Maikutlo: Phuputso ena e amohela hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete (cybersexual) ke e 'ngoe ea likarolo tse hlano tsa bokhoba ba Internt. E boetse e re bothata bo ntse bo hola.
SaenseWorldJournal. 2011; 11: 2187-2196.
E phatlalalitsoe marang-rang 2011 November 3. Doi: 10.1100/2011/308631
Hing Keung Ma
Lefapha la Lithuto tsa thuto, Univesithi ea Baptiste ea Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Mohlophisi oa thuto: Joav Merrick
Ena ke sengolo se bulehileng sa phihlello se tsamaisitsoeng tlasa Lebenkele la Tlhahiso ea Tlas'a Tlhahiso, se lumellang ts'ebeliso e sa thibeloang, phetiso le tlhahiso e 'ngoe le e ngoe ka mokhoa o fapaneng, ha feela mosebetsi oa mantlha o bontšitsoe ka nepo.
inahaneloang
Bokhoba ba inthanete le boits'oaro ba boits'oaro bo bobe ba marang-rang bo tla fuputsoa pampiring ena. Batho ba bangata ba ntse ba sebelisa marang-rang bophelong ba bona ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Ka bomalimabe palo ea batho ba sebelisang marang-rang haholo le eona ea eketseha. Khopolo ea ho lemalla Inthanete kapa tšebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang ea Inthanete e tšohloa ka botlalo, 'me litšobotsi tsa batho ba lemaletseng Inthanete le tsona lia hlalosoa. Ts'ebeliso ea sechaba (haholoholo e sa sebetsaneng le batho) e tšohloa. Ho boleloa hore boitšoaro ba ts'ebeliso ea inthanete bo ts'oana le boitšoaro ba bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi ba sechaba. Ka mantsoe a mang, boitšoaro ba Marang-rang ke mofuta oa boitšoaro sechabeng. Khopolo ea Kohlberg ea nts'etsopele ea boitšoaro e sebelisetsoa ho hlakisa mohopolo oa boits'oaro oa boits'oaro bo khahlano le batho ba inthaneteng. Boitšoaro bo latelang bo nkuoa e le boits'oaro bo marang-rang ba marang-rang: lipolelo tse nyefolang motho e mong, (1) ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ho qhekella ba bang, le (2) ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ho etsa papali ea chelete e seng molaong. Litšobotsi tsa methati ea boitšoaro tse amanang le boits'oaro bo sa rateheng ba inthanete li fuputsoa ka botlalo.
Mantsoe a bohlokoa: Bacha ba China, bokhoba ba marang-rang, mathata a marang-rang a ikemetseng, nts'etsopele ea bacha e ntle, thibelo
1. SELELEKELA
Ho latela lipatlisiso tse entsoeng ke Internet World Stats e 2005 [1], hoo e ka bang 68.8% ea baahi ba Hong Kong, batho ba ka bang limilione tse 4.878, ke basebelisi ba inthanete. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Morero oa Inthanete oa Hong Kong ke University University [2, leqephe la 3] e fumane hape hore "ho ne ho e-na le basebelisi ba marang-rang ba 3.65 ba limilione tse Hong Kong qetellong ea 2008, ba ikarabellang bakeng sa 68.7% ea baahi ba lumellanang (ke hore, baahi ba tloaelehileng ba limilione tse 5.31)" pakeng tsa 18 le 74. Ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e fetoha mosebetsi oa letsatsi le letsatsi ho batho ba bangata Hong Kong, 'me hangata basebelisi ba marang-rang ba nka inthanete e le bohlokoa bophelong ba bona, mosebetsing kapa ho ithuteng [2, leqephe la 21]. Ka tsela e itseng, inthanete ke sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa bakeng sa batho ba bangata. Ka bomalimabe batho ba bang ba itšetleha ka marang-rang ka ts'ebetso ea bona ea letsatsi le letsatsi ho fihlela ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso e ngata ea marang-rang e baka ts'abo le mathata bophelong ba bona ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Ka pampiri ena, ho ata ha tšebeliso ea mathata a marang-rang ho tla buisanoa pele, 'me mohopolo oa ho lemalla Internet o tla hlakisoa. Mabaka a ho beha mabaka a boitšoaro bo nyarosang ba inthanete le ona a tla tšohloa ka botlalo.
