Inthaneteng: Tlhaloso e khutšoanyane ea Lipatlisiso le Boitlhakiso. (2012)

Curr Psychiatry Rev. 2012 Nov;8(4):292-298.
 
 

mohloli o moholo

qala hape Internet lemalla ntho e Lenaneo la Pholoso, Fall City, WA 98024.

inahaneloang

Ts'ebeliso e thata ea likhomphutha ke taba e ntseng e hola ea sechaba e ntseng e ngangisanoa lefatšeng ka bophara. Internet lemalla ntho e Disorder (IAD) e senya bophelo ka ho baka mathata a methapo, pherekano ea kelello le mathata a sechaba. Liphuputso tse entsoeng United States le Europe li bontšitse lipalo tse nyarosang tse pakeng tsa 1.5 le 8.2% [1]. Ho na le litlhahlobo tse 'maloa tse sebetsanang le tlhaloso, tlhophiso, tlhahlobo, lefu la mafu, le ho kula ha IAD [2-5], le litlhahlobo tse ling [6-8] tse sebetsanang le kalafo ea IAD. Morero oa pampiri ena ke ho fana ka khetho khutšoanyane kakaretso ea ho etsa lipatlisiso ho IAD le likhopolo tsa mohopolo ho latela pono e sebetsang e ipapisitse le lilemo tsa mosebetsi oa letsatsi le letsatsi le bareki ba nang le bothata Internet lemalla ntho. Ntle le moo, ka pampiri ena re ikemiselitse ho tlisa boiphihlelo moqoqong oa phehisano mabapi le ho kenella ha IAD phetolelong e latelang ea Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).

SELELEKELA

Mohopolo oa hore ts'ebeliso e thata ea likhomphutha e fihlela litekanyetso tsa bokhoba ba tahi, ka hona e lokela ho kenyelletsoa ho iteration e latelang ea Buka ea Tlhatlhobo le Lipalopalo tsa Mathata a Kelello (DSM), 4th ed. Nchafatso ea Mongolo [9] e ile ea hlahisoa pele ke Kimberly Young, PhD ka pampiri ea hae ea seminal 1996. [10]. Ho tloha ka nako eo IAD e ithutile haholo mme ehlile e ntse e hlahlojoa hore e kenngoe ho DSM-V [11]. Ho sa le joalo, China le Korea Boroa li supile ho lemalla marang-rang e le tšokelo e kholo ea bophelo bo botle ba sechaba mme linaha ka bobeli li tšehetsa thuto, lipatlisiso le kalafo12]. United States, leha ho na le sehlopha se ntseng se hola sa lipatlisiso, le kalafo ea lefu lena le fumanehang maemong a bakuli le bakuli, ha ho so ka ho ba le karabelo ea semmuso mabapi le taba ea bokhoba ba inthanete. Ha ngangisano e ntse e tsoela pele mabapi le hore na DSM-V e lokela ho supa ho lemalla inthanete lefu la kelello [12-14] batho bao hajoale ba nang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea Inthanete ba batlang kalafo. Ka lebaka la boiphihlelo ba rona re tšehetsa nts'etsopele ea litekanyetso tse ts'oanang tsa tlhahlobo le ho kenyelletsoa ha IAD ho DSM-V [11] molemong oa ho ntšetsa pele thuto ea sechaba, tlhahlobo le kalafo ea lefu lena la bohlokoa.

classified

Ho na le ngangisano e tsoelang pele mabapi le hore na mokhoa o motle oa ho beha boits'oaro o khetholloang ke lihora tse ngata tse sebelisitsoeng mesebetsing ea papali ea likhomphutha / inthanete / lipapali tsa video tse sa sebetseng.15]. E tsamaisana le liphetoho maikutlong, ho ameha haholo ka Marang-rang le mecha ea phatlalatso ea dijithale, ho se khone ho laola nako eo ue qetang u kena-kenana le mahlale a dijithale, tlhoko ea nako e eketsehileng kapa papali e ncha ho fihlela maikutlo a lakatsehang, matšoao a ho hula ha u sa kenella. , le tsoelopele ea boits'oaro leha ho na le likhohlano tsa lelapa, bophelo bo fokotsehang sechabeng le mosebetsi o mabe kapa litlamorao tsa thuto [2, 16, 17]. Bafuputsi ba bang le litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello ba bona ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea inthanete e le sesupo sa bothata bo bong bo joalo ka ho tšoenyeha kapa khatello ea maikutlo ho fapana le ho ba ntho e arohaneng [mohlala, 18]. Bokhoba ba inthanete bo ka nkuoa e le ts'oaetso ea taolo ea maikutlo (e sa hlalosoang ka tsela e ngoe). Leha ho le joalo ho na le tumellano e ntseng e hola ea hore sehlopha sena sa linaleli ke bokhoba [mohlala 19]. The Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Tlhekefetso ea Meriana (ASAM) haufinyane e hlahisitse tlhaloso e ncha ea bokhoba ba tahi e le bokuli bo sa foleng ba boko, e hlahisang semolao lekhetlo la pele hore bokhoba ha bo felle feela ts'ebelisong ea lithethefatsi [20]. Lithethefatsi tsohle, ekaba lik'hemik'hale kapa boits'oaro, li arolelana litšobotsi tse ling ho kenyelletsa ho ba le botsitso, ts'ebeliso e qobelloang (tahlehelo ea taolo), phetoho ea maikutlo le phokotso ea khatello ea maikutlo, mamello le ho tlohela, le tsoelo-pele leha ho bile le litlamorao.

