Ho se tšoane ka bomong ka sepheo, lithahasello le ts'oaetso lipapaling tsa video: maikutlo a lipapali, sepheo le liketsahalo tsa lipapali (2013)

inahaneloang

Mokhoa o mocha oa tloaelo le lithahasello tsa tšebeliso ea papali ea video e ea ntlafatsoa ho ithuta hantle maemo a kotsi a ts'ebeliso ea papali ea methapo (ke hore, tšebeliso e ngata kapa e telele, eo ka linako tse ling e bitsoang "bokhoba ba papali"). Bohato bona bo ile ba ajoa ho liboto tsa marang-rang bakeng sa ba ratang lipapali le ho liithuti tse tlase tsa koleche. Tlhahlobo ea lintlha tse bonts'ang e bonts'itse lintlha tsa 9: Pale, Catharsis e nang le Pefo, Moputso oa Pefo, Tšebelisano ea Sechaba, Escapism, Tahlehelo ea Boemo ba ho Utloa Bohloko, Tloaelo, Grinding le Autonomy. Lintho tsena li bontšitse ho lekana hantle tlhahlobisong e ileng ea latela ea netefatso, 'me, ho bohlokoa, li fumanoe li khetholla ka mokhoa o tšepahalang lipakeng tsa likhetho tsa papali pakeng tsa motho ka mong (mohlala, Super Mario Brothers bapisoa le Call tšoanelo). Ntle le moo, lintlha tse tharo li ne li amana haholo le ts'ebeliso ea papali ea mafu: ts'ebeliso ea lipapali ho baleha bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi, ts'ebeliso ea lipapali e le setsi sa boiketlo ba sechaba, le maikutlo a matle mabapi le pokello e tsitsitseng ea meputso ea papali. Phuputso ea hajoale e supa likhetho le sepheo sa motho ka mong se amanang le kutloisiso ea liteko tsa libapali tsa lipapali tsa lipapali tse fapaneng le lisosa tsa kotsi tsa ts'ebeliso ea papali ea video.

Keywords: lipapali tsa video, pathology ea papali ea papali ea papali ea papali ea papali, tšebeliso ea papali ea lipapali, sepheo sa papali ea papali, botho ba sebapali

Selelekela

Indasteri ea lipapali tsa video ke e 'ngoe ea likarolo tse hōlang ka potlako moruong oa Amerika. Indasteri ena e hlahisitse $ 25 bilione ka thekiso ho 2011, le ho tloha 2005 ho isa 2009, e ithorisitse ka sekhahla sa kholo ea selemo le selemo sa makhetlo a fetang a 5 sekhahla sa kholo ea moruo oohle oa US nakong eona eo (Siwek, 2010). Bopaki ka ho tšoanang bo fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ka bomong ba bapala lipapali tsa video hona joale ho feta neng kapa neng (bona Anderson et al., 2007). Mohlala, Moditjhaba (2009) e tlalehile hore batho ba nang le lilemo tse 8 ho 18 ba bapala lipapali tsa video bakeng sa 15 h ka beke ka kakaretso. Ha lipatlisiso tse ngata li shebile litlamorao tsa litaba tsa papali, haholo-holo pefo (bona Anderson et al., 2010), ha ho bapisoa lipatlisiso tse nyane li fuputse mabaka a ka bakang mekhoa ea ho bapala papali ea video (eo ka linako tse ling e bitsoang "bokhoba") 1994; Chiu et al., 2004; Charlton le Danforth, 2007; Moditjhaba, 2009; Moditjhaba et al., 2011) le hore na ke eng e susumetsang batho ho bapala le ho rata lipapali tse itseng ho feta tse ling (Przybylski et al., 2010). Tlaleho ea hajoale e thusa ho hlahisa lingoliloeng tse hlahang mabapi le phapang e fapaneng le khetho ea motho le sepheo sa hae ka ho theha le ho netefatsa sesebelisoa ho lekanya lihlahisoa tsena.

Ha lipapali tsa video li se li ratoa hohle, le tsona li holile ka mefuta. Lipapali tsa kajeno tsa video li etsa li-studio tse ngata, bahlahisi le mefuta e fapaneng. Lipapali tse ikhethang hangata li na le likhetho tse fapaneng, tse lumellang sebapali ho sebelisana le papali ka litsela tse fapaneng. Kaha ho na le likhetho tse ngata lipakeng le ka hare ho lipapali tsa video, ha ho makatse hore hangata batho ba khetha mofuta o mong oa papali ho e mong, joalo ka mefuta e meng ea media e tsebahalang. Joalo ka ha motho ea chesehelang filimi a ka rata Spielberg joalo ka ha e mong a khetha Tarantino, ho joalo le ka sebapali se le seng se ka natefeloa ke lipapali tsa leano la Sid Meier (mohlala, tsoelo-pele) ha e mong a khetha libapali tsa batho ba pele ba Ken Levine (mohlala, Bioshock).

Mohopolo o hlakileng oa hore libapali tsa lipapali tse fapaneng li na le sepheo le likhetho tsa lipapali tsa video li tšehetsoa ke lipatlisiso tsa morao tjena. Mohlala, Ryan et al. (2006) e hlahlobe tse susumetsang tsa sebapali ka tšebeliso ea mohopolo oa boithati (SDT) (Deci le Ryan, 1985). SDT e bolela esale pele hore libapali li lokela ho natefeloa ke papali ea video ka ha e khotsofatsa tlhoko ea mantlha ea sebapali ea boikemelo (taolo), boiphihlelo (moelelo oa hore motho o sebetsa hantle), le kamano (metsoalle le likamano). Tumellanong le khopolo-taba ena, Ryan et al. (2006) e fumane hore, ho libapali tsohle, boiphihlelo bo ikhethileng ba boipuso, boiphihlelo, le kamano nakong ea papali li entse hore lipapali li hlasimolohe hape li hohele sebapali. Ho feta moo, lipapali tse hlahlobisisitsoeng hantle (mohlala, Taba ea Zelda: Ocarina oa Nako) tloaetse ho khotsofatsa litlhoko tse ntle ho feta litlhapi tse bohlano (mohlala, Bophelo ba Bug). Habohlokoa, libapali tse fapaneng li fumane hore lipapali tse atlehileng haholo li khotsofetse ka tsela e fapaneng ka litlhoko tsa SDT, ka hona li ne li natefeloa ka tsela e fapaneng. Ketsahalo ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore liphapang tse fapaneng le tse batloang ke libapali li ka lekana hore na papali e itseng e khotsofatsa kapa e sitisa litlhoko tsa SDT, ka hona, ke batshameki ba tla thabela lipapali life.

Bafuputsi, libapali le baetsi ba lipapali haesale ba rata ho lekola phapang e le 'ngoe lipapatsong le lipapatsong tsa bona. Khopolo ea "sebapali sa sebapali" e qalile ka Bartle (1996), ea ileng a nahana hore libapali li arotsoe ho e 'ngoe ea mefuta e mene ho latela tekanyo eo sebapali se seng le se seng se khethang ho nka khato ho sona (ho fapana le ho ikamahanya le) lefatše la lipapali le hore na sebapali se seng le se seng se thabela ho sebelisana le libapali tse ling. Haufinyane tjena, Sherry et al. (2006) e buisane le liithuti tsa Amerika tsa liithuti tsa pele tsa lihlopheng tsa ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho fumana likarolo tsa tšusumetso ea lipapali tsa video. Ba supile likarolo tse ts'eletseng: Arousal, Phephetso, Tlholisano, Phapang, Toro, le Kamano ea Sechaba. Methati ena e fumanoe e le baetapele ba matla ba papali ea lipapali tsa video tlhahlobisong e ileng ea latela, hore litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa Arousal, Diversion, le Social Interaction li ne li amahanngoa le lihora tse ngata tsa tšebeliso ea papali ea video ea beke le beke.

Mohlala o mong o tsoa ho Yee et al. (2012;; E, 2006a,b). Ee le basebetsi-'moho le bona ba ile ba etsa lipatlisiso tsa libapali tsa Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs), ho supa lintlha tse tharo tse entsoeng ka likaroloana tse leshome. Lintlha tsena li kenyelelitse: Katleho, e nang le li-subcomponents Tsoelo-pele, Mechini le Tlholisano; Ea sechaba, e nang le Boiketlo ba Sechaba, Likamano le Tšebelisano 'moho; le qoelisoa, e nang le T sibollo, Karolo e Phethoang, Tloaelo, le Escapism. Lintlha tsena esale li fumanoa li amana le libaka tsa libapali tsa tsoelo-pele e kholo ho Lefatše oa vinagame. Mohlala, libapali tse ling tse fihletseng katleho li bile le karolo e kholo ea “katleho” ea papali papaling ea libapali-le papali ea libapali tsa ntoa le tse sebelisanang 'moho, athe libapali tse eketsehileng tsa Imersion li ne li fihletse katleho e amanang le ho phenyekolla (Yee et al. , 2012).