Tšusumetso ea inthanete bophelong ba rona e ba ea bohlokoa le ho feta ebile e ke ke ea latoloa. Bophelo bo se nang inthanete bo hlile bo boima ebile bo boima. Ho qaptjoa ha inthanete ho tšoana le ho sibolloa ha matla a nyutlelie — ke litholoana tsa nts'etsopele ea mahlale le theknoloji ka potlako - e ka ba ntho e ntle kapa e mpe ho batho, ho latela hore na re e sebelisa joang. Ho ka ba molemo ha re e sebelisa ka mokhoa o hlakileng kapa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng, 'me ho ka ba mpe ha re e sebelisa hampe kapa hampe. Ha ho na mokhoa o bonolo oa ho emisa nts'etsopele ea mahlale le mahlale, empa thuto ea maikutlo a nepahetseng le boits'ebetso ts'ebelisong ea inthanete e haufi ebile ea hlokahala matsatsing ana a thuto.
2. HO SEBELISA LITLHAKISO TSA BOPHELO TSE LING TSE LING TSE LING TSA HO FINYELETSA PELE
Batho ba bang ba qeta nako e ngata ba sebelisa Inthanete letsatsi le leng le le leng, 'me tšebeliso ea bona e ngata ea inthanete e na le tšusumetso e kholo le e mpe bophelong ba bona ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Bafuputsi ba bang ba nka mofuta ona oa tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea Marang-rang e le bokhoba ba marang-rang kapa tšebeliso ea marang-rang a Internet [3-11]. Bokhoba ba inthanete hangata bo nkoa e le tšebeliso e sa laoleheng le e senyehileng ea Marang-rang [12].
Shapira et al. [13, leqephe la 269] thutong ea bona mabapi le likarolo tsa kelello tsa batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang ba fumane hore ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete e "amahanngoa le khatello ea kelello, mathata a tebileng sechabeng, mosebetsi oa matsoho le / kapa lichelete, hammoho le comorbidity e kholo ea kelello." E Thehiloe ho Patlisiso e fetileng, mehopolo e meraro e kholo ea bokhoba ba marang-rang e hlalositsoe ka tsela e latelang.
2.1. Tlhabollo ea Mahlale
Bokhoba ba marang-rang bo nkuoa e le mofuta oa bokhoba ba litheknoloji bo bolelang “lits'ebeliso tse seng tsa K'hemik'hale (tsa boitšoaro) tse kenyelletsang litšebelisano mochining oa batho” [11, leqephe la 31].
Griffiths [7] e pheha khang ea hore basebelisi ba sebelisang marang-rang ba fetelletseng e ka se be "makhoba a marang-rang" hobane ba sebelisa marang-rang haholo e le mokhoa oa ho khothaletsa bokhoba ba bona bo bong hape le lithahasello. Mohlala, barekisi ba hatelletsang ba sebelisa marang-rang ho becha nako e telele, kapa bo-shopaholics ba qeta nako e telele inthaneteng bakeng sa ho ts'oasa marang-rang.
2.2. Likarolo tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang
Bonyane [8-10] e khetholla bokhoba ba inthanete ka mefuta e mehlano e fapaneng ea boitšoaro. (1) Bokhoba ba ts'ebeliso ea cybersexual: lithethefatsi li qetile nako e ngata liwebosaeteng tsa batho ba baholo bakeng sa cybersex le cyberporn. (2) Bokhoba ba likamano tsa botona le botšehali ka marang-rang: bokhoba ba marang-rang bo amehang haholo likamanong tsa marang-rang. (3) Liteko tsa marang-rang: batho ba lemaletseng papali ea chelete ba bonts'a ho becha le ho reka mabenkeleng. Ke libapali tse qobelloang tsa inthanete le li-shopaholics. (4) Ho fumana boitsebiso bo bongata: litlatsetso li bontšitse ho phenya ha marang-rang le lipatlisiso tsa database. (5) Bokhoba ba papali ea k'homphieutha: batho ba lemaletseng papali ea papali ea chelete.
