PLoS One. 2016 Sep 12;11(9):e0161126. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0161126. eCollection 2016.
Younes F1,2, Halawi G1,2, Jabour H3,4, El Osta N5,6,7, Karam L1,8, Hajj A1,2, Rabbaa Khabbaz L1,2.
inahaneloang
MOSEBETSI LE LINAKO:
LITLHAHISO:
LIKOTSO:
CONCLUSIONS:
inahaneloang
Semelo le Sepheo
Ho lemalla lithethefatsi tsa Inthanete (IA) e ka ba ntho e amehang haholo liithuti tsa bongaka tsa univesithi tse ikemiselitseng ho ba basebetsi ba bophelo bo botle. Sepheo sa ts'oaetso ena hammoho le ho kopana le ho robala, mathata a maikutlo le ho itšepa ho ka sitisa lithuto tsa bona, ho ama litakane tsa mosebetsi oa nako e telele le ho ba le liphello tse kholo le tse kotsi ho sechaba ka kakaretso. Sepheo sa thuto ena e ne e le ho: 1) Hlahloba boiphihlelo ba IA liithuti tsa bongaka tsa bongaka, hammoho le lintlha tse amanang le eona; 2) Hlahloba likamano tse teng pakeng tsa IA, ho robala, ho tepella maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea kelello le boitlhompho.
mekhoa
Thuto ea rona e ne e le phuputso e entsoeng ka lipotso tse fanoeng lipakeng tsa liithuti tsa 600 tse nang le litekanyetso tse tharo: meriana, meno le menyetla ea litsebi Univesithing ea Saint-Joseph. Ho ile ha sebelisoa lipotso tse 'nè tse tiisitsoeng le tse ka tšeptjoang: Young Internet Addiction Test, Index ea Insomnia Severity, Matšoenyeho a ho Tepella Maikutlo a Matšoenyeho (DASS 21) le Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (RSES).
Results
Palo e tloaelehileng ea YIAT e ne e le 30 ± 18.474; Tekanyo ea ho ba teng ea IA e neng e ka ba teng e ne e le 16.8% (95% seketlo sa kholiseho: 13.81-19.79%) mme e ne e fapane haholo lipakeng tsa ba batona le ba batšehali (p-value = 0.003), e na le keketseho e phahameng ho banna (23.6% bapisoa le 13.9%). Liphapang tsa bohlokoa li fumanoe pakeng tsa IA e ka bang teng le ho hloka boroko, khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo le boitšepo (p-ba bohlokoa <0.001); Lintlha tse tlase tsa ISI le DASS li ne li le holimo ebile boitlhompho bo le tlase ho baithuti ba nang le monyetla oa IA.
Nahanisisa
Ho khetholla baithuti ba nang le IA e ka bang teng ho bohlokoa hobane tlhekefetso ena hangata e tsamaisana le mathata a mang a kelello. Ka hona, ho kena lipakeng ha hoa lokela ho kenyelletsa taolo ea IA feela empa hape e amanang le khatello ea maikutlo le kelello joalo ka ho hloka boroko, ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo le boitšepo.
lipalo
Tlhaloso: Younes F, Halawi G, Jabbour H, El Osta N, Karam L, Hajj A, et al. (2016) Tlatsetso ea inthanete le likamano le Insomnia, ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo le boits'oaro ho Baithuti ba Univesithi: Thutong e Raliloeng ea Karolo e Ntle. PloS ONE 11 (9): e0161126. Doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0161126
mohlophisi: Andrea Romigi, Univesithi ea Roma Tor Vergata, ITALY
Re amohetse: Ka March 31, 2016; E amohetse: July 30, 2016; E phatlalalitsoe: September 12, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Younes et al. Ena ke sengolo se bulehileng sa phihlello se tsamaisitsoeng tlasa maemo a License ea Boikarabelo ba Creative Commons, e lumellang hore ho sebelisoe, ho abeloa, le ho beleha ho sa sebelisetsoe, ho fana ka moqapi le mohloli oa pele.