Mekhoa ena e meraro e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e lekile ho lekanya le ho hlalosa khetho ea motho ka mong lipapaling - mokhoa o ka hlalosang hore na papali e ts'oanang e khotsofatsa litlhoko tsa SDT tsa sebapali se seng ha e ntse e khina ea e mong. Ka sebele, Yee (2006aLintlha li bonahala li tsamaellana haholo le sepheo sa SDT: libapali li fapana ho isa tekanyong eo ba sebelisang lipapali ho phethahatsa maikutlo a Bokhoni (ke hore, Yee's Achievement factor) kapa Kamano (ke hore, Yee's Social factor). Sherry et al. (2006) maikutlo a lekanang ka mokhoa o ts'oanang mabapi le tlholisano le tšebelisano ea sechaba. Ho fapana ka mehato ena ho ka utloahala ho bonts'a hore libapali li fapana ka litlhoko tsa SDT tseo ba batlang ho li phetha ka tšebeliso ea lipapali. Mohlala, sebapali se seng se ka sebelisa lipapali ho fumana kamano, ha e mong eena a li sebelisa ho bona boiphihlelo.

Kaha mehlala ea sepheo e ka bolela esale pele lihora tse sebelisitsoeng ho bapala lipapali tsa video (mohlala, Sherry et al., 2006;; E, 2006b), ho utloisisa ho se tšoane ka sepheo sa papali e kanna ea ba ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa lintlha tse lebisang ts'ebeliso e mpe ea papali ea video, kapa seo ba bang ba se bitsitseng "ts'ebeliso ea lipapali tsa video" 2009) kapa "ts'ebeliso ea mahlale a theknoloji" (Lichaba et al., 2013). E iqapetsoe ho tloha ho Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, khatiso ea bone (DSM-IV; Mokhatlo oa American Psychiatric Association, 2000) mekhoa ea ho lemalla papali ea papali ea chelete, mehato ea tšebeliso ea papali ea video ea pathological e ntlafalitsoe ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng ho ts'epahalong le ho nepahala. Joalo ka papali ea chelete, tšebeliso e feteletseng ea lipapali tsa video e ka ba le mathata a mangata ho eena. Mohlala, ts'ebeliso ea papali ea video ea pathological e amahanngoa le khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho, phobia ea sechaba, le ts'ebetso e sa sebetseng ea sekolo (Lichabeng et al., 2011). Boemong bo bong bo feteletseng, mosali o ile a ameha haholo ka papali Lefatše oa vinagame hore morali oa hae ea lilemo li 3 o shoele ka ho se tsotelle (Las Cruces Sun-News; Meeks, 2011).

Phapang ea motho ka mong ka sepheo le likhetho tsa libapali ts'ebelisong ea papali ea video e ka supa hore na ke libapali life tse thabelang ts'ebeliso e ntle ea papali, le hore na ke libapali life tse kotsing ea ts'ebeliso ea papali ea mafu. Mohlala, haholo joalo ka ha sepheo sa ho sebetsana le bothata bo amana le tšebeliso e mpe ea joala (Cooper et al., 1988, 1992, 1995), bopaki ka ho tšoanang bo fana ka maikutlo a hore libapali tse sebelisang lipapali tsa video ho baleha mathata a tsona li ba le mathata a maholo ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea papali ea bona (Yee, 2006b; Kneer & Glock, 2013).

Ho joalo, ho na le lebaka la ho lumela hore likhetho tsa likarolo tse itseng tsa papali li ka amana le ts'ebeliso ea papali ea methapo. Bafuputsi ba bontšitse hore likarolo tse ling li etsa hore lipapali tse ling li lemalle ho feta tse ling (Wan le Chiou, 2007; King le Delfabbro, 2009;; King et al., 2011). Mohlala, lipapali tsa marang-rang tse nang le tšebelisano ea sechaba hangata li fumanoa li le kotsi ho feta ho lipapali tsa video tsa sebapali se le seng (Thomas le Martin, 2010). Hape, ba lemaletse, joalo ka ha ba bapisoa le taolo, ba tlaleha thabo e kholo ho fumana lintho tse fumanehang lipapaling tse ka thusang sebapali sa bona hore se "hlolohe" (King et al., 2010). Ka mabaka ana, bafuputsi ba tloaetse ho belaella Lipapali tsa Maqhubu a Marang-rang tsa Massively Multiplayer Online (MMORPG) e le lekhoba la taolo (Linderoth le Bennerstedt, 2007; Hellström et al., 2012; Kneer & Glock, 2013), ka linako tse ling ho isa tekanyong ea ho khetholla mefuta eohle e meng ho tsoa lithutong tsa thuto ea methapo ea methapo (mohlala, Yee, 2006b; Hellström et al., 2012). Ka ho supa phapang litakatsong tsa papali, ho kanna ha khonahala ho khetholla libapali tse ratang mekhoa e meng ea papali le ho fumana hore na ba na le matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea papali ea methapo ho feta libapali tse ling. Mohlala, libapali li ka fapana ho ea ka hore na ba susumetsoa ke lintho tsa papali kapa tšebelisano ea inthanete sechabeng. Batšoantšisi ba khahliloeng haholo ke moputso oa papali, joalo ka ho fihlela nako, le lintho tse sa tloaelehang, ba ka iphumana ba tlameha ho bapala nako e fetelletseng. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, libapali tse khethang lipapali tse nang le karolo e matla ea sechaba li ka iphumana li tlameha ho tlameha ho tlameha ho bapala papali, mohlomong li lebise likhohlanong pakeng tsa bophelo ba papali le bophelo ba 'nete.

Matlafatso ea ts'ebetso ea papali e kanna ea amana le tšebeliso ea papali ea methapo. Boithuto bo 'maloa bo hokahantse papali ea video le ts'ebetso ea marang-rang a moputso le bona ba kentseng tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi (Koepp et al., 1998; Hoeft et al., 2008). Baqapi ba lipapali ba batlang ho boloka libapali li kenya letsoho ba sebelisa melao-motheo ea boemo bo sebetsang ho moralo oa lipapali (Skinner et al., 1997; Hopson, 2001). Meputso ea papali hangata e ajoa ho latela kemiso ea moputso o fapaneng, moo ho hlokahalang tse 'maloa tse fapaneng bakeng sa ho fumana moputso. Mohlala, a Diablo sebapali se ka fumana sebetsa se matla ho phoofolo e tona e latelang eo e e bolayang, kapa sebetsa seo se ka nna sa se fumanehe ho fihlela sekete se seng hamorao. Kemiso ena ea moputso e khothaletsa boitšoaro bo potlakileng, khafetsa, mme boits'oaro bo ithutoang bo lieha ho tima ha ho se na moputso. Sebopeho le bohlokoa ba linako tsena tsa moputso li fapana lipakeng tsa lipapali, tse ka etsang hore mefuta e meng ea papali ea video e amanang haholo le pathology. Ho tšehetsa khopolo ena, Yee (2006b) e fumane hore libapali li susumetsoa haholo ke tebello ea ho qeta lipheo le ho bokella lintho tse fumanehang tse bonts'ang matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea papali ea methapo. Le ha maikutlo a SDT a mangata a tsepamisitse maikutlo phephetsong e thehiloeng ho boiphihlelo e le mohloli oa phethahatso ea litlhoko tsa boiphihlelo (Przybylski et al., 2010), ho bokella meputso hape ho ka lebisa ho sebapali se matla sa avatar le maikutlo a ho atleha le tsoelo-pele, litlhoko tsa bokhoni ba SDT tse khotsofatsang, leha e le phephetso.

Tlamo ea sechaba e ka ba karolo e 'ngoe e kotsi ea papali. Lipapaling tse ngata tsa inthanete, libapali li tlameha ho sebetsa 'moho ho fihlela sepheo sa boemo bo holimo. Boemong ba hore sebapali ke setho sa bohlokoa sa sehlopha, sebapali se tlameha ho bapala ha feela sehlopha se batla ho bapala (King le Delfabbro, 2009). “Lipapali tsa sechaba” tse kang Farmville le tsona li loanela ho etsa hore libapali li tlamehe ho bapala khafetsa ka ho etsa hore libapali li tšepane bakeng sa kabelo ea lisebelisoa tsa papali ea letsatsi le letsatsi. Leha ho na le litlamorao tse jang nako ea boiketlo ba sechaba, libapali tse ngata li natefeloa ke lipapali tse ngata, mohlomong hobane likarolo tse amanang le lipapali tsa sechaba li fana ka monyetla bakeng sa libapali ho phethahatsa litlhoko tsa bona tsa kamano ea SDT.