2.3. Tšebeliso ea Marang-rang ea Pathological
Davis [5] e khetha ho sebelisa polelo Pathological Internet Use (PIU) sebakeng sa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea tahi. O shebisisa likhopolo tse sa nepahalang tse amanang le PIU 'me o arola PIU ka mekhahlelo e' meli: (1) Generalized PIU: "e kenyeletsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ka kakaretso. Ho ka kenyelletsa le ho senya nako inthaneteng ntle le sepheo se hlakileng ”5, leqephe la 188]. (2) PIU e ikhethileng: batho ba nang le PIU e itseng ba itšepa haholo ka ts'ebetso e itseng ea inthanete, mohlala, ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea lisebelisoa tsa thobalano / tšebeletso, lits'ebeletso tsa fantisi ea inthanete le papali ea chelete ea inthaneteng..
2.4. Mohopolo oa Bokhoba ba Marang-rang
Ebile, ha ho na tlhaloso ea bokhoba ba marang-rang e amoheloang hohle ke litsebi tsa kelello le litsebi lefapheng lena [4, 12]. Ha lipatlisiso tsa mohopolo oa bokhoba ba marang-rang e ntse e le morero o ka sehloohong oa bafuputsi ba bangata [11, 14], mathata a tšebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete, haholo-holo ho baithuti ba sekolo, a lula a mpefala ebile a ferekanya. Mohlomong ho ka ba molemo hape ho ka ba molemo ho ithuta ka hloko boits'oaro bo tloaelehileng ba batho ba sebelisang inthanete haholo le seo batho ba tloaetseng ho se etsa, prosocingly kapa antisocially, inthaneteng. Kutloisiso ea mofuta oa mathata ana e ka thusa bafuputsi le baruti ho theha mananeo a thuto ho rarolla a mang a mathata ana, mohlala, ho khothaletsa tšebeliso e ntle le ho thibela tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete.
2.5. Thibelo ea bokhoba ba marang-rang
Haeba temallo ea inthanete e nkuoa e le mofuta oa bokuli ba kelello [12], joale thibelo ea bokhoba ba marang-rang e lokela ho ba karolo ea bohlokoa ea lenaneo la bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Ho lumeloa hore lenaneo le akaretsang le lekang ho fana ka motheo o akaretsang le o akaretsang oa nts'etsopele ea 'mele o phetseng hantle le kelello e sebetsa hantle ho feta lenaneo le ikhethileng le shebileng mathata a amanang le tšebeliso ea inthanete.
3. LITLHAKISO TSA LITLHAKISO TSA SELEMO
Shek et al. [15] o ile a hlahloba boitšoaro ba inthanete ba 6,121 ea mantlha le baithuti ba mahareng ba Hong Kong mme a fumana hore karolo ea bohlano ea mehlala ea bona e ka nkuoa e le lekhoba la marang-rang. Fu le basebetsi-'moho le eena [16] ba fumane hore 6.7% ea bacha ba Hong Kong ba bonts'a matšoao a mahlano kapa ho feta a bokhoba ba inthanete. Ntle le moo, matšoao a ho lemalla ho sebelisa Inthanete ho bonahala a tsamaea le mohopolo oa batho ba batlang ho ipolaea le matšoao a tepelletsang. Boemo Chaena le bona bo tebile haholo. Hoo e ka bang 13.7% ea basebelisi ba inthanete ba lilemong tsa bocha (bacha ba ka bang limilione tse 10) ba ka khetholloa e le makhoba a inthanete [17]. Boemo ba Taiwan le bona bo tšoana. Lin le Tsai [18] e fumane hore 11.8% ea baithuti ba sekolo se mahareng ba phahameng boithuto ba bona ba Taiwan ba ka nkuoa e le bathusi ba inthanete. Patlisiso e boetse e bontšitse hore 4.0% ho 8.1% ea baithuti ba univesithi e bonts'itse ts'ebeliso e feteletseng kapa ea ts'ebeliso ea methapo ea methapo ea marang-rang [19, 20].