Ho fumaneha ha Data: Lintlha tsohle tse nepahetseng li ka hare ho pampiri le lifaele tsa eona tsa Tšehetso.
Lithuso: Bangoli ha baa fumana chelete e tobileng bakeng sa mosebetsi ona.
Lithahasello tse tsitsitseng: Bangoli ba boletse hore ho na le lithahasello tsa tlhōlisano tse teng.
Selelekela
Ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e eketsehile haholo lefatšeng ka bophara ho basebelisi ba mafolofolo ba fetang limilione tse likete tsa 2.5 [1, 2ka bongata e le bacha le bacha [3]. Ho tsamaellana le kholo e potlakileng ea ho fihlella marang-rang ke ho phahama ha bokhoba ba marang-rang, haholo-holo bacha4].
Ts'ebeliso e kholo ea inthanete e hlalosoa joalo ka ha ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e se e le matla haholo, e sa laoleheng, ebile e senya nako ho isa tekanyong ea ho hloka nako le ho senya bophelo ba batho haholo [5]. Bokhoba ba marang-rang bo tsebahala ka tšebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e lebisang ho senyeha kapa khatello ea maikutlo [6].
Amagama “ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang”7], ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang a pathological [8-10] le bokhoba ba marang-rang ”11-13] hangata li nkuoa e le mantsoe a tšoanang a ho itšetleha ka marang-rang [14]. Ell et al [15-17] litlhahiso tsa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea ho lemalla tahi ea inthanete (IA) moo ho tlosa, bokhoni bo sa reroang, ho mamella, ho nahana ka pele, ho senyeha ha taolo, le nako e feteletseng ea inthanete li hlalositsoe e le matšoao a mantlha.
Keketseho ea lefats'e ka bophara ea IA e tsoa ho 1.6% -18% [18]. 10.7% ea bacha ba Korea Boroa ba teng IA ho ea ka sekhahla sa bokhoba ba marang-rang ba Yong [19]. 11% Greece, e ipapisitse le tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe [20]; 10.7-13.9% ea bacha ba Europe ba kotsing ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, ho ipapisitsoe le lisebelisoa tsa Young [21] le 4% ho baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng USA [22].
Keketseho ea IA e ka fapana ho ea ka lilemo, thobalano le morabe, 'me e atile haholo har'a liithuti tsa koleche [23].
Tekanyo e phahameng ea mathata a botho a fumanoa ho batho ba nang le IA [24-27].
Tšebeliso e boima ea marang-rang e ile ea tlalehoa hape hore e amana le mathata a maikutlo [28], boleng ba ho robala hampe [28, 29], ho se its'epe [30], impulsivity [31], ho ipolaea [32, 33], maemo a tlase a ho ikoetlisa [29], le mathata a bophelo bo botle (migraines, bohloko ba morao, botenya) [34].
Re ne re nahana hore IA e ka ba bothata bo boholo ho baithuti ba bongaka ba univesithing, le hore ho lekola kamano ea eona le boroko, mathata a maikutlo le ho itšepa ho bohlokoa, e le hore ho ka nkuoa mehato e nepahetseng ho sebetsana le bothata bona.
Bakeng sa baithuti ba bongaka ba ikemiselitseng ho nts'etsopele ho ba litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle, litlamorao tsa ho lemalla sena li ka sitisa lithuto tsa bona le ho ama lipheo tsa bona tsa nako e telele ea mosebetsi mme ba ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe le tse mpe sechabeng ka kakaretso
Morero oa thuto ena e ne e le ho: 1) Ho hlahloba IA e ka ba teng ho baithuti ba Khamishene ea Bongaka ea Bongaka (CMS) Univesithing ea Saint-Joseph e Lebanon, hammoho le lintlha tsa sechaba le sechaba tse amanang le eona; 2) Lekola likamano lipakeng tsa IA e ka bang teng, ho hloka boroko, khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea maikutlo le ho itšepa ha u ntse u ikarabella bakeng sa ho pepesetsoa nako e le 'ngoe ka ho hloka boroko, khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo ho baithuti.