Litekanyo tsa sepheo sa sebapali li emetse ho tsebisa hore na libapali li khothaletsoa ke lintlha tsa papali tse kaholimo ke eng, le hore na likarolo tsa papali ena li amana le ts'ebetso e kholo ea pathology. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le mekhoa e mengata eo ka eona litekanyetso tsa sepheo sa sebapali li ka ntlafatsoang ho utloisisa likhetho le pathology. Taba ea pele, ho tloha nts'etsopele ea merero e meng ea lipapali le likhetho (Sherry et al., 2006;; E, 2006a), lipale li hlahile e le tšusumetso e kholo ts'ebelisong ea lipapali tsa video, ka libapali tse ling li bapisa boiphihlelo ba bona le mefuta e mengata ea media e kang lifilimi, libuka kapa bonono. Ka mor'a moo, boiteko ba nakong e fetileng bo behetsoe lits'oants'o tse fokolang tsa sechaba sa lipapali. Mohlala, Yee (2006a,b, 2012) ba ithutileng libapali tsa li-MMORPG feela, e leng mofuta o le mong oa papali ea video, ha ba ntse ba Sherry et al.'s Patlisiso (2006) e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho libapali tsa lilemo tsa 23 le tse nyane.

Habohlokoa, ha ho na tekanyo ea ho fihlela kajeno e bonts'itseng bokhoni ba khethollo pakeng tsa libapali tsa lipapali tse fapaneng. Bokhoni ba khethollo lipapaling tsa papali ea lipapali, mefuta le lihlooho li tšoana le ho utloisisa phapang lipakeng tsa lipapali tsa video tse fapaneng le menyetla ea tsona e fapaneng ea ho khothaletsa tšebeliso ea methapo. Kahoo, tekanyo e batsi le e sebetsang ea kantle ho naha ea likhetho e lokela ho khetholla lipakeng tsa libapali tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea lipapali esita le li-platform tsa lipapali tse fapaneng. Mohlala, batho ba bapalang lipapali haholo-holo ka li-platform tsa liketsahalo tse kang Facebook kapa iPhone (eo ka linako tse ling e bitsoang "libapali tse itlhommeng") ba lokela ho fapana le batho ba rekang lipapali tsa lipapali hore ba bapale lipapali tsa video. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, balateli ba lipapali tse fapaneng ba lokela ho fapana ka cheseho ea bona bakeng sa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa papali. Mohlala, lipapali tse ling tsa video li rorisitsoe haholo ka ho pheta lipale (mohlala, Phello e matla, Bioshock) (Dahlen, 2007; Villoria, 2010), athe lipapaling tse ling, pale ke sesebelisoa sa ho bopa ka tšohanyetso, ka linako tse ling se hlokomolohuoa ka ho hlaka (mohlala, Super Mario Brothers, Sehlopha sa Qhobosheane ea 2, DoOM). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lipapali tse ling li na le sechaba se nang le libapali tse ngata (mohlala, Minecraft, Lefatše la Warcraft) ha ba bang e le boiphihlelo ba sebapali se le seng. Lipapali tse ling li lumella ho bokelloa ha maemo le lintho kapele ka nako (mohlala, Skyrim, Lefatše la Boloi, Call of Duty), ha lipapali tse ling li ntse li etsahala lipapaling tse ikhethileng, tse sa kopaneng (mohlala, Starcraft, Civilization, Tetris). Re lebelletse hore libapali li ka ba le mokhoa oa ho khetha ho latela mekhoa e meng ea papali ho feta e 'ngoe, ho theha mekhoa e hlakileng le e boletsoeng esale pele ea ho etsa lipakeng tsa papali eo u e ratang haholo le litekanyo tsa sepheo.

Morero oa thuto ea morao-rao e ne e le ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa likhetho tsa lipapali tsa video le sepheo har'a sampuli e pharaletseng ea barupeluoa, 'me ka ho etsa joalo, ho nts'etsapele le ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling ea netefatso mabapi le mohato o mocha oa likopanyo tsena. Boiteko bona bo ntlafatsa mosebetsing o fetileng ka ho leka ho lekanya sepheo se fapaneng le seo ka ho ithuta libapali tsa libapali tse fapaneng, tse kenyelletsang libapali tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea lipapali le libapali tse sa tloaelehang. Ka ho netefatsa tekanyo ena ka ho bapisa lipapali tsa video tse ratoang le sethala sa papali, thuto ena e khona ho lekola hore na sepheo se itseng sa papali, mofuta oa papali kapa li-platform tsa papali li tsamaisana le ts'ebeliso e kholo ea tšebeliso ea papali ea methapo ea methapo.

mekhoa

barupeluoa ba

Barupeluoa ba ile ba bokelloa ho tsoa mehloling e 'meli. Pele, baithaopi ba inthanete ba ile ba thaothoa ka tumello ea mookameli ka ho romella liforamo ho sethaleng www.reddit.com/r/truegaming, www.reddit.com/r/girlgamers, forums.penny-arcade.com, www.rpgcodex.net, www.minecraftforum.net/forum, www.skyrimforums.org, www.conquarchworm.net, 'me www.bbgame.net. Liphatlalatso tsa sethala li ne li na le monyetla oa ho ba ngata ebile li ikemiselitse ho ithaopa nako ea bona bakeng sa puseletso e nyane, empa likhatello tsa boitlhopho li ile tsa etsa hore karolo ea tsona e be batshameki ba batona ba neng ba bapala letsatsi le letsatsi. Kahoo, tlhahlobo ena e ile ea fetisetsoa ho liithuti tsa pele tsa koleche, e phatlalalitsoeng e le "tlhahlobo ea ho natefeloa" eseng "lipapatso tsa lipapali tsa video," e le hore ba ka etsa mohlala ho tsoa ho libapali tsa basali le tse sa sebetseng khafetsa.

Sampole ea hajoale e kenyelletsa batho ba 1689 ba hapiloeng liforomong tsa marang-rang ba qetileng tlhahlobo ena monyetla oa ho hapa e 'ngoe ea likarete tsa limpho tsa $ 20 tsa Amazon tse leshome. (87% e motona, 79% Non-Hispanic White, 4% Asia, 1% Indian, 1% Arab, 2% Native American, 4% Hispanic White, le 7% e sa hlalosoe ka mokhoa o fapaneng. Karolelano ea lilemo e ne e le 23.4, SD = 6.03, range = 10-66.) Baithuti ba eketsehileng ba koleche ea 300 ba ile ba ngolisoa Univesithing ea Missouri, ba ileng ba qeta tlhahlobo eo ka phapanyetsano bakeng sa mokitlane oa thuto e itseng. (27% e motona, 82% E se nang Whitepanic White, 2% Hispanic White, 8% Black, 2% Non-Hispanic Asia, 1% Hispanic Asia, le 3% ha e hlalosoe ka mokhoa o fapaneng. Bofeta ba bona e ne e le 18.4, SD = 1.21, mefuta = 17-34).

Phuputso e entsoe ka www.qualtric.com. Patlisiso e amohetsoe ke University of Missouri-Columbia IRB, mme tumello e nang le tsebo e fumanoe lithutong tsohle.

Mehato

Leseli la demographic

Barupeluoa ba bontšitse lilemo tsa bona, thobalano, morabe ("White, ”O motšo, oa Asia, oa Searabia, oa Maindia, oa Native American, o Ntle le morabe ("Ma-Hispanic"Kapa"Eseng Hispanic").

Phatlalatso ea papali ea video

Barupeluoa ba bontšitse hore na ba bile bohlasoa hakae ka ho bapala lipapali tsa video ka sekala ho tloha 1 (E thata haholo) ho 5 (E bohlasoa haholo) le hore na ba bapala lipapali tse joalo khafetsa hakae (Letsatsi le letsatsi, makhetlo a 2-3 / beke, beke le beke, linako tsa 2-3 / khoeli, khoeli le khoeli, ka tlase ho khoeli le khoeli). Barupeluoa ba boetse ba bontšitse hore na ba qetile lihora tse kae (ka har'a beke le mafelo a beke) ba bapala lipapali tsa video nakong ea ha 6 h e ba le nako: pakeng tsa mantsiboea ho 6 AM, 6 AM ho fihlela bosiu, mantsiboea ho 6 PM, le 6 PM ho fihlela har'a mp'a bosiu. Ba boetse ba bonts'itse hore na ba qetile nako e kae ba qetetse ho bapala lipapali tsa video sethaleng ho tloha 1 (Hoo e ka bang ha ho nako ea ka ea phomolo) ho 5 (Hoo e ka bang nako eohle ea ka ea phomolo).

Lipapali tse ratoang pele

Barupeluoa ba ile ba boela ba botsoa ho thathamisa, ka karabelo e bulehileng, lipapali tsa bona tse tharo tseo ba li ratang haholo (ho kenyeletsoa lipapali tseo e seng tsa video) le lipapali tse tharo tseo ba neng ba li bapala ha joale.