Matšoao a bokhoba ba marang-rang kapa tšebeliso ea marang-rang a Pathological a kenyelletsa "menahano e shebileng ka inthanete, mamello, taolo e fokotsehileng ea matla, ho sitoa ho khaotsa ho sebelisa Inthanete le ho ikhula"5, leqephe la 187]. Beard le Wolf [21] hape ba hlahisitse lethathamo la mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea bokhoba ba marang-rang. Litšobotsi tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang li hlalositsoe ka tlase, ha ho buuoa ka lithuto tse matla tsa nakong e fetileng.
3.1. Tšebeliso e Feteletseng ea Marang-rang
Bakhoba ba marang-rang ba qeta lihora tse fetang makhetlo a mararo ho feta ba sebelisang marang-rang ho fapana le batho bao e seng makhoba a marang-rang.4]. Nyane o boetse a fumane hore palo e tloaelehileng ea lihora tse ngata ka beke e sebelisang marang-rang ke batho ba sebelisang marang-rang e ne e le lihora tsa 38.5, ha balekane ba bona ba ne ba qeta lihora tse 4.90 feela [22]. Ho latela lipatlisiso tse entsoeng ke Mokhatlo oa Bacha oa Hong Kong o 2005 [23], bacha ba lilemo li 10 ho isa ho 29 ba sebelisitse karolelano ea lihora tse 18.4 ka beke ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Hoo e ka bang karolo ea leshome (9.9%) ea sampole e sebelisitsoeng lihora tse 42 ka beke, ke hore, karolelano ea lihora tse tšeletseng ka letsatsi moleng. Ka kutloisiso e 'ngoe, ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang ke ntho ea bohlokoahali kapa e bohlokoa bophelong ba ba lemalloang, mme hangata ba lula moleng nako e telele ho feta kamoo ba neng ba lebelletse.
3.2. Mehopolo e Shebahalang ka Inthanete
Motho ea lemaletseng "o amehile ka marang-rang (o nahana ka tšebetso e fetileng ea inthanete kapa o lebelletse karolo e latelang ea inthanete)" [21, leqephe la 379] 'me o sitoa ho hana ho nahana ka Inthanete nako e ngata ha a falimehile.
3.3. Boikutlo bo Monate Tšebelisong ea Marang-rang
Batho ba natefeloa haholo ke ho sebelisa Inthanete. Litlhaloso tsa marang-rang tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang li bonahala li monate, lia thabisa, lia sebelisana ebile lia phutholoha [24, 25]. Ha re bua ka kakaretso, batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ba ne ba thabela liphihlelo tsa inthanete, 'me ho li thabela le ho li etsa li ne li tla ba khannela tšebeliso ea marang-rang.
3.4. Ho mamella
Letšoao la mamello le bolela "litlhoko tsa ho sebelisa marang-rang ka nako e eketsehileng ho fihlela khotsofalo" [21, leqephe la 379]. Letšoao lena le amana haufi-ufi le tšebeliso e feteletseng ea Marang-rang ke litla-morao tsa bona.
3.5. Phokotso ea Ts'usumetso ea Ts'usumetso
Ho fokotseha ha tšusumetso ea maikutlo ho amana le ho fokotsa boits'oaro ba maikutlo ho laola tšusumetso ea motho ho fihlela sepheo. Ka mantsoe a mang, ba lemalloang ba tloaetse ho lahleheloa ke taolo ea boitšoaro ba bona. Ka ho khetheha, ba sitoa ho fokotsa kapa ho emisa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete.
3.6. Ho ikhula
Letšoao la ho khaola lithethefatsi ke ho ikutloa ka mokhoa o sa thabiseng (ho phomola, ho ts'oareha, ho tepella maikutlo kapa ho teneha) ha ts'ebetso ea inthanete e emisoa kapa e felisoa.
3.7. Kameho ho bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi
Tšusumetso bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi le lithutong tsa boloi tsa marang-rang hangata ha e mpe [24]. Ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ka linako tse ling ba ka beha kotsing ea ho lahleheloa ke kamano ea bohlokoa, thuto kapa monyetla oa mosebetsi ka lebaka la Marang-rang. Ba ka 'na ba thetsa batho ba bang ka lebaka la ho itšunya-tšunya ha bona Inthaneteng, hape ba sebelisa Inthanete e le mokhoa oa ho baleha mathata kapa ho rarolla maikutlo a seng monate a kang ho hloka thuso, ho tšoenyeha, ho ba molato kapa ho hlajoa ke lihlong [21, leqephe la 379].