Lisebelisoa le mekhoa
Litabeng tsa boitšoaro
Protocol ea thuto e amohetsoe ke komiti ea melao ea boitšoaro ea Univesithi ea Saint-Joseph (Ref USJ-2015-28, Phuptjane 2015). Ho fumanoe tumello e ngotsoeng e fumanehang ho batho bohle ba nkang karolo thutong eo.
Tsamaiso ea lipatlisiso le mehlala
Boithuto ba rona e ne e le boithuto bo thehiloeng lipotsong bo nkiloeng hara baithuti ba likarolo tse tharo: meriana, bongaka ba meno le pharmacy Univesithing ea Saint-Joseph, ho tloha ka Loetse ho fihlela ka December 2015 (likhoeli tsa 4). Mekhoa ea ho kenyelletsa e ne e le: liithuti tse lilemo li 18 le ho feta, ebile li ikemiselitse ho nka karolo thutong. Litekanyetso tsa ho lelekoa e ne e le: lilemo tse tlasa lilemo tsa 18 le ho ba teng ha lefu le sa foleng. Baithuti ba ile ba khethoa ka mokhoa o sa sebetsoang kahare ho sehlopha ka seng ba sebelisa tafole ea linomoro e sa khetholloeng ho etsa bonnete ba mohlala. Khetho ena e sa sebetseng e ne e lekana le palo ea barutoana sehlopheng ka seng. Baithuti ba khethiloeng ba ile ba eteloa ke bathusi ba babeli ba koetliselitsoeng ho etsa lipatlisiso hangata qetellong ea lithuto tsa bona pele ba tsoa ka tlelaseng mme ba ba botsa hore na ba ikemiselitse ho nka karolo ha ba sa hlahise mekhoa ea khethollo. Ka mor'a moo, ho ile ha fumanoa tumello e ngotsoeng.
Pokello ea lintlha
Lintlha li ile tsa bokelloa nakong ea lipuisano tsa sefahleho le sefahleho li sebelisa sesebelisoa sa tlhahlobo se ikemetseng se ipapisitseng le lipotso tse 'ne tse netefatsoang le tse tšepahalang tse tsoang lefatšeng ka bophara, e leng Teko ea Tlatsetso ea Inthanete ea Inthanete, Insomnia Severity Index, Depression Anxcare Stress Scales (Dass 21), le Scale ea Rosenberg. Nako ea lipuisano e tsoa ho 15 ho isa ho 25 metsotso.
Mehato
Barupeluoa.
Lintlha tsa motho ka mong tsa lilemo, bong le bokapele li bokelletsoe. Ntle le moo, ho ile ha fumaneha leseli le mabapi le ho phela u le mong kapa che, koae (koae kapa pampiri ea metsi) le tšebeliso ea joala.
Bokhoba ba marang-rang.
Tlhahlobo ea Tlhatlhobo e Ncha ea Marang-rang (YIAT) e sebetsa har'a bacha le batho ba baholo mme e sebelisoa haholo [15, 16, 35]. Ke teknoloji ea ho itlhahisa ea 20-element e lekola tlhahiso ea motho ea arabelang mosebetsing, sekolong, kapa lapeng (lipotso tsa 3), boits'oaro ba sechaba (lipotso tsa 3), khokahano ea maikutlo le karabelo ho tsoa marang-rang (lipotso tsa 7), le lipaterone ka kakaretso ea tšebeliso ea inthanete (lipotso tsa 7). Barupeluoa ba arabela linthong tsa 20 YIAT ka tekanyo ea Likert-6-point Likert ("ha e sebetse" ho "kamehla"), e hlahisitseng kakaretso e akaretsang pakeng tsa 0 le 100. Lintlha tse latelang tse khaotsoeng ho palo eohle ea YIAT li sebelisitsoe: (1) ts'ebeliso e tloaelehileng ea marang-rang: lintlha 0-49 le (2) ts'ebetso ea marang-rang e ka lemalloang: lintlha tse ngata ka 50 [36, 37].