Ho eketsa matla a lipalo, ntho ena e ile ea putlama ho lipapali tsa papali ea lipapali ha lipapali tsa motho ka mong li ne li ts'oana. Mohlala, lits'ebetso tse fapaneng kahare ho Fantasy ho qetela Franchise e ne e oele hammoho, ntle le Khopolo ea ho qetela ea XI 'me Fantasy ho qetela XIV, eo e neng e le lipapali tsa lipapali tsa inthanete tse ngata haholo ho e-na le lipapali tsa ho bapala karolo e le 'ngoe tsa Majapane. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lipapali tsa ho bapala karolo tsa 1990 li fetoloa mabopong 1 'me mabopong 2 li kopantsoe ho kena e le 'ngoe, ha 2008 e ntse e bapala papali mabopong 3 e ne e bolokoa e le karolo ea eona e arohaneng. The Lefatše oa vinagame MMO e ne e lula e arohantsoe le vinagame leano la nako ea 'nete. Ho tloha ka o mong le o mong o latele The Meqolo Elder papali e bile le libapali tse matla le baikakanyi, Morrowind, Tloha, 'me Skyrim e mong le e mong o ne a bolokiloe e le mananeo a arohaneng.

Likarabo li ne li sa fanoe feela lipapaling tse mashome a mabeli tseo ba li ratang haholo. Tsena li kenyeletsa: The Legend ea Zelda franchise, Fantasy ho qetela franchise (ntle le li-MMO), Halofo ea bophelo franchise, boima Amang franchise, Khohlano 1 le 2, Deus Ex 1, Super Mario Franchise (ho sa kenyeletsane le bo-spinoffs joalo ka Mario Party or Mario kart sale), Portal franchise, Skyrim, selika-likoe Franchise (ntle le spinoff Halo Lintoa), Planescape: tlhokofatso ea, Pokemon franchise, Call tšoanelo franchise, Morrowind, Team Qhobosheane 2, Minecraft, Grand boshodu Auto franchise, Lefatše oa vinagame, Baldur's Gate 2, 'me Bioshock franchise.

Ntle le moo, barupeluoa ba bontšitse ka lethathamo la tlhahlobo hore na ba sebelisa li-media tsa mofuta ofe hangata haholo sebelisa ho bapala lipapali (PC, Nintendo Wii, Sony Playstation 3, Microsoft XBOX 360, Nintendo DS, Sony Playstation Portable, mohala oa selefouno, Facebook, libapali kapa likarete tsa karete, ho bapala papali le pampiri, lipapali tsa nnete, likamore tse arcade le tse ling ).

Mekhoa ea lipapali, sepheo le maemo a papali

Barupeluoa ba ile ba araba lipotso tsa video tsa 121 tse amanang le sepheo sa ho lekola sepheo le likhetho tsa bona mecheng ea litaba. Ho lintho tsena, 20 e nkuoe ho Video Game Usees and Gratifications Instrument e ntlafalitsoeng ke Sherry et al. (2006) (mohlala, "Ke bapala lipapali tsa video hobane lia nthabisa."). Mefuta ena e tšeletseng e bontša phapang e fapaneng ea ts'ebeliso ea papali le boithabiso e le ts'ebetso ea Phapanyetsano (α = 0.86), Phephetso (α = 0.80), Tšebelisano ea Sechaba (α = 0.81), Phapang (α = 0.89), fantisi (α = 0.88), le Arousal (α = 0.85). Lintho tse ling tsa 100 tse ling li ile tsa hlahisoa ke baetsi ba liteko ho lekola liphapang tse ling tse ka bang lipakeng tsa likhetho le sepheo sa papali. Litakatso le sepheo sa Hypothesised li kenyelletsa taolo ea maikutlo, lipalangoang, bokhoni ba ho thabela tahlehelo, boiphihlelo, catharsis, le pefo, hara ba bang. Lintho li ile tsa arajoa ka ho sebelisa tekanyo ea Likert ea 5-point from 1 (Ha ke lumellane hantle) ho 5 (Ke lumela hantle) (mohlala, "Ke fumana lipapali tse bonolo li le boima haholo" kapa "Ke khetha lipapali tse etsang hore ke tšepe batho bao ke bapalang le bona."). Barupeluoa ba ile ba fuoa khetho ea "Ha e sebetse" molemong oa hore ha ba na boiphihlelo ka ntho e itseng. Lintho li hlahisitsoe ka tatellano e sa reroang ho barupeluoa. Ntho e 'ngoe ea tlhahlobo e kopile hore barupeluoa ba bonts'e "Ha ho lumellane kapa ho hana”Karabelo. Ntho ena e sebelitse e le moemeli oa tlhokomelo. Bafo ba sa atleheng ho tšoaea ntho ena ka nepo ba ile ba qheleloa ka thoko.

Psychology ea lipapali tsa video

Kamora ho qeta sepheo le lipatlisiso tsa sepheo, barupeluoa ba ile ba phethela tšebeliso ea lipapali tsa video tsa methapo e ntlafalitsoeng ke Balichaba (2009). Barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa hore na ba kile ba bona letšoao le leng le le leng la 15 la tšebeliso ea papali ea video ea pathological. Mohlala, potso e botsa hore na barupeluoa ba etsahalloa ke ho khaoloa ("Selemong se fetileng, na ha u khone ho phomola kapa ho teneha ha o leka ho fokotsa kapa ho emisa ho bapala lipapali tsa video?"), Qhoelanong le mosebetsi ("Selemong se fetileng, na u kile oa tlōla? litlelase kapa ho sebetsa ho bapala lipapali tsa video? "), le likhohlano le ba bang (" Selemong se fetileng, na u kile oa thetsa ba lelapa kapa metsoalle ka hore na u bapala lipapali tsa video hakae? "). Barupeluoa ba bontšitse hore na ba bone letšoao le leng le le leng ka ho araba "E, ""Che, ""Ka linako tse ling, Kapa "Ha e sebetse. ”" Ka linako tse ling "likarabo tsa" ka linako tse ling "li ne li nkuoa li lekana le karabo ea" e "(e = 1, ka linako tse ling = 0.5, che kapa N / A = 0), kaha mokhoa ona o ne o fana ka ts'epo e kholo lipatlisisong tse fetileng (α = 0.78) ( Baditjhaba et al., Tlhatlhobo).

Results

disampole

Ha e bapisoa le sampole ea inthanete, sampole ea "undergraduate" e ne e le nyane [Welch's t(1598) = 27.42, p <0.001], basali ba bang ka bongata (87 vs. 27%, G = 414, 1 df, p <0.001), ba sa tsotelleng lipapali tsa video [Welch's t(365) = 26.33, p <0.001], e bapaloang khafetsa [Welch's t(303) = 20.59, p <0.001], 'me ba sebelisitse karolo e nyane ea nako ea bona ea phomolo lipapaling tsa video [Welch's t(403) = 30.62, p <0.001]. Sampole ea undergraduate e eketsa phapano sampoleng ea thuto, e etsa hore litlhahlobo tse latelang li hlahlobe moemeli ea sebelisang papali ka kakaretso ho fapana le tšebeliso ea lipapali ke libapali tse tebileng.

Palo e kholo ea karolo ea karolo ea sampole ea pele (N = 1280) li tlositsoe ho sampole ea ho qetela ka lebaka la tlhaelo-leseling (mohlala, "ho phenya" tlhahlobo ea marang-rang ntle le ho araba lintho tse ngata; ho qala tlhahlobo le ho se e phethe) kapa ho araba "Ho se sebetse" linthong tse ling. Re boetse re tlositse barupeluoa ba sa kang ba araba ka "3" ho latela tlhokomelo ea rona (N = 27), mme o tlose barupeluoa ba arabileng ka "3" nthong e ngoe le e ngoe e hlahlobong (N = 3). Barupeluoa ba nang le botebo ba Mahalonobis ba hole le maemo a mararo a kaholimo ho meeli ba ile ba lahloa e le barekisi ba li-multivariate (N = 7), e siea lithuto tsa 672 bakeng sa mohato ona oa tlhahlobo (Boemo ba lilemo = 22.6 (5.51), 79% e motona, 85% E se nang Whitepanic White, 4% Hispanic White, 2% e Ntsho, 5% Asia, 1% Indian, 1 % Arab, 2% Native American, 5% ha e hlalositsoe ka mokhoa o mong).

Sebopeho sa fektheri

Lintho tse ngata li ne li seke haholo. Bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea tlhahlobo ea lintlha, re khutlisitse likarabo tse sa tloaelehang le tse feteletseng karabong e latelang e feteletseng (bona Wilcox, 1995). Mohlala, ho ntho eo ho eona barupeluoa ba bararo feela ba arabileng "5-Kea lumellana," karabelo eo e ile ea hlakoloa hape e le "4-Lumellana." Lintho tse mashome a mane a metso e mehlano tsa 121 li fetotsoe ka mokhoa ona1.

Ho theha le ho netefatsa sepheo sa rona sa sepheo le seo re se ratang, re entse tlhahlobo ea likarolo tsa tlhahlobo (EFA) le netefatso ea netefatso ea (CFA). Barupeluoa ba ile ba abeloa ka tšohanyetso ho sehlopha sa EFA kapa CFA. Ho ba neng ba nkile karolo ea 332 ba neng ba abetsoe sehlopha sa EFA, 50 e ne e le li-undergraduate tsa koleche.

