 | 12-31 / 17-29 | - 0.592 | 0.557 |
| BIS-11 e sa hlophiseheng | 23.97 | 4.16 | 23.31 | 2.70 | 11-44 | 13-35 / 17-27 | 0.584 | 0.562 |
Tlhokomeliso: Mann-Whitney-U-Test e ile ea etsoa bakeng sa ho bapisa mekhoa ea lintho tse sa tloaeloang ho ajoa. Liphetho li bontšoa ka mongolo o tšekaletseng tafoleng.
3.2.1. Crelation e ea sekaseka
Bakeng sa lihlopha tsa barupeluoa ba laolo ea banna kapa ba basali, lilemo tsa bankakarolo li ne li sa kopanngoe haholo ho GIN, s-IAT kapa lintlha tsa OGAS. Litlhahiso tsohle tse ling li hlahisoa Lethathamo 4. Mona, GINES e ne e sa hokahanngoe haholo ho tsoa ho s-IAT kapa ho lintlha tsa OGAS bakeng sa karolo ea banna le basali. Ntle le moo, sekhahla sa s-IAT se ne se hokahanngoa le bosesane ba taolo ea banna ba BIS-11. Litokellano tsohle tsa bohlokoa ka Lethathamo 4 e ile ea lula e bohlokoa kamora tlhahlobo ea nako ea ts'ebetso ea kholiseho ea BCa 95%.
Lethathamo 4
Litlatsetso tsa Spearman le Pearson bakeng sa lintho tse fapaneng GIN, s-IAT, OGAS le BIS-11 bakeng sa sehlopha sa bankakarolo ba laoloang, ba arotsoe ho banna le basali.
| GAIN | s-IAT | OGAS | BIS-11 kakaretso | BIS-11 tlhokomeliso | BIS-11 motor | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barupeluoa ba banna | ||||||
| GAIN | 1 | |||||
| s-IAT | - 0.053 | 1 | ||||
| OGAS | 0.238 | 0.139 | 1 | |||
| BIS-11 kakaretso | 0.020 | 0.248 | 0.349⁎ | 1 | ||
| BIS-11 tlhokomeliso | 0.109 | 0.426⁎⁎ | 0.301 | 0.866⁎⁎ | 1 | |
| BIS-11 motor | - 0.064 | 0.094 | 0.338⁎ | 0.843⁎⁎ | 0.612⁎⁎ | 1 |
| BIS-11 e sa hlophiseheng | 0.095 | 0.143 | 0.198 | 0.906⁎⁎ | 0.707⁎⁎ | 0.660⁎⁎ |
| Basali ba nkang karolo | ||||||
| GAIN | 1 | |||||
| s-IAT | 0.118 | 1 | ||||
| OGAS | - 0.088 | 0.257 | 1 | |||
| BIS-11 kakaretso | - 0.139 | 0.232 | 0.156 | 1 | ||
| BIS-11 tlhokomeliso | 0.161 | 0.282 | - 0.022 | 0.749⁎⁎ | 1 | |
| BIS-11 motor | - 0.219 | 0.201 | 0.292 | 0.764⁎⁎ | 0.312 | 1 |
| BIS-11 e sa hlophiseheng | - 0.138 | 0.118 | - 0.119 | 0.868⁎⁎ | 0.531⁎⁎ | 0.478⁎⁎ |
Litlhaloso tsa Spearman li bonts'oa Italic.
n (banna) = 39, n (banna, BIS-11) = 38, n (basali) = 38, n (basali, BIS-11) = 36.
Bakeng sa sehlopha sa libapali tsa WoW tsa banna le tsa basali, lilemo li ne li sa lumellane haholo le GAIN, s-IAT, OGAS kapa lintlha tsa WoW-SPUQ. Litlhahiso tsohle tse ling li hlahisoa Lethathamo 5. Mona, GAIN e ne e kopantsoe hampe le s-IAT, hammoho le lintlha tsa WoW-SPUQ feela sehlopheng sa libapali tsa WoW tsa banna. Leha ho le joalo, likhokahano tsena li bonts'itse feela mokhoa o lebisang bohlokoa (r = - 0.30, p = 0.063, teko ea lehlakore le le leng le r = - 0.313, p = 0.104, tlhahlobo e mehatla e 'meli). Likhokahano tsohle tsa bohlokoa li ile tsa lula li le bohlokoa kamora tlhahlobo ea likhaohano tsa boits'epo tsa BCa 95%.