LITLHAKISO TSA DIAGNOSTIC TSA IAD

Tlhahiso ea pele e tebileng ea litekanyetso tsa ho hlahloba e tsoetse pele ka 1996 ke Dr. Young, ea fetola litekanyetso tsa DSM-IV bakeng sa papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete [10]. Ho tloha ka nako eo ho 'nile ha fanoa ka phapano ea mabitso le litekanyetso ho hapa bothata, boo ha joale bo seng bo tsebahala haholo ka Internet Addiction Disorder. Tšebeliso e thata ea Marang-rang (PIU) [21], bokhoba ba komporo, ts'ebeliso ea inthanete [22], tšebeliso e tlamang ea inthanete, ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang [23], le mangolo a mang a mangata a ka fumanoa lingoliloeng. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho ile ha hlahisoa le ho ithutoa ka mekhahlelo e mengata e kopanang khafetsa, e meng ea eona e netefalitsoe. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tsa boqapi li fana ka litekanyetso tse sa lumellaneng tsa ho hlalosa bokhoba ba inthanete [24]. Bakeng sa kakaretso, sheba Byun et al a. [25].

Litelu [2] e khothaletsa hore ho hlokehe lintlha tse latelang tse hlano tsa tlhahlobo ea lefu lena bakeng sa ho fumana bokhoba ba inthanete: (1) Litlhoko tsa ho sebelisa marang-rang ka nako e eketsehileng ho fumana khotsofalo; (2) O entse matsapa a sa atleheng ho laola, ho fokotsa kapa ho emisa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete; (3) Ha a phomole, o na le maikutlo a mabe, o tepelletse maikutlo kapa oa teneha ha a leka ho fokotsa kapa ho emisa tšebeliso ea inthanete; (4) O lutse inthaneteng nako e telele ho feta kamoo a neng a rerile qalong. Ntle le moo, bonyane se seng sa tse latelang se tlameha ho ba teng: (5) O behile kapa a beha kotsing ea ho lahleheloa ke kamano ea bohlokoa, mosebetsi, thuto kapa monyetla oa mosebetsi ka lebaka la Marang-rang; (6) O thetsitse litho tsa lelapa, setsebi, kapa ba bang ho pata ho kenella ha hae Inthaneteng; (7) E sebelisa Marang-rang e le mokhoa oa ho balehela mathata kapa ho imolla maikutlo a ho sithabela (mohlala, maikutlo a ho hloka thuso, letsoalo, ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo) [2].

Hape ho bile le lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa tlhahlobo tse sebelisitsoeng tlhahlobisong. Teko ea Bacha ea Bokhoba ba Marang-rang [16], Potso ea Mathata ea Ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang ea Inthanete (PIUQ) e ntlafalitsoeng ke Demetrovics, Szeredi, le Pozsa [26] le Scale e Sebetsang ea Tšebeliso ea Inthanete (CIUS) [27] kaofela ke mehlala ea lisebelisoa tsa ho lekola lefu lena.

TS'IRELETSO

Phapang e kholo ea sekhahla sa ho ata se tlalehiloeng bakeng sa IAD (lipakeng tsa 0.3% le 38%) [28] e kanna ea bakoa ke taba ea hore litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo le lipotso tsa tlhahlobo tse sebelisetsoang ho hlahlojoa li fapana lipakeng tsa linaha le lithuto hangata li sebelisa mehlala e khethiloeng ea lipatlisiso tsa inthaneteng [7]. Tlhahlobisong ea bona Weinstein le Lejoyeux [1] e tlaleha hore liphuputso tse entsoeng United States le Europe li bontšitse sekhahla sa tšoaetso se fapaneng lipakeng tsa 1.5% le 8.2%. Litlaleho tse ling li beha litefiso lipakeng tsa 6% le 18.5% [29].