EFA e entsoe ts'ebetsong e makatsang e sebelisa sephutheloana sa "nFactors" bakeng sa R ​​(Raiche le Magis, 2010). Taba ea pele, data e ne e isoa tlhahlobisong e ts'oanang (bona Fabrigar et al., 1999). Tlhatlhobo e tšoanang e etsa ho senyeha hoa ntlha ea mantlha mme e e bapisa le ho senyeha hoa ntlha ea mantlha ea matrix ea data. Tlhatlhobo ena e hlahisa likarolo tseo boholo ba tsona (boholo ba tsona) bo leng boholo ho leseli le hlokometsoeng mabapi le tlhaiso-leseling. Ka mor'a moo, lintlha li ile tsa fetisetsoa ho EFA ho sebelisoa potoloho ea "oblique promax" le palo e khothalelitsoeng ea lintlha tse tsoang tlhahlobisong e tšoanang e ntšitsoeng matrix ea data ea mantlha. Re hlahlobile lintho tse pakiloeng ka bongata ebe re lahla lintho tse nang le thepa e fokolang (ha ho na loading> 0.30). Re boetse re lahlile lintho tse bonts'itseng lits'oants'o tse rarahaneng (lintho tse laetseng> 0.30 ka makhetlo a fetang a le mong) bakeng sa makhetlo a mabeli a latellanang. Re phetile ts'ebetso ena ea ho pheta-pheta (tlhahlobo e tšoanang ebe re lahla lintho tse futsanehileng le tse rarahaneng) ho fihlela tharollo e tsitsitseng e fihletsoe (ke hore, ha ho na lintho tse fihletsoeng litekanyetso tsa ho khetholloa).

Tharollo ea ho qetela e ne e na le lintlha tse robong. Ntlha ea leshome, Procrastination, e khothalelitsoe ke tlhahlobo e tšoanang, empa e ne e entsoe ka lintho tse peli feela tse nang le mantsoe a tšoanang haholo 'me e ile ea lahloa. Lintho tse peli tse tsoang ho Sherry et al. (2006) e sitiloe ho kenya ntho e netefalitsoeng nakong e fetileng: "Ke fumana ho le molemo haholo ho fihla boemong bo latelang" le "Ke bapala ho fihlela ke hapa papali kapa ke phethela boemo" bo laoloang ho ntho ea Grinding ho fapana le ntho efe kapa efe e amanang le phephetso. Sena se kanna sa bakoa ke ho phahama ha lentsoe "level", le ka sebetsang karolong kapa papaling ea papali (mohlala, papaling ea ketso, ho otla kiwango ebe o fetela ho e latelang) kapa ho bokella matla a avatar (mohlala, "ho nyoloha" papaling e bapalang karolo, ka tsela eo, e ba matla). Kahoo, leha thepa ea thepa ena e ne e batla e le bonolo, lintho li ile tsa lahloa ho qoba ho tsitsipana.

Lethathamo le felletseng la mabitso le meelelo ea hypothetical le ka bonoa ho Lethathamo Lethathamo1.1. Lintho tse ileng tsa sala kamora pheletso ea hoqetoa li thathamisitsoe ho Lethathamo Lethathamo2,2, e hlophisitsoe ka ntlha ebile e nchafalitsoe. Lisutu tsa thepa ena li fumaneha Lethathamong Lethathamo3.3. Likamano tsa li-inter-factor le li-alphas tsa Cronbach ntlheng ka 'ngoe li akaretsoe ho Lethathamo Lethathamo44.

Lethathamo 1 

Lintlha tsa GAMES le moelelo oa tsona oa hypothesised.
Lethathamo 2 

Lethathamo la lintho tse hlahang mekhoeng ea lipapatso, lisosa tsa maikutlo le liphihlelo tsa boiphihlelo (GAMES).
Lethathamo 3 

Lintho tse bolokiloeng.
Lethathamo 4 

Khokahano ea li-inter-factor le alphas ea Cronbach.

Tlhahlobo ea netefatso

Hang ha tharollo e tsitsitseng ea EFA e fumanoe, sebopeho sena se thehiloeng ho EFA se ile sa sebelisoa halofong ea bobeli ea sampole (n = 332, ho kenyelletsa le baithuti ba tlasana ba 41) ba sebelisang CFA ka har'a "sem" sephutheloana sa R ​​(Fox, 2006). Hobane likarabo linthong tse ngata hangata e ne e se ntho e tloaelehileng, mokhoa oa ho hakanya menyetla o ne o nkuoa o sa nepahala. Sebakeng seo, CFA e sebelisitse boholo bo bonyane mekhahlelo (GLS), e ntlafatsang mohopolo oa ho lekana ha maemo.

Liphetho tse tsoang CFA li bonts'itse mohlala o motle [X2(1616) = 2012, p <0.001, TLI = 0.99, CFI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.027]. Re fetolela CFA e loketseng hantle joalo ka bopaki ba ts'epahalo ea kahare ea sekala, hobane likamano lipakeng tsa lintlha tsa morao-rao le mefuta ea tsona ea lipontšo e ne e ts'oana le li-subsets tsa bankakarolo.

Barupeluoa ba bang ba arabetse ka lintho tsohle tse setseng empa ba lahliloe ka lebaka la ho haelloa ke data linthong tse ling tse lahliloeng. CFA e 'ngoe e ile ea etsoa ho kenyeletsoa le karolo ena (n = 111, ho kenyelletsa le liithuti tsa 21 undergraduates). Moetso oa mohlala o ile oa lula o le hantle [X2(1711) = 54982, p <0.001, TLI = 0.99, CFI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.03]. Ka hona, barupeluoa bana ba khutliselitsoe ho dataset bakeng sa litlhahlobo tsohle tse latelang, ho eketsa kakaretso ea boholo ba mehlala ho N = 783.

Kamano lipakeng tsa lintho tsa morao-rao le lintho tseo u li khethang papaling

Lipapatso tsa papali

Haeba tharollo ea 9-factor e emela phapano e nepahetseng ea motho ka mong lithahasellong tsa papali, ba lokela ho etsa covary ka li-franchise tse ikhethang tsa papali. Mohlala, libapali tse thathamisang li-franchise tse thehiloeng pale (mohlala, boima Amang) har'a tseo a li ratang e lokela ho ba tse phahameng ho feta karolelano ea Paleng, athe libapali li natefeloa ke lipapali tse bulehileng tse bulehileng (mohlala, Skyrim) e lokela ho ba le lintlha tse phahameng ho feta karolelano ntlheng ea Boipuso. Kahoo, litlhahlobo tse latelang li ile tsa hlahloba hore na lintlha tsa bankakarolo li ka boleloa e le ts'ebetso ea lipapali tseo ba li thathamisitseng har'a tseo ba li ratang haholo.

Bakeng sa e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea li-franchise tsa 20 tse bonts'itsoeng hangata, li-dummy-coded (0 = che; 1 = e) vector e thehiloe ho bontša hore na morupeluoa o ile a ngola lethathamong leo har'a lipapali tsa video tseo a li ratang tsa 3. Ho ile ha etsoa tlhahlobo e mengata ea phapang (MANOVA) ho bona hore na lintlha tsa GAMES li ka boleloa esale pele e le ts'ebetso ea lierekisi tsa lipapali tseo a li ratang haholo. Kahoo, tlhahlobo e bapisitse hore na libapali tse neng li natefeloa ke papali ea papali ka ho khetheha li theohile ka tlase kapa ka holimo ho ntlha e itseng ho tsoa tharollong ea 9-factor. Liphetho tsohle li hlahisoa e le Lipalo tsa Sekepe sa Type III, ka tsela eo se emetse phapang e ngoe le e ngoe ka mor'a ho arola phapang ka lebaka la lipapali tse ling tsa papali. Tlhahlobo e ne e felletsoe feela ho barupeluoa ba neng ba bontšitse bonyane e 'ngoe ea li-franchise tsa papali ea 20 e le thatohatsi (n = 531). Tšusumetso ea tšebeliso ea papali e 'ngoe le e' ngoe eo u e ratang ka mong le e mong e bontšitsoe ka bokhutšoanyane ho Tafole Lethathamo55.

Lethathamo 5 

Li-coefficients tsa li-franchise tsa lipapali tse ratoang ho lintlha tsa GAMES factor.