Lethathamo 5
Litlatsetso tsa Spearman le Pearson bakeng sa li-variables GAIN, s-IAT, OGAS, lintlha tsa WoW-SPUQ le BIS-11 bakeng sa sehlopha sa libapali tsa WoW, li arotsoe ho banna le basali.
| GAIN | s-IAT | OGAS | Wow- SPUQ | BIS-11 kakaretso | BIS-11 tlhokomeliso | BIS-11 motor | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barupeluoa ba banna | |||||||
| GAIN | 1 | ||||||
| s-IAT | - 0.296 | 1 | |||||
| OGAS | - 0.105 | 0.776⁎⁎ | 1 | ||||
| WoW-SPUQ | - 0.313 | 0.688⁎⁎ | 0.742⁎⁎ | ||||
| BIS-11 kakaretso | 0.025 | 0.197 | 0.284 | 0.023 | 1 | ||
| BIS-11 tlhokomeliso | 0.054 | - 0.011 | 0.019 | - 0.219 | 0.658⁎⁎ | 1 | |
| BIS-11 motor | - 0.038 | 0.170 | 0.231 | 0.187 | 0.761⁎⁎ | 0.218 | 1 |
| BIS-11 e sa hlophiseheng | 0.033 | 0.220 | 0.312 | 0.027 | 0.892⁎⁎ | 0.451⁎ | 0.521⁎⁎ |
| Basali ba nkang karolo | |||||||
| GAIN | 1 | ||||||
| s-IAT | 0.026 | 1 | |||||
| OGAS | - 0.024 | - 0.067 | 1 | ||||
| WoW-SPUQ | - 0.199 | 0.144 | 0.676⁎⁎ | ||||
| BIS-11 kakaretso | 0.048 | 0.080 | - 0.614⁎ | - 0.157 | 1 | ||
| BIS-11 tlhokomeliso | - 0.139 | 0.194 | - 0.260 | 0.054 | 0.504 | 1 | |
| BIS-11 motor | 0.266 | - 0.013 | - 0.676⁎⁎ | - 0.305 | 0.845⁎⁎ | 0.170 | 1 |
| BIS-11 e sa hlophiseheng | 0.012 | - 0.166 | 0.057 | 0.256 | 0.420 | - 0.222 | 0.250 |
Bakeng sa barupeluoa ba banna, khokahano lipakeng tsa GAIN tekong le tlhahlobo ea s-IAT e ile ea lekoa ka lehlakoreng le le leng.
n (banna) = 28, n (banna, BIS-11) = 27, n (basali) = 16, n (basali, BIS-11) = 15.
3.2.2. Ho hlahloba liteko tsa "sefuba sa" Diabolose e le mokhoa oa ho ithuta ka botlalo
Liphetho tsa mehato e phetoang ANOVA ha e bonts'a phapang ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa GAIN nakong ea 18 ea pele le liteko tsa ho qetela tse 18 tsa "sefubeng sa Diabolose" sehlopheng sa banna (F (1, 38) = 1.949, p = 0.171; M1 = 232.56 le M2 = 218.21) le mosali (F (1, 37) = 0.594, p = 0.446; M1 = 221.18 le M2 = 209.87) taolo ea bankakarolo. Bakeng sa sampole eohle ea bankakarolo ba taolo liphetho li ile tsa lula li se bohlokoa (F (1,76) = 2.102, p = 0.151), athe sampoleng eohle ea libapali tsa WoW liphetho li ile tsa fumana bohlokoa (F (1,43) = 4.298, p = 0.044) (bona Feie. 3). Bakeng sa sehlopha sa libapali tsa banna tsa WoW, phapang lipakeng tsa liteko 1-18 le 19-36 e fihletse bohlokoa (F (1,27) = 5.377, p = 0.028, M1 = 235.54 le M2 = 205.54; ka hona ka sephetho se tlase ho M2 ha se bapisoa le M1), athe bakeng sa libapali tsa basali tsa WoW e ne e se bohlokoa (F (1,15) = 0.295, p = 0.595, M1 = 225.31 le M2 = 213.75).
Mekhoa le phoso e tloaelehileng bakeng sa GAIN nakong ea 18 ea pele le liteko tsa ho qetela tse 18 tsa "sefuba sa Diabolose", bakeng sa bankakarolo ba taolo (graph e ka letsohong le letšehali) le libapali tsa WoW (graph e nepahetseng). MU = lichelete tsa lichelete.