3.8. Tšebelisano ea Batsoali le Lelapa
Bakhoba ba marang-rang ba ile ba qeta nako e nyane le batsoali ba bona le litho tse ling tsa lelapa mme ba rata ho ba le likhohlano le bona [22].
3.9. Botsoalle le Kamano ea Baratani
Bakhoba ba marang-rang ba tloaetse ho ba le metsoalle e fokolang le likamano tsa lerato [26]. Ba jeoa ke bolutu le ho feta.
3.10. Mathata a Bophelo
Bakhoba ba marang-rang ba phetseng hantle ha ba na bophelo bo botle ho feta ba tlokotsi, hape ha ba ikemisetse ho batla phekolo ea bongaka ebile ha ba khothaletse ho theha mekhoa ea ho kokobetsa khatello ea maikutlo [26].
3.11. Ts'ebetso ea Boithuto
Chang le Molao [27] e fumane hore ts'ebetso ea borutehi e amana hampe le boemo ba ho lemalla joala Inthaneteng.
3.12. Mokhoa o se nang Bolutu
Morahan-Martin le Schumacher [28] e fumane hore ho jeoa ke bolutu ho tsamaisana le tšebeliso e eketsehileng ea inthanete. Ka karolelano lihora tse beke le beke moeling oa batho ba jeoang ke bolutu li ne li phahame haholo ho feta tsa batho ba seng molulong. Batho ba jeoang ke bolutu ba ne ba sebelisa Inthanete ha ba jeoa ke bolutu, ba sithabetse maikutlo kapa ba tšoenyehile. "Ba ne ba ka khona ho etsa le ho ikopanya le metsoalle ea inthanete, le ho sebelisa marang-rang bakeng sa tšehetso ea maikutlo" [28, leqephe la 669].
4. MORAL BASIS WA HO SEBELISA LINTHO TSE SELEMO
Kohlberg [29-31] ba hlahisitse khopolo ea methati e tšeletseng ea ntlafatso ea boitšoaro. Mekhahlelo ea hae e mehlano ea pele e sebelisitsoe mona ho hlakisa monahano oa motheo oa boitsoaro oa tšebeliso ea marang-rang le litso tsa batho ba bang tse tenang sechabeng. Ho ea ka Kohlberg [31], ke batho ba fokolang haholo ba fihlelang Mothating oa 6 oo e leng mohato oa melao-motheo ea melao ea boitšoaro ea Universal. Karolo ena e ke ke ea tšohloa mona. Bakeng sa lintlha ka Stage 6, bona Kohlberg [30, 31].
4.1. Mothati oa 1: Boitšoaro bo botle ba Heteronomous le Ho Mamela Bolaoli
Batho mothating ona ba mamela ka boomo seo ba boholong ba se laelang ho qoba kotlo. Ka mantsoe a mang, haeba motho ea moholo a sa ba lumelle ho sebelisa marang-rang ho hlorisa ba bang kapa ho qhekella ba bang, bana ba ka nahana hore ho fosahetse ho etsa joalo inthaneteng.
4.2. Mothati oa 2: Botho, Morero oa Botsitso le Phapanyetsano
Batho mothating ona ba tloaetse ho iketsetsa borata. Ho ea ka Kohlberg [30, leqephe la 148], mohopolo oa phapanyetsano e lekanang o ka hlahisoa ke polelo e latelang, "ha ua lokela ho utloisa bohloko kapa ho kena-kenana le nna, 'me ha kea tšoanela ho utloisa bohloko kapa ho u sitisa." Phapanyetsano ea cyber world e tšoana le eo. lefatšeng la 'nete. Haeba u nkutloisitse bohloko lefatšeng la cyber, ke ne ke tla iphetetsa. Ntle le moo, haeba u ka nketsetsa molemong oa lefatše la cyber, ke tla u etsetsa le uena.