"Liphapang tse ling tse totobetseng mabapi le mekhoa, lintlha tsa setso, sephetho le lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo li theha motheo oa lipalo tsena tsa bongata ho sa natsoe, sekhahla seo re kopaneng le sona ka kakaretso se ne se le holimo ebile ka linako tse ling se tšosa." [24]

TS'ELISO ETIOLOGY

Ho na le mefuta e fapaneng e fumanehang bakeng sa nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea IAD joalo ka mofuta oa boits'oaro ba ts'ebeliso e nang le bothata ba inthanete21], mokhoa oa ho se tsejoe, bonolo le ho baleha (ACE) [30], enjine ea ho fihlella, ho khona ho reka, ho se tsejoe (Triple-A) [31], mohlala oa mekhahlelo ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea Grohol [32], le mohlala o felletseng oa nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea bokhoba ba inthanete ke Winkler & Dörsing [24], e elang hloko lintlha tsa setso le setso (mohlala, mabaka a palo ea batho, phihlello le ho amoheloa ha inthanete), bofokoli ba tlhaho (mohlala, liphatsa tsa lefutso, ho sa tloaelehang hoa lits'ebetso tsa methapo ea kutlo), maemo a kelello (mohlala, litšobotsi tsa botho, litšusumetso tse mpe), le litšobotsi tse ikhethang tsa inthanete ho hlalosa "ho kenella ka mokhoa o fetelletseng mesebetsing ea inthanete" [24].

LITLHOKOMELISO NEUROBIOLOGICAL

Hoa tsebahala hore lithethefatso li sebelisa libaka tse ngata bokong tse amanang le monyaka, tse tsejoang hammoho e le "setsi sa meputso" kapa "tsela ea boithabiso" ea boko [33, 34]. Ha e sebelisoa, tokollo ea dopamine ea eketseha, hammoho le li-opiate le likhemik'hale tse ling tsa methapo ea kutlo. Ha nako e ntse e ea, li-receptor tse amanang li ka ameha, tsa hlahisa mamello kapa tlhoko ea ho hlasimolla ho eketsehileng ha setsi sa moputso ho hlahisa "holimo" le mekhoa e latelang ea boits'oaro e hlokahalang ho qoba ho ikhula. Ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e kanna ea lebisa ka kotloloho ho lokolloeng ha dopamine ka li-nucleus accumbens [35, 36], e 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa moputso tsa boko tse amehang ka ho khetheha litlamong tse ling [20]. Mohlala oa mofuta o putsang oa ts'ebeliso ea mahlale a dijithale o ka ts'oaroa polelong e latelang ke monna ea lilemo li 21 kalafong ea IAD:

“Ke utloa eka theknoloji e tlisitse thabo e kholo bophelong ba ka. Ha ho na ketso e ngoe e nkhathollang kapa e nkhothatsang joaloka theknoloji. Leha ho le joalo, ha khatello ea maikutlo e hlasela, ke tloaetse ho sebelisa theknoloji e le mokhoa oa ho ikhula le ho itšehla thajana. ”

 

NTS'ELISITSOENG / MOPUTSO

Ke eng e putsang haholo mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea papali ea inthanete le video hoo e ka bang bokhoba? Khopolo ke hore basebelisi ba mahlale a dijithale ba fumana meputso e mengata ha ba sebelisa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa likhomphutha. Marang-rang a sebetsa ka mokhoa o fapaneng oa matlafatso (VRRS), joalo ka papali ea chelete [29]. Ho sa tsotelehe ts'ebeliso (ho palama maqhubu ka kakaretso, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​likamore tsa puisano, liboto tsa melaetsa, libaka tseo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho tsona, lipapali tsa video, lengolo-tsoibila, melaetsa ea selefouno, ts'ebeliso ea leru le lipapali, jj.), Mesebetsi ena e ts'ehetsa likarolo tse sa lebelloang le tse fapaneng tsa meputso. Moputso o fumanoang o matlafatsoa ha o kopantsoe le litaba tse matlafatsang / tse susumetsang maikutlo. Mehlala ea sena e ka ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (ts'usumetso ea thobalano), lipapali tsa video (mohlala, meputso e fapaneng ea kahisano, ho tsebahala ka mohale, lits'oants'o tse qoelang), libaka tsa ho laetsana (khopolo-taba ea lerato), papali ea marang-rang (lichelete) le likamore tse khethehileng tsa meqoqo kapa lipolanka tsa melaetsa (kutloisiso ba setho) [29, 37].