Methati ea lipapali

Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, haeba lintlha tsa GAMES li sebetsa kantle, li lokela ho amana le likhetho tsa libapali tsa sethala sa papali. Mohlala, libapali tse tebileng tse rekang lisebelisoa tsa thepa ka kotloloho ho bapala lipapali li lokela ho fapana le libapali tse bapalang lipapali feela (ke hore, ka selefounu kapa ak'haonte ea Facebook e nang le mabaka a sa amaneng le papali). Kahoo, libapali tse bonts'ang li sebelisa lipolanete tse itseng li ka ba holimo kapa tsa theoha maemong a mang ho feta libapali tse ling. Joalo ka pele, li-dummy-khoutu li ile tsa etsoa bakeng sa sehlooho ka seng bakeng sa liforomo tseo ba tlalehileng hore ba li sebelisa ho bapala lipapali. Re sebelisitse MANOVA e ngoe ho bona hore na khetho ea sethala e boletse esale pele lintlha tsa 9. Lilemo li ile tsa kenngoa e le covariate. Liphetho li akaretsoa ho Lethathamo Lethathamo6.6. Ka kakaretso, libapali tsa li-platform tsa lipapali tse inehetseng tse kang PC, PS3, le XBOX 360 li phahame haholo ho Pale, Meputso e Bohloko, Escapism, le Tšebelisano ea Sechaba, ha libapali lipapaling tsa liketsahalo tse kang lifono le Facebook li le holimo ho Loss-Aversion le Grinding.

Lethathamo 6 

Li-coefficients tsa litlamorao tsa papali ea papali linthong tsa GAMES.

Mekhoa ea ts'ebeliso

Phekolo e 'maloa e ile ea etsoa ho fumana hore na lintlha tse ngata li ne li bolela esale pele tšebeliso ea bankakarolo, boholo ba nako eo ba e sebelisitseng ts'ebelisong ea papali, le boits'oaro bo hlalositsoeng mabapi le lipapali (tse tloaelehileng kapa tse thata). Liphetho li akaretsoa ho Lethathamo Lethathamo7.7. Ka kakaretso, Pale e phahameng, Moputso oa Pefo, Escapism, Setsoalle le Sechaba, le lipapali tsa Autonomy li ne li amahanngoa le ho bapala khafetsa, ho qeta nako e ngata lipapaling tsa video, le ho itlhalosa e le sebapali se “thata”. Lintlha tse phahameng tsa tahlehelo ea batho ba bangata le ho li etsa li ne li amahanngoa le ho bapala hangata, karolo e nyane ea nako e sebelisitsoeng lipapaling, le boitlhaloso e le sebapali sa "bohlasoa".

Lethathamo 7 

Kamano lipakeng tsa lintlha tsa GAMES le mekhoa ea ts'ebeliso ea papali.

Litumellano le lilemo

Likamano lipakeng tsa lilemo le lintlha tsa GAMES li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka phetoho ea Fisher r-to-z. Barupeluoa ba mashome a mane a metso e supileng ha baa ka ba fana ka lilemo tsa bona mme ha ba kenyelletsoa tlhahlobisong ena, ba siea mohlala oa n = 736; ka hona, kaofela ts emela li-degrees tsa 734 tsa tokoloho. Age e ne e amana haholo le Catharsis (r = -0.08, p = 0.004), Phetoho-Lits'oaetso (r = -0.10, p = 0.001), Tšebelisano ea Sechaba (r = -0.17, p <0.001), Boits'oaro (r = -0.06, p = 0.02), Grinding (r = -0.12, p <0.001), le Boitaolo (r = 0.10, p = 0.002). Nako ea lilemo e ne e sa tsamaellane haholo le pale (r = 0.02, p = 0.14), Moputso oa Pefo (r = 0.02, p = 0.15), kapa Escapism (r = 0.02, p = 0.17).

Pathology

Lintho tse fumanehang pampiring ea lipotso tsa tlhahlobo ea maoto li tšoailoe e le 1 bakeng sa karabo ea "E", joalo ka 0 bakeng sa karabo ea "Che" kapa "Ha e sebetse," hape joalo ka 0.5 bakeng sa karabo ea "Ka linako tse ling", ka litlhahiso tsa Nations. lekola). Ntho e reng "Na o kile oa bapala lipapali tsa video e le mokhoa oa ho baleha mathata kapa maikutlo a mabe?" E ile ea lahloa ho latela liphetho tse tsoang tlhahlobisong ea khopolo ea lintho tse mabapi le lintho tsena (Nations. Et al., Tlhahlobo). Lintho li ne li bitselitsoe ho theha kakaretso ea thuto ea methapo bakeng sa morupeluoa e mong le e mong. Joalokaha ho khothalelitsoe ke Khethane et al., (Tlhatlhobo), thuto e ile ea latela litekanyetso tsa DSM-IV bakeng sa mathata a mang mme ea abela tlhahlobo e nepahetseng ho barupeluoa ba ileng ba mamella bonyane halofo (7) ea matšoao. Liperesente tsa libapali tsa li-pathological ho data ea ho qetela li fumanoe e le 8.16%, e bapisoang le lithuto tse ngata tse tšoanang (bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Kuss le Griffiths, 2012). Litho tsa sethala sa papali ea inthanete li bontšitse matšoao a fetang a liithuti tsa koleche [Ms = 3.47 le 2.39, Welch's t(145) = 4.64, p <0.001] empa ba ne ba se na monyetla oa ho fihlella monyako oa tlhahlobo (9.09% le 7.14% ea mafu a marang-rang le li-sampuli tsa undergraduate, ka ho latellana, G = 0.01, 1 df, p = 0.92).

Ho fumana hore na mabaka afe kapa afe a 9 a amanang le keketseho ea mekhabo ea lipontšo tsa papali ea lipapali, re tsamaisitse mokhoa o mongata oa ho ngola lintlha, re sebelisa lintlha ho bolela monyetla oa tlhahlobo e ntle ea ts'ebeliso ea papali ea methapo ea methapo. Bapapali ba phahameng ka ho fetisisa tekong ea Escapism ba ne ba ka ba le tlhahlobo e ntle ea ts'ebeliso ea papali ea methapo ho feta batho ba tlase ka lebaka lena (OR = 2.85, p <0.001). Ntle le moo, Ts'ebelisano 'moho (OR = 1.57, p = 0.013) le Grinding (OR = 1.49, p = 0.029) lintlha le tsona li ne li amahanngoa haholo le kotsi e eketsehileng.

Phekolo e fapaneng e fapaneng ea thepa e ile ea etsoa ho bona hore na barupeluoa ba tlaleha makhetlo a papali, ho teba ka lipapali (ke hore, "ho itlosa bolutu" kapa "hardcore"), le karolo ea nako ea mahala e sebelisitsoeng lipapaling e ne e amahanngoa le liketsahalo tsa mafu. Ho tsena, karolo feela ea nako ea mahala e sebelisitsoeng lipapaling e ne e amana haholo le bolwetse (OR = 1.97, p <0.001).

Puisano

Morero oa tlaleho ea hajoale e ne e le ho nts'etsapele le ho netefatsa tekanyo ea ho lekola phapang e le 'ngoe lipapatsong le lipapatsong tsa papali le ho lekola boholo ba lintlha tsena tse amanang le papali ea methapo. Ho ipapisitsoe le EFA le CFA le bohlahlobisiso ho kenyelletsa lipapatso tsa papali, mohato ona o bonahala o bonts'a ts'epahalo e ntle ea kahare, joalo ka ha ho bonahatsoa ke mohlala oa CFA ho hlahlobisisong le halofo ea nnete, joalo ka bopaki ba kamoo likhetho tsa papali ea papali li amanang le sebopeho sa ntho. Le ha mekhoa ea boitlhopho e etsa hore sampuli e kenyeletse libapali tsa "li-hard" haholo (ba batona ba basoeu ba bapalang letsatsi le leng le le leng) ho hira sampole ea lithuto tsa koleche ea 300, ho thusa ho fetolela sampole ea thuto ho basali le libapali tse tlase.

Tekanyo ena e ntlafala ho lisebelisoa tse fetileng ka mekhoa e mengata. Taba ea mantlha, e haha ​​holim 'a mefuta-futa ea lithuto tsena tse fetileng ka ho kenyelletsa lintlha tse ncha, haholo pale eo e seng e le karolo ea bohlokoa ho libapali lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng. Re boetse re lumela hore karolo ea ho kopanya ke ea bohlokoa ba theoretical, mme re ka (hammoho le ho lahleheloa ke) re ka bolela esale pele hore na libapali tse fapaneng li khotsofatsa litlhoko tsa SDT joang bakeng sa boiphihlelo. Ho thoe ho na le "mefuta e 'meli ea lipapali: tse hapiloeng ka lebaka la bokhoni, le tse hapiloeng ka lebaka la nako" (Baron, 1999). Lintlha tsena tse peli li ka bolela esale pele hore na sebapali se tla khona ho fumana khotsofalo ea tlholisano ka phephetso ea lipalesa kapa ka ho fumana moputso ka mamello. Ho kenyelletsa moo, lithuto tsa pejana li nkile mehlala e fokolang: Yee (2006a,b); Yee et al. (2012) o sebelisitse libapali tsa MMORPGS feela (mofuta o tummeng, leha e le niche, mofuta oa lipapali tsa video), le Sherry et al. (2006) o sebelisitse baithaopi feela 23 le ba banyenyane. Mehlala ea rona ea mohlala e bapala libapali ho tloha ho lilemo tse fapaneng le mefuta, e kenyeletsang libapali tsa MMORPG le baithuti ba undergraduates, empa ho sa le joalo, tse ling tse ngata.