3.3. Puisano
Morero oa ho ithuta 2 e ne e le ho pheta liphetho tsa ho ithuta ka ho bapisa libapali tsa WoW le barupeluoa ba laolang. Lits'oants'o tse mpe tse mpe lipakeng tsa GAIN le s-IAT le WoW-SPUQ lintlha li bonts'itse mokhoa o lebisang bohlokoa feela sehlopheng sa libapali tsa WoW tsa banna. Leha ho le joalo, sampole e nyane haholo ea libapali tsa WoW tsa banna (n = 28) e ka fana ka tlhaloso bakeng sa litlamorao tse fokolang. Cheke ea ho qhekella e bonts'a phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa GAIN tekong ea pele le ea hoqetela ea 18 sehlopheng sa libapali tsa banna tsa WoW, moo bankakarolo ba bonts'itseng phaello e tlase karolong ea bobeli ea teko ha e bapisoa le karolo ea pele. Re rata ho hopotsa 'mali hore bankakarolo ba thuto ea 2 ba lefelletsoe chelete eo ba e hapileng nakong ea liteko le hore ba ne ba tseba ntlha ena pele ba qala teko. Kahoo, ntlheng ena tšusumetso e kholo ea bankakarolo e kanna ea ba e ne e le holimo, ha e bapisoa le thuto 1. Ebile, ha ho bapisoa mekhoa ea GAIN lipakeng tsa bankakarolo ba Gamescom le libapali tsa banna tsa WoW, ho hlakile hore leha libapali tsa WoW li ne li etsa joalo. hobe le ho feta karolong ea bobeli ea teko, ha e bapisoa le karolo ea pele ea teko, ba ntse ba hapile ho feta palo ea barupeluoa ba Gamescom (bona Lethathamo 1, Lethathamo 3: M = 413.61 bakeng sa bankakarolo ba Gamescom le M = 443.04 bakeng sa libapali tsa banna tsa WoW). Kahoo, molemong oa ho laola litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa tšusumetso, re ile ra etsa tlhahlobo e eketsehileng, re sebelisa Unified-Motive-Scale-10 (UMS-10; Schönbrodt le Gerstenberg, 2012). Lintlha tsa USM-10 li ne li fumaneha e le karolo ea boithuto bo boholo bo bolelele.
3.3.1. Tlhahlobo e eketsehileng
Haholo-holo re sebelisitse khokahano e 'ngoe ka tšusumetso ea katleho e fapaneng (UMS-10; Schönbrodt le Gerstenberg, 2012, Cronbach's Alpha thutong ea hajoale e ne e le 0.89), s-IAT, lintlha tsa WoW-SPUQ le GAIN thutong ea 2. Mokhatlo pakeng tsa s-IAT le GAIN o eketsehile ho tloha ho r = - 0.296, p = 0.063 (bona Lethathamo 5; Teko e le 'ngoe-ea tai) ho r = - 0.322, p = 0.054 (tlhahlobo e nang le mohatla o le mong). Kopano lipakeng tsa WoW-SPUQ le GAIN le eona e eketsehile ho tloha ho r = - 0.313, p = 0.104 (bona Lethathamo 5; liteko tse peli-tailing) ho r = - 0.354, p = 0.082 (tlhahlobo e mehatla e 'meli). Mabapi le libapali tsa basali tsa WoW le bankakarolo ba taolo, likamano lipakeng tsa s-IAT, lintlha tsa WoW-SPUQ le GAIN li ile tsa lula li se bohlokoa kamora ho laola tšusumetso.
4. Ithute 3
Sepheo sa ho ithuta 3 e ne e le ho leka setsoalle pakeng tsa PIU, IGD le ho tsitsipana / ho ipeha kotsing ka ho sebelisa mekhoa ea liteko le ea ho itlaleha.
4.1. Mekhoa
4.1.1. Barupeluoa
Kamora ho qheleloa ka thoko ha bankakarolo ba bahlano ba nang le tlhaiso-leseling e sa fumaneheng le morupeluoa a le mong ka lebaka la likarabo tse fapaneng (mohlala, 200 h ea lipapali tsa khomphutha ka beke) sampole ea thuto ea hajoale e hlahisitse N = Barupeluoa ba 94 (banna ba 33). Boholo ba bona e ne e le baithuti ba thuto ea kelello Univesithing ea Ulm, Ulm, Jeremane. Nako e bolelang ea kakaretso ea sampole e ne e le M = 23.48 (SD = 3.55). Mabapi le thuto ea bona, 27% ba tlalehile hore ba na le degree ea univesithi kapa polytechnic, ba bang ba 67% ba tlalehile hore ba na le diploma ea A-level kapa ea mosebetsi oa matsoho, 6% ea bankakarolo (n = 6) ha a ka a araba lipotso ka thuto ea bona.