KEMISETSO PELE

Ho na le bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha ba hore ho ka ba le liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa boitšoaro bo lemalloang [38, 39]. Khopolo ke hore batho ba nang le tšekamelo ena ha ba na palo e lekaneng ea li-receptor tsa dopamine kapa ha ba na palo e lekaneng ea serotonin / dopamine [2], ka hona re ba le bothata ba ho ba le maemo a tloaelehileng a thabo mesebetsing eo batho ba bangata ba ka fumanang e putsa. Ho eketsa thabo, batho bana ba na le monyetla oa ho batla ho kenella haholo ho boits'oaro bo matlafatsang keketseho ea dopamine, ka nepo ba ba fa moputso o mongata empa ba ba beha kotsing e kholo ea ho lemalla.

LIKOTSI TSA Kelello

Bafuputsi le lingaka tse ngata ba hlokometse hore mathata a fapaneng a kelello a etsahala le IAD. Ho na le ngangisano ka hore na ke efe e tlileng pele, bokhoba ba tahi kapa bothata bo etsahalang [18, 40]. Thuto ea Dong et al a. [40] bonyane o ne a na le monyetla oa ho hlakisa potso ena, a tlaleha hore lintlha tse phahameng tsa khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, bora, kutlo ea batho le psychoticism e bile litlamorao tsa IAD. Empa ka lebaka la meeli ea thuto lipatlisiso tse ling lia hlokahala.

Phekolo ea ho lemalla inthanete

Ho na le tumellano e akaretsang ea hore ho ithiba ho tsoa marang-rang ha ea lokela ho ba sepheo sa mehato mme ho e-na le hoo, ho ithiba liketsong tse nang le mathata le ts'ebeliso e laoloang le e leka-lekaneng ea inthanete e lokela ho fihlelleha [6]. Lirapa tse latelang li bontša likhetho tse fapaneng tsa kalafo bakeng sa IAD tse teng kajeno. Ntle le ha lithuto tse hlahlobang katleho ea liphekolo tse bontšitsoeng li sa fumanehe, ho fanoa ka liphumano mabapi le katleho ea kalafo e hlahisitsoeng. Ka bomalimabe, lithuto tse ngata tsa kalafo e ne e le tsa boleng bo tlase ba mokhoa mme li sebelisitse moralo oa sehlopha.

Ho haella ka kakaretso ha lithuto tsa kalafo leha ho le joalo, ho na le litataiso tsa kalafo tse tlalehiloeng ke lingaka tse sebetsang lebaleng la IAD. Bukeng ea hae "Internet Addiction: Syndrome, Evaluation, and Treatment", Young [41] e fana ka maano a kalafo a seng a ntse a tsebahala ho latela mokhoa oa boits'oaro: (a) itloaetsa nako e fapaneng ea ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang (fumana mekhoa ea mokuli ea ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang le ho senya mekhoa ena ka ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ho na le linako tse ncha), (b) sebelisa lits'oants'o tsa kantle (tsa 'nete liketsahalo kapa mesebetsi e susumelletsang mokuli ho tsoa), (c) ipehele lipheo (mabapi le nako), (d) ho qoba ts'ebeliso e itseng (eo mofani a sa khone ho e laola), (e) sebelisa likarete tsa likhopotso (lintlha tse hopotsang mokuli ka litšenyehelo tsa IAD le melemo ea ho li roba), (f) hlahisa lethathamo la lintho tsa botho (e bonts'a lintho tsohle tseo mokuli a neng a tloaetse ho li etsa kapa a sa fumane nako ka lebaka la IAD), ( g) kenya sehlopha sa ts'ehetso (e lefella ho haelloa ke ts'ehetso ea sechaba), hape (h) kenya letsoho kalafong ea malapa (e sebetsana le mathata a amanang le kamano ea lelapa) [41]. Ka bomalimabe, ha ho boleloe bopaki ba kliniki bakeng sa katleho ea maano ana.