Tlhatlhobo ea boits'oaro ba motho ka mong le sepheo sa seletsa se ka etsoa ho latela pono ea batho ba sa tsotelleng sechaba. Bana mothating ona ba tloaetse ho hlokomela lithahasello tsa bona mme ba hlokomoloha lithahasello tsa ba bang. Ke tsa boithati ebile ha li bapale ka toka le ka ho lekana. Ba ka qhekella ka boomo ha feela ba sa tšoaroe. Lefats'eng la marang-rang, lintho tse ngata tse mpe le lintho tse seng molaong li ntse li etsoa hobane batšoantšisi ba nahana hore boitsebiso ba bona bo patiloe ka nepo 'me bo kanna ba se ts'oaroe habonolo ke ba boholong. Ho fapana le Mothati oa 1 o hatisang kutlo ea bolaoli molemong oa ho qoba kotlo, mothati ona o hatisa ho sireletsa lithahasello tsa motho ka ho qhekella ka boomo, ho bapala ka leeme, le ho etsa lintho tse seng molaong kapa tse sa lokang ntle le ho ts'oaroa ke ba boholong.
Ba ka etsa eng kapa eng ho utloisa ba bang bohloko (mohlala, ho hlekefetsoa ka marang-rang, le ho hatakela lekunutu la ba bang le litokelo tsa thepa ea bona) ho fumana seo ba se batlang. Sepheo sa boitšoaro se Mothating oa 1 ke ho mamela bolaoli ka bofofu empa hore mothati ona ke Machiavellian haholo, ke hore, ho fumana seo o se batlang ka mekhoa eohle, ho kenyeletsoa le mekhoa e seng molaong kapa e sa lokang. Ho feta moo, “mosebetsi o nkoa o le boima. Bophelo bo monate ke bophelo bo bonolo bo nang le chelete e ngata le lintho tse monate ”[32, leqephe la 17]. Mohopolo ke hore motho o lokela ho leka ho fumana chelete e ngata ka ho patala kapa a sa etse letho. Ka kakaretso, batho nakong ena ba batla litokelo tse ngata kamoo ba ka khonang empa ba na le boikarabelo bo fokolang kamoo ba ka khonang. Ka mantsoe a mang, ba sebetsa kapa ba pholoha ka molao oa monyetla oa hedonism.
4.3. Mothati oa 3: Litebello tse kopanetsoeng tsa kopanelo, likamano le tšebelisano 'moho
Ona ke mohato oa ho khahla bashanyana-ba batle. Batho mothating ona ba tla phela ho latela se lebelletsoeng ke litho tsa sehlopha sa hau sa mantlha (mohlala, lelapa, sekolo, mekha ea bolumeli kapa ea lipolotiki) kapa batho ba haufi le uena. Batho ba lefats'e la cyber le bona ba theha sehlopha kapa sehlopha sa litlokotsebe se nang le lithahasello tse tšoanang. Ba ka rata litho tsa sehlopha sa bona 'me ba ikemiselitse ho itella litho tsa sehlopha sa bona. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha ba ikemisetse ho thusa litho tse sa kopaneng maemong a tšoanang.
4.4. Mothati oa 4: Mokhoa oa Sechaba le Letsoalo
Taba-kholo ke ho boloka molao oa sechaba le ho etsa mosebetsi oa motho ho boloka taolo ea sechaba. Mohlala, ho jarolla ka mokhoa o seng molaong, ho hatakela litokelo tsa batho ba bang, ho becha ka marang-rang le ho hlekefetsoa ka marang-rang ho tla nkuoa ho fosahetse ebile ho sa nepahala ebile ho ke ke ha lumelloa lefatšeng la cyber. Hape ho fosahetse hore batho ba sebelise theknoloji e phahameng ho hlasela mmuso kapa polokelo ea lekunutu ea data ea k'hamphani kapa sistimi ea likhomphutha kapa esita le ho thiba, mohlala, ts'ebetso ea lipalangoang, libanka, puisano le sesole bakeng sa ho baka pherekano le pherekano sechabeng. .
4.5. Mothati oa 5: Konteraka ea Sechaba kapa Ts'ebetso le Litokelo tsa Motho ka mong
Ona ke mohato oa ho etsa melao ho fapana le Stage 4 eo e leng mohato oa ho boloka molao. Tlhakisong ea Stage 5, Kohlberg [33] e bua ka demokrasi ea molaotheo mme e re e etsa hore melao ea kahisano e hohele motho ea nang le kelello hobane e beha litokelo tsa mantlha tsa motho pele ho molao le sechaba. Melao le mesebetsi li ipapisitse le "lipalo tse utloahalang tsa tšebeliso ea kakaretso", "molemo o moholo ho palo e kholo" [34, leqephe la 35].