4.1.2. Mehato
S-IAT (Pawlikowski et al., 2013; Cronbach's Alpha sampoleng ea hona joale e ne e le 0.81), OGAS (mofuta o fetotsoeng oa GAS ka Lemmens et al., 2009; Cronbach's Alpha sampoleng ea hona joale e ne e le 0.81), BIS-11 (Patton le Stanford, 1995; Alpha ea Cronbach sampoleng ea hajoale e ne e le 0.80) mme ho nka likotsi ka kakaretso (The Socio-Economic Panel, SOEP; Siedler et al., 2008) li ile tsa hlahlojoa. Khokahano ea kahare bakeng sa liphallelo tsa BIS-11 e ne e le ka tsela e latelang: tlhokomelo e sa lebelloang ea 0.70, ho hlohlelletsoa ke makoloi 0.70 le ho se rere ho qhekella 0.39. Ho feta moo, teko ea "sefuba sa Diabolose" e ile ea fetoloa hanyane ho lekanya ho se ts'oane / ho ipeha kotsing (ha ho bapisoa le lithuto tsa 1 le 2, mona, boemo ba "diabolose" bo ne bo hlophisitsoe ka botlalo har'a liteko tsohle, ka hona, ho ithuta ho ne ho sa khonehe ). Mona, palo e bolelang ea mabokose a butsoeng ka boithatelo tekong ka 'ngoe (MNOB) e sebelisitsoe e le mohato oa ho se ts'oenyehe / ho ipeha kotsing. Sena se tsamaelana le boithuto ba Eisenegger et al. (2010).
4.1.3. Tsamaiso
Lipampiri tsa lipotso le liteko li ile tsa phethoa ka tatellano e tšoanang le lithutong tsa 1 le 2, leha ho le joalo, mona barupeluoa ba ile ba tlatsa lipampiri tsa lipotso skrineng ea k'homphieutha. Thutong ena barupeluoa ba amohetse puseletso (voucher ea Amazon kapa chate ea thuto) bakeng sa karolo ea bona thutong, empa ba ne ba sa lefuoe chelete e itseng, eo ba hapileng tekong ea khomphutha. Barupeluoa ba ile ba tsebisoa ka mokhoa ona pele ba phethela tlhahlobo.
4.1.4. Lipatlisiso tsa sethathamo
Litlhahlobo tsa lipalopalo li entsoe ka mokhoa o anngoeng lithutong tsa 1 le 2.
4.2. Liphetho
Bonneteng, lihora tsa libapali tsa inthaneteng ka libeke ka beke le lintlha tsa OGAS ha lia ka tsa ajoa hangata. Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang li tlalehiloe ka Lethathamo 6. Barupeluoa ba ne ba e-na le boiphihlelo bo itseng mabapi le papali ho latela tsebo ea papali ka lilemo, empa nako ea sebele e sebelisitsoeng ho papali ea inthanete e tlase haholo. Analog ea ho ithuta 2, mona re bapisitse, haeba barupeluoa ba batona le ba batšehali ba ne ba fapana ka mekhoa, e bontšitsoeng ho Lethathamo 6. Phapang ea bohlokoa e ile ea bonoa ka tsebo ea ho bapalla ea lipapali (lilemo) (U(33,61) = 385.0, p <0.001), lihora tsa papali ea inthanete ka beke (U(33,61) = 663.5, p <0.001), ho ipeha kotsing (ho itlaleha) (U(33,61) = 732.0, p <0.05) le OGAS (U(33,61) = 562.5, p <0.001), moo bankakarolo ba banna ba ileng ba fumana lintlha tse phahameng ho feta basali ba nkang karolo.
Lethathamo 6
Mokhoa, ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng (SD) le sebaka se ka khonehang / sa nnete bakeng sa boiphihlelo ba papali bo fapaneng (lilemo), lipapali tsa lipapali ka beke, ho ipeha kotsing ea ho itšireletsa (ho itlaleha), s-IAT, OGAS, BIS-11 le MNOB.