Mekhoa e sa amaneng le kelello

Bangoli ba bang ba hlahloba mehato ea litlhare tsa IAD, mohlomong ka lebaka la hore lingaka li sebelisa psychopharmacology ho phekola IAD leha ho se na lithuto tsa kalafo tse sebetsanang le katleho ea kalafo ea litlhare. Haholo-holo, li-serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) tse khethiloeng li sebelisitsoe ka lebaka la matšoao a kopaneng a kelello a IAD (mohlala, khatello ea maikutlo le ho tšoenyeha) tseo li-SSRI li fumanoeng li sebetsa hantle [42-46]. Escitalopram (SSRI) e ne e sebelisoa ke Dell'Osso et al a. [47] ho phekola lihlooho tse 14 ka bothata ba ts'ebeliso ea Inthanete bo sa nkeheng. Ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e fokotsehile haholo ho tloha molemong oa lihora tse 36.8 / beke ho isa molemong oa mantlha oa lihora tsa 16.5 / beke. Phuputsong e 'ngoe Han, Hwang, le Renshaw [48] o sebelisitse bupropion (non-tricyclic antidepressant) mme a fumana ho fokotseha ha takatso ea papali ea papali ea video ea Inthanete, nako eohle ea papali, le ts'ebetso ea boko e hohelang bokong ba dorsolateral prefrontal cortex kamora nako ea libeke tse tšeletseng tsa bupropion e ts'ehetsang kalafo ea tokollo. Methylphenidate (sethethefatsi se matlafatsang kelello) se sebelisitsoe ke Han et al a. [49] ho alafa bana ba 62 ba bapalang lipapali tsa inthanete ba fumanoeng ba na le bothata ba ho se tsotelle. Kamora kalafo ea libeke tse robeli, lintlha tsa YIAS-K le linako tsa ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang li ile tsa fokotsoa haholo mme bangoli ba fana ka maikutlo a hore methylphenidate e kanna ea hlahlojoa e le kalafo e ka bang teng ea IAD. Ho latela boithuto ba Shapira et al a. [50], li-stabilizers tsa maikutlo li ka ntlafatsa matšoao a IAD. Ntle le lithuto tsena, ho na le litlaleho tsa linyeoe tsa bakuli ba alafiloeng ka escitalopram [45], citalopram (SSRI) - motsoako oa quetiapine (antipsychotic) [43] le naltrexone (mohanyetsi oa li-opioid receptor) [51].

Bangoli ba 'maloa ba boletse hore boikoetliso ba' mele bo ka lefella ho fokotseha ha boemo ba dopamine ka lebaka la tšebeliso e tlase ea marang-rang [52]. Ntle le moo, litaelo tsa boikoetliso ba lipapali tse sebelisitsoeng nakong ea kalafo ea sehlopha sa boits'oaro li ka ntlafatsa phello ea ho kenella bakeng sa IAD [53].

Mekhoa ea kelello

Ho khothaletsa puisano (MI) ke mokhoa o shebaneng le bareki empa o fana ka taelo ea ho matlafatsa tšusumetso ea tlhaho ea ho fetoha ka ho hlahloba le ho rarolla likhohlano tsa bareki [54]. E thehiloe ho thusa batho ka bomong ho tlohela boitšoaro bo hlephileng mme ba ithute boiphihlelo bo bocha ba boits'oaro, ba sebelisa mekhoa e joalo ka lipotso tse bulehileng, ho mamela ho nahanang, netefatso, le kakaretso ho thusa batho ho hlahisa matšoenyeho a bona mabapi le phetoho [55]. Ka bomalimabe, hajoale ha ho na lithuto tse rarollang tšebetso ea MI ho phekoleng IAD, empa MI e bonahala e sebetsa ka mokhoa o itekanetseng libakeng tsa joala, bokhoba ba lithethefatsi le mathata a ho ja / ho ikoetlisa [56].

Peukert et al a. [7] fana ka maikutlo a hore lipuisano le litho tsa lelapa kapa beng ka uena ba bang ba kang "Tlhabollo ea Sechaba le Koetliso ea Lelapa" [57] e ka ba molemo ho matlafatsa tšusumetso ea lekhoba la ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea Marang-rang, leha bahlahlobi ba bolela hore lithuto tsa taolo le beng ka bona ha li sa le teng ho fihlela joale.

Reality Therapy (RT) e tlameha ho khothaletsa batho ho khetha ho ntlafatsa maphelo a bona ka ho itlama ho fetola boitšoaro ba bona. E kenyelletsa mananeo a ho bonts'a bareki hore ho lemalla joala ke khetho le ho ba fa koetliso mabapi le taolo ea nako; e boetse e hlahisa liketso tse ling ho boitšoaro bo nang le mathata58]. Ho latela Kim [58], RT ke sesebelisoa sa mantlha sa ho hlaphoheloa ke bokhoba ba tahi se fanang ka lits'ebeliso tse fapaneng joalo ka kalafo ea mathata a lemalloang joalo ka lithethefatsi, thobalano, lijo le ho sebetsa inthaneteng. Thutong ea hae ea kalafo ea sehlopha sa tlhabollo ea sehlopha sa RT, Kim [59] o fumane hore lenaneo la kalafo le fokolitse boemo ba tahi le boitšepo bo ntlafalitsoeng ba baithuti ba univesithi ba lemaletseng inthanete ba 25 Korea.

Twohig le Crosby [60] o sebelisitse protocol ea Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT) e kenyeletsang boikoetliso bo 'maloa bo ntlafalitsoeng hore bo lekane hantle le litaba tseo sampole e loantšang ho phekola banna ba baholo ba tšeletseng ba nang le bothata ba ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng. Kalafo e hlahisitse phokotso ea 85% ea ho shebella kamora 'kalafo mme liphetho li bolokiloe khoeling e latelang ea likhoeli tse tharo (83% ea ho fokotsa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa).