Ho hloka boroko.
ISI ke lenane la lipotso tse itlalehang tsa lintlha tse 7 tse lekolang semelo, ho tiea le tšusumetso ea boroko. Libaka tse lekiloeng ke tsena: ho tiea ha boroko, ho hlokomela boroko, ho tsoha hoseng haholo, ho se khotsofale ha boroko, ho kena-kenana le mathata a boroko ka ts'ebetso ea mots'eare, maikutlo a mathata a boroko ke ba bang, le khatello e bakoang ke mathata a boroko. Sekala sa Likert sa lintlha tse 5 se sebelisitsoe ho lekanya ntho e ngoe le e ngoe (0 ho isa ho 4 moo 0 e bontšang hore ha ho na bothata mme 4 e tsamaisana le bothata bo boima haholo), e fana ka lintlha tse felletseng ho tloha ho 0 ho isa ho 28. Lintlha kaofela li ile tsa hlalosoa ka tsela e latelang: ea ho hlobaela (0-7); sub-clinical kapa ho hlobaela ho bobebe (8-14); ho hlobaela ho itekanetseng (15-21); le ho hlobaela ho matla (22–28). Ho feta moo, lefu la ho hlobaela le leholo la bongaka le fumanoe ha lintlha tsohle e le> 1438, 39].
Boithati.
The Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (RSES) e sebelisoa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng mme ho tšoana ha eona kahare le ho ts'epahala ho tiisitsoe lithutong tse ngata tse fetileng [40]. E na le lipolelo tsa 10. Barupeluoa ba lekola hore na ba lumellana le polelo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ka lintlha tse 'ne tsa likhetho tsa Likert, (0) ba hana ka matla ho (3) ba lumellana ka matla bakeng sa lintho 1, 2, 4, 6 le 7 le litekanyetso tse ka lehlakoreng la thepa 3, 5, 8, 9 le 10. Palo e felletseng e fumanoa ka ho akaretsa likarabo tsohle mme e ka ba ho tloha 0 ho 30, ka lintlha tse phahameng tse supang boitšepo bo phahameng [41].
Matšoenyeho, khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo.
Sekala sa khatello ea maikutlo se sithabetsang maikutlo ke khatello e mpe e sebelisoang hohle ho batho ba baholo [42]. Karolo ea bohlokoa le e ikhethang ea Dass ke kenyelletso ea eona ea khatello ea maikutlo / khatello ea maikutlo ho kenyelletsa sekala sa khatello le khatello ea maikutlo. DASS 21 ke mofuta o mokhuts'oane oa sekhahla sa mantlha sa 42. Ka bobeli ke mehato e tšepahalang le e sebetsang ea khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo / khatello ho lingaka tsa batho ba baholo le bao e seng bakuli [43-45].
Ke sekhechana sa 21-tekanyo e lekantsoeng sekaleng sa 4-point Likert (0-3), "0" e bolelang "ha e ea ka ea sebetsa ho 'na" le "3" e bolelang "e sebelisitsoe ho nna haholo, kapa boholo ba nako ”.
Lipalo tse latelang tse khaotsoeng li sebelisoa bakeng sa subscale ka 'ngoe: khatello ea maikutlo: 0-4 e bonolo, 5-6, 7-10 e tebileng, 11-13 e tebileng le 14 e matla haholo; matšoenyeho: 0-3 e tloaelehileng, 4-5 e bonolo, 7-10, 11-13 e matla le 10 e matla haholo; khatello ea maikutlo: 0-7 e tloaelehileng, 8-9 e bonolo, 10-12, 13-16 e matla le 17 e matla haholo.
Tlhahlobo ea lipalo.