| E bolelang | SD | Mofuta o ka bang teng | Sekala sa 'nete | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bohlale ba lipapali (lilemo) | 6.31 | 6.51 | - | 0-21 |
| Lihora tsa lipapali tsa inthanete ka beke | 0.56 | 1.86 | - | 0-15 |
| Ho ipeha kotsing (ho itlaleha) | 5.10 | 1.82 | 0-10 | 1-9 |
| s-IAT | 22.99 | 5.71 | 12-60 | 12-42 |
| OGAS | 8.00 | 2.05 | 7-35 | 7-18 |
| BIS-11 kakaretso | 61.37 | 9.17 | 30-120 | 44-84 |
| BIS-11 tlhokomeliso | 16.54 | 3.47 | 8-32 | 10-28 |
| BIS-11 motor | 21.68 | 4.33 | 11-44 | 14-35 |
| BIS-11 e sa hlophiseheng | 23.15 | 3.45 | 11-44 | 17-32 |
| MNOB | 4.90 | 0.79 | 0-10 | 3.22-7.5 |
4.2.1. Crelation e ea sekaseka
Lilemo li ne li tsamaellana le lintlha tsa OGAS (ρ = 0.24, p <0.05). Khokahano lipakeng tsa MNOB le lintlha tsa OGAS le eona e fihlile bohlokoa (ρ = 0.21, p <0.05). Kamora ho laola lilemo, khokahano lipakeng tsa MNOB le lintlha tsa OGAS li eketsehile ho r = 0.37, p <0.01 (r = 0.45, p <0.05 ho banna le r = 0.28, p <0.05 ho basali). Likhokahano tse ling kaofela li hlahisoa ka Lethathamo 7.
Lethathamo 7
Litlatsetso tsa Spearman le Pearson bakeng sa lintho tse feto-fetohang MNOB, ho ipeha kotsing ea ho itšireletsa (tlaleho ea litaba), s-IAT, OGAS le BIS-11.
| MNOB | Ho ipeha kotsing (ho itlaleha) | s-IAT | OGAS | BIS-11 kakaretso | BIS-11 tlhokomeliso | BIS-11 motor | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MNOB | 1 | ||||||
| ho ipeha kotsing (ho itlaleha) | 0.086 | 1 | |||||
| s-IAT | 0.115 | - 0.124 | 1 | ||||
| OGAS | 0.209⁎ | 0.092 | 0.235⁎ | 1 | |||
| BIS-11 kakaretso | 0.316⁎⁎ | 0.458⁎⁎ | 0.150 | 0.283⁎⁎ | 1 | ||
| BIS-11 tlhokomeliso | 0.284⁎⁎ | 0.196 | 0.345⁎⁎ | 0.296⁎⁎ | 0.770⁎⁎ | 1 | |
| BIS-11 motor | 0.236⁎ | 0.576⁎⁎ | - 0.018 | 0.261⁎ | 0.847⁎⁎ | 0.443⁎⁎ | 1 |
| BIS-11 e sa hlophiseheng | 0.257⁎ | 0.299⁎⁎ | 0.075 | 0.148 | 0.821⁎⁎ | 0.487⁎⁎ | 0.551⁎⁎ |
Tlhokomeliso: Litumellano tsa Spearman li hlahisoa ka mongolo o tšekaletseng.
4.2.2. Ho hlahloba liteko tsa "sefuba sa Diabolose" e le mokhoa oa ho nkeha maikutlo / ho ipeha kotsing:
MNOB e ne e kopantsoe hantle le palo ea BIS-11 ea bankakarolo (bona Lethathamo 7), ka hona mohato oa hona joale o amahanngoa ka nepo le boitšoaro bo sa susumetseng. Ha ho na khokahano ea bohlokoa pakeng tsa MNOB le tekanyo ea ho itlaleha ea ho ipeha kotsing ka kakaretso (bona Lethathamo 7). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanelang ho ithuta 1 le 2, re ile ra bapisa GAIN litekong tsa 18 tsa pele le tsa ho qetela ho ahlola karolo ea litlamorao tsa ho ithuta. Ha ho phapang e ka fumanoang e motona (F(1,32) = 2.365, p = 0.134, M1 = 219.24 le M2 = 235.61) kapa barupeluoa ba basali (F(1,60) = 0.155, p = 0.695, M1 = 224.02 le M2 = 220.57). Liphetho tsa sampole eohle le tsona ha lia ka tsa fumana bohlokoa (F (1,93) = .265, p = 0.608) (bona Feie. 4).
Mekhoa le phoso e tloaelehileng bakeng sa GAIN litekong tsa pele tsa 18 khahlanong le GAIN litekong tse 18 tsa ho qetela tsa liteko tsa "sefuba sa Diabolose". MU = lichelete tsa lichelete.
5. Puisano ka kakaretso
Ho tse latelang, kakaretso ea sephetho sa lithuto 1, 2 le 3 li fanoa hammoho le puisano ka tlatsetso ea bona tšimong.