Ntle le litokelo tsa mantlha tsa botho tse ntseng li bonoa le ho kengoa sethaleng sena, leseling la motho le tokelo ea lekunutu le lona le hatisoa. Tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji e phahameng e etsa hore ho lutla le tlhekefetso ea data ea hau e be tlolo ea molao e tloaelehileng lefatšeng la cyber. Tokelo ea boinotši ba motho, tokelo ea hore motho a phele bophelo bo ikemetseng le bo sa buleheng habonolo e lokela ho hlomphuoa ka botlalo le ho sireletsoa ka molao.
5. HO SEBELISA LITLHAHISO TSE LING TSE LING
E ipapisitse le lipatlisiso tse fetileng [35, 36], mekhoa e meholo ea ho hloka boithabiso le tlolo ea molao ea bacha e kenyelletsa (1) ho kheloha ka kakaretso joalo ka bosholu, ts'ebeliso ea joala, ho qhekella litlhahlobong, le ho tla sekolong kamora nako; (2) tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi; (3) ho nyelisa batsoali (mohlala, ho hlaba ntate kapa 'm'ao kapa ho etsa se khahlanong le litakatso tsa batsoali ba hau); (4) liketso tse khahlanong le sechaba khahlanong le matichere kapa bolaoli ba sekolo; (5) liketso tsa thobalano tse sa rateheng sechabeng; (6) liketso tse mabifi kapa tse mabifi joalo ka ho hlorisa ba bang kapa ho loana ka litebele. Ho boleloa hore boitšoaro ba Marang-rang ke mofuta oa boitšoaro sechabeng. Ebile, Ma et al. [37] ba khothalelitse Positive Association Hypothesis e reng "Ho na le kamano e ntle pakeng tsa boitšoaro ba inthanete le boits'oaro ba letsatsi le letsatsi ba sechaba." Ka mantsoe a mang, boitšoaro bo nepahetseng ba inthanete bo tlameha ho amahanngoa le boitšoaro bo botle ba letsatsi le letsatsi ba batho, le boitšoaro bo bobe ba inthanete bo nepahetseng. e amanang le boits'oaro bo bobe ba letsatsi le letsatsi ba sechaba. Lintlha tsa bona tse kenyeletsang baithuti ba sekolo sa mahareng sa 509 li ts'ehelitse ka mokhoa o hlakileng maikutlo. Se boleloang ke thuto ena ke hore lefats'e la cyber ha le lekane, ke ntho ea nnete-ke ha e le hantle ke karolo ea lefatše la rona la 'nete. Ha re bua ka thuto, re lokela ho shebana le thuto ea tšebeliso ea inthanete ka lebaka la ho ata le tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ho bacha.
Boitšoaro bo latelang bo nkuoa e le mokhoa o makatsang oa inthanete.
(1) Ho jarolla ka molao
Ho jarolla lifilimi, 'mino kapa likarolo tsa video ntle le tumello ke ketso e tloaelehileng e seng molaong eo bacha ba e etsang inthaneteng. Phuputsong ea bacha ba 559 ba lilemo tsa 10 ho 24 mesebetsing ea inthanete, 57.4% ea bankakarolo ba amohetse hore ba kopile filimi kapa mmino ntle le ho fumana tumello ho beng ba laesense [38].
(2) Tlhahisoleseling ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa kapa e utloisang bohloko
Thutong e tšoanang, 37.9% ea bankakarolo ba bontšitse hore ba fumane lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa kapa tse manyala kapa tse mabifi ka inthanete [38].
(3) Khokahano ea cyberbullying
Ke ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ho hlorisa ba bang (ke ho re, ho sebelisa cyberbullying) joalo ka ho fana ka litlhaloso tse khahlisang khahlanong le motho ea itseng; ho tlotlolla, ho hlabisa lihlong kapa ho hlorisa lithaka: Hoo e ka bang 40% ea bacha ba bontšitse hore ba kile ba hlorisoa ha ba ntse ba le marang-rang [39, 40].