Tlhahlobo ea lipalopalo e entsoe ho sebelisoa software ea SPSS bakeng sa Windows (mofuta oa 18.0, Chicago, IL, USA). Boemo ba bohlokoa bo thehiloe 0.05. Mehlala ea mohlala e ile ea khutsufatsoa ho sebelisoa moelelo le mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho kheloha (SD) bakeng sa lintho tse feto-fetohang le peresente bakeng sa mefuta ea likarolo. Sekhahla sa bokhoba ba ho lemalla ho ts'oaroa ha marang-rang le litheko tsa inthanete li ile tsa baloa ho sebelisoa tlhaiso-leseling e hlalosang, hammoho le 95% e lumellanang le karohano (CI). Liteko tsa Kolmogorov-Smirnov li ile tsa sebelisoa ho lekola ho nepahala ha kabo ea phapang e ngoe le e ngoe.
Mekha ea litheko tsa inthanete e ne e arotsoe e le basebelisi ba tloaelehileng ba inthanete le makhoba a marang-rang.
Ho ile ha hlokahala hore ho etsoe tlhahlobo ea bongata ka bongata ho khetholla litlamorao tsa litlhaloso tse ngata tse hlalosang tse hlahisoang ka nako e le ngoe le ho fumana hore na ke mabaka afe a hlalosang a sebetsang ka mokhoa o ikemetseng papatsong ea marang-rang.
Mekhahlelong ea pele, tlhahlobo ea univariate ea mefuta-futa le e tsoelang pele e ile ea etsoa ka ho latellana liteko tsa boipuso ba Chi-square kapa teko ea Fisher Exact le t-test ea Seithuti kapa Mann-Whitney. Kamora moo, tlhahlobo ea taolo ea thepa e ile ea etsoa ka bokhoba ba inthanete bo nang le maiketsetso (<50, -50) joalo ka phapano e itšetlehileng ka eona. Litšobotsi tsa barupeluoa le lintlha tsa bona (ISI, DASS A, DASS S, DASS D, RSES) tse bonts'itseng mekhatlo le p-value <0.25 ka tlhahlobo ea univariate, e ne e le likhetho tsa mofuta oa multivariate, ho latela mokhoa oa Enter. Khokahano lipakeng tsa mefuta e ikemetseng le eona e ile ea lekoa. Mefuta e ikemetseng e amanang haholo ha ea kenyelletsoa.
Ho fanoe ka tlhahiso ea hore u se ke oa kenyelletsa mefuta e 'meli e ikemetseng moo ho nang le kamano ea 0.64 kapa ho feta. Matšoenyeho, khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo ha lia ka tsa kenngoa ka mokhoa o tšoanang, kaha li ne li hokahanngoa haholo, li bontšoa ke li-coefficients tsa Spearman le Pearson. Kamora nako, ho ile ha etsoa tlhahlobo ea melaoana e meraro ea ho ngola, 'me lintlha tse ikemetseng tse kentsoeng mohlaleng e ne e le bong, ho tsuba, lintlha tsa ISI, lintlha tsa RSES le lintlha tsa DAS bakeng sa khatello, matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo ho e' ngoe ea mefuta ena e meraro.
Results
Litšobotsi tsa sechaba le karolo ea sechaba
Baithuti ba 780 ka kakaretso ba ile ba atameloa ho nka karolo ho ithuteng, eo 600 (77%) e ileng ea mo amohela. Baahi ba rona ba ho ithuta ba ne ba e-na le basali ba basali ba basali ba 182 (30.3%) le 418 (69.7%). Lilemo li pakeng tsa 18 le 28 lilemo ka moelelo oa lilemo tsa 20.36 ± 1.83.