Thutong ea 1, lintlha tse phahameng tsa s-IAT li ne li amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e mpe ho feta mosebetsing o mong oa ho ithuta har'a banna ba nkang karolo, o nang le polelo ho IGD. Palo ea OGAS ea bankakarolo, leha ho le joalo, e ne e sa amane haholo le GIN e feto-fetohang (leha ho ne ho e-na le mokhoa o lebisang ho bohlokoa). Thutong ea 2 re ikemiselitse ho pheta liphetho tsa 1 ho sehlopha sa libapali tsa WoW le barupeluoa ba taolo. Mona, bong ba barupeluoa le bona bo ile ba nkeloa hloko. Likolo tse phahameng tsa s-IAT, hammoho le lintlha tse ngata tsa WoW-SPUQ li bonts'itse mokhoa o lebisang TSOHLE PELE teko e mpa e le sehlopheng sa libapali tsa WoW tsa banna (r = - 0.322, p = 0.054, teko ea lehlakore le le leng le r = - 0.354, p = 0.082, teko ea mehatla e 'meli, ka ho latellana). Lintlha tsa OGAS ha lia ka tsa hokahanngoa le GAIN ka har'a lihlopha. Thutong ea 3, sampoleng ea moithuti, tekanyetso ea liteko tsa ho ipeha kotsing, MNOB, e ne e hokahantsoe hantle le lintlha tsa OGAS, empa eseng lintlha tsa s-IAT, kamora ho laola lilemo.
Ha re akaretsa taba, ho bonahala eka ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea marang-rang e amana le bofokoli ho bokhoni bo felletseng ba ho ithuta. Mokhatlo ona o hlokometsoe ka lintlha tsa s-IAT le lintlha tsa WoW-SPUQ, empa eseng lintlha tsa OGAS lithutong tsa morao tjena. Lingoloa tse teng li hlahisa sephetho se tšehetsang bobeli: bofokoli ba ho etsa liqeto har'a basebelisi ba marang-rang ba nang le bothata (mohlala Letsatsi le al., 2009), hape le har'a libapali tsa inthanete tse feteletseng (mohlala Yao et al., 2014). Ho feta moo, haufinyane tjena ho ile ha hlahisoa mofuta o mocha oa theoretical I-PACE (Interaction of Motho-Afimate-Cognition-Rule) ke Brand et al. (2016)e bonts'ang karolo ea ho fokotsoa ha tšebetso ea botsamaisi le ho etsa liqeto tse sitisang ntlafatso ea PIU e itseng. Tšusumetso e matla e fumanoeng bakeng sa sekhahla sa WoW-SPUQ, ha e bapisoa le lintlha tsa OGAS e kanna ea supa khetho ea tekanyo e tobileng haholoanyane ea ho lekola bokhoba ba WOW. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng lia hlokahala.
Taba ea hore kamano pakeng tsa PIU le ho fokotsa bokhoni ba ho ithuta bo teng thutong ea hona joale e fumanoe feela sehlopheng sa barupeluoa ba banna ba nang le (expression) ho IGD (ho ithuta 1 le 2) ho ka thusa le ho feta ho hlalosetsa sephetho se hanyetsanang mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa ho nka liqeto le PIU ka har'a lingoliloeng (mohlala Ko et al., 2010, Letsatsi le al., 2009). Mokhatlo ona, leha ho le joalo, o bonahala o utloahala joalo ka ha lithuto li fana ka maikutlo a hore IGD ehlile ke mofuta o motona oa bokhoba (mohlala Rumpf et al., 2011).
Ho nahanela Hypothesis 3, litloaelano tse ling tsa bohlokoa li ka fumaneha lipakeng tsa ho ts'oaroa, ho lekantsoe le BIS-11, le PIU / IGD (lithuto 2 le 3), e lumellanang le liphetho ho lingoliloeng (mohlala, Lee le al., 2012). Le ha mohato oa ho itlaleha oa ho ipeha kotsing (SOEP) o ne o sa hokahanngoa le PIU / IGD ho eng kapa eng ea lithuto, tekanyetso ea liteko tsa ho ipeha kotsing / ho susumetsoa e ne e amahanngoa le lintlha tsa OGAS (thuto 3), empa eseng le s-IAT lintlha Phapang ena e kanna ea ba ka lebaka la litaba, mabapi le ts'epahalo ea mehato. Le ha ho itlaleha ho ipehile kotsing ho ile ha hlahlojoa ka ntho e le 'ngoe, mohato oa liteko oa ho ipeha kotsing o lebelletsoe ho fana ka lintlha tse nepahetseng le tse tšepahalang. Mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa MNOB le lintlha tsa OGAS, teko ea sefuba ea Diabolose (mofuta oa 2, moo mabokose a neng a entsoe ka botlalo ho feta liteko tsa 36) e kanna ea akaretsa lehlakore le itseng la ho se ts'oenyehe (joalo ka ho ipeha kotsing), e khethollang IGD ho feta PIU e akaretsang. Leha ho le joalo, Ko et al. (2010) ha e bontše phapang ea ho nka likotsi (e lekantsoeng le BART) lipakeng tsa lithuto tse lemalloang Inthaneteng tse nang le tšekamelo ea IGD le barupeluoa ba taolo. Kahoo, mokhatlo ona o hloka ho etsoa lipatlisiso tse ling.