Widyanto le Griffith [8] ba tlaleha hore mefuta e mengata ea kalafo e sebelisitsoeng ho fihlela joale e sebelisitse mokhoa oa boits'oaro le boits'oaro. Nyeoe ea ho sebelisa kalafo ea boits'oaro (CBT) e lokafatsoa ka lebaka la litholoana tse ntle tsa kalafo ea litlolo tse ling tsa boits'oaro / khatello ea maikutlo, joalo ka papali ea chelete, mabenkeleng a qobelloang, bulimia nervosa le ho itlopa joala [61]. Wölfling5] o hlalositse kalafo ea sehlopha se itšoereng haholo ho kenyelletsa ho khetholla maemo a ts'ehetsang, ho theha tšusumetso ea mantlha ea ho fokotsa nako ea ho sebelisa marang-rang, ho ithuta boits'oaro bo bong, ho kenella likamanong tse ncha tsa bophelo ba batho, thuto ea kelello le kalafo ea pepeso, empa ka bomalimabe bopaki ba bongaka hobane tšebetso ea maano ana ha e boleloe. Thutong ea hae, Young [62] o sebelisitse CBT ho phekola bareki ba 114 ba nang le IAD mme a fumana hore bankakarolo ba khona ho sebetsana le mathata a bona a hlahang kamora kalafo, ba bonts'a boikemisetso bo ntlafalitsoeng ba ho emisa tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete, bokhoni bo ntlafalitsoeng ba ho laola ts'ebeliso ea bona ea komporo, bokhoni bo ntlafalitsoeng ba ho sebetsa likamanong tse kantle ho naha , bokhoni bo ntlafalitsoeng ba ho qoba lisebelisoa tse inthaneteng tse hlalosang thobalano, bokhoni bo ntlafalitsoeng ba ho etsa lintho tse sa reroang, le bokhoni bo ntlafalitsoeng ba ho fihlela boits'oaro ho tsoa lits'ebetsong tse nang le mathata. Cao, Su le Gao [63] o batlisitse phello ea sehlopha sa CBT ho baithuti ba 29 ba sekolo se mahareng ba nang le IAD mme a fumana hore lintlha tsa IAD tsa sehlopha sa liteko li ne li le tlase ho feta sehlopha sa taolo kamora kalafo. Bangoli ba boetse ba tlaleha ntlafatso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello. Bacha ba mashome a mararo a metso e robeli ba nang le IAD ba ile ba alafshoa ka CBT e etselitsoeng haholoholo bacha ba lemalloang ke Li le Dai [64]. Ba fumane hore CBT e na le litlamorao tse ntle ho bacha ba nang le IAD (lintlha tsa CIAS sehlopheng sa kalafo li ne li le tlase haholo ho feta tsa sehlopha sa taolo). Sehlopha sa liteko liteko tse ngata tsa khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, ho qobelloa, ho ipeha molato, ho iqhekella le ho khutlela morao li fokotsehile haholo kamora kalafo. Zhu, Jin, le Zhong [65] a bapisa CBT le electro acupuncture (EA) hammoho le CBT e abelang bakuli ba mashome a mane a metso e supileng ba nang le IAD ho le leng la lihlopha tse peli ka ho latellana. Bangoli ba fumane hore CBT e le 'ngoe kapa e kopantsoe le EA e ka fokotsa haholo lintlha tsa IAD le matšoenyeho ka tekanyo ea ho itlhahloba le ho ntlafatsa boemo ba bophelo bo botle ho bakuli ba nang le IAD, empa phello e fumanoeng ke kalafo e kopaneng e ne e le betere.

Phekolo ea mefuta e mengata

Mokhoa oa kalafo oa mefuta e mengata o khetholloa ka ho kenya tšebetsong mefuta e fapaneng ea kalafo maemong a mang le ho tsoa litsing tse fapaneng tse kang pharmacology, psychotherapy le tlhabollo ea malapa ka nako e le ngoe kapa ka tatellano. Orzack le Orzack [66] o boletse hore kalafo bakeng sa IAD e hloka ho ba le mekhoa e mengata ho kenyelletsa CBT, meriana ea psychotropic, kalafo ea malapa le batsamaisi ba linyeoe, ka lebaka la ho rarahana ha mathata a bakuli bana.