Mohlala o ne o kenyelletsa baithuti ba 219 ba tsoang Lefapheng la Bongaka (FM), 109 ho tsoa ho Lefapha la Bongaka ba Maiketsetso (FD) le 272 ho tsoa ho Lefapha la Bongaka ba Litaba (FP). Lethathamo 1 ka kakaretso:
Keketseho ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete (YIAT)
Palo e tloaelehileng ea YIAT e ne e le 30 ± 18.47 (Lethathamo 2); Sekhahla sa ts'ebeliso ea litheko tsa inthanete e ne e le 16.80% e nang le 95% CI ea 13.81-19.79%. “Lethathamo la S1"E akaretsa lintlha tse akaretsang bakeng sa e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lintho tsa 20 tsa YIAT.
Tlhatlhobo e sa ts'oaneng.
Tlhahlobo eo u sa e tsebeng e bonts'itse hore ts'oaetso ea marang-rang e neng e ka ba teng e ne e fapane haholo lipakeng tsa banna le basali (p-boleng = 0.003), e na le tšoaetso e phahameng ho banna (23.60% bapisoa le 13.90%). Ho tsuba koae ho ne ho amana haholo le bokhoba ba marang-rang (p-boleng = 0.046); leha ho le joalo, ha ho lilemo, botaki, tšebeliso ea joala khafetsa, kapa ho lula feela, e ne e amana haholo le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (Lethathamo 3).
Ho ata ha lefu la ho hloka boroko le ho teba (ISI)
Insomnia e ile ea hlahlojoa ho latela lefapha la lipotso la ISI. Moetso oa ISI oa sampole e ne e le 9.31 ± 3.76. Bokapele ba boroko bo bohlokoa ba kliniki e ne e le 9.80% e nang le 95% CI e pakeng tsa 7.42 le 12.18% (Lethathamo 2).
Matšoenyeho, khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo (Dass-21)
Matšoenyeho: Dass A. Kakaretso ea DASS A e ne e le 4.77 ± 3.79. 44.70% ea barupeluoa e hlahisitse letšoao le tloaelehileng la DASS A (Lethathamo 2).
Ho sithabela maikutlo: DASS D. Palo e tloaelehileng ea DASS D e ne e le 5.43 ± 4.43. Bongata ba barupeluoa ba ile ba hlahisa palo e tloaelehileng ea DASS D (Lethathamo 2).
Khatello ea Kelello: Dass S. Palo e tloaelehileng ea DASS S e ne e le 6.99 ± 4.46 le 33.20% ea barupeluoa ba ile ba hlahisa palo e tloaelehileng ea Dass S (Lethathamo 2).
Boithati (RSES)
Palo e tloaelehileng ea RSES ea sampole ea ho ithuta e ne e le 22.63 ± 5.29 (S file).
Litloaelano lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang, ho hloka boroko, ho itšepa ho tlase, ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo
Kamano ea bohlokoa e fumanoe pakeng tsa ho lemalla marang-rang le ho hloka boroko (p-ba bohlokoa <0.00001) (Lethathamo 4).
Palo e tloaelehileng ea ISI e ne e le 8.99 ± 3.65 bakeng sa basebelisi ba tloaelehileng ba inthanete ha ba bapisoa le 10.89 ± 3.90 sehlopheng se ka bang teng sa ho lemalla inthanete (p <0.0001) (Lethathamo 5).
Ho feta moo, kamano e kholo e fumanoe pakeng tsa ho lemalla marang-rang le ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo (litafole 4 'me 5). Likolo tse mahareng tsa Dass li ne li phahame haholo sehlopheng sa ho lemalla marang-rang bakeng sa matšoenyeho, khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo.
Ha e le mabapi le boitšepo, ho ile ha fumanoa khokahano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa lintlha tsa YIAT le RSES ka boitšepo bo tlase bo hokahantsoeng le tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete (Litafole 4 'me 5).
Moetso oa tsamaiso ea thepa
Moetso oa regression o bonts'a hore bong, ISI, DASS A, S le D, le lintlha tsa RSES li ne li amana haholo le ho lemalla inthanete. Hang ha mefuta e hlalosang e ne e laoloa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea multivariate, kamano lipakeng tsa ho tsuba koae le ho lemalla lithethefatsi ha e sa le ea bohlokoa (p> 0.05), (Lethathamo 6).