Ts'ebetso ea "liteko tsa" sefuba sa "Diabolose" ea ho lekanya ho ithuta ka botlalo e atlehile thutong ea 1, ka hona, re nahana hore bankakarolo ba ka nka le ho ithuta maano a ho fumana chelete e ngata nakong eohle ea teko. Leha ho le joalo, boithutong ba 2 ha ho phapang e kholo e ka bonoang lipakeng tsa phaello litekong tsa 1-18 le 19-36 ntle le sehlopha sa libapali tsa banna tsa WoW, moo bankakarolo ba bonts'itseng leruo le tlase karolong ea bobeli ea teko. Mona, re bontšitse ka litlhahlobo tse ling hore kamora ho laola sepheo sa katleho, kamano e mpe lipakeng tsa GAIN le lintlha tsa s-IAT / WOW-SPUQ li ile tsa matlafala. Kahoo, re fana ka tlhahiso ea hore thutong ea 2 litlamorao tsa ho ithuta li koahetsoe ke litlamorao tsa tšusumetso ea katleho, hobane bankakarolo ba ile ba lefshoa chelete eo ba e hapileng tekong. Mothating ona, ho hlokahala hore ho hlokomeloe hore UMS-10 mehato e susumetsa katleho ea katleho, ka hona, tloaelo ea ho susumetsoa ho fihlela katleho e kholo ka kakaretso, eseng mmuso, ka hona, tšusumetso ea ho hapa ho feta tekong ena. Leha ho le joalo, ka ho laola tšusumetso ea katleho ea UMS-10, re ile ra nahana ka karolo ea phapang ea motho ka mong tšusumetsong ea sebopeho bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea sefuba sa Diabolose ka har'a sampole.
Netefatso ea mofuta oa bobeli oa "teko ea" sefuba sa "Diabolose" ea ho lekanya ho ipeha kotsing / ho nkeha maikutlo, e bonts'itse hore palo e bolelang ea mabokose a butsoeng ka boithatelo (MNOB) e ne e sa hokahanngoa haholo le boits'oaro ba ho ipeha kotsing. Sena se ka bakoa ke taba ea hore SOEP e lekola ho nka kotsi ka kakaretso ka ntho e le 'ngoe feela, e ka bang le phello e mpe ts'epahong ea eona. Leha ho le joalo, MNOB e ne e amahanngoa le lintlha tse felletseng tsa BIS-11, hammoho le liphallelo tse khahlisang, tsa makoloi le tse sa rerang. Liphetho tsena li tsamaellana le lithuto tsa netefatso ka mehato e ts'oanang ea boits'oaro ea ho ipeha kotsing joalo ka BART (Lejuez et al., 2002).
Ho tse latelang, tse ling tsa matla le meeli ea lipatlisiso tse hlahisitsoeng li tla tšohloa. Matla a mang a lipatlisiso tse teng ke hore karolo ea bong e ile ea tsotelloa. Leha ho hlalositsoe phapang ea bong ka maemo a IGD le PIU (Rumpf et al., 2011), ha ho lipatlisiso tse ngata tse ileng tsa hlahlobisisa karolo ea bong ha ho hlahlojoa kamano pakeng tsa PIU / IGD le ho ithuta ka botlalo / ho ipeha kotsing ea ho ba kotsing, joalo ka thutong ea hona joale. Ntle le moo, ho ithuteng 2 sehlopha sa libapali tsa WoW se ile sa hloaetsoa, se sebelisa mekhoa e thata, eseng ka ho sebelisa boleng bo khaotsoang ho lipotso tsa boits'oaro tse kang OGAS. Tšebeliso ea boleng bo felisitsoeng e ba bothata, hobane boholo ba lintho tse khaotsoeng, tse sebelisoang lithutong, ka linako tse ling li khethoa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ebile ha li netefatsoe ka nepo maemong a kliniki. Ho qetela, lithutong tsa 1 ho 3 re ile ra lekola PIU le IGD, e lumellang ho tsoela pele ho lekola ho tšoana le litšobotsi tse ikhethang tsa mathata ao ka bobeli.