Thutong ea bona ea kalafo, Du, Jiang, le Vance [67] o fumane hore sehlopha sa li-multimodal sekolo se thehiloeng ho CBT (ho kenyeletsoa koetliso ea motsoali, thuto ea matichere le sehlopha sa CBT) se sebetsa hantle ho bacha ba nang le IAD (n = 23), haholoholo ntlafatsong ea maemo a maikutlo le bokhoni ba taolo, mokhoa oa boits'oaro le boits'oaro. Phello ea ts'ebetso e 'ngoe ea mefuta e mengata e nang le kalafo e khuts'oane ea tharollo (SFBT), kalafo ea malapa le CT e ile ea batlisisoa har'a bacha ba 52 ba nang le IAD Chaena. Kamora kalafo ea likhoeli tse tharo, lintlha tse sekala sa IAD (IAD-DQ), lintlha ho SCL-90, le nako e sebelisitsoeng marang-rang e fokotsehile haholo [68]. Orzack et al a. [69] o sebelisitse lenaneo la psychoeducational, le kopanyang maikutlo a kelello le boits'oaro-boits'oaro, a sebelisa mekhoa e meng ea Readiness to Change (RtC), CBT le MI ho alafa sehlopha sa banna ba 35 ba amehang boits'oarong bo matla ba thobalano bo lumelloang inthaneteng (IESB). Phekong ea sehlopha sena, boleng ba bophelo bo eketsehile mme boemo ba matšoao a sithabetsang bo fokotsehile kamora linako tsa kalafo tsa 16 (beke le beke), empa boemo ba ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata ea Marang-rang bo hlotsoe ho theoha haholo [69]. Matšoao a amanang le bokhoba ba inthanete a fokotsehile haholo kamora hore sehlopha sa baithuti ba 23 ba sekolo se mahareng ba nang le IAD ba alafuoe ka Behaeveal Therapy (BT) kapa CT, kalafo ea ho tlosa 'mele, ntlafatso ea kelello, sebopeho sa botho le koetliso ea batsoali [70]. Ka hona, bangoli ba fihletse qeto ea hore kalafo ea kelello, haholo-holo CT le BT li ne li sebetsa hantle ho phekoleng baithuti ba likolo tse mahareng ka IAD. Shek, Tang, le Lo [71] o hlalositse lenaneo la tlhabollo ea maemo a fapaneng le etselitsoeng bacha ba nang le IAD ho ipapisitsoe le likarabo tsa bareki ba 59. Liphumano tsa patlisiso ena li fana ka maikutlo a hore lenaneo lena la tlhabollo ea maemo a mangata (ho kenyeletsoa tlhabollo, MI, pono ea lelapa, mosebetsi oa linyeoe le mosebetsi oa sehlopha) le ts'episa ho thusa bacha ba nang le IAD. Matšoao a ho lemalla lithethefatsi Inthaneteng a fokotsehile haholo, empa lenaneo le ile la hloleha ho eketsa boiketlo ba kelello haholo. Lenaneo la tlhabollo ea lihlopha tsa libeke tse tšeletseng (ho kenyeletsoa le CBT, koetliso ea boiphihlelo sechabeng, koetliso ea maano a ho ithiba le koetliso ea tsebo ea puisano) le bontšitsoe le sebetsa ho baithuti ba koleche ba lemaletseng Inthanete ba 24 Chaena [72]. Bangoli ba tlaleha hore lintlha tse fetotsoeng tsa CIAS-R tsa sehlopha sa liteko li ne li le tlase haholo ho feta tsa sehlopha sa taolo kamora 'kalafo.

Lenaneo la reSTART

Bangoli ba sengoloa sena hajoale, kapa ba bile teng, ba hokahane le reSTART: Lenaneo la Pholoso ea Bokhoba ba Marang-rang [73] mane Fall City, Washington. Lenaneo la reSTART ke lenaneo la ho hlaphoheloa ha lithethefatsi kahare ho Inthanete le kopanyang ho tlosa bokhoba ba mahlale (ha ho na mahlale a matsatsi a 45 ho isa ho a 90), kalafo ea lithethefatsi le joala, mosebetsi oa mehato e 12, kalafo ea boits'oaro ba boits'oaro (CBT), kalafo ea boiphihlelo e sebetsanang le boiphihlelo, kalafo ea Amohelo le Boitlamo ( ACT), mehato e ntlafatsang bokong, kalafo e thusitsoeng ke liphoofolo, lipotso tse khothatsang (MI), kelello e ipapisitseng le ts'ireletso (MBRP), Phokotso ea khatello ea kelello e ikemetseng (MBSR), psychotherapy ea sehlopha se ikemetseng, kalafo ea kelello ka bomong, kalafo ka bomong bakeng sa mathata a kopaneng, psycho- lihlopha tsa thuto (pono ea bophelo, thuto ea tahi, koetliso le boikoetliso, tsebo ea kahisano, boiphihlelo ba bophelo, moralo oa botsitso ba bophelo), kalafo ea kamora ho hlokomela (ho lekola ts'ebeliso ea mahlale a morao-rao, kalafo ea kelello e tsoelang pele le mosebetsi oa sehlopha), le tlhokomelo e tsoelang pele (kalafo ea bakuli ba ka ntle) , katamelo e akaretsang.