Puisano
Re ikemiselitse ho khetholla ho ata ha ba ka ba IA baithuti ba bongaka ba univesithi ea Lebanone, ho lekola likamano lipakeng tsa IA le karolo ea barupeluoa (boholo ba lilemo, bong, mekhoa ea ho tsuba, tšebeliso ea joala), le ho hlahloba likamano tse ka bang teng lipakeng tsa IA, ho hloka boroko, ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea maikutlo khatello ea maikutlo le ho itšepa.
Boithuto ba rona bo senotse hore IA e ka bang teng e ne e amana haholo le bong le ho phahama har'a banna. 16.80% ea bankakarolo e ile ea hlokofatsoa ke IA e ka bang teng, ka palo ea YIAT ea 30. Liphetho tsena li bapisoa le tse tlalehiloeng pele ho batho ba baholo ba banyenyane [1, 4, 6, 13]. Boithuto bo bong bo tlalehile hore tšoaetso ea IA e phahame ho banna ”46], ha ba bang ba sa ka ba fumana phapang lipakeng tsa batšehali [34].
Ha re hlahloba ho hloka boroko, liphetho tsa rona li boetse li bonts'a hore 9.8% ea barupeluoa ba na le bothata ba ho hlobaela mme ho ile ha fumaneha tumellano e matla pakeng tsa ho lemalla marang-rang le ho hloka boroko. Ho ata ha lefu la ho hloka boroko ho tlalehiloeng thutong ena ho tsamaisana le mofuta oa sampole e ithutileng (baithuti ba banyenyane) mme e bapisoa le se tlalehiloeng ho batho ba baholo ba lilemo li 20 le 29 (9.1%) [47, 48] le liithuti tsa koleche (12-13%) [49].
Mathata a ho robala hangata a nkuoa e le liphetho tse mpe kapa mathata a bokhoba ba marang-rang [50], empa ho fapanyetsana ka Causation ho boetse hoa khoneha kaha mathata a boroko a boletse nako e telele e sebelisitsoeng liwebosaeteng tsa marang-rang pakeng tsa baithuti ba banyenyane ba univesithing [51]. Tlhahlobisong e hlophisitsoeng ea lingoliloeng, ho fumanoe papali e lemalloang e amahanngoa le boleng ba ho robala hampe mme ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang e ne e amana le ho hloka boroko le ho robala hantle [52]. Leha ho le joalo, meralo ea ho ithuta hammoho le lipampiri tsa lipotso tse sebelisitsoeng li ne li le ngatafala mme haholo-holo boleng ba boroko bo neng bo hlahlojoa, bo ne bo sa robale boroko.
Ntle le moo, ho ile ha fumanoa khokahano e matla thutong ena lipakeng tsa ho lemalla marang-rang le ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo: liperesente tsa baithuti ba nang le matšoenyeho, khatello ea maikutlo kapa khatello ea maikutlo li phahame haholo har'a ba lemaletseng marang-rang. Lithuto tse phatlalalitsoeng tse fetileng li se li bontšitse khokahano e ka bang teng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea pathological le khatello ea maikutlo [53, 54] le matšoenyeho [55]; leha ho le joalo, datha e 'nile ea hanyetsana [56] le lithuto li lekole ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea pathological eseng ho lemalla joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ke Bacha.
Kamora nako, ntho ea bohlokoa eo re e fumaneng thutong ea rona ke hore ho itšepa ho amana haholo le bokhoba ba marang-rang le boemo ba kelello ba liithuti: Likolo tsa RSES li ne li hokahane le li-ISI, Dass A, Dass S, Dass D le lintlha tsa YIAT. Ho fokotseha ha boitšepo ho bonahala ho amana le ho hlobaela ho eketsehileng, ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo le IA e ka bang teng.