Lintlha tsa rona li bonts'itse ho tšepahala ho babatsehang. Ntle le moo, lintlha tse ngata li fumanoe li amana le li-franchise tseo li li ratang ka tsela e utloahalang. Mohlala, balateli ba li-franchise tse bapalang karolo le lipale tse kang Khopolo-taba ea hoqetela, litlamorao tse ngata, polokeho ea tikoloho: Tlhokofatso, 'me Halofo ea bophelo o bile le lintlha tse kholo tsa pale ho feta balateli ba lipapali tse ling. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, libapali tsa li-RPG tsa mahala-mofuta oa Skyrim or Khohlano ba ne ba e-na le lintlha tse phahameng tsa Autonomy, ha ba bapalang ba ngoloa ka hloko Call tšoanelo franchise e ne e na le lintlha tse tlase tsa Autonomy. Li-RPG tsa lihora tsa 60 kapa tse fetang moo Skyrim 'me Fantasy ho qetela e mong le e mong o ne a amana le lintlha tse phahameng tsa Grinding. Ba mabifi Grand boshodu Auto e ne e amana le Moputso o phahameng oa Pefo le Catharsis ea Pefo.

Lintlha tsa rona li bonahala li emela phapang lipakeng tsa libapali tsa lipolanete tse fapaneng tsa papali. Ka mohlala, basebelisi ba lipapali tse tharo tse tloaelehileng tsa papali ea video-Playstation 3, XBOX 360, le lik'homphieutha tsa botho-ba behile bohlokoa bo boholo litabeng tsa lipapali tsa video, pefo le ho baleha. Leha ho le joalo, libapali tsa PC le tsona li ne li phahame haholo ho Boipuso, mohlomong ho bonts'a tloaelo ea sethala sena bakeng sa lipapali tsa video tse bulehileng, tse ruileng khetho le tse ka fetoloang. Ba ne ba boetse ba khona ho mamella tahlehelo. Ha ho bapisoa, libapali tsa lipolanete tse etsahalang joalo ka lipapali tsa mohala le tsa Facebook li fumane tahlehelo e nyahamisa le ho feta. Bapapali ba lifono le bona ba fumane lintlha tse holimo ho Grinding. Lipapali tse ngata tsa mohala li kenyelletsa papali e bonolo, e potlakileng e nang le chelete ea papali ea papali e kenang butle e ka rekisoang bakeng sa lintlafatso tse fapaneng (ke hore Jetpack Joyride, Tiny tower, Off the Leash, Pest Quest). Ho feta moo, lipapali tsena hangata ke “tsa papali ea mahala,” ha li hloke chelete ea ho kenya, ho e-na le hoo, li lefelloa ke libapali tse fetolang chelete ea lefatše ho chelete ea papali bakeng sa ho reka lintlafatso. Kaha sekala sa rona sa Grinding se lekanya maikutlo ka bobeli mabapi le ho fumana le ho lefella meputso ea papali ea papali, re nka bopaki bona bo bong bakeng sa bonnete ba likala tsa rona. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho lipapali tsa mohala kapa tsa Facebook tse entseng hore e be lihlooho tse ratoang tsa 20, kahoo ho sa ntse ho lokela ho tsejoa hore na mokhoa ona oa khoebo ke sona sesosa sa kamano e hlokometsoeng lipakeng tsa lipapali tsa mohala le Grinding.

Likamano lipakeng tsa lintlha tse ling le lintlha tse fumanehang lethathamong la lipotso tsa thuto ea maoto li bonts'a karolo e ka bang teng bakeng sa sesebelisoa sena ho khetholla ba kotsing ea ts'ebeliso ea lipapali tsa video haholo. Ka ho utloisisa sepheo, litloaelo le mefuta e ratoang ea ba nang le mathata a papali ea video, re ka hlaphoheloa hamolemo ho hlahloba le ho phekola ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea papali ea video. Mohlala, libapali tse lekang ho “baleha” ka ho qoelisoa ka mokhoa o makatsang kapa papali-papali li bonahala li le kotsing e ntlafalitsoeng. Ho bonahala eka ho sebelisa lipapali tsa video ho baleha mathata ho ka lebisa mokhatlong o mobe. E boetse e fana ka tlhahiso ea hore ts'ebeliso ea papali ea methapo ea methapo ea maoto e ka ba sesupo sa mathata a mang a tlase (mohlala, khatello ea maikutlo, phobia ea sechaba) e ka bang thata ho e phekola - haeba motho ea sebelisang lipapali tsa video ho baleha mathata ana, joale ho ila lipapali tsa video ho ka phekola feela matšoao ao a ts'ebeliso ea papali ea video ha a tlohela bothata bo tebileng. Sena se pheta litlaleho tsa pele tsa khokahano pakeng tsa ho baleha le lefu la kelello ho Yee (2006b). Kamano ena ea khahlisa ho elelloa ha ho nahanoa ka lintho tse se keng tsa hlola li ngola "ho bapala ho tlosa maikutlo a dysphoric" e le sesupo sa tšebeliso ea papali ea lipapali, kaha ho bonahala e le mofuta o “tloahelehileng sechabeng” oa tšebeliso ea papali (Nations. Et al., Tlhatlhobo. ). Le ha ho baleha ho ka 'na ha se be matšoao a tšebeliso ea papali ea video ea pathological, ho bonahala eka e tsamaellana ka mehla le boloetse ba lipapali (Yee et al., 2012; Kneer & Glock, 2013). Re fana ka maikutlo a hore lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li se ke tsa lahla khokahano e ka bang teng lipakeng tsa methapo ea kutlo, ho sebetsana ka katleho le ho pholoha, le phallo ea lipapali tsa video.

Re fumane bopaki bo bong ba tšebelisano-papali ea papali ho boloetse ba methapo. Libapali tse nang le sepheo se phahameng sechabeng sa ho bapala lipapali le tsona li na le monyetla oa ho ba le li-pathology tsa lipapali tsa video. Joalokaha ho boletsoe kenyelletsong, lipapali li ka ba thata ho li tlohela ka lebaka la khatello ea lithaka le boikhathollo ba batho ba bangata ho bapala papali ea papali. Kamano e boetse e fumanoe pakeng tsa Grinding le pathology, e ts'ehetsa maikutlo a rona a hore libapali tseo li qobelletsoe ho ts'oara lihora tse ngata le ho qeta 100% ea litaba tsa lipapali tsa bona tsa video li tla ba le mathata a maholo. Patlisisong e fetileng, Yee (2006b) o khothalelitse kamano lipakeng tsa sepheo sa Tsoelo-pele le lipotso tsa Young tsa tlhahlobo ea mafu. Boithuto ba hajoale bo pheta kamano ena ka sampole e pharalletseng (ke hore, libapali tsa lipapali tsohle, eseng feela li-MMORPG) ka mokhoa o mocha.

Bopaki ba hore tšebeliso ea papali ea video e bothata bo amana le taolo ea maikutlo kapa ho baleha e bontša hore ts'ebeliso ea papali ea methapo ea methapo e ka susumetsoa ke mekhoa ea kelello e ts'oanang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi (Cooper et al., 1988, 1992, 1995). Monyetla oa hore ts'ebeliso ea papali ea video ea pathological e arolelane lebaka le susumetsang le litheko tsa lithethefatsi le papali ea chelete, e hohela maikutlo mme e fana ka maikutlo a sebopeho se ka tšeptjoang le se kenellehang sa litheko ka kakaretso (Shaffer et al., 2004). Leha ho le joalo, ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ngata ho netefatsa monyetla ona.

Athe li-MMORPG joalo ka Lefatše oa vinagame Ke khale a belaela hore o kotsi ka ho khetheha, lipatlisiso tse teng hona joale li fana ka leseli la hore na hobaneng lipapali tsena li kanna tsa hlohlelletsa tšebeliso ea mathata. Lipapali tsena li fana ka lintlha tsohle tse tharo tse kotsing e fumanoeng: Escapism ka ho qoelisoa ka litoro; Ho cheka ka ho fumana meputso ka ho bapala khafetsa kapa ho reka papali ea chelete ea papali ka chelete ea 'nete ea lefatše; le Khokahano ea Sechaba ka tšebelisano ea libapali e hlophiselitsoeng, tlholisano, le bochaba. Le ha ho le joalo, re khothaletsa bafuputsi ba thuto ea methapo ea liphoofolo hore ba nahane ka mefuta eohle ea lipapali liphuputsong tsa bona. Ntle le moo, e ne e le lilemo tse 30 tse fetileng feela moo ho neng ho thoe "papatso ea papali" e ne e ts'oana le lipapali tsa arcade tsa player o le mong ntle le moputso o phehellang oa ho fumana moputso (mohlala, Missile Command, Asteroids, Galaga). Lipapali ka mokhoa ona li fapane haholo le li-MMORPG tsa kajeno. Phuputso ena e fana ka lisebelisoa tsa pele tsa ho utloisisa tšebeliso ea papali mefuteng e mengata e fapaneng le litaele-esita le lipapali le lipapali tse ling tseo e seng tsa video.