Meeli e kenyelletsa palo e tlase ea bankakarolo ka sehlopha, haholo-holo thutong ea 2, le lilemo tse tlase tsa bankakarolo. Kahoo, lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho lekola mehlala e meng e mengata. Taba ea bobeli, sehlopha sa papiso ea basebelisi ba marang-rang ba feteletseng, bao e neng e se libapali tsa WoW, ha se ea kenyelletsoa. Ntle le moo, liphetho tsa boithuto li ipapisitse le litlhahlobo tse amanang le kamano, ka hona, ha ho na litlhaloso tse mabapi le maemo a ka bang teng.
6. Qeto
Ka kakaretso, re khonne ho bonts'a hore PIU e amahanngoa haholo le bokhoni ba ho se tsebe ho ithuta ho libapali tsa banna (WoW). Ho fumana hona ho ka bonoa mehlala e 'meli e ikemetseng thutong ea joale. Ntle le moo, kamano e fokolang e fokolang pakeng tsa WOW-SPUQ le thuto e sa lekaneng e ka bonoa sehlopheng sa libapali tsa WoW tsa banna. Ho feta moo, lintlha tse phahameng ho OGAS li ne li amahanngoa le litšekamelo tse phahameng bakeng sa boitšoaro bo nkang kotsi ho ithuteng 3. Kameho e ikhethileng ea bong lithutong tsa 1 le 2 e ile ea tšohloa haholoanyane thutong.
Karolo ea mehloli ea lichelete
Christian Montag o fuoa mpho ea Heisenberg-Mokhatlo oa Jeremane oa Lipatlisiso (MO 2363 / 3-1). Ntle le moo, thuto ea hona joale e tšehelitsoe ke chelete ea ho etsa lipatlisiso inthaneteng le papaling ea lipapali tsa lipapali tsa likhomphutha tse fuoeng Christian Montag ke Jeremane Research Foundation (MO 2363 / 2-1). Setsi sa Patlisiso sa Jeremane se ne se se na karolo morerong oa ho ithuta, ho bokella, ho sekaseka kapa ho toloka data, ho ngola sengoloa, kapa qeto ea ho tlisa pampiri hore e phatlalatsoe.
phehisa
CM le RS li thehiloe thuto. RS, BL le CM li ile tsa hira le ho leka barupeluoa. RS e ile ea etsa liteko mme ea ngola mongolo. Bl o ile a hlahloba tlhahlobo ea lipalo mme a lekola manolo. SM e hlophisitse mesebetsi ea liteko (liphetolelo tsa 1 le 2) mme e fane ka tlhaiso-leseling e phethahetseng ka mor'a hore e e hlahlobe. MR o ile a hlahloba libuka tse ngotsoeng ka letsoho ka mokhoa o hlakileng. Bangoli bohle ba kentse letsoho ho tšehetsa buka e ngotsoeng ea ho qetela.
Liteboho
Re leboha Ralf Reichert oa Turtle Entertainment ka ho re fa monyetla oa ho etsa liteko tsa rona ho GamesCom 2013. Leha ho le joalo, Turtle Entertainment ha ea ka ea etsa phaello kapa ea ba le tšusumetso ho phumaneho ea thuto.
Re rata hape ho leboha Maximilian Sieber le Otilia Pasnicu, ba ileng ba hira le ho leka barupeluoa ho ithuta 3 e le karolo ea lithuto tsa bona tsa Bachelor.
Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe
1Ho pholletsa le pampiri ea hona joale re tla be re sebelisa poleloana e reng, Mathata a Ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang, joalo ka sebaka sa ho lemalla Internet, kaha ha ho na tlhahlobo ea semmuso e teng DSM-5 le ICD 10. Joalokaha Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) e ne e kenyellelitsoe ho Sehlomathiso sa DSM-5, polelo ena e tla sebelisoa e le mokhoa o ts'oanang oa bokhoba ba marang-rang ba marang-rang. Ka kopo hlokomela hore ha se thuto e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, eo re e qotsitseng sengolong sa hona joale, e ileng ea etsa lipatlisiso ka IGD, re sebelisa mekhoa e khothalelitsoeng ho DSM-5.
2Ehlile, lebokose la "diabolosi" le ne le sa hlophisoa hore le hlahe 1, hobane sena se ka be se felisitse nyeoe ea hona joale ntle le ho fa litho monyetla oa ho khetha haeba ba batla ho tsoela pele ka ho bula lebokose le leng.
References
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