Ho itšepa ho hlalosoa e le teko eo motho a nang le eona mabapi le seo a leng sona, hore na motho o ikutloa joang ka eena maemong ohle [40, 41]. Ha kopanyo ea sechaba le tšehetso e le tlase, boemo ba boitšepo bo tla theoha ka nepo [57].
Ho fumana lintlha tse amanang le ho hlomphuoa ho barutoana ho bohlokoa haholo hobane kamano e fapaneng e teng lipakeng tsa boitšepo le khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho [58, 59] le ho fokotseha ha maikutlo a ho itšepa ho ka lebisa ho eketseheng ha maikutlo a ho ipolaea [60].
Matla le mefokolo
Seo re se fumaneng se lokela ho fetoleloa molemong oa moralo le bofokoli ba thuto. Liphetho tsa boithuto ba rona li itšetleha ka boits'oaro bo itlalehileng. Lipotso tsa ho itlhahisa li lula e le lithulusi tse sebelisoang haholo ho lipatlisiso tsa sechaba bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bophelo bo botle ba 'mele le kelello [61, 62, 63]. Mokhoa oa ho itlaleha o bonts'a pono ea motho ea botsoa lipotso, eo e ka bang e loketseng haholoanyane bakeng sa ho tlaleha mathata a karohano. Lipampiri tsa lipotso li entsoe ka "khetho e ngata" le tekanyo ea boholo ho nolofatsa karabelo mme ba na le nako e khuts'oanyane ea lipotso bakeng sa ho qoba ho ferekanya baithuti, ka tšepo ea hore tlhaiso e bonolo ea lipotso e tla nolofalletsa ba arabelang ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e nepahetseng. . Tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi ha ea ka ea hlahlojoa kaha ho na le lefu le sa foleng le ne le le har'a mekhoa ea ho khetholla thuto ena. Qetellong, thuto ha ea ka ea hlahloba sephetho sa bokhoba ba marang-rang mabapi le katleho, ho latela limaraka, ho se atlehe kapa katleho, e leng se ka be se khahla.
Ntle le mefokolo ena, liphetho tse fumanoeng thutong ena li bohlokoa 'me li netefatsa lipatlisiso tse ling.
Ho latela tsebo eohle ea rona, ena e bile thuto ea pele e lekolang kamano pakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le maikutlo a mahlano a fapaneng: ho hloka boroko, ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo, ho itšepa, le IA ho liithuti tsa univesithi.
Seo re se fumaneng se bontša bohlokoa ba ho khetholla le ho fana ka thuso ho baithuti ba nang le IA e ka bang hobane tlatsetso ena e lula e kopana le mathata a mang a kelello, mme IA e ka ba ntlha e le 'ngoe e hlakileng ea leqhoa le thata.
Ho tšehetsa Boitsebiso
(DOCX)
Lethathamo la S1. Ena ke data ea motho ka mong le e phethahetseng bakeng sa bohle ba nkang karolo (leqephe la SPSS).
doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0161126.s001
(DOCX)
lumela hore baa fokola
Re leboha bohle baithuti ba nkileng karolo ho ithuteng le ho Mofumahatsana Tatiana Papazian ka ho thusa ho hlophisa.
Menehelo ea Mongoli
- O ithutile le ho hlophisa liteko: LRK HJ.
- O entse liteko: FY GH.
- Hlahloba lintlha AH NEO LK.
- Ngola pampiri: LRK.
References
Lethathamo la S1. Ena ke data ea motho ka mong le e phethahetseng bakeng sa bohle ba nkang karolo (leqephe la SPSS).
doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0161126.s001
(DOCX)
lumela hore baa fokola
Re leboha bohle baithuti ba nkileng karolo ho ithuteng le ho Mofumahatsana Tatiana Papazian ka ho thusa ho hlophisa.
Menehelo ea Mongoli
- O ithutile le ho hlophisa liteko: LRK HJ.
- O entse liteko: FY GH.
- Hlahloba lintlha AH NEO LK.
- Ngola pampiri: LRK.
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