Patlisiso e teng hona joale e thusa ho theha sesebelisoa sa ho utloisisa liphapang pakeng tsa libapali le mehloli ea khotsofalo. Ho bontšitsoe hore lipapali tse sa sebetseng hantle (litlhahlobo tse mpe tse mpe) li mpe ho feta litlhoko tsa SDT tse khotsofatsang ho feta lipapali tse boleng bo holimo (litlhahlobo tse ntle tse hlakileng) (Ryan et al., 2006). Leha ho le joalo, le lipakeng tsa lipapali tse peli tse tummeng hampe, libapali tse fapaneng li fumane likhakanyo tse fapaneng tsa phethahatso ea SDT, 'me ba natefeloa ke lipapali tsena ka likhato tse fapaneng ka nepo. Mabaka ana a ka sebelisana le thepa ea papali e fanoeng ho bona hore na e khotsofatsa ka mokhoa o fapaneng litlhoko tsa kelello ho bapalami ba fapaneng. Mohlala, libapali tse phahameng ho Loss Aversion li ka fumana papali e thata "e nyahamisa" kapa "e leeme", ha sebapali se nang le Loss Aversion se tlase se ka e thabisa. Kutloisiso ea liphapang tsena ka bomong e ka nolofalletsa bahlahisi ba lipapali, bahlahlobisisi le bareki ho utloisisa hore na papali e itseng e tla lumellana le tatso ea moreki. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang ea hlokahala ho bonts'a hore na mehato ea sepheo le likhetho e ka bolela esale pele khotsofalo ea sebapali.

Re rata hape ho tsoela pele ho etsa lintho tse ncha bakeng sa sekala sena. Haholo-holo, ha re na bonnete ba hore Loss Aversion, Autonomy, le Customization li lekanya ka botlalo se ahiloeng. Re ne re ts'epa hore Tahlehelo ea Tahlehelo e tla kenyelletsa tlholisano le phephetso ho fapana le boiphihlelo ba tahlehelo. Ho ka etsahala hore libapali tsohle li natefeloe ke phephetso, ho fihlela moo ho loketseng boemo ba boiphihlelo ba bona. Lintho tse kang "Ke fumana lipapali tse bonolo li bora haholo" le "Ke ikutloa ke le motlotlo ha ke tseba karolo e itseng ea papali" li hlotsoe ho jarisoa. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ntlha ea Boipuso e bonahala e emela bohlokoa ba tlhahlobo e bulehileng ea lefats'e le mefuta-futa ea likhetho tse teng. Re ne re ts'epa hore ntlha ena e tla lekanya bokhoni ba ho etsa liqeto, ho lekola tharollo, le ho leka maano ntle le melaetsa ea thuto e kenang kapa leseli le nyenyefatsang. Leha ho le joalo, lintho tse kang "Ke khetha lipapali tse u joetsang hore na u etseng le hore na u e etse neng" le "Ke rata ho tseba lipapali ke le mong" li hlahisitse litlamorao tsa siling / mokatong mme li fane ka phapang e nyane haholo, ka hona li hloleha ho beha holim'a eng kapa eng lebaka. Kamora nako, Boits'oaro bo ne bo sa phahamela haholo balateli ba Minecraft, mohlomong hobane lintho tse tharo ho tse 'ne li amana le tloaelo ea avatar le ntho e le' ngoe feela e amanang le ho haha ​​lintho. Boiteko ba nako e tlang bo ka khona ho ntlafatsa boholo ba ntho ena.

Ntle le moo, ha re ntse re fihletse liphetho tse amohelehang tsa ho lekola likamano lipakeng tsa lintlha le lipapali tseo barupeluoa ba li ratang, lithuto tsa nako e tlang li ka ntlafatsa mokhoa ona. Taba ea mantlha, ho laela barupeluoa ho tlaleha tse tharo tsa "lipapali tseo ba li ratang" ho bakile tšilafalo e itseng ea takatso. Barupeluoa ba bangata ba ile ba araba ka hore na ke lipapali life tsa video tseo ba neng ba ntse ba li bapala lilemong tse 10 tse fetileng, ho fapana le hore na ba ka natefeloa ke ho bapala ka motsotso ofe. Ntle le moo, sebopeho sa likarabo tse bulehileng sa ntho ena ha sea fana ka matla a matle a lipalo, joalo ka ha ba arabelitsoeng ba boletse makholo a lipapali tsa video tse fapaneng, ho baka hore likarabo tse ngata li lahloe 'me tse ling li bokelletsoe ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang ho latela kahlolo e ntle ea mofuputsi. Bokamosong, re rerile ho qobella likhetho tsa lipapali tseo re li ratang ka khetho e matla, e fapaneng empa e na le moeli.

Boithuto ba hona joale bo lekanyelitsoe ke sebopeho sa eona sa likarolo, se tlohang se sa khone ho tseba hore na ho na le mabaka afe a teng ka kamano ea sepheo le pelo. Patlisiso ea nako e telele ea bokamoso e ea hlokahala ho khetholla mekhoa ea nts'etsopele ea sepheo le ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kelello ka nako. Lintlha tse telele li ka lumella tlhahlobo ea likhofu tsa Granger (Granger, 1969) lipakeng tsa sepheo le boemo ba methapo ea methapo, ho lekola hore na sepheo se lebisa ho ts'ebetso ea methapo kapa methapo ea methapo e lebisa sepheo. Ntle le moo, e ne e tla re lumella ho khetholla mofuta oa liphetoho tse tloaelehileng tsa sepheo ha nako e ntse e feta. Patlisiso e teng hona joale e ke ke ea hlakola liphetoho lipuisanong tse bakoang ke lilemo ho latela sepheo se amanang le lilemo.

Phuputso ena e bile le khahleho ea lihlooho tse ngata, ha liithuti tse ngata tse qalileng thuto li ile tsa tlohela pele li qeta ho etsa tlhahlobo kapa tsa araba "Ha li sebetse." Tlhahlobo e ne e le boima, e nkile ba bangata ba nkang karolo ea 20 kapa ho feta ho e qeta. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e tla leka ho sebelisa lipatlisiso tse nyane tse sa imeleng. Sena se tla thusoa ke thuto ea hajoale, e fokotsitseng tekanyo ea GAMES ho tloha linthong tsa 121 ho isa linthong tsa 60 (ho kenyeletsoa le projeke bakeng sa tlhokomelo). Letamo le lenyane la lintho le tla fokotsa nako e hlokahalang ho phethela tlhahlobo le monyetla oa hore bonyane potso e le 'ngoe e tla tšoaeoa "Ha e sebetse," ka tsela eo e fokotsa ho hohela.

Re phethela ka ho khothaletsa bafuputsi hore ba nahane ka libopeho tse ikhethang tsa libapali, botho ba bona le lipapali tseo ba li bapalang. Tšitiso e tloaelehileng lipatlisisong tsa lipapali tsa video ke ho nka lipapali e le mechine e hokahanyang nako e fetolang nako hore e be khauta e bonojoana le lits'oants'o tse bolailoeng, kapa ho hobe e le koloi bakeng sa ho tsamaisa lits'oants'o tsa pefo ho bashebelli feela. Bapali ba nka karolo lipapaling tsa bona mme ba bonts'a likhetho tse matla lipapaling tseo ba li bapalang. Bapali ba khothalletsoa ho bapala lipapali ntle le ha lipapali tseo li ka fana ka phethahatso ea litlhoko tsa kelello (Przybylski et al., 2010), empa libapali tse fapaneng li tla batla ho phethahatsa litlhoko tseo ka mekhoa e fapaneng. Ho utloisisa hantle libapali, likhetho, le Psychology, re tlameha ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le tšebelisano ea botho ba libapali tse fapaneng le mekhoa ea lipapali.

Sengoloa sa sengoli

Patlisiso ena e tšehelitsoe ke Mokhatlo oa Bond Life Sayansi o fuoeng Joseph Hilgard.

Khohlano ea polelo ea thahasello

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

lumela hore baa fokola

Bangoli ba rata ho leboha liwebosaete tse nkang karolo le litho tsa bona, ba ithaopileng ho fumana puseletso e nyane kapa ba sa e fuoang. Joseph Hilgard o leboha Mokhatlo oa Maemo a Bophelo oa Bond ka ho tšehetsa lipatlisiso tsena. Bangoli ba leboha Mike Prentice ka thuso ea ho nts'etsapele likhakanyo tse khahlisang tsa GAMES.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

1Phetoho ena ha ea ka ea fetoha palo ea lintlha tse tlositsoeng, kapa sesosa sa lintlha, kapa lenane la lintho tse bolokiloeng kamora EFA. Phetoho ena e ntlafalitse hanyane indices ea CFA. Ntle le phetoho ena, li-indices tse lumellanang li ne li futsanehile empa li ntse li le hantle [X2(1616) = 2260.7, p <0.001, TLI = 0.99, CFI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.030].

References

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