Liphetho tsa pele ho tsoa ho OQ45.2 e tsoelang pele [74] boithuto (tekanyo e itlalehang ea boits'oaro bo ikhethileng, likamano tsa batho ba bang le ts'ebetso ea boiketlo ba sechaba e hlahlojoang beke le beke) ea litlamorao tsa nako e khuts'oane ho batho ba baholo ba 19 ba phethelang lenaneo la matsatsi a 45+ ba bonts'itse lintlha tse ntlafalitsoeng kamora kalafo. Liperesente tse mashome a supileng a metso e mene tsa bankakarolo li bontšitse ntlafatso e kholo ea bongaka, 21% ea bankakarolo ha ba bontše phetoho e ts'epahalang, mme 5% ea senyeha. Liphetho li tlameha ho nkuoa e le tsa pele ka lebaka la sampole e nyane ea boithuto, tekanyo ea boipheliso le khaello ea sehlopha se laolang. Leha ho na le meeli ena, ho na le bopaki ba hore lenaneo le ikarabella bakeng sa lintlafatso tse bontšitsoeng.

QETELLO

Joalokaha ho ka bonoa tlhahlobisong ena e khuts'oane, lefapha la bokhoba ba inthanete le ntse le tsoela pele ka potlako le ntle le tumello ea lona ea semolao e le bokhoba ba boitšoaro bo ikhethileng le bo fapaneng le ho se lumellane ho tsoelang pele ka litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo. Phehisano e tsoelang pele ea hore na IAD e lokela ho khetholloa e le lekhoba la (boitšoaro), bokuli ba ho laola maikutlo kapa bothata bo feteletseng bo tlamang bo ke ke ba rarolloa ka mokhoa o khotsofatsang pampiring ena. Empa matšoao ao re a boneng litloaelong tsa bongaka a bontša ho kopana ho hoholo le matšoao a atisang ho amahanngoa le (boitšoaro) ba tahi. Hape ho ntse ho sa hlaka ho fihlela kajeno hore na mekhoa ea mantlha e ikarabellang bakeng sa boits'oaro bo ts'oanang e ts'oana le mefuta e fapaneng ea IAD (mohlala, bokhoba ba thobalano inthaneteng, papali ea inthanete le ho palama maqhubu ka mokhoa o fetelletseng). Ho latela pono ea rona e sebetsang libopeho tse fapaneng tsa IAD li lekana sehlopheng se le seng, ka lebaka la lintho tse fapaneng tse tloaelehileng tsa Marang-rang (mohlala, ho se tsejoe, tšebelisano e se nang kotsi), lintho tse tloaelehileng boits'oarong (mohlala, ho qoba, tšabo, monyaka, boithabiso) le matšoao a tlallanang (mohlala. , nako e eketsehileng e sebelisitsoeng marang-rang, ho tsepamisa mohopolo le matšoao a mang a bokhoba). Leha ho le joalo lipatlisiso tse ling li lokela ho etsoa ho tiisa maikutlo a rona a bongaka.

Leha ho na le meeli e mengata ea mekhahlelo, matla a mosebetsi ona ha a bapisoa le litlhahlobo tse ling mokhatlong oa machabeng oa lingoliloeng tse buang ka tlhaloso, tlhophiso, tlhahlobo, lefu la mafu le ho kula ha IAD [2-5], le ho lekola [6-8] e sebetsanang le kalafo ea IAD, ke hore e hokahanya maikutlo a thuto le kliniki ea litsebi tse fapaneng tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello tse sebetsang lilemo tse ngata tšebetsong ea bokhoba ba inthanete. Ntle le moo, mosebetsi oa hajoale o fana ka kakaretso e ntle ea boemo ba hajoale ba lipatlisiso lefapheng la kalafo ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete. Leha ho na le likhaello tse boletsoeng kaholimo mosebetsing ona o fana ka kakaretso e khuts'oane ea boemo ba hajoale ba lipatlisiso ho IAD ho latela pono e sebetsang mme ka hona e ka bonoa e le pampiri ea bohlokoa le e thusang bakeng sa lipatlisiso tse tsoelang pele hape le tsa boits'oaro ba bongaka.

LINTLHA TSA LITLHAHO

Ha a phatlalatsa letho.

TŠEBELETSO EA BATHO

Bangoli ba tiisa hore sengoloa sena ha se na thulano ea lithahasello.

LITLHAHISO

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