(4) Ho Ts'oarella
Ke ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ho qhekella ba bang. Ho bonolo ho qhekella ba bang ka mohala hobane u sa tsejoe ke batho ba bang mme boitsebiso ba hau bo ka patiloe habonolo haeba u lakatsa.
(5) Ho becha ka Marang-rang
U ka becha Inthaneteng le ba bang kapa ua nka karolo lipapatsong tsa marang-rang. Papali ea chelete ea marang-rang e kenyelletsa poker ea inthaneteng, ho becha papaling ea inthanete, lotho ea inthanete le bingo tse fumanehang marang-rang [41].
Ho feta moo, bacha ba bang ba ka sebelisa Inthanete ho etsa lintho tse seng molaong tse kang ho rekisa lihlahisoa tse litšila kapa lisebelisoa tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea bootsoa kapa ho etsa lintho tse sa amoheleheng tsa boithabiso tse kang ho ratana le motho ea ferekaneng.
Kahlolo ea e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea mekhoa e boletsoeng ka holimo ea inthanete e ka hlalosoa ke Kohlberg's [30, 31] methati ea kholo ea boitšoaro e hlahisitsoeng karolong e kaholimo, "Motheo oa Tšebeliso ea Inthanete". Ma [42] o boletse hore kahlolo ea boitšoaro ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea boiphihlelo bo botle e leng e 'ngoe ea ntlafatso ea bacha ea 15 e ntlafalitsoeng ke Catalano le basebetsi-mmoho le eena [43]. Motheo oa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ka tsela ena o boetse o bonts'a kamano e matla lipakeng tsa boiphihlelo bo botle le boits'oaro ba inthanete.
6. TLHOKOMELISO EA HO SEBELISA LIT INTOBOTSI TSA BOPHELO
Ka kakaretso, lenaneo le akaretsang le neng le thehiloe ho bacha ba khothatsang [43] kapa batho ba boitšoaro bo botle [44e ka ba molemo ho khothaletsa tšebeliso ea marang-rang ea prosocial le ho thibela ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete. Ka ho khetheha lenaneo le tlameha ho totobatsa ho itšepa kapa batho ba latelang: (1) ho itlhompha kapa ho itšepa, (2) boitlhompho ho ba bang, (3) boikarabello ba boiketlo ba sechaba le sechaba, le (4) boikarabello ba lefatše le ho ba moahi oa lefatše. Ntle le moo, thuto ea ho sebetsa ka bokhabane, taolo ea nako, boitšoaro, kapa boitšoaro e boetse e bohlokoa molemong oa ho hlaolela maikutlo a nepahetseng ts'ebelisong ea inthanete. Taba ea ho ntšetsa pele lenaneo la ho ruta bakeng sa barutoana ba mahareng ba mahareng e fanoa ho Ma le basebetsi-'moho le eena [45].
7. LITLHOKOMELISO TLHOKOMELA
Batho ba bangata ba ntse ba sebelisa marang-rang bophelong ba bona ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Ka bomalimabe palo ea batho ba sebelisang marang-rang haholo le eona ea eketseha. Khopolo ea ho lemalla Inthanete kapa tšebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang ea Inthanete e tšohloa ka botlalo, 'me litšobotsi tsa batho ba lemaletseng Inthanete le tsona lia hlalosoa. Tšebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang ea Inthanete le eona e tšohloa. Ho boleloa hore thuto ea boits'oaro bo botle le boits'oaro ts'ebelisong ea inthanete e lokela ho ba karolo ea bohlokoa ea thuto ea rona matsatsing ana. Ho boetse ho lumeloa hore lenaneo le akaretsang, le akaretsang, la thuto ea motho ka kakaretso le thehiloeng ho Catalano et al.'s [43] bacha ba na le boits'oaro le Ma's [44] Litšoaneleho tse ntle tsa boitšoaro li sebetsa hantle ho khothaletsa tšebeliso e ntle ea inthanete le ho thibela ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete.
TLHOKOMELLO
Patlisiso ena e tšehelitsoe ke Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust.
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